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[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nwhich was to be bowled by Glenn McGrath. Marillier moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory. But he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by two runs. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes made him famous, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to", "id": "22007073" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nplay in the triangular tournament in Australia, which also included West Indies, until the final match. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored over 300 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 in the final over, bowled by Glenn McGrath, to win the match. He moved across to the first and third balls he received from McGrath and flicked them over his shoulder to fine leg for boundaries, reviving hopes of an incredible Zimbabwe victory.", "id": "4916501" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nbecause positioning a fielder to stop a paddle scoop may present gaps and scoring opportunities in other areas. The shot was developed by Zimbabwean batsman Dougie Marillier. In a triangular tournament in Australia with Zimbabwe, Australia and West Indies, Zimbabwe played their final match with Australia and Marillier got a chance in the team. He could hardly have had a more testing experience, as a fine Zimbabwe batting performance after Australia scored 303 meant that he came in at number seven needing to score 15 to win the match in the final over,", "id": "22007072" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\na famous win in India in an One Day International at Faridabad, India with 56 not out at the death, although this time he used the shot against Zaheer Khan. Dilshan's success with a similar shot in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament has led Dilshan's shot being titled the \"Dilscoop\"; there is some dispute over whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier shot, or similar but distinct. Dilshan's Dilscoops is unique and different from Marillier shot, because Dilshan scoop is played right above the head of", "id": "22007074" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nDouglas Anthony \"Dougie\" Marillier (born 24 June 1978) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is credited to being one of the earliest popularizers of the \"scoop\" stroke which is designed to sail over fine-leg, He is a right hand batsman known for his unorthodox technique and a right arm offspin bowler. He is credited as the inventor of the Marillier shot, in which the batsman extends the bat as a ramp in front of him and flicks the ball over his shoulder", "id": "4916492" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nBut he was just unable to complete the job, and his team lost by one run. His two courageous and unorthodox boundary strokes did win him respect, with the shot becoming known as the Marillier shot. He won back his place in the one-day side against England, but failed again with the bat; it was surprisingly his bowling that kept him in the team, after he took four wickets for 38 against England at Bulawayo and continued thereafter to bowl his flighted off-breaks usefully. After scoring 19 runs", "id": "4916502" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n(also known as a ramp shot, paddle scoop, Marillier shot or Dilscoop) has been used by a number of first-class batsmen, the first being Dougie Marillier. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batsman is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper. This shot", "id": "10024445" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nin five innings, two of them opening, he broke through with 52 not out at number six against Sri Lanka in Sharjah, followed by 37 in Pakistan. Marillier continued to do reasonably well for the national side. In 2002 he \"Marilliered\" Zimbabwe to a famous win in India in an ODI with a 56* at the death, although this time he used the shot against Anil Kumble. In the same match, he broke the record for the fastest fifty by a Zimbabwean, reaching that landmark in just 21", "id": "4916503" }, { "contents": "Paddle scoop\n\n\nA paddle scoop, Marillier shot or ramp shot is a modern cricketing shot. Players use it more and more often in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket matches, since it appeared in the early 21st century. The player makes the shot by positioning the body square-on with the ball, both feet pointing towards the bowler at a perpendicular angle. The player uses the bat to deflect the ball over the batsman's leg side shoulder, thus guiding the ball towards the fine leg region. The shot is considered unorthodox,", "id": "22007069" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batsman's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batsman to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the", "id": "10024446" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nwell. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his place, although his tight bowling in tandem with Ray Price was a key factor in Zimbabwe's only ODI win, over England at Bristol. He did not play for the national side again, with first Wishart then Barney Rogers preferred to him as opener. Just before the rebellion Marillier", "id": "4916505" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier made his debut in place of Craig Wishart in the second match. The first ball he faced was on his legs and so he flicked it away for three, which settled him. He put on 83 for the first wicket with Alistair Campbell before pulling a long hop to midwicket for 27. Their stand was a major reason why Zimbabwe won the match. In the third game he scored 47, in a partnership of 97 with Campbell. In 2000, Zimbabwe travelled to Nairobi for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy,", "id": "4916499" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ndeliveries. Marillier set the record for becoming the first ever batsman to score half century when batting at number 10 position, when he did it in 2002 against India.It was remained has the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do", "id": "4916504" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nDaredevils at the 2009 Indian Premier League (IPL) held in South Africa between April/May 2009. There has been much discussion whether the Dilscoop is identical to the Marillier or Paddle scoop. However according to former Australian captain Ian Chappell who was commentating during the above ICC World Twenty20, he had never seen any batsman play the ball straight over the wicket keeper's head as Dilshan does, hence its originality. While the Dilscoop travels straight over the wicket keeper, the Marilier travels towards fine leg or deep fine leg and", "id": "10285924" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nhead of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. One famous example of the scoop backfiring is of the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final when Pakistan were 152/9 and needed 6 runs off 4 balls and Misbah-ul-Haq improperly executed this shot resulting in a catch to Sreesanth. A version of the scoop stroke called the \"Dilscoop\" was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC", "id": "10024447" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nformer Zimbabwean player Campbell MacMillan. Marillier toured England with the Zimbabwe U-19 team in 1996 and set a then world record partnership of 268 for the first wicket with his friend Mark Vermeulen When Marillier got back from that tour he started playing league cricket, and his good form there led to his selection for Zimbabwe B. He did not play for a while but when he did he played very well, hitting 108 against Border B. In 1998 he played for Kenilworth in England, hitting 1207 runs in 98, followed by 1218 in 1999", "id": "4916498" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nwho invented the scoop, which has come to be known as the Dilscoop, a shot that hits the ball over the keeper. Apart from being an opening batsman, he is also a capable off-break bowler. Energetic in the field, he usually plays at the point region. Dilshan made his Test and ODI debut during the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to Zimbabwe in 1999. He is also the second cap for Sri Lanka in Twenty20 Internationals. He is the first cricketer in the history of the game to", "id": "19550380" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nannounced his retirement from cricket. However he has since return in action in domestic cricket. Marillier's international stats do not do him justice really; he averages 31 in Tests with two fifties, although it has to be said both came against Bangladesh, and in ODIs his batting average is only 18 (but he can be a match winner on his day) and 41 with the ball, with 30 wickets. In first-class cricket Marillier averages 37 with 6 hundreds and 13 fifties. With the ball he averages 37", "id": "4916506" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\ntwo shots has its own distinction, where Dilscoop is played right above the wicket-keeper's head, but ramp shot can be played in sideways of the wicket-keeper as well. Playing this ramp shot in a Twenty20 International match on 28 February 2010 in Lancaster Park, against Australia, he managed to hit Shaun Tait for two sixes in an over back over Brad Haddin's head, forcing Australia to set a back stop (the fielder near the boundary behind the wicketkeeper or first slip) in his final test match", "id": "2812638" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nto fine leg. He has a one-day top score of 100, achieved in Sharjah against Kenya in April 2003. Marillier was born in Salisbury (present-day Harare). His father was a policeman and played cricket for the Harare Police Club and the provincial team. Marillier first played cricket at North Park Primary School, and in his third year he started to play in the Colts side, with boys three years older than he was. His elder brother, Eian, played as a wicket-keeper in", "id": "4916493" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\na few first-class matches in Zimbabwe and in the UK. Their younger brother, Stephan James Marillier, currently plays for Southern Rocks in Zimbabwean franchise cricket. Marillier attended Eaglesvale High School in Harare and quickly became a key figure for the cricket team there. When he was 16, Marillier played for Mashonaland U19s for the first time. Unfortunately he was confined to a wheelchair for three months after breaking both legs in a car accident and his prospects of playing cricket again seemed grim. After recovering, he returned to playing", "id": "4916494" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nagainst Ireland and for the Zimbabwe A side in three matches against New Zealand A on their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2010. In 2013 Marillier moved to England, playing for Horsford Cricket Club in Norfolk in the East Anglian Premier Cricket League. He qualified to play for Norfolk and made his debut for Norfolk County Cricket Club in the MCCA T20 competition in May 2018. Marillier's father, Anthony Marillier, played one first-class match for Rhodesia in 1975. His older brothers Eian and Dougie both played first-class cricket", "id": "15223395" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nbut unfortunately the team had already been selected, so Marillier was unable to go. He was naturally a member of the following overseas trip, the extended tour of Sharjah, India, New Zealand and Australia. Opening the batting in five One Day Internationals, his highest score was only 11, but the tour selectors persevered with him, putting him down to number seven, where he scored 38 against India. He also made his Test debut against New Zealand, scoring 28. His lack of consistency meant that he did not", "id": "4916500" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\ncricket. Marillier applied for and was accepted by the CFX Academy in 1999 and the following year he was accepted into the Australian Cricket Academy. When he returned Marillier hit a hundred for the Academy against the New Zealanders in a one-day warm-up game, and this led to his selection for the full national side for the ODI series. Domestically in Zimbabwe, he did well in the Logan Cup, captaining the Midlands team and scoring two centuries to average 55. However, this was down the order, as", "id": "4916495" }, { "contents": "Stephan Marillier\n\n\nStephan James Marillier (born 25 September 1984) is a Zimbabwean professional cricketer who holds a UK passport and currently plays in Norfolk. After playing Second XI cricket for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2009, he made his first-class cricket debut for Southern Rocks in the 2009–10 Logan Cup in September 2009, going on to play in 26 first-class and 17 List A matches in Zimbabwe between then and February 2012. After representing his country at under-15 level, Marillier played for a Zimbabwe XI in the 2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup", "id": "15223394" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nThe Dilscoop is a cricket batting stroke developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batsman Tillakaratne Dilshan during the ICC World Twenty20 held during June 2009 in England. The basis of the stroke is to go on one knee to a good length or slightly short of length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and 'scoop' the ball over the head of the wicket keeper. The ball travels straight towards the boundary behind the wicket keeper. According to Dilshan he started practising this stroke against a bowling machine during his tenure for Delhi", "id": "10285923" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\n. Marillier's last domestic commitment was for Zimbabwe A against Pakistan A in 2005. After that he did not play any official cricket. He is currently working in the Real Estate in Zimbabwe and also play some social cricket there. In 2009, he turned out for 'Red Lions' in the Zimbabwean Winter Premier Cricket League and it was believed that he was a player to return through franchise system. But after the introduction of franchise cricket in Zimbabwe, that does not seem to be the case for him along with another", "id": "4916497" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nby 6 wickets, eliminating Australia for the first time from group stage in a major tournament. Ajantha Mendis took 3 wickets, and in batting, skipper Sangakkara scored unbeaten 55. Next match was with West Indies, who were in poor performance in the T20 cricket. Sri Lanka batted first scored 192/5 courtesy of blistering 81 runs from Jayasuriya. Tillakaratne Dilshan, who was promoted to open the batting with Jayasuriya, gain attention from the crowd, due to his innovative stroke play. The shot he played above the Wicket-keeper", "id": "8132748" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\nscore hundreds in all formats as a captain. Dilshan won the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award at the 2009 ICC Awards for his 96 off 57 ball shots against West Indies in the semi-final of the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 in England. He also won the man of the series trophy for his individual batting performances in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World", "id": "19550381" }, { "contents": "Brendan Taylor\n\n\ntook over the wicketkeeping responsibilities as well following the temporary departure of Tatenda Taibu. He shot to international prominence after his 60 not out helped Zimbabwe achieve a five-wicket upset over Australia in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. In July/August 2007, Taylor was re-selected for the Zimbabwe Select team against South Africa A, having not been available against India A. He scored just 15 runs (2 and 13) in the second first-class match, having been overlooked for the first game. With Tatenda Taibu back", "id": "4333281" }, { "contents": "Brendon McCullum\n\n\n. He was signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders of the IPL for $700,000. His contract with the IPL was for three years. In 2016, he was signed by the replacement/expansion team Gujarat Lions for US$1.1 million, making him the highest paid overseas player in the team's foundation squad. He has the ability to play the Dilscoop (which was invented by Sri Lankan Tillakaratne Dilshan or precisely the ramp shot, which involves the batsman squatting down and scooping deliveries back over the wicketkeeper's area. The", "id": "2812637" }, { "contents": "Athula Samarasekera\n\n\n7 wickets. Samarasekera was one of the first openers to successfully take the advantage of field restrictions by hitting air-borne shots in ODI cricket. His most memorable ODI performance came in the 1992 cricket world cup, when he scored a brisk 75 against Zimbabwe, reaching his half century in just 31 balls in the first ever successful run chase of over 300 runs in ODI history. Tall and correct, he was an aggressive batsman and more than handy bowler, but failed to make his mark in international cricket with the limited", "id": "16407911" }, { "contents": "AB de Villiers\n\n\nbatted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative batsmen in the modern game, de Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. He made his international debut in a Test match against England from 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and has a batting", "id": "13462628" }, { "contents": "2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final\n\n\nPakistan also had one change with Fawad Alam being dropped as he was replaced by Yasir Arafat. Simon Taufel and Mark Benson were the on-field umpires and Daryl Harper was the third umpire, while Ranjan Madugalle was selected as the match referee. After winning the coin toss and electing to bat first, India lost their opening wicket in the third over when Yusuf Pathan mis-timed his shot to be caught by Shoaib Malik for 15. The next wicket to fall was Robin Uthappa, with another mis-timed shot ending", "id": "14126115" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nemphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typical – but not always – more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is \"comfortable, relaxed and balanced\", with the feet apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder", "id": "10024412" }, { "contents": "Dougie Marillier\n\n\nhe decided his technique was not tight enough for him to open the innings. Despite his domestic success, he failed to keep his place against Bangladesh, and decided to take up a club appointment in England rather than stay at home and hope for selection against India and West Indies. He might have had a match or two, in fact, as Zimbabwe suffered from injuries, and had he been available he might have played in the final Test against the West Indies instead of Hamilton Masakadza, who hit a century on debut", "id": "4916496" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\n1962. It probably escaped the headlines because Langford, as primarily a spin bowler, batted well down the order - usually at 9. Former Australian wicket keeper Ryan Campbell also played this shot twice in the dying overs of a one-day match against Sri Lanka in 2002. Given Campbell's one-day international career lasted only two matches, it is perhaps introducing the Australian cricketing public to this shot that is his greatest claim to fame. Recently, Sri Lankan wicket-keeper Niroshan Dickwella perfected the shot in left handed", "id": "10285926" }, { "contents": "Zimbabwe national cricket team\n\n\nthe series against India, Streak announced his retirement from international cricket, dealing yet another blow to the beleaguered team. By November 2005, the players were once again in dispute with Zimbabwe Cricket over political interference in the management of the game, as well as contract negotiations, and the new captain, Tatenda Taibu, resigned from international cricket. By then the team had been further weakened by the departure of the likes of Dougie Marillier, Craig Wishart and Sean Ervine, all of whom retired in protest and expressed disillusionment in the", "id": "1131803" }, { "contents": "Nahar Singh Stadium\n\n\nThe Nahar Singh Stadium previously known as Mayur Stadium is a cricket stadium in the Indian city of Faridabad. The ground has seen cavalier innings by Douglas Marillier with sweep shots above the keeper's head to deny India a victory, or most recently, a hard-fought steady knock from Suresh Raina to snatch victory away Stadium is named after Indian Rebellion of 1857 Nahar Singh. As of 11 Sept, 2018 it has hosted 8 ODIs. Nahar Singh cricket stadium was built in 1981. On 14 September 1986 the then Chief Minister", "id": "17926157" }, { "contents": "Regis Chakabva\n\n\n) he scored one run before being run out. Pakistan won the match by seven wickets. Zimbabwe would go on to finish third in the tournament. After this tournament, the Zimbabwe side went to Nairobi, Kenya, for a series of One Day International matches against Kenya and Ireland. Chakabva made his One Day International debut against Kenya on 19 October, this time as wicket-keeper with Taibu playing as a specialist batsman. Chakabva scored 41 runs from 44 balls and was the last wicket to fall as Zimbabwe lost by", "id": "1317608" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nof boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batsmen often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings. Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible", "id": "10024461" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n10 wickets with 16 overs to spare. Jayasuriya continued his blistering hitting in the game against India, where he scored 130 runs. With 18 balls left, and 18 runs needed to win the match, Sri Lanka lost the grip with quick wickets of Jayasuriya, Dilshan and Chandana. 11 were needed from the final six balls, Zaheer Khan bowled a magnificent last over to win the game for India by 4 runs. The two opponents met again in the final of the Asia Cup, where Sri Lankans batted first and scored", "id": "8132719" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw. Since a batsman is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batsmen choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots", "id": "10024434" }, { "contents": "Zaheer Khan\n\n\nof the Match award in the first Test between India and Australia in the 2008–2009 series in India for his all round performance with the bat and the ball. He has taken 282 ODI wickets at an average of just over 29 runs per wicket taking 4 wickets in a match 6 times (4 times against Zimbabwe) including 32 wickets against Zimbabwe at an average of 17.46 runs per dismissal. He, along with other seamers like Javagal Srinath and Ashish Nehra helped India to make it to the finals of the 2003 World Cup.", "id": "10919578" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nleg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281. The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at", "id": "13729049" }, { "contents": "Sam Loxton with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nshots flew in the air, and one of these barely evaded Loxton at fine leg. The fourth day was washed out and England declared without further batting after rain delayed the start on the final day. Play began after the tea break, and Australia needed to score 317 in the last session, while England required ten wickets for victory. Loxton did not bat as Australia reached 1/92 from 61 overs when the match was finally ended by a series of periodic rain interruptions. After the Test, Loxton bowled first change in the", "id": "1753564" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nthe odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though", "id": "13729012" }, { "contents": "2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series\n\n\ngetting out caught playing a big shot, slightly after a Glenn McGrath bouncer which injured Pietersen for the rest of the tour. In the end England scored a mediocre total of 242. The English team's bowling attack couldn't have got to a worse start after Gilchrist and Hayden smashed 16 off the first over. After Hayden and Gilchrist got out, Ponting and Clarke took over both going above 50. Australia cruised to an 8 wicket victory with 5 overs remaining. All of the Australian batsman scored reasonable scores that gave Australia", "id": "20983143" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in Australia in 1974–75\n\n\nfamous Sydney Hill \"the Doug Walters Stand\". His shots were often unorthodox and his 103 in the Second Test at Perth was the first time a hundred runs had been made by a batsman in one session in an Ashes Test for decades, with a six off Bob Willis bringing up the hundred off the last ball of the day. Ross Edwards was a sound batsmen who started life as Rod Marsh's understudy as Western Australia's wicketkeeper. He worked on his batting and made 170 not out in the 1972 Ashes series", "id": "9306863" }, { "contents": "Juliet Marillier\n\n\nJuliet Marillier (born 27 July 1948) is a New Zealand-born writer of fantasy, focusing predominantly on historical fantasy. She was educated at the University of Otago, where she graduated with a BA in languages and a Bachelor of Music (honours). Marillier taught music at the high school and university levels and has also served as a choral conductor and opera singer. In 2009 Marillier was diagnosed with breast cancer. Marillier lives in the Swan Valley, Western Australia (2014). Marillier serves on the Literary Advisory", "id": "12839587" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nwas both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman.\" In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the \"full-face\" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he", "id": "13729043" }, { "contents": "Jos Buttler\n\n\n' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his \"stunning strokes\", clean striking and \"crispness when hitting\" the ball along with his \"audacity and adventure\" have all been cited as making him an \"exciting\" batsman. Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler", "id": "12481469" }, { "contents": "Bicentennial Test\n\n\nWickets fell more steadily across the second day, including Broad for 139. Broad reacted angrily to his dismissal, and flattened the leg stump with his bat as he departed: he was fined the maximum permitted (£500) by the tour manager. England's final total of 425 contained no other scores of more than 50: the next highest after Broad was French with 47. On the third day, Australia batted poorly and lost wickets regularly to shots more suited to one-day cricket. Jones made 56, but", "id": "20736841" }, { "contents": "Pakistan national cricket team\n\n\nWith this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title. Pakistan started well in the ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters.", "id": "1131686" }, { "contents": "Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2005\n\n\nand needed nearly seven runs an over to win it. Chris Gayle realised the danger, and being gifted a no-ball by Naved-ul-Hasan, he slammed that over for 20 runs to bring the West Indians back on track. Things got more interesting when Wavell Hinds inside edged a pull shot off Abdur Razzaq to the Pakistani wicket-keeper, the score 90 for 1 after 16 overs. Two overs later, the new batsman Ramnaresh Sarwan tried to drive Abdur Razzaq over cover, but Younis Khan took an", "id": "11005420" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04\n\n\nin this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace...\" While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries. In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, \"Beautiful Shot!\", while another commentator remarked that, \"That", "id": "13729042" }, { "contents": "Tillakaratne Dilshan\n\n\n2011, Dilshan scored an unbeaten century of 104* from just 54 balls in the first Twenty20 match of the series, becoming the 5th player to achieve the milestone after West Indian Chris Gayle, New Zealander Brendon McCullum, Indian Suresh Raina and fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardena and it is also the highest individual twenty20 international score by a Sri Lankan in the history. He scored the century from just 57 balls with 12 fours and 5 sixes. He achieved his century with a dilscoop hitting behind the wicket-keeper. For his", "id": "19550400" }, { "contents": "Sanwar Hossain\n\n\nmatch against Sri Lanka, Charminda Vaas took 4 wickets in an over, with Hossain being the fourth batsman to fall. Hossain scored one half-century in international cricket, against Zimbabwe in 2001. In July 2003, Hossain was called for throwing in a Test match in Australia, the delivery in question being a delivery in which he \"flicks the ball with a backhanded motion\". Nevertheless, he was allowed to play in the subsequent One Day International series as it fell within the 6 weeks in which his bowling action", "id": "20111815" }, { "contents": "Ricky Ponting\n\n\nsome members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the", "id": "10022675" }, { "contents": "Virat Kohli\n\n\n2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India, scoring 55 not out in another successful run-chase against Pakistan. He struck an unbeaten 82 from 51 balls in India's must-win group match against Australia in \"an innings of sheer class\" with \"clean cricket shots\". The knock helped India win by six wickets and register a spot in the semi-final; Kohli went on to rate the innings as his best in the format. In the semi-final, Kohli top-scored once again with an unbeaten", "id": "5056540" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\novers with brilliant fifty by afghan captain Asghar Stanikzai. Sri Lanka started the chasing with a magnificent start, where they took 41 runs in powerplay. Chandimal eventually got out for 18 runs and Thirimanne also backed him in to pavilion after scored 6 runs. Thisara Perera and Chamara Kapugedera scored some shots, but the key performance came from the veteran Tillakaratne Dilshan. He scored unbeaten 83 runs by 56 runs, guided the team to win first match in the series. Second match was against West Indies, where they looked so strong", "id": "8132817" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\n. David Warner, the Australian opening batsman, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batsman is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of his shot. A scoop shot", "id": "10024444" }, { "contents": "Dwayne Smith\n\n\nmatch. After featuring in home series against Zimbabwe and India, and the DLF Cup (a triangular tournament played in Malaysia that also included Australia and India), Smith was included in the West Indies squad for the 2006 Champions Trophy. Although the West Indies, who were defending the title they won in 2004, reached the final, Smith made little contribution with bat or ball. After taking only two wickets and scoring eight runs over five matches played during the tournament, he was not included in the final against Australia.", "id": "22018692" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\n's head, came to known as \"Dilscoop\". He played the shot in almost every match in this series, which earned him good runs. West Indies only scored 177/5 in 20 overs and Sri Lanka through to the Super 8s. Pakistan, New Zealand, and Ireland played with Sri Lanka in Group F of Super 8s. Against Pakistan, Sri Lanka won the match by 19 runs. Dilshan scored 46 runs with some innovative Dilscoops. Against Ireland, Sri Lanka won by 9 runs, where Irish players came hard", "id": "8132749" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nis played to a wide ball of shin height with the batsman bending his knees and crouching low to make contact. A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, \"pulling\" it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batsman, the batsman thus \"hooking\" the", "id": "10024431" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivered. As the ball approaches, the batsman swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batsman's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batsman on", "id": "2834378" }, { "contents": "Ashoke Dinda\n\n\nIndia on 9 December 2009 against Sri Lanka at Nagpur. He took the wicket of Sanath Jayasuriya. He ended up with figures of 1/34 in 3 overs. While batting, he scored 19 runs off 20 deliveries before being bowled by Tillakaratne Dilshan. Dinda made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in June 2010. He bowled 7.4 overs and took 0/49. He was picked for the 2010 Asia Cup squad in Sri Lanka. However he played only one game in that tournament, a group stage match against Sri Lanka, in which he", "id": "7619776" }, { "contents": "South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06\n\n\nranked Australians, though they had to make do without Jacques Kallis. After the early wicket of Matthew Hayden who mis-timed a shot to Jacques Rudolph in the gully on his second ball, Australia batted to lunch with no further loss, and having added 96 in the first 26 overs before lunch they continued with 15 in four overs after it – before Justin Langer top edged a shot to Graeme Smith, and Makhaya Ntini had his second wicket. He was to get more – after Shaun Pollock had removed Ricky Ponting lbw", "id": "19860559" }, { "contents": "Glenn Trimble\n\n\n. He batted at number four, scoring a boundary off the first delivery, before being caught off the bowling of Richard Hadlee on the following ball. He did not bowl. New Zealand won the match by 206 runs after an insipid batting display by the home side who were bowled out for 70 runs. Trimble was dropped. He bounced back to take seven wickets against Tasmania, including his first five wicket haul, 5-50 . He scored 152 in a club game. An impetuous shot in a McDonald's Cup", "id": "5028400" }, { "contents": "Laws of Cricket\n\n\nruns which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no-ball except by being run out, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field. \"Law 22: Wide ball\". An umpire calls a ball \"wide\" if, in his or her opinion, the ball is so wide of the batsman and the wicket that he could not hit it with the bat playing a normal cricket shot. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to", "id": "10317366" }, { "contents": "Chamara Kapugedera\n\n\nhim for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match. He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka", "id": "10644903" }, { "contents": "Bouncer (cricket)\n\n\ndelivery. That may be concern as objectionable delivery. The bowler that throw convective delivery as bouncer may lead to match fine or can be temporary ban for not obeying the cricket rule and tried to unfollow the rules. Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batsman, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batsman moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being", "id": "2834377" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nto the boundary. The helicopter shot is one answer to this tactic. The first batsman to play helicopter shot is thought to be Sachin Tendulkar, in the 2002 NatWest series against England at Durham during an innings of 105*. But the shot was popularised by MS Dhoni. It was fellow player Santosh Lal, a childhood friend of Dhoni's, who taught him how to play the shot. The fundamental aim of each batsman is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this", "id": "10024449" }, { "contents": "Elton Chigumbura\n\n\nstarted with a six and a four in his first two balls, and maintained the same intensity throughout his innings. His last shot was a straight six not only took Zimbabwe over the line it also brought him his half-century off 21 balls. He is an aggressive batsman, who generally bats in the middle order for his team. He is strong on the lofted drive and he consistently clears the fence in ODI with his big hitting in the final overs. He is also a useful seam bowler, regarded as being", "id": "5478061" }, { "contents": "Malcolm Waller\n\n\n, he was called up to the national team for a tour of Bangladesh, where he made his international debut in a One Day International on 19 January 2009. Chasing mere 128, Zimbabwe were in trouble at 44/6 when Waller walked in and drove his first ball through the covers for four. He played a few more encouraging shots and was the top scorer in the innings with 24. With Ray Price's entertaining shots in the end Zimbabwe won by 2 wickets eventually. Waller rose to fame when he helped Zimbabwe to chase", "id": "4345225" }, { "contents": "Forward defence (cricket)\n\n\nThe forward defence is one of the most commonly used shots in cricket. The Prime Objective of playing a forward defence shot is to block the ball than to score runs. But there can be opportunities to score from this shot, if the shot is particularly well timed, or if the batsmen run a quick single. Played to a good length ball, the batsman attempts to defend his wicket by smothering the ball before it has an opportunity to spin or move off the seam. With a well-bent front knee,", "id": "11412926" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nthe ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor. A switch hit is a shot where a batsman changes his handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of his traditional handedness while the", "id": "10024442" }, { "contents": "Dilscoop\n\n\nthe Paddle Scoop preferred by many players including Moin Khan , Misbah-ul-Haq and Steve Waugh among others is played against a yorker length ball (note the Dilscoop is played against a good length or slightly short of length ball). The Dilscoop has also become known as the McScoop in New Zealand, due to right-handed batsman Brendon McCullum's extensive use of the shot. The shot was played much earlier, by then Somerset captain Brian Langford, in an English county match at the Edgarley ground in Glastonbury in", "id": "10285925" }, { "contents": "Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series\n\n\n. He made several attempts at the shot in his innings of 16 balls. He attempted a hook shot from a short ball and missed before being hit on the shoulder by another Lindwall bouncer, having tried to hook the ball downwards in an unorthodox manner akin to a tennis serve. He was then dismissed without scoring after playing across the line and being trapped leg before wicket by Johnston for a duck to leave England at 42/6. For his troubles, Watkins also collected a bruise from the hit to the shoulder, which inhibited", "id": "5821733" }, { "contents": "Sunil Gavaskar\n\n\nnot be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the \"late flick\". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly", "id": "10291724" }, { "contents": "Pro50 Championship\n\n\nunsurprising considering that the Mashonaland team had both the Flower brothers on their side. When Midlands batted first, Craig Wishart led the way with 121. He got valuable support from the top order that included Terry Duffin, Travis Friend and Dougie Marillier. After Wishart's departure Sean Ervine hit a lightning unbeaten fifty that took the score to an imposing 300/5. Midlands began their fielding display well, dismissing both openers with the score at 31, but no match is won unless the Flower brothers are dismissed. Both the brothers struck centuries", "id": "5187125" }, { "contents": "Ray Lindwall with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\nit was caught by Edrich at cover point to leave the score at 7/332. The visitors ended on 389 and England started their second innings late on the second day. Debutant John Dewes took strike and got off the mark when he aimed a hook shot and was credited with a boundary when the ball came off his shoulder. Lindwall's steepling bouncer had risen over his bat and narrowly missed his head. Lindwall made the early breakthrough soon after, bowling Dewes—who offered no shot—for 10 to leave England at 1/20", "id": "17513216" }, { "contents": "Kumar Sangakkara\n\n\ncaptaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World", "id": "19550317" }, { "contents": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005\n\n\none occasion, playing streaky shots that could easily have got him out, but he did smash Giles for 12 in one over. He was not out overnight – however, Steve Harmison, bowling his third spell of the day, brought the third day's proceedings to an end with a slow delivery that was not read correctly by Michael Clarke, who missed the ball completely to be bowled. England now only needed two wickets on the fourth day – Australia, however, needed 107 runs for the victory. On the fourth", "id": "18759692" }, { "contents": "George Headley\n\n\nthe first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in", "id": "11805007" }, { "contents": "Siddhant Lohani\n\n\nhalf century off just 19 balls and went on to score 67 runs off 25 balls against Region no. 8 Pokhara in the Senior One-Day National Cricket Tournament 2015. His man of the match performance included six fours and six sixes. In the final of Kathmandu Cricket League 2015, he scored 31 runs off 15 balls as his team, Dhagahdi United, lifted the trophy. Siddhant, known his ability to play 360 degree shots, was subsequently selected for 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. He made his Twenty20 debut in", "id": "8759903" }, { "contents": "Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948\n\n\ngot off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs. This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets, setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run-chase, with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes. Immediately after the Fourth Test, Bradman scored 62, before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low, as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings. Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan, a rain-affected draw", "id": "1569223" }, { "contents": "Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)\n\n\nhis One Day International debut in November 1996, against Zimbabwe, but had to wait just over three years to make his Test cricket debut for Pakistan, eventually doing so against Australia in Brisbane in November 1999. In the 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series, he rose to fame and was named man of the series for his all round performance. During a match in Hobart against India, Razzaq scored a half century and took five wickets. In the same tournament, he hit former Australian fast bowler, Glenn McGrath for 5 fours", "id": "20458307" }, { "contents": "Yuvraj Singh\n\n\nin a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket. Yuvraj batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against", "id": "4724401" }, { "contents": "History of the Sri Lankan cricket team\n\n\nSangakkara led the Sri Lankan side. In group A, Sri Lanka played with Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Zimbabwe, Canada and Kenya. They started off their tournament against minnows Canada. They won the toss and elected to bat first. Canada bowled well in the early overs, but did not get a wicket, as openers Tharanga and Dilshan reached 50 runs. When the first wicket did fall, it was a run-out when the batsmen had a mix-up with the score at 63, and Tharanga", "id": "8132764" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nSehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift. Depending upon the path of the ball, the batsman will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batsman will step forward towards the", "id": "10024415" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nare rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball. A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage. A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a", "id": "10024435" }, { "contents": "Boundary (cricket)\n\n\ngood aggressive shot displays a certain amount of mastery by the batsman over the bowler, and is usually greeted by applause from the spectators. Fours resulting from an edged stroke, or from a shot that did not come off as the batsman intended, are considered bad luck to the bowler. As a batsman plays himself in and becomes more confident as his innings progresses, the proportion of his runs scored in boundaries often rises. An average first-class match usually sees between 50 and 150 boundary fours. Sixes are less common", "id": "15750371" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nWorld Twenty20. The helicopter shot in cricket is the act of flicking the bat toward the leg side when facing a yorker or a fuller-length delivery and finishing the stroke with a flourish by twisting the bat in an overhead circle. This shot, which requires excellent timing and wrist-work, is considered a new innovation in cricket and is seen as an unconventional form of batsmanship. Traditionally, faster bowlers have used yorker-length deliveries toward the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls", "id": "10024448" }, { "contents": "Tim Paine\n\n\nof seven for the Test series, Paine battled to his highest Test score, 92 from 196 balls, in the first innings of the First Test in Mohali. In hot conditions, he displayed good shot selection and concentration, despite suffering from cramp in the latter stages of his innings. Still, when Australia was bowled out soon after his dismissal, Paine assumed wicket-keeper duties for India’s innings, where he took two catches. In his team's second innings, however, Paine scored only nine, as Australia", "id": "10105098" }, { "contents": "Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93\n\n\nmaiden Test century. He reached his hundred after 305 minutes of batting, and he batted in total for 414 minutes, playing India's spin bowlers especially well. Houghton was the first player to score a century his country's inaugural Test match since Charles Bannerman did for Australia in 1877. Houghton and Andy Flower scored 165 runs in 68 overs for the sixth wicket, which took Zimbabwe to stumps on the second day, but all five remaining wickets fell quickly on the morning of the third day. Zimbabwe's first innings total", "id": "18451070" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nat a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batsman, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played \"off the toes, shins or hip\". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or", "id": "10024422" }, { "contents": "Batting (cricket)\n\n\nover the boundary for six. A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is playing with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-", "id": "10024426" }, { "contents": "Hit wicket\n\n\nEngland at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them. One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his", "id": "21657522" }, { "contents": "Robin Uthappa\n\n\nmatch-winning 93-ball 100 against the same team which propelled him in the big league. Previously, he had been a member of the India Under-19 team that won the Asia Cup. Once a wicket-keeper batsman, his List A batting average of near 40 with a strike rate of approximately 90 has made him regarded as something of a limited overs cricket specialist. He was recalled to the ODI side in January 2007 for the series against the West Indies. He did not feature in the first two games. He scored", "id": "22156501" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nPurcell wearing a swimming costume with a shamrock and the word \"Ireland\" on it. In the Olympic final, Great Britain beat Belgium 3–2 to win the gold medal. Other members of the team included Charles Sydney Smith, Paul Radmilovic, Charles Bugbee, Christopher Jones, William Peacock and William Henry Dean. Purcell played for Ireland from 1910 to 1932. At the 1924 Summer Olympics he captained the Ireland team. Having previously represented Great Britain in 1920, Purcell now became the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations.", "id": "5049739" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nNoel Mary Joseph Purcell was a water polo player who represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He was also an Ireland rugby union international and rugby union referee. He was the first Olympic athlete to represent two different nations. He is also the only Ireland rugby union international to ever win an Olympic Gold medal. In 2012 his collection of medals and international caps were donated to Belvedere College by his daughter Rosemary and son Noel. Purcell was born in Dublin. He was the son of", "id": "5049735" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nBarbarians. In the 1921 Five Nations Championship, Purcell played in all four games for Ireland. He made his debut against England on 12 February at Twickenham. He then played against Scotland on 26 February and Wales on 12 March. He made his final appearance for Ireland against France on 9 April at the Stade Colombes. Purcell refereed the 1927 Five Nations Championship match between England and Scotland. As a referee, he was not as fast around the field as he had been as a player. A match report in \"The", "id": "5049741" }, { "contents": "Lansdowne Football Club\n\n\nCrowe and Ned Lightfoot), one of only three clubs ever to have done so at international level world-wide. As well as playing international rugby union for Ireland, at least five Lansdowne players have also represented Ireland and/or Great Britain at other sports. Noel Purcell was also an international water polo player and represented both Great Britain and Ireland at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics respectively. He helped Great Britain win the gold medal in 1920 Ham Lambert played 21 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1931 and 1947.. Brothers", "id": "3247082" }, { "contents": "Ireland men's national water polo team\n\n\nfour Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales — contested regular internationals against each other. Ireland were often outclassed, losing every match against England from 1895 to 1910. However, Noel Purcell won a gold medal on the Great Britain team at the 1920 Olympic water polo tournament. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom and the Olympic Council of Ireland joined the International Olympic Committee. Purcell captained Ireland at the 1924 Olympics. Ireland had a bye in the first round when Austria pulled out", "id": "11105389" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nIn the quarter final against Czechoslovakia, Purcell scored twice as Ireland lost 4–2. Purcell was also selected to represent Ireland at the 1928 Summer Olympics. However he declined because of his business commitments as a solicitor. He also wanted to give younger players the opportunity to play at an Olympics. Purcell also represented Ireland at the Tailteann Games. Purcell played club rugby union for both Dublin University and Lansdowne. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons. He also represented Leinster at provincial level and toured with the", "id": "5049740" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nscored all four goals for Dublin University in a 4–2 win. Purcell also represented Leinster at provincial level. At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Purcell was a member of the Great Britain team that won the gold medal. It was originally intended that Great Britain would be represented by the England national team. However, in a final trial game, England were beaten 6–0 by a Rest of Great Britain team featuring Purcell. This subsequently saw Purcell included in the Olympic squad. Although representing Great Britain, pictures from the Olympics, show", "id": "5049738" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nClub and the Dublin Swimming Club. As a swimmer he won four Irish Amateur Swimming Association championship titles between 1911 and 1920. In 1911 and 1912 he won the titles over 880 yards, in 1919 he won the 220 yards gold medal and in 1920 he was champion over 440 yards. In 1913 and 1921, as a water polo player, he won two Leinster Senior Cups with Dublin University. He also helped Dublin University win an All Ireland title in 1920. In a 1921 Leinster Senior League game against Pembroke, Purcell", "id": "5049737" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\nWilliam Ernest Crawford (17 November 1891 – 12 January 1959) also known as Ernie Crawford was an Ireland rugby union international during the 1920s. He was also a noted soccer player and was included in the Ireland squad for the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament. While living in Belfast, Crawford played rugby union for Malone and soccer for Cliftonville. After moving to Dublin, he maintained his interest in both codes. He was club captain at Lansdowne for the 1921–22 and 1922-23 seasons, taking over from Noel Purcell. At the", "id": "7855199" }, { "contents": "Charles Bugbee\n\n\nCharles G. Bugbee (29 August 1887 – 18 October 1959) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was part of the British team, which was able to win two gold medals. He also participated in the 1924 Olympic water polo tournament, but the British team lost their first-round game. A City of London policeman,he served in the Great War as a leading Mechanic in the Royal Naval Air Service,from", "id": "6761071" }, { "contents": "Ernie Crawford\n\n\n. During his international rugby career he scored six conversions and two penalties. He also captained Ireland on fifteen occasions between 1924 and 1927. One of the highlights of his career came on 13 February 1926 when he captained Ireland to a 19-15 win over England - their first win over England for fifteen years. He played his final game for Ireland against Wales on 12 March 1927. His Ireland teammates included William Roche and Noel Purcell. In 1924, after playing in a trial game, Crawford was one of six Bohemians", "id": "7855202" }, { "contents": "George Schroth\n\n\nGeorge Edward Schroth (December 31, 1899 – January 26, 1989) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sacramento, California and died in Los Molinos, California. In 1924 he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored one goal. Four years later he was a member of the American team which finished fifth in the 1928 Olympic water polo tournament. He played both matches.", "id": "6068746" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nIreland during the 1920 Five Nations Championship. He made his debut against England at Lansdowne Road on 14 February in a 14-11 defeat. He then played against Scotland on 28 February at Inverleith in a 19-0 defeat. He won his final cap against France on 3 April in a 15-7 defeat at Lansdowne. While playing for Ireland, his teammates included Ernie Crawford. Roche was also selected for the British Lions squad for their 1924 tour of South Africa. However he did not play in any of the", "id": "13629195" }, { "contents": "Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nRemember\" as its anthem. Ireland made its debut Olympic water polo appearance. Ten athletes represented Ireland in 1924. It was the nation's debut appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Seven boxers represented Ireland at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport as well as the Olympics as an independent nation. Dwyer was the most successful Irish boxer, taking fourth place. His three bouts won were three times as many as the rest of the team combined, with Murphy getting the only", "id": "13959932" }, { "contents": "Tom Voyce (rugby union, born 1897)\n\n\nteam, with Voyce playing in a trial game in February 1911, leading to an appearance for the England Under-15 team against Wales in March 1911. His senior Gloucester debut came in December 1919, and was followed in short succession by his first appearance for the Gloucestershire county team in January 1920 and his first England cap in February 1920 against Ireland in the Five Nations Championship. He played in every game during the England's three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship in 1921, 1923 and 1924. A sole appearance for", "id": "20024289" }, { "contents": "Herb Vollmer\n\n\nHerbert \"Herb\" Eberhard Jordan Vollmer (February 15, 1895–November 8, 1961) was an American water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan. In 1920 he was a member of the American team in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played three matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the American water polo team. He played all five matches and scored three", "id": "6068759" }, { "contents": "Charles MacIvor\n\n\nCharles Vernon MacIvor (12 February 1891 – 18 October 1913) was an Irish rugby union player who played for the Ireland national rugby union team. MacIvor was born in the British Antilles on 12 February 1891. He was an engineering student at Trinity College, Dublin and club captain of Dublin University. A winger, MacIvor was described as a \"plucky\" player who had a \"good turn of speed\". MacIvor appeared in all four Tests for Ireland in the 1912 Five Nations Championship. In Ireland's final fixture,", "id": "21867984" }, { "contents": "Percy Rees\n\n\nPercy Montague Rees (September 27, 1883 — June 12, 1970), was a field hockey player, who won a gold medal with the Great Britain team at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England. In 1906, Rees made his first appearance for the England national field hockey team against Wales and played Ireland and Scotland in the same year. In 1908 Rees was selected to play for the South vs Midlands and later the North. He was then selected to play for England vs. Wales, Ireland and Scotland and", "id": "5342939" }, { "contents": "Noel Purcell (water polo and rugby union)\n\n\nDaniel Purcell, a solicitor who was originally from Limerick, and Mary Clara Hoey who was from Dublin. He had two older siblings, a brother and a sister. In 1911 the Purcell family were living in Leeson Street. Purcell was educated at Belvedere College, Clongowes Wood College and Trinity College, Dublin. During the First World War, he served as a second lieutenant and then as a captain with the Leinster Regiment. He was injured while serving on the Western Front. Purcell was a member of both Dublin University Swimming", "id": "5049736" }, { "contents": "Cricket at the Summer Olympics\n\n\nIreland and the West Indies - do not correspond to Olympic national teams, a problem also faced in rugby and association football. The United Kingdom competes at the Olympics as Great Britain with athletes from England, Scotland, Wales and those British Overseas Territories without their own Olympic team. Athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Great Britain or Ireland. In cricket, Scotland has its own team, Welsh players play for the England team, and the Ireland team represents the Republic and Northern Ireland together. In rugby, Team", "id": "1907447" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\n\n\n, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the union demanded that Northern Irish players, that have committed to play for the Irish rugby union, only play for Ireland despite being eligible under IOC rules to compete for Great Britain. The three remaining unions agreed in advance of the 2013–14 Sevens World Series that their highest-", "id": "21799021" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connor\n\n\nJames Wallace O'Connor (August 25, 1903 – October 11, 1950) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a gold medal in the 4x20-meter freestyle relay event. He also was a member of American water polo team, which won a bronze medal. He played one match. Four years later he was a member of American water polo team, which lost to", "id": "1033776" }, { "contents": "George Stephenson (rugby union)\n\n\nThis wasn't bettered until Tom Kiernan reached 90 points in 1968. During his ten-year playing career with Ireland, he only missed one game due to injury against Scotland on 23/02/1929. He also captained Ireland for his last 12 games. On 29 Nov 1924, Stephenson captained Ireland against the \"invincibles\" of New Zealand 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. His older brother Henry Stephenson also represented Ireland. He left Ireland for London to pursue his medical career and he died there in 1970", "id": "2600114" }, { "contents": "Paul Radmilovic\n\n\nPaolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer of Croatian and Irish origin who represented Great Britain at four Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he was the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic", "id": "18097642" }, { "contents": "L.C. Nash (rugby player)\n\n\nLllewellyn Charles Nash (23 July 1868 – 14 October 1918), also known as L.C. Nash, was an Irish rugby union player who played in the forward position. He was capped six times for Ireland. Lllewellyn Charles Nash was born on 23 July 1868 in Kinsale, Ireland. He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and Queen's College Cork. Nash made his test debut for Ireland against Scotland at Belfast on 16 February 1889. Nash’s final game for Ireland was against Wales at Llanelli on 7 March", "id": "21338751" }, { "contents": "Brian Spillane\n\n\nBrian Spillane (born 26 January 1960) in Cork is a former Irish rugby union international player who played for the Irish national rugby union team. He played as a number eight. He played for the Ireland team from 1985 to 1989, winning 16 caps and was a member of the Ireland squad at 1987 Rugby World Cup. He made his debut in February 1985 against Scotland and scored a try for Ireland against Canada in the 1987 Rugby World Cup. He won a Triple Crown and 5 Nations Championship in 1985. He", "id": "18750859" }, { "contents": "Thomas Thould\n\n\nThomas Henry Thould (11 January 1886 – 15 June 1971) was an English water polo player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. Thomas played a paramount role in the 1920 final. He was part of the British team, which won the gold medal. He was an avid conspiracy theorist claiming his competency in water polo was because he was kidnapped by aliens as a child. During WWII he moved to Nazi Germany. This was because he also claimed that the same aliens told him the entire history of", "id": "7299511" }, { "contents": "Attila Vári\n\n\nAttila Vári (born 26 February 1976 in Budapest), nicknamed \"Doki\", is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics. Vári began his athletic career with modern pentathlon but later switched to water polo. He made his debut for the Hungarian national team in 1997. Attila's back hand shot from ten meters in the 2000 Olympic finals against Russia was probably the most unexpected and spectacular goal anyone ever scored in an Olympic final game in water", "id": "10139052" }, { "contents": "Henry Murphy (field hockey)\n\n\nHenry Lawson Murphy (12 December 1882 – 5 January 1942) was an Irish field hockey player. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Richard Gregg and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Murphy played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. . The Ireland team was part of", "id": "2156264" }, { "contents": "George Cornet\n\n\nGeorge Thomson Cornet (15 July 1877 – 22 April 1952) was the only Scot in the Great Britain and Ireland water polo team that won gold in the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Inverness and died in Rainhill. He played as a back for the Inverness Amateurs team that won the Scottish Championship in 1909 and reached four other finals; Cornet represented Scotland a total of 17 times between 1897 and 1912. Cornet also played football and cricket for Inverness teams as well as competing in heavy", "id": "5006055" }, { "contents": "Noel Murphy (rugby union, born 1937)\n\n\nWales on 12 March 1960 in a 10–9 defeat at Lansdowne. Murphy also played in all four games in the 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1969 Five Nations Championships and scored further tries against England in 1964, and against Scotland in 1965 and 1967. Murphy captained Ireland for the first time on 21 January 1967 in a 15–8 win at Lansdowne against Australia and was subsequently captain during the 1967 Five Nations Championship. He scored his final Ireland try against England in a 17–15 win at Lansdowne on 8 February 1969. He", "id": "10333246" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nwas established in 1920 as Great Britain and Ireland, prior to the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. They only played one tournament under that name: the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, when they won the gold medal. Prior to 1920 there was only one field hockey tournament at the Olympics, in 1908, when England won the gold, Ireland the silver, and Scotland and Wales the bronze medals. The following 20 players have been selected in the squad to play in the 2019 Men", "id": "11619838" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\n\n\nas one union in the Olympics and as several in international rugby (Rugby Football Union for England, Welsh Rugby Union, Scottish Rugby Union and the combined Irish Rugby Football Union for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), which meant should one of either the England, Wales or Scotland teams qualify, then Great Britain would be awarded a spot in the Olympic Games. It was decided players based in Northern Ireland were not eligible to represent Great Britain in the rugby sevens tournament as these players represent the IRFU, and the", "id": "21119013" }, { "contents": "Alajos Keserű\n\n\nAlajos Keserű (March 8, 1905 – May 3, 1965) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches and scored one goal. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In", "id": "20603177" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nIn 2009 Gleghorne informed the Irish Hockey Association that he was switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Gleghorne had to wait for three years before he was eligible to play for Great Britain. He eventually made his debut for Great Britain in November 2011, scoring in a 3–1 win against Belgium. He subsequently represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics and when they won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the", "id": "1549181" }, { "contents": "Edward Allman-Smith\n\n\nBrigadier Edward Percival Allman-Smith (3 November 1886 – 17 November 1969) was an Irish soldier and field hockey player. Allman-Smith played hockey for Dublin University Hockey Club and Ireland. He was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Allman-Smith played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. The Ireland team was part of the Great Britain Olympic team.", "id": "15093228" }, { "contents": "Percy Peter\n\n\nEdward Percival Peter (28 March 1902 – 23 September 1986) was an English competitive swimmer and water polo player who represented Great Britain at the 1920, 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre relay and failed to reach the 400-metre and 1500-metre freestyle finals. In 1924 he placed fifth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay and third in the first round of 400-metre freestyle. In 1928 he finished sixth in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay; he was also a member of British water polo team, which", "id": "976998" }, { "contents": "Georges Rigal\n\n\nGeorges Rigal (6 January 1890 – 25 March 1974) was a French water polo player and freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the French water polo team which finished fifth in the Olympic water polo competition. He played one match. He also participated in the 100 metre freestyle event, but was eliminated in the first round. Twelve years later he won a gold medal with the French water polo team. He played all four matches and scored one goal.", "id": "6068553" }, { "contents": "Mick Lane (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Francis Lane (born 3 Oct 1926) is an Irish rugby union player who played in the wing position. Lane played club rugby with University College Cork, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 17 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950. Lane made his international début for Ireland in March 1947 against Wales in the Five Nations Championship. Injury kept him out of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, but he played in all four of Ireland's matches during the 1949 Championship", "id": "14479898" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hunt (water polo)\n\n\nArthur William James Hunt (27 August 1886 – 29 September 1949) was a water polo player from Lambeth, United Kingdom. He was a competitor at the 1924 Summer Olympics who competed at the Men's Water Polo event representing Great Britain. His team lost to Hungary in round one at 6-7 and did not advance any further. In addition, Arthur was also the flag bearer of Great Britain during the 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. 1905 - Played capped for Guernsey at football. 1909 - Held all the Kent", "id": "15813814" }, { "contents": "Ferenc Keserű\n\n\nFerenc Keserű (August 27, 1903 – July 16, 1968) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Budapest, he first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played all four matches. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the silver medal in 1928 and the gold medal 1936. In Amsterdam at the 1928", "id": "20603230" }, { "contents": "Jimmy Kirkwood (field hockey and cricket)\n\n\nJimmy Kirkwood (born 12 February 1962) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics when they won the gold medal. He also represented Ireland at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Kirkwood was also an Ireland cricket international. Kirkwood was educated at Friends' School, Lisburn and Queen's University Belfast where he studied Economics. In his youth, in addition to playing field hockey and cricket, Kirkwood also included", "id": "20843934" }, { "contents": "Andro Bušlje\n\n\nAndro Bušlje (born 4 January 1986) is a Croatian water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he was part of the Croatian team that won the gold medal. He is right-handed and plays the center defender position. From 2016 to 2019 he played for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. He started playing water polo at the age of 12, and he made his national team debut in", "id": "7809921" }, { "contents": "William Roche (rugby union)\n\n\nWilliam Joseph Roche (28 March 1895 in Limerick, Ireland – 26 June 1983 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) was an Irish rugby union player who represented Munster, Ireland and the British Lions. He also played club rugby for both University College Cork and Newport. Between 1920 and 1927 Roche played club rugby for Newport and was captain during the 1926-27 season. In 1926 he captained the club against the New Zealand Māoris in a game which ended in a 0-0 draw. Roche won 3 caps for", "id": "13629194" }, { "contents": "Peter Fenwicke\n\n\nrepresentative debut for Australia in a Test against those same NZ visitors in Sydney. He was selected for the 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France and played in nineteen matches on tour including Tests against Wales, Ireland and England From 1958 Fenwicke was a regular starter in the New South Wales rugby union team, he captained the side from 1959 and there were five straights wins under his leadership against Queensland and the visiting British & Irish Lions. His two matches as national captain were against the British & Irish Lions", "id": "3322389" }, { "contents": "Vladimir Semyonov (water polo)\n\n\nVladimir Viktorovich Semyonov (, May 10, 1938 – November 21, 2016) was a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal. He played five matches. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Soviet team in the water polo competition at the 1964 Games. He played all six matches", "id": "6510045" }, { "contents": "Tamás Molnár\n\n\nTamás Molnár (born August 2, 1975 in Szeged) is a Hungarian water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Olympics. He was named \"Hungarian Water Polo Player of the Year\" in 1998, and made his debut for the national team in 1997. He won the Malta Waterpolo Summer League title with Neptunes Emirates (St. Julians, MALTA) in August 2010-11-12 - 13 - 14. With this he earned a national record", "id": "10139129" }, { "contents": "List of flag bearers for Great Britain at the Olympics\n\n\n, cricketer Kynaston Studd can be said to be the first person to carry the flag for Britain at an Olympic event. However, cricket was only played at the 1900 Olympic Games (see: Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics) and Studd was therefore not a competitor. Charles Sydney Smith won a 1908 gold medal in water polo and was chosen to represent the country as the flag bearer at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. This made him the first competing athlete to carry the flag for Great Britain. The", "id": "1303404" }, { "contents": "History of the France national rugby union team\n\n\ntwo teams to enter. A straight final took place between the US and France but the US caused a shock by winning 8–0 to take the gold medal. Their first win in the five nations against Ireland was attained in 1920 in Dublin – 15–7. During their last match of the 1921 Five Nations, France showed signs of new strength beating Ireland 20 to 10. Though France did not win a game the following year, the side did draw with Scotland and England. For the 1924 Olympics held in Paris rugby union was", "id": "12937957" }, { "contents": "Arthur Evanson\n\n\nbut was prevented from playing in the Blues match by injury in 1882 (when he was club captain) and 1883. He also won Blues for athletics in 1880 and 1882 (winning the shot-put competition in 1882). He was a three-quarter and represented the England national rugby union team in the Home Nations Championship on four occasions. His debut for England was on 16 December 1882 against Wales, converting two tries. He also played against Ireland and Scotland in the same season, converting a try against Ireland", "id": "12590302" }, { "contents": "Erik Bergvall\n\n\nErik Gustaf Bergvall (April 7, 1880 – February 4, 1950) was a Swedish water polo player, journalist and sports official. He also promoted the Bergvall system, a variation of the traditional knockout tournament system which was used at the 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. As a water polo player, Bergvall represented Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics and helped the national water polo team gain the bronze medal in the water polo. In 1904 Bergvall was among the founding member of the Swedish Swimming Federation and served as", "id": "7110905" }, { "contents": "Finlay Jackson\n\n\nFinlay William Jackson (21 November 1901 in Belfast, Ireland – 13 March 1941 in Belfast) was an Irish cricketer and Rugby Union player. Jackson played just once for the Ireland national rugby union team, a Five Nations match against England on 10 February 1923. He would play much more for Ireland at his other sport, cricket. A right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler, Jackson played eight times for the Ireland cricket team between 1923 and 1933 including three first-class matches. He made his debut for Ireland", "id": "20734427" }, { "contents": "Gösta Persson\n\n\nO. Gösta A. Persson (8 January 1904 – 23 February 1991) was a Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Persson was born in Stockholm on 8 January 1904. In 1924 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay team. He was also part of the Swedish team which finished fourth in the Olympic water polo tournament. He played all six matches. Twelve years later he played four matches in the 1936", "id": "12981881" }, { "contents": "Bert Solomon\n\n\nBert Solomon (8 March 1885 – 30 June 1961) was a Cornish rugby union player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics at White City Stadium, London. He also played for Redruth R.F.C. and 26 times for Cornwall. He was a member of the Cornwall rugby union team, which on 26 October 1908 won the Olympic silver medal for Great Britain. He also played for Cornwall in the Championship final match against Durham, at Redruth, in 1908 and was capped by England against Wales in 1910, the first year Twickenham", "id": "16135739" }, { "contents": "Norman Fender\n\n\nNorman Henry Fender (2 September 1910 – 24 October 1983) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby footballer who played rugby union for Cardiff as a flanker and rugby league with York. He won six caps for Wales at rugby union, and also represented Wales at rugby league. In 1932/33 he toured Australasia with Great Britain. Norman Fender won caps for Wales (RU) while at Cardiff RFC in 1930 against Ireland, and France, and in 1931 against England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, represented Great Britain", "id": "21252309" }, { "contents": "Charles Sydney Smith\n\n\nCharles Sydney Smith (26 January 1876 – 6 April 1951) was born in Wigan, the ninth of eleven children born to Thomas Smith and Elizabeth née Sayer. He was a British water polo player who competed as goalkeeper for the England Water Polo team which won gold medals in the London games of 1908, and the Stockholm games of 1912. After the Great War he returned, at the age of 44, as part of the Great Britain team to win a third Gold Medal at the Antwerp games in 1920. He", "id": "6761035" }, { "contents": "J.J. McCoy (rugby union)\n\n\ndebut against Munster at Ravenhill in 1978 aged 19. On 14 November 1984 McCoy was a member of an Ulster team that defeated a touring Australia 15–13 at Ravenhill. Between 1984 and 1989 McCoy made 16 full senior appearances for Ireland. He had previously represented Ireland at Under-23 and B levels. He made his senior debut on 4 February 1984 against Wales in an 18-9 defeat. He was a member of the Ireland team that won 1985 Five Nations Championship and the Triple Crown. He also represented Ireland at the 1987 Rugby", "id": "18750923" }, { "contents": "Vilhelm Andersson\n\n\nKletus Vilhelm \"Wille\" Andersson (11 March 1891 – 21 September 1933) was a Swedish water polo player and freestyle swimmer. He competed in water polo at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in 1912 and a bronze in 1920, finishing fourth in 1924. In swimming he competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics and won 18 national titles between 1909 and 1920. He was the son of Cletus William Andersson, a dentist. His younger brother Erik Cletus Thule Andersson also competed", "id": "6956570" }, { "contents": "József Vértesy\n\n\nJózsef Vértesy (February 19, 1901 – December 21, 1983) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Born in Zombor, Austria-Hungary (today Sombor, Serbia) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He first competed at the Olympics in 1924. As a member of the Hungarian water polo team he finished seventh. He played one match. Also he was part of the Hungarian water polo team which won the", "id": "20603281" }, { "contents": "Bill McCabe (Australian sportsman)\n\n\nWilliam 'Bill' McCabe (born 30 August 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer and Olympian. He played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and represented Australia in Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics. McCabe, a goalkeeper, was the youngest member of Australia's water polo team in the Melbourne Olympics, at 21 years of age. He played against Great Britain, Singapore and the Soviet Union. One of his teammates was St Kilda forward Peter Bennett. The following year McCabe made his", "id": "21495390" }, { "contents": "Ian Watkins (rugby player)\n\n\nWales team that undertook a disastrous tour of New Zealand in the summer of that year. Watkins played in the first Test at Auckland, which New Zealand won 54-9. In December 1989 he was selected to face Romania on their tour of Great Britain. Wales lost 15-9. His final international games were all four games of the 1989 Five Nations Championship, Wales losing the first three opening games against Scotland, Ireland and France, before defeating England in the last encounter of the tournament. Troubled by injuries,", "id": "3164788" }, { "contents": "Stan Harris\n\n\nStanley \"Stan\" Wakefield Harris CBE (13 December 1894 – 3 October 1973) was an early twentieth century all-round sportsman regarded as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played for the British and Irish Lions. As a rugby union international, he represented the England in 1920, and the British Lions in 1924. He also turned down a place in the Great Britain Olympic squad in 1920, became a South African boxing champion and represented England in polo, all in between serving in both the First and", "id": "14389540" }, { "contents": "Yury Grigorovsky\n\n\nYury Nikolaevich Grigorovsky (, born March 28, 1939) is a Russian water polo player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moscow. In 1960 he was a member of the Soviet team which won the silver medal in the Olympic water polo competition. He played six matches and scored two goals. Eight years later he won his second silver medal with the Soviet team in the water polo tournament at the 1968 Games. He played all eight matches", "id": "6509783" }, { "contents": "Frederick Milton\n\n\nFrederick \"Freddie\" George Matt Milton (21 October 1906 – August 1991) was an English water polo player and competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain at the Olympics and England at the British Empire Games during the 1930s. He was part of the British water polo team that finished eighth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He played four matches. He was born in Marylebone, Great Britain. As a swimmer, he won a silver medal in the 4×200 yards freestyle relay at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario.", "id": "6711252" }, { "contents": "Frederick Whitfield Barrett\n\n\ncompeted on the England polo team in the 1914 and 1921 International Polo Cup. The English team were victorious in 1914 ending a series of losses. He won the Roehampton Trophy for polo in 1919. Barrett competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The British Polo team defeated Spain in the final to win the gold medal. He also competed in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris where he received the bronze medal. On leaving the Army Barrett trained race horses. He trained Annandale,", "id": "5462434" }, { "contents": "Charles Coates (sportsman)\n\n\nThe Reverend Charles Hutton Coates (4 May 1857 – 15 February 1922) was a clergyman who also played international rugby union for England. An all round sportsman, he competed, in archery, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London for Great Britain. Coates made his England international début in rugby union against Scotland on 28 February 1880. He would go on to earn three caps, with his final match, also against Scotland, on 4 March 1882. At the Olympics, Coates entered the men's double York round event", "id": "14478595" }, { "contents": "Phil Carmichael\n\n\nPhilip Patrick \"Phil\" Carmichael (25 January 1884 - September 1973) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. He won a gold medal in rugby at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Carmichael, a centre, was born in Sandgate, Queensland and played his club rugby career was played in Queensland. He claimed a total of 4 international rugby caps for Australia. His debut game was against Great Britain, at Brisbane, on 23 July 1904. He was selected in Australia's inaugural national rugby team to tour the northern", "id": "2954967" }, { "contents": "Giancarlo Guerrini\n\n\nGiancarlo Guerrini (born December 29, 1939) is an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, in the 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rome. In 1960 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which won the gold medal. He played two matches and scored three goals. Four years later he finished fourth with the Italian team in the water polo competition at the Tokyo Games. He played five matches. At the 1968 Games he was", "id": "6226823" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics\n\n\ncompetition. Great Britain sent four teams, one from each of the Home Nations. Scotland and England defeated Germany and France, respectively, in the first round before facing each other in the semifinals. Their victories assured them medals, while Ireland and Wales had been guaranteed medals by receiving byes in the first round. England won in the semifinal against Scotland, while Ireland defeated Wales in the other semifinal. The two losing teams received bronze medals, while England took the gold by winning the final against Ireland, who received silver", "id": "9530104" }, { "contents": "Niall Brophy\n\n\nNiall Henry Brophy (born 19 November 1935 in Dublin, Ireland) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He represented University College Dublin R.F.C., Blackrock College R.F.C., Leinster, Ireland and the British and Irish Lions. He played as a Winger. In 1959, Brophy, along with teammate Bill Mulcahy, became the first UCD players to represent the British and Irish Lions (then known as the British Lions), during their tour to Australia and New Zealand. Brophy made his Ireland debut against France on 26 January 1957", "id": "21212698" }, { "contents": "Iain Lewers\n\n\nIain Lewers (born 5 January 1984) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was also a member the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also represented England at the 2013 and 2015 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup. In both 2014 and 2015 Lewers was named the England/", "id": "15186984" }, { "contents": "Ned Byrne\n\n\n. Kilkenny fought back to win the game and Byrne collected an All-Ireland medal. Byrne had played rugby union since his secondary school days. He later played with the Kilkenny and Wanderers in the 1960s. Immediately following the 1972 All-Ireland hurling final victory Byrne joined Blackrock College and he soon started to make the Leinster team for representative matches. His talent was quickly noted and he later made his debut for Ireland in a 1977 Five Nations Championship game against Scotland. Byrne won five more caps in the front row but", "id": "20189815" }, { "contents": "France at the 1924 Summer Olympics\n\n\nhave competed in each edition of the Olympic sailing contests to that point. Twenty-two sport shooters represented France in 1924. It was the nation's sixth appearance in the sport; France was one of three countries (along with Denmark and Great Britain) to have competed in each Olympic shooting contest. French shooters took two medals: Coquelin won the gold in the prone rifle and was a member of the five-man team which took silver in the team rifle. France won its first gold medal in water polo in", "id": "19110753" }, { "contents": "Charles Darley Miller\n\n\nCharles Darley Miller (October 23, 1868 – December 22, 1951) was a British polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics as a member of the British polo team \"Roehampton\", which won the gold medal. Miller was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an indigo planter in Bihar from 1890 to 1902. He started the Roehampton Club in 1903, managing it until 1939. He played polo for England against America in 1902, and for Rugby (where he was a trainer)", "id": "17634625" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfinal worldwide Olympic qualifier. Should any of the three teams finish in a qualifying spot at any stage, Great Britain will send a team to the Games. The final composition of a Great Britain team would then be determined by the three nations and the British Olympic Association. As is the case with olympic boxing, rugby in Ireland is organised on an all-island basis. This means that Northern Irish players who have chosen to represent Ireland in rugby, despite the fact that they are residents of the UK, must play", "id": "17956574" }, { "contents": "Rebecca Rippon\n\n\nRebecca Marie Rippon (born 26 December 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She represented Australia as a member of the Australia women's national water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she won a bronze medal. Rippon is from the Sydney area of Chester Hill, New South Wales. Her nicknames include Beccy, Mike, and 4. She is tall and weighs . She has a sister, Melissa Rippon, who also plays water polo for Australia's national water polo team.", "id": "2915865" }, { "contents": "Eoin O'Malley\n\n\nEoin O'Malley (born 6 July 1988) is an Irish former professional rugby union player for Leinster. O'Malley played as a Centre. O'Malley played rugby for Belvedere College and represented both Leinster schools and Ireland Schools. O'Malley earned 7 caps for the Ireland under-19 and a further 10 for the Ireland under-20's. He played 3 times for the Leinster under-20 side before joining the first team. O'Malley made his first team debut against Newport Gwent Dragons in the Celtic League in December 2009. He has played 7 games for Leinster in the", "id": "10174662" }, { "contents": "Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics\n\n\nfrom contemporary press reports it is clear that he was the helmsman of the \"Scotia\"\". Great Britain was represented by one shooter in its second appearance. Merlin, who had competed for Great Britain four years earlier, competed again. He tied for 7th in the trap shooting event. The British water polo team won gold easily. The roster listed is that credited with gold medals by the IOC; the actual competition roster may have differed with up to five of the listed players not actually playing. One British player", "id": "9584598" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nand older brother Samuel Russell, and two younger sisters, Sarah Jane and Christina McClelland. He was educated at Queen's University Belfast. Foster played rugby union as a centre and captained his university side, Queen's University RFC. He also played for City of Derry R.F.C.. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Twickenham against England on 12 February 1910. He went on to play against both Scotland and France in that first ever Five Nations championship and was later selected for the first official British Isles", "id": "8090075" }, { "contents": "Alexander Foster (rugby player)\n\n\nteam that toured South Africa in 1910. In that tour he played in two of the tests. On his return to Five Nations rugby he played in every match of the 1911 and 1912 seasons but was absent for the 1913 championship. In 1914 he returned to play in three of the four matches for Ireland in the final championship before the First World War and was selected in the first championship after the war in 1921, playing his last match for Ireland on 12 March 1921 against Wales. Foster taught at Foyle College and", "id": "8090076" }, { "contents": "Foster Horan\n\n\nFoster Horan (born 3 November 1992) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a forward for the Ireland national rugby sevens team. He debuted for the Ireland national sevens team at the 2018 London Sevens. Horan played youth rugby with the Gorey Rugby Club up to the under-12 level, before going to Kilkenny College. Horan played outside centre for the Ireland national under-20 rugby union team at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship in South Africa, where Ireland finished fifth after wins against South Africa, England, and France.", "id": "9766876" }, { "contents": "Charles Turner (water polo)\n\n\nCharles Turner (born 9 September 1953) is an Australian water polo player. He represented Australia as a member of the Australia men's national water polo team at three Olympics: 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics and Head Coach of the Australian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He later became a sport administrator working for the New South Wales Institute of Sport. Charles has two children named Francesca and Harry. Turner was born in Ardrossan in North Ayrshire, Scotland, on 9 September 1953. He", "id": "3642053" }, { "contents": "Joseph De Combe\n\n\nJoseph De Combe (19 June 1901 – 1965) was a Belgian swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, 1928 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke event. He also was a member of Belgian water polo team, which won a silver medal. He played one match. Four years later he did not finish in his first round heat of the 200 m backstroke event and did not advance. In the 1936 Olympics he", "id": "1033827" }, { "contents": "1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France\n\n\nThe Invincibles was a nickname given to the 1924–25 New Zealand national team which toured the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Canada. The team was captained by Cliff Porter, and numbered among its top players George Nepia and brothers Cyril and Maurice Brownlie. During the test against England Cyril Brownlie was sent off by the Welsh referee Albert Freethy, the first player to be sent off from a test. Between September 1924 and February 1925, the team played 32 games including four test matches, one each against Ireland, England,", "id": "2017161" }, { "contents": "Richard Gregg (field hockey)\n\n\nRichard George Stanhope Gregg (9 December 1883 – 20 May 1945) was an Irish field hockey player born in Portsmouth, England. He played for, amongst others, Three Rock Rovers and Ireland. Together with fellow Rovers players, Henry Murphy and Charles Power, he was a member of the Ireland team that won the silver medal at the 1908 London Olympics. Gregg played in both the 3-1 win against Wales on 29 October and in the 8-1 defeat against England in the final on 31 October. .", "id": "448266" }, { "contents": "Ian Smith (Scottish rugby player born 1903)\n\n\nRowe Harding, an opponent with Wales and a team-mate with the 1924 Lions, reckoned Smith to be the \"greatest wing of all time\". In 1925 Smith played in all four of Scotland's Five Nations matches. The first was against France at Inverleith, where Smith scored four tries, and helped them to win 25–4. He then played against Wales at Swansea and scored another four tries; Scotland again won, this time 24–14. Their third game of the Championship was against Ireland at Lansdowne Road, and", "id": "1300098" }, { "contents": "Ian Davidson (rugby player)\n\n\n4 February 1899. Ireland won the match and would go on to become the champions of the 1899 Home Nations Championship. Later that year, Ireland embarked on their first ever international tour to Canada, with Davidson the only member of the touring party to have also competed in that year's Home Nations Championship. The following year, he won two further caps for Ireland against Wales and Scotland. He played in all three of Ireland's games in both the 1901 and 1902 Home Nations Championships, with his last cap for Ireland", "id": "21144366" }, { "contents": "Harold Annison\n\n\nHarold Edward Annison (27 December 1895 – 27 November 1957) was an English competitive swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic medallist who represented Great Britain in international competition. He competed in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. In the 1920 Antwerp Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men's 4×200-metre freestyle relay, and was fourth in his first heat of the 100-metre freestyle event, fifth in the semifinal of 400-metre freestyle event, and third in the semifinal of 1500-metre freestyle event, but did not advance in any event", "id": "976997" }, { "contents": "Gérard Blitz (swimmer)\n\n\nGérard Blitz (1 August 1901 – 8 March 1979) was a Belgian Olympic swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1920, 1924, 1928 and 1936 Olympics. He was the younger brother of Maurice Blitz, also a water polo player, and uncle of Gérard Blitz who founded Club Med in 1950. At the 1920 Summer Olympics Blitz won a bronze medal in the 100 m backstroke, and a silver medal with the Belgian water polo team, which also included his brother Maurice. He failed to reach the finals", "id": "9935651" }, { "contents": "John Jamieson (rugby union)\n\n\nJohn Jamieson (d. 17 November 1921) was a Scottish rugby union international who represented Scotland in the 1883 Home Nations Championship, 1884 Home Nations Championship and 1885 Home Nations Championship. He played as a forward for West of Scotland. He also represented Glasgow District against Edinburgh District in the 2 December 1882 match and in the following match next year in 1883. Jamieson is noted as having 9 caps for Scotland but this counts both appearances against Ireland in 1885. Jamieson played in both the February 1885 match against Ireland which was called", "id": "16965134" }, { "contents": "Stephen Martin (field hockey)\n\n\nStephen Alexander Martin (born 13 April 1959) is a former field hockey player from Northern Ireland who represented both Ireland and Great Britain at international level. Between 1980 and 1991 he made 135 senior appearances for Ireland. He also captained the Ireland team. He represented Ireland at the 1983, 1987 and 1991 EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup. Between 1983 and 1992 Martin also made 94 senior appearances for Great Britain. He represented Great Britain at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics, winning", "id": "20843944" }, { "contents": "Ian Sloan (field hockey)\n\n\nmade 21 senior international appearances for Ireland. In June 2011 he made his senior debut for Ireland against China. He subsequently represented Ireland at the 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship and at a 2012 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier. In April 2012 Sloan made his last appearance for Ireland in a 2–1 away win against Germany. Sloan and David Ames both scored for Ireland. In January 2013 Sloan and Ames announced that they were switching allegiances from Ireland to England/Great Britain. Having previously played for Ireland, Sloan had to", "id": "9702705" }, { "contents": "Irish Amateur Swimming Association\n\n\n. In due course an invitation to Ireland to take part in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris was received. Prior to these games it was alleged the British Olympic Council had stated that Ulster-born athletes could not compete for Ireland. The IASA replied that as far as swimming was concerned Ireland would be represented as an entire entity or not at all. This latter approach prevailed and a team travelled and competed which was representative of the whole of the Ireland. Ireland were represented at the 1924 Summer Olympics by a water polo", "id": "7600035" }, { "contents": "Michael Bradley (rugby player born 1897)\n\n\nMichael James Bradley (16 October 1897 – 14 July 1951) was an Irish rugby union player who can played in the prop position. Bradley played club rugby with Dolphin RFC, was capped 19 times for Ireland, and was a member of the British Isles team that toured in 1924. Bradley obtained his first cap for Ireland on 13 March 1920 against Wales. In 1924, he toured with a combined British Isles team in South Africa, and although didn't feature in any of the test matches, he played in a", "id": "15781345" }, { "contents": "Charlie Twissell\n\n\nmade his debut for the England national amateur team on 11 February 1956, in a 2–1 defeat to Wales at the Vetch Field in the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship. He then played in England's 4–2 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 24 March 1956, as England jointly won the 1955–56 British Amateur Championship with Northern Ireland. Twissell made five appearances for the England amateur team in 1956. He made his first appearance for the Great Britain Olympic team on 12 May 1956 in a 3–3 draw with Bulgaria at Wembley Stadium in a", "id": "17537279" }, { "contents": "Great Britain men's national field hockey team\n\n\nThe Great Britain men's national field hockey team represents the United Kingdom in Olympic field hockey tournaments. The team won gold at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The team won the 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. In all other competitions, including the Hockey World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and some editions of the Hockey Champions Trophy, the four home nations compete in their own right: England, Ireland (includes both the Republic and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales. The team", "id": "11619837" }, { "contents": "Rugby sevens\n\n\nbody of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team. In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze. The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years", "id": "156269" }, { "contents": "Mark Gleghorne\n\n\nMark Gleghorne (born 19 May 1985) is a field hockey player from Northern Ireland who has represented Ireland, England and Great Britain at international level. He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Gleghorne was a member of the England teams that won the bronze medals at the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games and at the 2017 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship. He also represented England at the 2014 and 2018 Men's Hockey World Cups. At club level, Gleghorne was a member of the Instonians team that won the Irish", "id": "1549174" }, { "contents": "Charles Lewis (rugby union)\n\n\nUniversity Cricket Club in 1876, scoring 76 runs and taking 17 wickets, his best bowling figures being 7 wickets for 35 runs. He was a fullback and represented the Wales national rugby union team on five occasions (four times during the Home Nations Championship and one friendly). His debut for Wales was in a friendly on 28 January 1882 against Ireland, when he converted two tries. This was only the second match that Wales had played. In the following season, he played against England and Scotland, scoring a further", "id": "11537812" }, { "contents": "Arthur Norman McClinton\n\n\n; Marie Rose McClinton; John Stuart McClinton and Fred Hurst McClinton. McClinton played rugby union as a fly-half for the third oldest club in Ireland, North of Ireland FC, with whom he won the 1908 Ulster Senior Cup. He was selected to play for Ireland in 1910, debuting at Lansdowne Road against Wales on 12 March 1910 in that first ever Five Nations championship. He played again on 28 March against France in Paris, and this was in fact his final appearance for his country. Later that year he", "id": "8090523" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nand, in some editions, the fugue) from the same set ends with a Picardy third, on a G-sharp major chord. G-sharp major is tonicised briefly in several of Frédéric Chopin's nocturnes in C-sharp minor. A section in the second movement of Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 is in G-sharp major, although the key signature has four sharps. The end of the exposition of the second movement Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\",", "id": "14409260" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\n#f \\relative c\" { /score Although G-sharp major is usually notated as the enharmonic key of A-flat major, because A-flat major has only four flats as opposed to G-sharp major's eight sharps (including the F), it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, most notably in the Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Book 1. The G-sharp minor prelude (", "id": "14409259" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nand fugue from Book 2 are in D-sharp minor; both fugues end with a Picardy third, requiring an F in the final D-sharp major chord. The second movement from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\", subtitled \"Quasi-Faust\", is also in D-sharp minor (but ends in F-sharp major), and modulates into even sharper keys along the way, some even being theoretical keys, such as G-sharp major and E-", "id": "4008819" }, { "contents": "G-sharp major\n\n\nG-sharp major is a theoretical key based on the musical note G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E and F##(). Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Its relative minor is E-sharp minor (usually replaced by F minor), its parallel minor is G-sharp minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is A-flat major. The G-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = #", "id": "14409258" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nF-sharp major (or the key of F) is a major scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has six sharps. The F-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score The direct enharmonic equivalent of F-sharp major is G-flat major, a key signature with six flats. Its relative minor is D-sharp minor (or", "id": "16160516" }, { "contents": "D-sharp minor\n\n\nD-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major), and its parallel major is D-sharp major, usually replaced by E-flat major, since D-sharp major's two double-sharps makes it generally impractical to use. The enharmonic equivalent of D-sharp minor is E-", "id": "4008816" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nC-sharp major (or the key of C-sharp) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. It is enharmonically equivalent to D-flat major. Its key signature has seven sharps. The C-sharp major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is A-sharp minor (or enharmonically B-flat minor) and its parallel minor", "id": "20823221" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-sharp minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven sharps, while the direct enharmonic equivalent, B-flat minor, has five flats. Its relative major is C-sharp major (or enharmonically D-flat major), and its parallel major is A-sharp major, usually replaced by B-flat major, since A-sharp major's three double-sharps make it impractical", "id": "4008825" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nflat major to D-flat minor (eight flats), but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps) for ease of reading; the same happens in the final movement \"Passepied\", which reaches theoretical G-sharp major written as A-flat major. However, such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", in G-sharp major (the", "id": "13106927" }, { "contents": "F-sharp minor\n\n\nF-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major). The F-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in", "id": "238245" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nG-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is G-flat minor, usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct", "id": "16160562" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nE-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats . Its relative key is G-flat major and its parallel key is E-flat major. The direct enharmonic equivalent of E-flat minor is D-sharp minor, a key signature of six sharps. The E-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c", "id": "6496749" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c\" { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Its relative major is B major. Its parallel major, G-sharp major, is usually replaced by its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major, since G-sharp major features an F in the key signature and A-flat major only has four flats, making it rare for G-sharp major to be used. A-flat minor, its enharmonic, with seven flats,", "id": "1854276" }, { "contents": "Major scale\n\n\nand minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths. The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circular arrangement depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, usually reckoned at six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys. Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major or C", "id": "547912" }, { "contents": "B major\n\n\nB major (or the key of B) is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A are all part of the B major scale. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The B major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Although B major is", "id": "16160513" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nG-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E-sharp major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's \"The Well-Tempered", "id": "5092226" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nwhich would contain seven flats, is not normally used. G-sharp major, its enharmonic, with eight sharps, including the F, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.) Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in", "id": "16160533" }, { "contents": "C-sharp major\n\n\nis C-sharp minor. A harp tuned to C-sharp major has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are then pinched and shortened, this is the least resonant key for the instrument. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major, since it only contains five flats as opposed to C-sharp major's seven sharps, Johann Sebastian Bach chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier,", "id": "20823222" }, { "contents": "List of symphonies by key\n\n\nalways used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. Although A-flat major was chosen often enough for inner movements of symphonies in other keys (most notably slow movements of C minor symphonies), there are very few symphonies with A-flat major as their main key. Because A-flat minor has seven flats in its key signature, composers usually use the enharmonic equivalent G-sharp minor, which only has five sharps. It is infrequent even in piano music, and even rarer", "id": "18057931" }, { "contents": "Sonata form\n\n\nfirst subject group, but the second subject group modulates to G-sharp minor, then through A-flat major before modulating back to the tonic key for the coda. Romantic works even exhibit progressive tonality in sonata form: for example, the second movement 'Quasi-Faust' from Charles-Valentin Alkan's \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" is in D minor, and while the exposition travels from D to the major subdominant G major, the recapitulation begins again in D minor and ends in the relative", "id": "4446724" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on the subdominant (fourth degree) for major keys or submediant (sixth degree) for minor keys. Thus F major (D minor) has one flat which is on the B; then B major (G minor) has two flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat", "id": "17574548" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\ntempered scale of G-sharp major comprises the same pitches as the A-flat major scale, so that the two scales sound exactly the same; such key pairs are said to be enharmonically equivalent. Consequently, the theoretical key of G-sharp major is usually notated as A-flat major. Even when enharmonic equivalence is not resorted to, it is more common to use either no key signature or one with single-sharps and to provide accidentals as needed for the Fs, than to incorporate double-sharps into", "id": "13106922" }, { "contents": "E major\n\n\nE major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has eight flats, including the double flat B, which makes it rarely used. The E major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "1329043" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\nenharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps; G-flat is more commonly seen. The G-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's \"", "id": "16160563" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nadditional sharp. A piece in C-sharp that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's \"Suite bergamasque\": in the third movement \"Clair de lune\" the key shifts for a few measures from D-", "id": "13106926" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nenharmonic equivalents. For example, the key of C major (seven sharps) is more simply represented as D major (five flats). For modern practical purposes these keys are (in twelve tone equal temperament) the same, because C and D are enharmonically the same note. Pieces \"are\" written in these \"extreme\" sharp or flat keys, however: for example, Bach's Prelude and Fugue No. 3 from Book 1 of The Well-Tempered Clavier BWV 848 is in C major. The modern", "id": "17574550" }, { "contents": "Accidental (music)\n\n\nsharp. /score The double accidental with respect to a specific key signature raises or lowers the notes containing a sharp or flat by a semitone. For example, when in the key of C minor or E major, F, C, G, and D contain a sharp. Adding a double accidental (double sharp) to F in this case only raises F by one further semitone, creating G natural. Conversely, adding a double sharp to any other note not sharped or flatted in the key signature raises the note by", "id": "19037805" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nthe e-minor scale (E–F#–G–A–B–C–D–E). When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the staff line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B. If there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F", "id": "9557434" }, { "contents": "B-flat minor\n\n\nB-flat minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature has five flats. Its relative major is D-flat major and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, A-sharp minor, which would contain seven sharps, is not normally used. The B-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score", "id": "6068793" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\noverall key is C-sharp major): In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the necessary double-accidentals in the key signature. The final pages of John Foulds' \"A World Requiem\" are written in G-sharp major (with F in the key signature), and the third movement of Victor Ewald's Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in F-flat major (with B in the key signature). In a different tuning system (such as 19 tone", "id": "13106928" }, { "contents": "Progressive tonality\n\n\nhis \"Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'\" (beginning in D major and ending in G-sharp minor), his \"Symphony for Solo Piano\" (beginning in C minor and ending in E-flat minor), and his \"Concerto for Solo Piano\" (beginning in G-sharp minor and ending in F-sharp major). Progressive tonality in the late nineteenth century no doubt reflects the increasingly programmatic and narrative orientation of 'late Romantic' music. Thus it occurs in five of the symphonies", "id": "6411045" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nabove progression, the key of C major (with seven sharps) may be more conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D major (with five flats), and likewise C major (with seven flats) may be more conveniently written as B major (with five sharps). Nonetheless, it is possible to extend the order of sharp keys yet further, through C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C, adding the double-sharped notes F, C, G, D, A, E and finally B, and similarly for the flat keys from", "id": "12530194" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nis placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\" or a \"sharp\" key signature. The key signatures with seven flats () and seven sharps () are rarely used because they have simpler", "id": "17574549" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nhas a similar problem, thus G-sharp minor is often used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor). Despite the key rarely being used in orchestral music other than to modulate, it is not entirely uncommon in keyboard music, as in Piano Sonata No. 2 by Alexander Scriabin, who actually seemed to prefer writing in it. It is also found in the second movement in Shostakovitch's 8th String", "id": "1854277" }, { "contents": "D-flat minor\n\n\nD-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used. The D-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##", "id": "5418827" }, { "contents": "A-flat minor\n\n\nA-flat minor is a minor scale based on A, consisting of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has seven flats. Its relative major is C-flat major (or enharmonically B major), its parallel major is A-flat major, and its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor. The A-flat natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the", "id": "8012812" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nfifth adds a sharp, going clockwise round the circle of fifths. The new sharp is placed on the new key's leading note (seventh degree) for major keys or supertonic (second degree) for minor keys. Thus G major (E minor) has one sharp which is on the F; then D major (B minor) has two sharps on F and C and so on. Similarly, successively lowering the key by a fifth adds a flat, going counterclockwise around the circle of fifths. The new flat", "id": "17574547" }, { "contents": "G major\n\n\nG major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor. The G major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, a fifth apart, rather", "id": "8283047" }, { "contents": "A major\n\n\nA major (or the key of A) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 requires both a flat and a natural accidental. The A major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative", "id": "16160494" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmusical \"Seussical\" by Flaherty and Ahrens also has several songs written in these extreme keys. Key signatures can be further extended through double sharps and double flats (for example, a piece in the key of G major can be expressed with a double sharp on F and six sharps on the other six pitches). As with the seven-sharp and seven-flat examples, it is rarely necessary to express music in such keys when simpler enharmonic examples can instead be used (in the case of G, the same", "id": "17574551" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nD-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B and C. It is enharmonically equivalent to C-sharp major. Its key signature has five flats. The D-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced", "id": "16160543" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nG-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has five sharps. The G-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1854275" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nC-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The direct enharmonic equivalent of C-flat major is B major, a key signature with five sharps. The C-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score C-flat major is the only major or minor", "id": "16097904" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nwritten one way in flats and in another way using sharps. These keys are easily interchanged using enharmonic equivalents. Enharmonic means that the notes sound the same, but are written differently. For example, the key signature of D Major, with five flats, contains the same sounding notes, enharmonically, as C Major (seven sharps). After C comes the key of G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp”", "id": "9557464" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final \"Grande Exercice\" which modulates through all the keys. Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is F-sharp minor. Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony", "id": "16160565" }, { "contents": "C major\n\n\nC major (or the key of C) is a major scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. C major is one of the most common key signatures used in western music. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative minor is A minor and its parallel minor is C minor. The C major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score On the piano, the", "id": "151847" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nminor for D-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor.) There are only two known symphonies in the 18th century written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he appears to have found the key difficult since he later rewrote it in C minor. Even in the following two centuries, C-sharp minor symphonies remained rare. Two notable examples are the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5 and", "id": "1853826" }, { "contents": "Enharmonic\n\n\n. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major and three minor: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used", "id": "10555428" }, { "contents": "A-sharp minor\n\n\nA-flat major, the overall harmonic context, which is an extended theme in B major, briefly modulates to A-sharp minor. In Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, a brief section near the beginning of the piece modulates to A-sharp minor. A-sharp minor is one of the least used minor keys in music as it is not a practical key for composition. The enharmonic equivalent B-flat minor, which would only contain five flats as opposed to A-sharp minor", "id": "4008827" }, { "contents": "A-flat major\n\n\nA-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats. The A-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score The relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually replaced by G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor,", "id": "16160532" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nhas only one sharp, it must be an F-sharp, which corresponds to a G major or an E minor key. However, in 20th-century music, there are occasional exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale, where a key signature may be invented to reflect this. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones (such as a signature of just C or E), or it may consist of one or more sharps combined with", "id": "17574544" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nby C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B in its key signature and C-sharp minor only has four sharps, making it rare for D-flat minor to be used. C-sharp major, its enharmonic, with seven sharps, has a similar problem. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of C-flat major and B major). For example, in his", "id": "16160544" }, { "contents": "F-flat major\n\n\nF-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a theoretical key based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A, B, C, D, and E Its key signature has six flats and one double flat. The F-flat major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative minor is D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor (see reason below) and its parallel minor is", "id": "21272594" }, { "contents": "D major\n\n\nD major (or the key of D) is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor. The D major scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score D major is well-suited to violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which is tuned G", "id": "16097846" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nnew scale starts a fifth \"below\" (or a fourth above) the previous one. A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices. They are convenient principally for diatonic or tonal music. The key signature defines the diatonic scale that a piece of music uses without the need for accidentals. Most scales require that some notes be consistently sharped or flatted. For example, the only sharp in the G major scale is F sharp, so the key signature associated with the G", "id": "17574562" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\n\", while F major \"cradles her baby\" and C major is portrayed as a young child skipping down the street. Other keys whose \"ages\" are not specified are assumed to be adults, while some of them, such as D-flat major, C-sharp minor, E major, and G-sharp minor had their younger selves mentioned, implying that they are now adults. F major had a difficult childhood and one of G minor's other nicknames is \"The Moody Teenager\". Some keys", "id": "17726534" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 873, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1738. It is the 4th prelude and fugue in Book II of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\". The prelude is in the time signature of 9/8 time. It is in the key of C-sharp minor. The Prelude is heavily ornamented with mordents and appoggiaturas. The fugue is in 12/16 time. It is also in C-sharp minor. Unlike its prelude, the fugue does not have", "id": "4970073" }, { "contents": "Dominant (music)\n\n\nC major, then the tonic key is C major and the dominant key is G major since G is the dominant note in C major. With a key signature of one sharp, G major has one more sharp than C major. In sonata form in major keys, the second subject group is usually in the dominant key. Music which modulates (changes key) often modulates to the dominant key. Modulation to the dominant often creates a sense of increased tension; as opposed to modulation to the subdominant (fourth note of", "id": "2971382" }, { "contents": "Pentatonic scale\n\n\na third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: G, A, B, D, E. The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G-flat major (or equivalently, F-sharp major) pentatonic scale: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat, which is exploited in Chopin's black key étude. \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called \"minor\", the", "id": "6628470" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nmajor key is the one-sharp key signature. However, it is only a notational convenience; a piece with a one-sharp key signature is not necessarily in the key of G major, and likewise, a piece in G major may not always be written with a one-sharp key signature; this is particularly true in pre-Baroque music, when the concept of key had not yet evolved to its present state. In any case, more extensive pieces often change key (\"modulate\") during contrasting", "id": "17574563" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\nkey, other than theoretical keys, which has \"flat\" or \"sharp\" in its name, but whose tonic note is the enharmonic equivalent of a natural note (a white key on a keyboard instrument). Its relative minor is A-flat minor (or enharmonically G-sharp minor), and its parallel minor is C-flat minor, usually replaced by B minor, since C-flat minor's three double-flats make it generally impractical to use. C-flat major is the home key", "id": "16097905" }, { "contents": "E minor\n\n\nE minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major. The E natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are", "id": "20485232" }, { "contents": "F-sharp major\n\n\nthe favorite tonality of Olivier Messiaen, who used it repeatedly throughout his work to express his most exciting or transcendent moods, most notably in the \"Turangalîla-Symphonie\". In writing music for transposing instruments in B or E, it is preferable to use G-flat major rather than the F-sharp key signature. If F-sharp major must absolutely be used, one should take care that B wind instruments be notated in A-flat major, rather than G-sharp major (or A instruments used instead", "id": "16160518" }, { "contents": "Clarinet\n\n\nthree clarinets—in A, B, and C—so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B to A) on", "id": "6482396" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\n) A way to describe this phenomenon is that, for any major key [e.g. G major, with one sharp (F#) in its diatonic scale], a scale can be built beginning on the sixth (VI) degree (relative minor key, in this case, E) containing the same notes, but from E–E as opposed to G–G. Or, G-major scale (G–A–B–C–D–E–F#–G) is enharmonic (harmonically equivalent) to", "id": "9557433" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nand C, and they appear in that order in the key signature. The order of sharps goes clockwise around the circle of fifths. (For major keys, the last sharp is on the seventh scale degree. The tonic (key note) is one half-step above the last sharp.) For notating flats, the order is reversed: B, E, A, D, G, C, F. This order runs counter-clockwise along the circle of fifths; in other words they progress by fourths.", "id": "9557435" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n. Although most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent B major, since it only contains five sharps as opposed to C-flat major's seven flats, the middle section of Frédéric Chopin's \"Contredanse\" in G-flat major is written in C-flat major, as are the middle (Trio) sections of two of Ernesto Nazareth's Brazilian tangos for piano, \"Chave de Ouro\" and \"Labirinto\" (both with a home key of G-flat major), as well as the final half", "id": "16097909" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nsignatures consist of a number of sharps between one and seven, applied in this order: . A mnemonic device often used to remember this is \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\", or Father Christmas gave dad an electric blanket. The key note or tonic of a piece in a major key is immediately above the last sharp in the signature. For example, one sharp (F) in the key signature of a piece in a major key indicates the key of G major, the next note above F. (", "id": "17574559" }, { "contents": "24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)\n\n\nis in two parts—a prelude and a fugue—varying in pace, length and complexity (for example, Fugue No. 13 in F major is in five voices, while Fugue No. 9 in E major is in only two voices). The pieces proceed in relative major/minor pairs around the circle of fifths: first C major and A minor (prelude and fugue nos. 1 and 2), then to one sharp (G major, E minor), two sharps (D major, B", "id": "1309322" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\nC-sharp minor is a minor scale based on C, with the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature consists of four sharps. The C-sharp natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil", "id": "1853824" }, { "contents": "A minor\n\n\nA minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps. Its relative major is C major and its parallel major is A major. The A natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c\" { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The A harmonic minor and melodic minor", "id": "19768641" }, { "contents": "C-flat major\n\n\n, the second movement has a middle section in B major, for which the harp part is notated in C-flat major with seven flats. In Reinhold Glière's Harp Concerto in E-flat major, the middle movement is a set of variations in C-flat major. Sometimes harp parts are also written in G-flat major when the rest of the orchestra is notated in F-sharp major. This style of enharmonic notation for harp parts is somewhat less common when the principal key involved is a minor one", "id": "16097908" }, { "contents": "F minor\n\n\nbetween complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness.\" Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as \"Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave\". •Mazurka In F Minor S.221a E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E and consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C and D. Its key signature has six sharps and one", "id": "5092224" }, { "contents": "The Well-Tempered Clavier\n\n\ntuning. Bach used both G and A into the harmonic meandering. Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 847. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 15: Praeludium 2. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 21: Praeludium [8]. Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp minor, BWV 849. Prelude also in WFB \"Klavierbüchlein\", No. 22: Praeludium [9]. . Prelude also in", "id": "16961855" }, { "contents": "B minor\n\n\nB minor is a minor scale based on B, consisting of the pitches B, C, D, E, F, G, and A. Its key signature consists of two sharps. Its relative major is D major and its parallel major is B major. The B natural minor scale is: \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B harmonic minor and melodic minor scales", "id": "20879324" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nmovement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38, in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, a notable example being Robert Schumann's \"Requiem\", Op", "id": "16160553" }, { "contents": "Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)\n\n\n. 8 in A minor and No. 14 in C minor, are in a major key. Also, the first six sonatas seem to follow the cycle of fifths, to the flat side first (No. 1 in C major, No. 2 in F major, No. 3 in B-flat major, No. 4 in E-flat major) and then to the sharp side (No. 5 in G major, No. 6 in D major). The sonata is in 3 movements:", "id": "17505904" }, { "contents": "Trois Chansons (Debussy)\n\n\nfeatures Debussy's signature use of non-functional dominant seventh chords and half-diminished seventh chords (functioning as an incomplete dominant ninth). The poetry is set in ballade form, consisting of three or four stanzas and a refrain. There is an unchanging meter and equal number of syllables in each piece. Thematically, the poems are unrelated. The key signature features five sharps, normally indicating a B major or G-sharp minor scale. However, due to Debussy's oscillating harmonies between F-sharp major and C", "id": "5820658" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\nPrelude No. 15 in D-flat major (\"Raindrop\"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his \"Fantaisie-Impromptu\" and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Ferdinand Ries' third concerto likewise switches to D-flat major for a while for the return of the second theme in the first movement", "id": "16160545" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\ncircle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic. The numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature. The major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, e.g., A minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. (See relative key for details.", "id": "9557432" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nquartet. If G-sharp minor is used, composers generally write B wind instruments in the enharmonic B-flat minor, rather than A-sharp minor to facilitate reading the music (or A instruments used instead, giving a transposed key of B minor). Where available, instruments in D can be used instead, giving a transposed key of the enharmonic G minor, rather than F minor, while the E horns would have parts written in the key of E minor. Few symphonies are written in G-sharp", "id": "1854278" }, { "contents": "Theoretical key\n\n\nIn music theory, a theoretical key or impossible key is a key whose key signature has at least one double-flat or double-sharp. Double-flats and double-sharps are often used as accidentals, but placing them in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament) makes the music generally impractical to read. For example, the key of G-sharp major is a key of this type, because its corresponding key signature has an F (on its leading-tone). An equal-", "id": "13106921" }, { "contents": "Luminous (ClariS song)\n\n\n\"Luminous\" is a J-pop song with instrumentation from piano, violin and drums. It is set in common time and moves at a tempo of 173 beats per minute. Beginning in the G major key, the introduction starts with only piano and adds drums and violin to transition into the first verse in C-sharp minor, followed by the chorus. After a bridge in G major, the key shifts back to C-sharp minor for the second verse and chorus, which use the same music with different", "id": "2899234" }, { "contents": "D-flat major\n\n\n. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous \"Clair de lune\". Antonín Dvořák's \"New World Symphony\" likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement. D-flat major is enharmonic to C-sharp major. In music for the harp, D-flat major would be preferable, not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals,", "id": "16160546" }, { "contents": "Musical note\n\n\nG makes it G (not G), though often this type of rare accidental is expressed as a natural, followed by a flat () to make this clear. Likewise (and more commonly), a double sharp sign on a key signature with a single sharp indicates only a double sharp, not a triple sharp. Assuming enharmonicity, many accidentals will create equivalences between pitches that are written differently. For instance, raising the note B to B is equal to the note C. Assuming all such equivalences, the complete", "id": "2148216" }, { "contents": "Minor scale\n\n\nnotation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the \"natural\" minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F). Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are \"relative\" to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures", "id": "737941" }, { "contents": "Rosa Tamarkina\n\n\nappearance before her death from cancer at age 30 in Moscow in 1950. Tamarkina is today remembered for her brilliant interpretations of Chopin’s works (Fantasie in F minor, Scherzos in B flat minor and C sharp minor, Polonaise in F sharp minor, Sonata in B minor, Nocturne in G major and Concerto in F minor), Franz Liszt (Sonata in B minor, Mephisto Waltz, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasie in C major) and Rachmaninoff (Piano Concerto No.", "id": "11348357" }, { "contents": "String Quintet No. 2 (Brahms)\n\n\nuses the material of the trio instead of that of the minuet. The \"minuet\" section, which is in G minor, is followed by a \"trio\" section in G major, followed by another \"minuet\" section (written out) and finally the coda section in the key of the trio. The fourth movement, marked \"Vivace, ma non troppo presto\", is in and has a key signature of one sharp (G major and E minor) throughout. It displays influences of Hungarian music.", "id": "4725264" }, { "contents": "Prelude and Fugue in C-sharp major, BWV 848\n\n\nPrelude and Fugue in C sharp Major, BWV 848, is a keyboard composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the third prelude and fugue in the first book of \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", a series of 48 preludes and fugues by the composer. The prelude is a lively 2 part texture, using a series of broken chords which swap between the hands. It is in a fast 3/8 time signature and is made up largely of semiquavers. Later on in the piece, the semiquaver line splits between", "id": "17404994" }, { "contents": "The Signature Series\n\n\na living person. 4 keys from Season 1 were reposted in Season 2, so they had the new format that the other 12 keys in Season 2 had. They are B minor, D major, G minor and F-sharp minor. The last episode, called C major: The Final Key, was released online on 22 October 2013. Instead of the normal information and personality traits, the online post on C major confirmed that each key had its own personality. It is also the only key whose gender is", "id": "17726532" }, { "contents": "Circle of fifths\n\n\nG has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B has 2 flats, and so on. At the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of an equal tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise, to return to the beginning pitch class.", "id": "9557429" }, { "contents": "C-sharp minor\n\n\n= ##f \\relative c' { /score \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { /score Its relative major is E major. Its parallel major, C-sharp major, is usually replaced by D-flat major, since C-sharp major, which contains seven sharps, is not normally used. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-flat minor, having eight flats, including the B, has a similar problem. Therefore, C-sharp minor is often used as the parallel", "id": "1853825" }, { "contents": "E-flat minor\n\n\nThe Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the \"London Trios\", is in the key of E-flat minor. Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement", "id": "6496751" }, { "contents": "Symphony No. 1 (G. English)\n\n\n3 here. The music passes many distant keys, while the scoring is heavy. Next comes the slow movement, whose tone is sentimental. The heavy brass of the scherzo are silent during this movement, resulting in a gentle and tender character of the music. This movement opens with a motive of seventh chords in parallel motion. The basic material is carried then through a series of different keys (opening D minor — C minor — D major — F-sharp major — C major), and again there is no", "id": "7735908" }, { "contents": "G-flat major\n\n\n, and during the Rondo-Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major. This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G, A, B, D, and E correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat Pentatonic Scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third", "id": "16160566" }, { "contents": "Sharp (music)\n\n\nfollowing sequence of major keys: C→G→D→A→E→B→F→C. (These are sometimes learned using an acrostic phrase as a mnemonic, for example Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle or Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.) Similarly the order of flats is based on the same natural notes in reverse order: B, E, A, D, G, C, F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father or Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.), encountered in the following series of major keys: C→F→B→E→A→D→G→C. In the", "id": "12530193" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nbe seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear below the bottom line. An example of this can be seen in Isaac Albéniz's \"Iberia\": first movement, \"Evocación\", which is in A minor. Except for C major, key signatures appear in two varieties, \"sharp key signatures\" (\"sharp keys\") and \"flat key signatures\" (\"flat keys\"), so called because they contain only one or other. Sharp key", "id": "17574558" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nSix sharps, the last one being E (an enharmonic spelling of F) indicate the key of F major, since F has already been sharped in the key signature.) This table shows that each scale starting on the fifth scale degree of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order given above. \"Flat key signatures\" consist of one to seven flats, applied as: The mnemonic device is then reversed for use in the flat keys: \"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"", "id": "17574560" }, { "contents": "G-sharp minor\n\n\nminor; among them are Nikolai Myaskovsky's 17th Symphony, Elliot Goldenthal's Symphony in G-sharp minor (2014) and an abandoned work of juvenilia by Marc Blitzstein. Frédéric Chopin composed a Polonaise in G-sharp minor, opus posthumous in 1822. His Étude No. 6 is in G-sharp minor as well. Modest Mussorgsky wrote both \"The Old Castle\" and \"Cattle\" movements from \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" in G-sharp minor. Liszt's \"La campanella\" from his \"Grandes", "id": "1854279" }, { "contents": "Key signature\n\n\nin scale 2 illustrated – the next-to-last note – is played as an A even though the A in the key signature (the last sharp sign) is written an octave lower). In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the same key signature. Exceptions include: The convention for the notation of key signatures follows the circle of fifths. Starting from C major (or equivalently A minor) which has no sharps or flats, successively raising the key by a", "id": "17574546" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]

[ { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nA salient is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state. While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends out from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit. In American English the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extension of Oklahoma. Less common descriptors include chimney (if protruding northward", "id": "15451396" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\ninto account other considerations such as economic ties or topography. The following locations are salients in of nations. This definition includes the following counties: Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Many people in the Pacific Northwest refer to the extreme northern section of Idaho's panhandle as \"The Chimney\", due to its resemblance to a chimney when viewed on maps. Although", "id": "15451398" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\n, as a chimney does from a roof, as with the northernmost extremity of West Virginia) and bootheel (if protruding southward, as the heel underneath a boot, such as the Missouri Bootheel). The term \"salient\" is derived from military salients. The term \"panhandle\" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to the United States. The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, though the location of administrative borders can also take", "id": "15451397" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nThe Florida Panhandle (also West Florida and Northwest Florida) is the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Florida, is a strip of land roughly long and wide, lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of", "id": "21191638" }, { "contents": "Nebraska Panhandle\n\n\nThe Nebraska Panhandle is an area in the western part of the state of Nebraska and one of several U.S. state panhandles, or elongated geographical regions that extend from their main political entity. The Nebraska panhandle is two-thirds as broad as the rest of the state. It is approximately east to west and north to south. The Nebraska panhandle roughly encompasses the area in Nebraska between 102° and 104°W longitude and 41° and 43°N latitude. It comprises 11 counties with a combined land area of , or", "id": "19061706" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Eastern Panhandle is the eastern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a small stretch of territory in the northeast of the state, bordering Maryland and Virginia. Some sources and regional associations only identify the Eastern Panhandle as being composed of Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties. Berkeley and Jefferson Counties are geographically located in the Shenandoah Valley. West Virginia is unusual in having two panhandles, the Eastern Panhandle and the Northern Panhandle. Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, and Morgan counties were", "id": "19061660" }, { "contents": "Salient (geography)\n\n\nUtah, like Nebraska, has a protrusion from its otherwise straight border, it is not usually considered a panhandle, as half of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the most populous region in the state and the home of the state's capital, is located in the region. Likewise, though New York has a southern protrusion that is more conspicuous than e.g. the Connecticut, Texas and Nebraska Panhandles, this is never considered a panhandle since it accommodates the most densely populated parts of the state. (In New York's", "id": "15451399" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nmodern state boundaries. The Suwannee River was the border between them, which follows a winding path from the northern border of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, the Escambia county government had jurisdiction over the \"panhandle\" and \"big bend\" areas and St. Johns over the remainder of the entire state. As population increased in the frontier territory, 21 counties were later organized from Escambia county directly or indirectly. They include Jackson (1821), Gadsden (created from Jackson)(1823), Leon (1824),", "id": "21309649" }, { "contents": "Escambia County, Florida\n\n\nWalton (1824), Washington (created from Jackson and Walton)(1825), Hamilton (1827), Jefferson (1827), Madison (created from Jefferson) (1827), Franklin (1832), Calhoun (1838), Santa Rosa (1842), Wakulla (created from Leon) (1843), Holmes (created from Jackson and Walton) (1848), Liberty (created from Gadsden) (1855), Lafayette and Taylor (created from Madison) (1856), Bay (created from Washington)", "id": "21309650" }, { "contents": "Panhandle, Texas\n\n\nPanhandle is the county seat of Carson County, Texas, United States. The population of the town was 2,452 at the 2010 census. Panhandle is part of the Amarillo metropolitan statistical area. Panhandle derives its name from its central location in the Texas Panhandle. Originally named \"Carson City\", it was later changed to \"Panhandle City\". In 1887, Panhandle obtained a post office, and in 1888 the town was planned as the terminus of the Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway. At that time the town was surrounded", "id": "10105425" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nThe Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County and Beaver County, from west to east. As with other salients in the United States, its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a pan. The three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 U.S. Census, representing 0.77% of the state's population. This is a decrease in total population of 1.2%, a loss of 361 people,", "id": "15853929" }, { "contents": "Marti Coley\n\n\nhusband to Marianna in 1985. Coley then began teaching at Malone High School, where she worked until 1989, at which point she joined the faculty of Chipola College. When her husband, State Representative David A. Coley, died, Marti Coley ran to succeed him in 2005 in the 7th District, which was based in the Florida Panhandle and included parts of Bay, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Wakulla, and Washington Counties. In a special election on June 14, 2005, Coley defeated", "id": "14735469" }, { "contents": "Alaska Peninsula\n\n\nThe Alaska Peninsula (also called Aleut Peninsula or Aleutian Peninsula) is a peninsula extending about to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea. In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the entire northwestern protrusion of the North American continent, or all of what is now the state of Alaska, exclusive of its panhandle and islands. The Lake and Peninsula borough, the", "id": "10955928" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\nFlorida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties and portions of Holmes county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district, as ranked by the Cook Partisan Voting Index, is the most Republican district in Florida and the 15th most in the United States", "id": "18827097" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nBay, fed by Econfina Creek. Pensacola Bay, a deepwater port, is formed by the joining of Escambia and East bays. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, traverses the lower Panhandle by means of bays, lagoons, sounds, and man-made canals. The barrier islands of Perdido Key and Santa Rosa Island extend from the Pandhandle's western extremity to Fort Walton Beach. Interstate 10 is the only interstate highway in the Panhandle, connecting the extreme west with North Florida and Jacksonville. Other older east–", "id": "21191645" }, { "contents": "Pensacola Bay\n\n\nPensacola Bay is a bay located in the northwestern part of Florida, United States, known as the Florida Panhandle. The bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, is located in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, adjacent to the city of Pensacola, Florida, and is about 13 miles (21 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. The Pensacola Bay estuarine system including Escambia Bay, Pensacola Bay, Blackwater Bay, East Bay, and Santa Rosa Sound, and four rivers—the Escambia", "id": "13261668" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nThe Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. \"The Handbook of Texas\" defines the southern border of Swisher County as the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region. Its land area is , or nearly 10% of the state's total. The Texas Panhandle is slightly larger in size than the US state of West Virginia. An additional are", "id": "13769746" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\ncontrol facilities, public buildings, and recreation areas. The declaration was determined after the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 20 State Emergency Response Teams to determine the extent of damage. After Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, President Bush declared a disaster area for seven counties along the Florida panhandle on September 6; the counties were Bay, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton. In addition, Collier County in southwestern Florida was added to the list of disaster areas. In the two", "id": "12360696" }, { "contents": "Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\n). Berkeley also includes the Panhandle's largest city, Martinsburg, with a 2010 census population of 17,227. The Eastern Panhandle is West Virginia's fastest-growing region in terms of population and housing. In July 2005, the United States Census Bureau released a list of the top 100 counties according to housing growth. Berkeley County grew 3.95 percent, from 36,365 housing units in 2003 to 37,802 units in 2004. That growth rate was 86th in the nation among the 3,143 United States counties. Jefferson County was not far behind", "id": "19061664" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\naquarium in Fort Walton Beach, and the former Miracle Strip Amusement Park (1963–2004) in Panama City Beach. In 1971, the federal government acquired many acres of the coastal islands in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties, preserving them from commercial development by establishing the Gulf Islands National Seashore, which also covers some islands off the Mississippi coast. Other beach areas protected by the state of Florida include Both state and federal parks offer facilities for camping, picnicking, and other recreational pursuits. In addition, some parts of", "id": "21191659" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nthe Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone (with the exception of Gulf County, which is divided between the Eastern and Central Time zones), while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. References to the Panhandle \"may\" also include some or all of eight counties immediately east of the Apalachicola known as the Big Bend region, along the curve of", "id": "21191639" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nand discourage panhandlers throughout the city, especially under unlawful circumstances including panhandling using children, aggression, false information and panhandling while loitering as prohibited by City Ordinances. Within the city of Opelika it is considered a misdemeanour to present false or misleading information while panhandling, and there are requirements for panhandlers to possess a panhandling permit. Threatening behaviours towards those solicited to are also considered misdemeanours and include; being too close, blocking the path of those approached, or panhandling in groups of two or more persons. Those previously charged with these", "id": "6576630" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nwere directly killed while several others were killed indirectly, and total damage amounted to $1.5 billion (2005 USD). Directly after the storm, Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Taylor, Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas. In the aftermath of the hurricane, president George W. Bush declared 13 counties–Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Monroe, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton and Washington– in Florida as federal disaster areas. Applicants, including", "id": "8987936" }, { "contents": "Blackwater River (Florida)\n\n\nThe Blackwater River of Florida is a river rising in southern Alabama and flowing through the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river enters Florida in Okaloosa County and flows through Santa Rosa County to Blackwater Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay. The river passes through Blackwater River State Forest and Blackwater River State Park. Milton, the county seat of Santa Rosa County, is located on the river. The Blackwater's sandy bottom, white beaches and large sandbars contrast with the dark tannic water that gives the river its name", "id": "15426373" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Florida\n\n\nAlong the coast, severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm, mostly in Walton, Bay, Gulf, Franklin and Wakulla counties. As a result of the pounding surf, the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places. Milton received of rain, which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis. Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from to , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from to near Tampa. In southern Leon County, flooding was reported with several", "id": "8987934" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n\". The \"Forgotten Coast\" is a trademarked term coined in the early 1990s used to refer to the coastal portion of the Florida Panhandle extending from Mexico Beach or southeastern Bay County on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay. It is usually not considered a part of the Emerald Coast, which lies directly adjacent to the west. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of the counties themselves) are usually included when referring to the Forgotten Coast: The Apalachicola River is the largest river", "id": "21191643" }, { "contents": "St. George Island (Florida)\n\n\nSt. George Island is an island off the Florida Panhandle in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is in Franklin County, Florida, United States. St. George is a barrier island long and wide at its widest point. St. George Island is adjacent to Cape St. George Island, also known as Little St. George Island. It is connected to the mainland at Eastpoint, Florida by the long St. George Island Bridge over Apalachicola Bay. Nearby towns include Eastpoint, Carrabelle, and Apalachicola. St. George Island is informally divided into three", "id": "6700365" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\naggressive manner is illegal. Section 14-74 defines 'aggressive' as to include causing fear, following, touching, blocking or using threatening gestures in the process of panhandling. This carries a $25 fine and may include a term of imprisonment. While many laws targeting homeless populations are not new, there has been a shift in their focus. Prohibitions, including loitering and sleeping outdoors, have expanded to include strict panhandling restraints. These do not necessarily include complete bans, but can cover when, where and how panhandling", "id": "6576714" }, { "contents": "Texas Panhandle\n\n\nwas under 18 years of age. The 26 northernmost counties that make up the Texas Panhandle include: Major cities of the Texas Panhandle with populations greater than 10,000 include: Some of the smaller towns with populations less than 10,000 include: Much like the rest of West Texas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, the region is very politically and socially conservative. Following the pattern of other larger cities, Amarillo has the largest liberal population in the Panhandle. It was one of the first regions of the state to break away from its Democratic roots", "id": "13769752" }, { "contents": "Tropical Storm Barry (2001)\n\n\nwere issued for parts of Leon and Wakulla counties, while a flash flood watch was in effect for parts of southern Georgia. A tornado watch was issued for the eastern Florida Panhandle, southern Georgia, as well as portions of central and eastern Alabama. As Barry approached the Florida Panhandle, voluntary evacuations took place in eight counties. Shelters opened in six counties, though most were placed on standby. In parts of Franklin County, mandatory evacuations were ordered, and in Okaloosa County, tolls on the Mid-Bay Bridge were", "id": "11208828" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nby compromise in the 1780s. Today, due to the southern boundary being an extension of the Mason–Dixon line and the panhandle's proximity to the Pittsburgh area, the Northern Panhandle resembles more of the Midwestern United States or the Northeastern United States compared to the rest of the state (including the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia), which is classified as part of the Upland South. In 2013, its northernmost two counties were included in the Pittsburgh consolidated area by the U.S. Census. The region has a total combined population", "id": "7663098" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmoney is not illegal and in fact, is protected by the Jackson city ordinance that prohibits panhandling. Similar legislation that prohibits begging is also in place in Mississippi's second largest city, Gulfport. In July 2012, Jackson City Councilman Quentin Whitwell proposed tripling existing fines and implementing longer jail sentences for panhandling in response to heightened community concern about aggressive panhandlers and an escalating panhandling \"epidemic\". However, this proposal was later rejected by the Jackson City Council amidst concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Mississippi that", "id": "6576794" }, { "contents": "Escambia Bay\n\n\nEscambia Bay is a bay located in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, in the far western Florida Panhandle. The city of Pensacola is located on the western side, and the town of Milton is located on the northeastern end of the two-pronged bay. Both places are the county seats of the respective counties. Unusually, Escambia Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southeast. It is fed primarily by the Escambia River. National Airlines Flight 193, a Boeing 727, crashed into Escambia Bay during a", "id": "13321403" }, { "contents": "West Virginia\n\n\nacross the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state that is", "id": "14465678" }, { "contents": "George Gainer\n\n\nGeorge Gainer is an American politician who has served as a Republican member of the Florida Senate since 2016. He represents the 2nd district, encompassing Bay, Holmes, Jackson, Walton, Washington, and part of Okaloosa Counties, in the Florida Panhandle. He previously served as a Bay County commissioner, representing Tyndall AFB and other parts of southern Bay County, from 1968 to 1972 and 2002 to 2016. Gainer was born in Jackson County and attended Gulf Coast Community College. His career in the automobile business began in 1966 and", "id": "9161182" }, { "contents": "Northern Panhandle of West Virginia\n\n\nThe Northern Panhandle is the northern of the two panhandles in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a culturally and geographically distinct region of the state. It is the state's northernmost extension, bounded by Ohio and the Ohio River on the north and west and the state of Pennsylvania on the east. Its unusual configuration is the result of the Revolutionary-era claims of Virginia's former Yohogania County boundary lying along the Ohio River, conflicting with interpretations of the Colony of Pennsylvania's royal charter. The conflict was settled", "id": "7663097" }, { "contents": "Florida State Road 4\n\n\nState Road 4 (SR 4) is a two-lane state highway in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties in the western corner of the Florida Panhandle. It is signed east–west, but the road is slightly diagonal. The road runs from Century near the Alabama state line at an intersection with U.S. Highway 29 (US 29), to the farming community of Milligan at an intersection with US 90. The road cuts through the Blackwater River State Forest. It crosses the Escambia River, West Fork Big", "id": "16368801" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nWalton Beach, Destin and Panama City regularly give Republicans close to or over 70% margins in state and national elections. However, Tallahassee and Gadsden County tend to be strongly Democratic. In the 2008 Presidential election, John McCain received 421,287 votes (60.1%) in the Panhandle, while Barack Obama received 279,206 votes (39.9%). The following counties west of the Apalachicola River are \"always\" included in references to the Panhandle: Some or all of the following counties east of the Apalachicola, in the Big Bend", "id": "21191655" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmethods to stop panhandling. This has been developed in the mode of a myriad of pamphlets regarding available services for the homeless which can be printed off and distributed by businesses when they encounter persons panhandling or begging. Such services often report back to the Homeless Outreach Team in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of homelessness in the long-term. Persons encountering panhandlers and beggars in Kansas, if unable to politely refuse, are encouraged to contact 911. Many city and counties within the United States have enacted ordinances to limit or ban", "id": "6576742" }, { "contents": "1975 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\neastern Louisiana. Once inland, the depression slowly weakened and re-curved northwestward on July 30 into Mississippi. Around that time, the depression dissipated. The remnants persisted at least until August 3, at which time it was situated over Arkansas. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation, with a maximum total of observed in DeFuniak Springs. Bay, Gulf, Holmes, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, and Walton were hardest hit. Numerous roads were flooded", "id": "5467703" }, { "contents": "Franklin County, Florida\n\n\nFranklin County includes part of Tate's Hell State Forest. Bald Point State Park is nearby. The county's river's include the Carrabelle River and its tributaries the New River (Florida Panhandle) and Crooked River (Florida), visited by paddlers. The extreme eastern tip of the county is bordered by the Ochlockonee River. Also, St. James Island, while part of the mainland, is technically an island, being separated from the rest of Franklin County by rivers and an estuary. As of the census of 2000,", "id": "21309702" }, { "contents": "Euphorbia telephioides\n\n\nEuphorbia telephioides is a rare species of euphorb known by the common name Telephus spurge. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is known only from three counties in the Panhandle. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This spurge grows in coastal areas in Bay, Gulf, and Franklin Counties in Florida. It is present at about 38 known locations, with some locations newly discovered and some recently extirpated. The habitat is scrub and forest where it often grows alongside slash (\"", "id": "18648849" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee Bay\n\n\nChoctawhatchee Bay is a bay in the Emerald Coast region of the Florida Panhandle. The bay, located within Okaloosa and Walton counties, has a surface area of 129 mi (334 km). It is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, connected to it through East Pass (also known as Destin Pass). It also connects to Santa Rosa Sound in Fort Walton Beach, Florida to the west and to St. Andrews Bay in Bay County to the east, via the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. East Pass is the only", "id": "12922504" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nApalachee Bay. Like North Central Florida, the Panhandle is more similar in culture and climate to the Deep South than to South Florida in the lower peninsula, being known for its conservative politics and \"piney woods.\" The largest city in the Panhandle is Tallahassee, the state capital, population 188,107 (2014). However, the largest population grouping is the Pensacola Metropolitan Area with a population of 474,081. The total population of the Panhandle, as of the 2010 Census, was 1,407,925, just under 7.5% of Florida", "id": "21191640" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nsuch as near automated teller machines, in a restroom or near your car. This is considered aggressive panhandling and in Indiana it is against the law.\" Constitutional lawyers, including but not limited to the American Civil Liberties Union, have secured a series of court decisions confirming their view that the First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects activities which some local ordinances have attempted to proscribe as illegal panhandling. In response, many jurisdictions have responded by narrowing the definition of illegal panhandling. The generally accepted terminology is to denominate such", "id": "12928769" }, { "contents": "Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida\n\n\n. Winds along the Florida panhandle peaked at in Pensacola, with gusts to . High winds briefly closed the Interstate 10 bridge over Escambia Bay in Pensacola. The outer rainbands of the hurricane spawned five tornadoes, all of them weak and not very damaging. Rainfall along the panhandle reached in Philpot, which caused flooding. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident. Along the Florida", "id": "12360694" }, { "contents": "Florida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists\n\n\nFlorida Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the organizational body of the Seventh-day Adventist Church for the state of Florida, United States. It is based in Altamonte Springs, Florida. In Spring 2014, the organization relocated from Winter Park, Florida. It is a subdivision of the Southern Union, which in turn is part of the North American Division, one of the 13 worldwide organizational Divisions of the Church. Its territory includes all of the State of Florida except the 10 westernmost panhandle counties: Bay, Calhoun,", "id": "2449992" }, { "contents": "Western short grasslands\n\n\nThe Western short grasslands is a temperate grassland ecoregion of the United States. This ecoregion largely corresponds with the geographical region known as the High Plains. It is located in eastern, northern, and central Montana, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska (the Nebraska Panhandle), eastern Colorado, western Kansas, western Oklahoma (the Oklahoma Panhandle), eastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle and parts of west-central Texas and a very small portion of southwestern South Dakota. The Western short grasslands are characterised by a semi-arid", "id": "11982310" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nDepartment in Virginia reportedly discouraged citizens from giving to panhandlers in the area, in that \"there's no telling what the cash will be used for\". While many are discouraging giving to panhandlers on motorways due to the context of 'risk', they also appear to portray an underlining negative bias and view of illegitimacy toward people who engage in panhandling. As police in some counties cannot directly arrest someone for begging, the Arlington Police Department note that they do arrest panhandlers for other offences for jaywalking and other traffic related", "id": "6576861" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nother particular forms of panhandling including asking for money within 15 feet of an ATM or other location where money is dispensed, following someone to ask them for money, panhandling on private property such as going to someone's front door and asking for money, and panhandling in street traffic. The American Civil Liberties Union has raised numerous concerns over Omaha's previous and current panhandling ordinance as it was a violation of the First Amendment and entered negotiations with the City Attorney's Office about their unconstitutional ordinances. The City Council however did not", "id": "6576802" }, { "contents": "History of Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola and west from Saint Augustine. The riders met at the Indian village of Tallahassee, which was designated as the new territorial capital city. With the development of large cotton plantations, Florida's growing population was 50% enslaved African Americans. In the Panhandle, most slaves outside Pensacola were held by people in Tallahassee and in the plantation counties near the Georgia border, notably Jackson, Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson. Near the coast, the soil had more sand and was less useful for plantation agriculture. On March 3", "id": "2371441" }, { "contents": "Macbridea alba\n\n\nMacbridea alba is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name white birds-in-a-nest. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in four counties in the Florida Panhandle. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its habitat, and it is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States. This plant grows in the counties of Gulf, Liberty, Franklin and Bay in Florida. There are just under 10,000 individuals in total", "id": "13276590" }, { "contents": "Idaho Panhandle\n\n\nThe Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a region in the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone (though the southern part of the region is sometimes referred to as North Central Idaho). The Panhandle is bordered by the state of Washington to the west, Montana to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The Idaho panhandle, along", "id": "7517710" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nof fine quartz eroded from granite in the Appalachian Mountains. The sand is carried seaward by rivers and creeks and deposited by currents along the shore. The beach towns in the Panhandle, many of which play host to college students during spring break, are sometimes derisively called \"the Redneck Riviera\". The term was used as the title of a song by country music artist Tom T. Hall on his 1996 album \"Songs from Sopchoppy\". The album takes its name from a town in rural Wakulla County, near Tallahassee.", "id": "21191657" }, { "contents": "Liatris provincialis\n\n\nLiatris provincialis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Godfrey's blazing star and Godfrey's gayflower. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Wakulla and Franklin Counties in the Panhandle. This perennial herb grows from a corm and reaches up to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 15 centimeters long near the base of the stem, becoming much smaller and narrower farther up the stem. The flower heads are arranged", "id": "8746836" }, { "contents": "1995 Atlantic hurricane season\n\n\nsevere damage in the panhandle. From Wakulla County westward, many structures including homes and buildings were swept away or suffered some degree of damage. In Escambia, Okaloosa, and Santa Rosa counties, nearly 300 homes were destroyed and 1,000 others suffered major damage. The storm left at least $2.1 billion in damage in Florida. In Alabama, storm surge ranging from left significant damage in coastal counties. Inland, tropical storm force winds gusts were observed as far north as Huntsville. Numerous trees and power lines were downed in several", "id": "18736850" }, { "contents": "Doug Broxson\n\n\nDouglas Vaughn \"Doug\" Broxson (born March 10, 1949) is an American politician who is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 1st district, which includes Escambia, Santa Rosa, and part of Okaloosa Counties in the Florida Panhandle, since 2016. He previously served in the Florida House of Representatives, representing northern Okaloosa County and Santa Rosa County from 2010 to 2016. On March 3, 2018, Broxson rejected a two-year moratorium on the sale of AR-15s. Broxson was born in Pensacola.", "id": "8705642" }, { "contents": "Galilee Panhandle\n\n\nThe Galilee Panhandle (, \"Etzba HaGalil\" (lit. \"Finger of the Galilee\"), is an elongated geopolitical area or \"panhandle\" in northern Israel comprising the northernmost section of the Upper Galilee held by Israel, and the northern Jordan Rift Valley. The Galilee Panhandle incorporates five municipal authorities. Towns in the Galilee Panhandle include Metula and Kiryat Shmona. The Galilee Panhandle is a narrow strip of land running from the Israel-Lebanon border in the far north to an imaginary line above the Hula Valley in the", "id": "15996103" }, { "contents": "Choctawhatchee River\n\n\nfigure in the Florida Panhandle and was highly respected by whites. Following the United States' acquisition of this territory in 1821 from Spain, European Americans entered the panhandle in greater numbers, encroaching on Euchee and Creek territory. In 1814 Andrew Jackson built a stockade called the \"Block House\" at the confluence of the East and West forks of the Chocktawhatchee, near Newton. European-American settlers also used the river in their time, from the years of the earliest land patents around Geneva (1841) until the late 1930s", "id": "18651850" }, { "contents": "Florida's Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline\n\n\nthe mapping by the Florida Geological Survey's terraces and shorelines as a geological marker for marine presence. The Hazelhurst exists in many Florida panhandle counties west to east. What would be Gadsden and Liberty County, Florida in particular had a very large landmass not only created by rising and lowering sea levels, but from depositions from the Apalachicola River on Gadsden's west side. This high ground is within the Tifton/Tallahassee Uplands. Other counties with substantial landmass are Escambia (Perdido River), Santa Rosa (Black River),", "id": "3977543" }, { "contents": "Geography of Florida\n\n\nMuch of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near The Bahamas and several Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba. Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private", "id": "17334477" }, { "contents": "U.S. Route 90\n\n\nEscambia bridge between Santa Rosa and Escambia counties. The highway's route continues to the north of I-10 as a two-lane highway through most of the sparsely-populated inland areas of the panhandle, becoming four lanes through and near several towns. In Gadsden County, US 90 cuts to the southeast toward downtown Tallahassee, where it passes the north entrance of Florida State University and expands to six lanes until its intersection with US 27. The portion of the highway that extends through Midway has been designated as the Alfred Lawson,", "id": "4020282" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\npanhandling from busy streets by encouraging citizens to donate money to not-for-profit shelters and food banks, rather than directly donating to panhandling persons. In 2012, Allegany County imposed narrow restrictions on panhandling, allowing only one day permit per person per year for roadside solicitations. Other areas of Maryland with similar permit provisions include Cecil, Frederick and Baltimore counties. In 2012, certain panhandling ordinances within Frederick County revived First Amendment debates after undercover police officers donated money to begging persons and subsequently arrested them on panhandling charges. Frederick", "id": "6576759" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nmisdemeanour) could increase this penalty to a maximum fine of $500 and/or up to 6 months in jail. While the Tennessee Code is written in very broad and general terms, several city ordinances, most of which were enacted before the Tennessee Code, provide specific restraints on the actions of panhandlers. The Memphis Code of Ordinances contains a very lengthy and detailed section (§ 6-56) on panhandling. Under this section, panhandling is prohibited within a specified zone of Downtown Memphis and is generally prohibited between the hours of", "id": "6576834" }, { "contents": "Texas's 13th congressional district\n\n\nTexas District 13 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional District of the U.S. state of Texas that includes most of the Texas Panhandle, parts of Texoma and northeastern parts of North Texas. It winds across the Panhandle into the South Plains, then runs east across the Red River Valley. Covering over , it is the second-largest district geographically in Texas and larger in area than thirteen entire states. The principal cities in the district are Amarillo and Wichita Falls. The current Representative is Republican Mac Thornberry. According", "id": "3400568" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coastal Plain\n\n\nThe Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico. The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States. It continues along the Gulf in northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the Yucatán Peninsula", "id": "14786658" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nis the use of public or city owned space to sleep or to protect one's personal belongings. For example, the use of a tent underneath a bridge in order to serve as a living space is prohibited. Action towards panhandling has also been seen from the government. Many downtown cities around the United States have tried to combat panhandlers by prohibiting panhandling at certain locations as well as restricting the time periods that it is allowed. In Georgia, Atlanta was proactive with this idea by banning panhandling in what is known as the", "id": "6576710" }, { "contents": "Smooth softshell turtle\n\n\nThe smooth softshell turtle (\"Apalone mutica\") is a species of softshell turtle of the family Trionychidae. The species is endemic to North America. \"A. mutica\" is native to North America. It is distributed throughout the central and southcentral United States as its geographic range extends from western Pennsylvania to New Mexico and south to the Florida panhandle. Smooth softshells turtles inhabit the Mississippi River drainage from Louisiana up to North Dakota and Pennsylvania, as well as the Colorado, Brazos, Sabine, and Pearl, Alabama and Escambia", "id": "3718421" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ncontrol of panhandling, there is a variety of methods used across the state depending on the issues in each city. Many cities such as Mobile, Alabama have introduced a set of ordinances to prohibit panhandling in the \"Downtown Visitors Domain\" area, as well regulations for panhandlers in the rest of the city including disallowing; panhandling at night, physical contact while panhandling, panhandling in groups, and approaching those in queues or traffic. These ordinances are an improvement on the previously vague prohibition of \"begging\". For those soliciting", "id": "6576626" }, { "contents": "Southeast Alaska\n\n\nSoutheast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska Panhandle or Alaskan Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild rainy", "id": "2599514" }, { "contents": "Panhandle hook\n\n\nA panhandle hook storm has its origins as a strong shortwave low pressure system which traverses the base of a long-wave low pressure trough while geographically coincident with the southwestern United States. Such systems ubiquitously develop a surface low-pressure system in the northwestern Texas and western Oklahoma area (as an eddy effect interaction of the topography of the Rocky Mountains in relation to the jet stream) with associated warm front and cold front, with attending snow to the northwest of the low and severe thunderstorms to the southeast -- the \"hook", "id": "11032666" }, { "contents": "Aggressive panhandling\n\n\nactivity as aggressive panhandling. In 1991 and 1992, federal courts overturned New York and California state laws that made aggressive panhandling illegal. It was observed that \"Groups and individuals all over the United States engage in highly public fundraising for all sorts of causes and charities.\" Restrictions defining solicitation or panhandling as aggressive regard both manner and context. A typical ordinance is one from Longview, Washington: 9.23.030 Place of panhandling – Violation. It shall be unlawful for any person to panhandle when the person solicited is in any of the", "id": "12928770" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n\"tourist triangle\" in August 2005. Another ban prohibited panhandling within 15 feet of common public places such as ATM's and train stations. Violations are punished with either a fine or imprisonment. In 2012 the city of Atlanta created an anti-panhandling law which criminalizes aggressive panhandling. Aggressive panhandling is defined as any form of gestures or intense intervention for the sake of retrieving monetary substance. This includes blocking the path of a bystander, following a bystander, using harsh language directed at a bystander, or any other indications that", "id": "6576711" }, { "contents": "List of geographical regions in Texas\n\n\nTexas is the second-largest state in the United States, with an area of and a population of 27.47 million in 254 counties. This covers an area wide by long. Due to its location and size, it is a part of a large number of unique geological regions, including the piney woods of East Texas, the plains in the Panhandle, the mountains in far West Texas, and hundreds of miles of coastline. There are several different methods used to describe the geographic and geological differences within the state, and", "id": "8963969" }, { "contents": "Spanish language in the United States\n\n\n(both Americans and other immigrant Europeans). After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. Most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States", "id": "16767467" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\n's total population as recorded in the same census. \"Emerald Coast\", a term coined in 1983, refers in general to the beaches and coastal resorts from Pensacola to Port St. Joe, but is sometimes used to refer, by extension, to the Panhandle as a whole, especially west of the Apalachicola. Earlier designations include \"Playground of the Gulfcoast\" and the \"Miracle Strip\", especially for the area between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. Coastal regions of the following counties (if not the entirety of", "id": "21191641" }, { "contents": "Oklahoma Panhandle\n\n\nthe Panhandle traces its origins as being part of the Spanish New Spain empire. The Transcontinental Treaty (Adams–Onís Treaty) of 1819 between Spain and the United States set the western boundary of this portion of the Louisiana Purchase at the 100th meridian. With Mexican independence in 1821, these lands became part of Mexico. With the formation of the Texas Republic, they became part of Texas. When Texas joined the U.S. in 1846, the strip became part of the United States. The Cimarron Cutoff for the Santa Fe Trail", "id": "15853934" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\non panhandling and vending at all highway intersections was proposed in 2001, but was later revised to apply only to Charles County. In 2006, the Anne Arundel County Council enacted a ban on panhandling by children under 18 years old. In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill banning panhandling beside and on Anne Arundel County roadways, as well as prohibiting the display of political signs or advertising messages on any public roadways. The American Civil Liberties Union have consistently opposed solicitation bans, due to concerns that legislation may hinder", "id": "6576757" }, { "contents": "Connecticut panhandle\n\n\nThe Connecticut Panhandle is the southwestern appendage of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State. It is contained entirely in Fairfield County and includes all of Greenwich, Stamford, New Canaan, and Darien, as well as parts of Norwalk and Wilton. It has some of the most expensive residential real estate in the United States. The irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut. In", "id": "1465841" }, { "contents": "Gulf Coast of the United States\n\n\nrivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was, marshland. Ringing the Gulf Coast is the Gulf Coastal Plain which reaches from Southern Texas to the western Florida Panhandle while the western portions of the Gulf Coast are made up of many barrier islands and peninsulas, including the Padre Island and Galveston Island located in the U.S. State of Texas. These landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast", "id": "11618304" }, { "contents": "Tallahassee, Florida\n\n\nOceanic and Atmospheric Administration maintains a National Weather Service in Tallahassee. Their coverage-warning area includes the eastern Florida Panhandle and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters, the north-central Florida peninsula, and parts of southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia. The United States Army Reserve 81st Regional Support Command (USAR) opened an Army Reserve Center at 4307 Jackson Bluff Road. The Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center (NMCRC) is at 2910 Roberts Avenue host the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operational Support Center Tallahassee (NOSC Tallahassee) and the", "id": "12569798" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\ndonations for charitable organizations, a permit must be obtained for the fundraising operation to be exempt from panhandling ordinances. Panhandling in the Downtown Visitors Domain may result in fines and jail sentences for those involved. Another effort to limit panhandling in Mobile is an initiative using donation meters through which people can donate money to approved charities in attempts to resolve the necessity of panhandling by providing disadvantaged citizens with resources. This method attempts to lessen the recurring arrest and release of the publicly intoxicated, who are often homeless or vagrant and participate in panhandling", "id": "6576627" }, { "contents": "History of Pennsylvania\n\n\na new state constitution in 1790; the constitution replaced the executive council with a governor and a bicameral legislature. Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The Mason–Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia (except for what is now West Virginia's northern panhandle). Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania retained control of the", "id": "8703019" }, { "contents": "Madison County, Florida\n\n\nMadison County is a county located in the state of Florida, in the center of its northern border with Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,224. Its county seat is also called Madison. As of August 28, 2012, Madison became a wet county, meaning that voters had approved the legal sale, possession, or distribution of alcoholic beverages. Located in what is known as the Florida Panhandle, Madison County was created in 1827. It was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United", "id": "21742211" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nKentucky Supreme Court. In contrast, the city of Ashland, Kentucky has not come under scrutiny as their ordinance is less comprehensive and therefore less likely to impede individuals rights. However, recently the ordinance was amended to further crack down on the act of panhandling, adding an amendment to stop panhandlers from walking out into traffic, in an attempt to keep both beggars and the public safe. Panhandling laws are often controversial as they are generally welcomed by the public, who can feel harassed. However, it is also argued that", "id": "6576745" }, { "contents": "Florida's 1st congressional district\n\n\n. The district is currently represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties. Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It", "id": "18827098" }, { "contents": "Northwest Florida Water Management District\n\n\nThe Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) stretches from the St. Marks River Basin in Jefferson County to the Perdido River in Escambia County. The District is one of five water management districts in Florida created by the Water Resources Act of 1972. The District has worked for decades to protect and manage water resources in a sustainable manner for the continued welfare of people and natural systems across its 16-county region. It serves Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa", "id": "20958691" }, { "contents": "List of peninsulas\n\n\nof southern France. Scandinavia is a peninsula and along with other islands encompassing present-day Sweden, Norway, and part of Finland. Florida is a well-known example of a large peninsula, with its land area divided between the larger Florida peninsula and the smaller Florida panhandle on the north and west. It has several smaller peninsulas within it: Michigan – the only bi-peninsular state – is very distinguishable for its mitten-shaped Lower Peninsula of Michigan which includes: The rifle-shaped Upper Peninsula of Michigan contains", "id": "3528823" }, { "contents": "State of Mexico\n\n\nof Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The state name is simply \"México\" according to the 1917 Constitution of the United Mexican States, but to distinguish it from both the city and the country it is most often called \"Estado de México\". The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state", "id": "5266359" }, { "contents": "Pensacola, Florida\n\n\nPensacola () is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, approximately from the border with Alabama, and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 51,923, down from 56,255 at the 2000 census. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents . Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St.", "id": "18287772" }, { "contents": "Exit poll\n\n\nstate. In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an \"unusual\" decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks' early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open. Some", "id": "8813323" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n. An important concern for those in Alabama's capital city, Montgomery, is those who travel from other cities to panhandle, with a police report from November 2016 showing that most panhandlers in the area had travelled to the city for the purposes of begging. In the city of Daphne, panhandling is prohibited within 25 feet of public roadways and violators are subject to fines, while the cities of Gardendale and Vestavia Hills prevent all forms of panhandling on private and public property. The city of Tuscaloosa prohibits all aggressive panhandling, as", "id": "6576628" }, { "contents": "Wiregrass Region\n\n\nThe Wiregrass Region—or Wiregrass Country—is an area of the Southern United States encompassing parts of southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle. The region is named for the native \"Aristida stricta\", commonly known as wiregrass due to its texture. The region stretches approximately from just below Macon, Georgia and follows the Fall Line west to Montgomery, Alabama. From there it turns south and runs to approximately Washington County, Florida in the northern panhandle. From there it runs east, roughly making its southern", "id": "654692" }, { "contents": "Tropical Depression Six (1975)\n\n\ncurved northeastward on July 30 into Mississippi, shortly before degenerating into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants moved through northern Louisiana and Arkansas until dissipating on August 3. The tropical depression dropped heavy rainfall, with some areas of the Florida Panhandle experiencing more than of precipitation. Rainfall from the depression contributed significantly toward making it the wettest July in the Florida Panhandle since 1923. Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Walton counties were hardest hit by flooding. Numerous roads were flooded and closed, with $3.2 million (1975 USD)", "id": "8068348" }, { "contents": "Florida Panhandle\n\n\nhas never been a producer of citrus crops because the area is subject to regular frosts and freezes in wintertime, which destroy citrus fruits. The following institutions of higher learning are located in the Panhandle. State University System: Florida College System: Religiously affiliated: The politics of the Florida Panhandle vary considerably depending on location. The western Panhandle, particularly the Emerald Coast, was one of the earliest areas to shake off its Yellow Dog Democrat roots, and since the 1990s has become the Republican area of Florida. Pensacola, Fort", "id": "21191654" }, { "contents": "Cuphea aspera\n\n\nCuphea aspera is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common names tropical waxweed and Chapman's waxweed. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to Gulf and Franklin Counties on the central Florida Panhandle. It has likely been extirpated from Calhoun County. This perennial herb grows up to about 40 centimeters tall from a woody, branching rootstock. The stems are coated in white hairs and purplish glandular hairs. The oppositely arranged or whorled leaves are each up to 2.5 centimeters long", "id": "4965520" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\nasking for donations, as well as actions and behaviours requesting donations within a public space. The idea has been quite contentious. Some media reports reflect calls for increased enforcement of laws against panhandlers, and others report that the ban on panhandling in public spaces is against the civil liberties of individuals, and unconstitutional as it infringes on the First Amendment. In regards to the permit proposal, community opinion was split, with some calling strongly for the implementation of a $25 permit that would need to be carried by panhandlers. The", "id": "6576859" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n), 2,817 are veterans, and an estimated 5,615 are individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. Panhandling and Begging For 2016, the US Census Bureau reported that there were 3,116,886 people in poverty in Florida, or 15.7% of the state's population. 22.8% of them are children. Begging and panhandling are often a consequence of pervasive poverty due to the need to source money. When focusing on the laws against begging and panhandling it is important to begin with the fact that people become beggars and panhandlers for various reasons. They could", "id": "6576695" }, { "contents": "Homelessness in the United States by state\n\n\n7pm and 8am. Similar to the Nashville ordinance, the Memphis ordinance also expressly states areas where panhandling is prohibited including, but not limited to, within 25-feet of any religious assembly, within 50-feet of any entrance or exit from a bank/ATM machine and in any public transportation vehicle. In October 2016, the Memphis City Council voted to extend the ban on panhandling to between 5pm and 10am and to also extend the areas that panhandling is prohibited. Councillor Philip Spinosa Jr. declared that this extension entirely relates", "id": "6576835" }, { "contents": "Border irregularities of the United States\n\n\nBorder irregularities of the United States, particularly panhandles and highway incursions into other jurisdictions, are shown here. Often they are a result of borders which do not conform to geological features. There are several exclaves between the United States and Canada, including the entire state of Alaska (though the state can still be accessed by sea from the United States, except the small settlement Hyder which is only accessible by road from British Columbia). Other exclaves include Akwesasne, the Northwest Angle, and Point Roberts. The status of the", "id": "10873309" } ]