Oregon, which is an industrial suburb outside of Portland and the town was completely submerged. 18,000 residents were displaced, 51 people will killed and the estimated property damage was over $100 million. So you can see here on the right picture of the town right after the flood. So the original treaty emerged in response to these two sort of one trend of hydropower development and then the specific flood control needs that were raised by the Vanport flood. So agreeing to agree. In 1944, Canada and the US had requested that the IJC determine whether a greater use than is now being made of the waters of the Columbia Rivers system would be feasible and advantageous, and then four years later after the Vanport flood detailed studies began. And what followed was 11 years of discussions and analysis, two requests by the US for approval of the Libby Dam in Montana, which is pictured behind me in my virtual background. Two proposals by Columbia River companies to build Canadian dams, committee hearings in the US Senate and the Canadian Parliament, and a gradual acceptance by the US of the idea of sharing downstream US hydroelectric benefits. So 11 years of negotiations, and then another round of formal negotiations begin in February of 1960. And then ultimately the Columbia River Treaty is signed by President Eisenhower and Prime Minister Defen Baker in January 17, 1961. The US Senate approved it almost immediately, but ratification took an additional three years in Canada