CARMAX INC
Item 1. Business.
BUSINESS OVERVIEW
CarMax Background. CarMax, Inc. was incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1996. CarMax, Inc. is a holding company and our operations are conducted through our subsidiaries. Our home office is located at 12800 Tuckahoe Creek Parkway, Richmond, Virginia.
Under the ownership of Circuit City Stores, Inc. (“Circuit City”), we began operations in 1993 with the opening of our first CarMax superstore in Richmond, Virginia. On October 1, 2002, the CarMax business was separated from Circuit City through a tax-free transaction, becoming an independent, publicly traded company.
CarMax Business. We operate in two reportable segments: CarMax Sales Operations and CarMax Auto Finance (“CAF”). Our CarMax Sales Operations segment consists of all aspects of our auto merchandising and service operations, excluding financing provided by CAF. Our CAF segment consists solely of our own finance operation that provides vehicle financing through CarMax superstores.
CarMax Sales Operations: We are the nation’s largest retailer of used cars, based on the 526,929 used vehicles we retailed during the fiscal year ended February 28, 2014. As of the end of fiscal 2014, we operated 131 used car
			
		
superstores in 64 metropolitan markets. In addition, we are one of the nation’s largest wholesale vehicle auction operators, based on the 342,576 wholesale vehicles we sold through our on-site auctions in fiscal 2014.
We were the first used vehicle retailer to offer a large selection of high quality used vehicles at low, “no-haggle” prices using a customer-friendly sales process in an attractive, modern sales facility. Our consumer offer allows customers to shop for vehicles the same way they shop for items at other “big-box” retailers. We provide low, no-haggle prices; a broad selection of CarMax Quality Certified vehicles; and superior customer service. Our strategy is to revolutionize the auto retailing market by addressing the major sources of customer dissatisfaction with traditional auto retailers and to maximize operating efficiencies through the use of standardized operating procedures and store formats enhanced by sophisticated, proprietary management information systems.
Our consumer offer enables customers to evaluate separately each component of the sales process, including the purchase of a vehicle, the financing of that vehicle, the purchase of extended service plans for that vehicle and the sale of the customer’s current vehicle to CarMax. Customers can make informed decisions based on comprehensive information about the options, terms and associated prices of each component and can accept or decline any individual element of the offer without affecting the price or terms of any other component of the offer. Our no-haggle pricing and our commission structure, which is generally based on a fixed dollars-per-unit standard, allow sales consultants to focus solely on meeting customer needs.
All of the used vehicles we retail are thoroughly reconditioned to meet our high standards, and each vehicle must pass a comprehensive inspection before being offered for sale. In fiscal 2014, 85% of the used vehicles we retailed were 0 to 6 years old.
Vehicles purchased through our in-store appraisal process that do not meet our retail standards are sold to licensed dealers through our on-site wholesale auctions. Unlike many other auto auctions, we own all the vehicles that we sell in our auctions, which allows us to maintain a high auction sales rate. This high sales rate, combined with dealer-friendly practices, makes our auctions an attractive source of vehicles for independent used car dealers. As of February 28, 2014, we conducted weekly or bi-weekly auctions at 60 of our 131 used car superstores.
In addition, we sell new vehicles at four locations under franchise agreements with three new car manufacturers. In fiscal 2014, new vehicles comprised only 1% of our total retail vehicle unit sales.
Our finance program provides customers financing alternatives through CAF, our own finance operation, and third-party financing providers. This program provides access to credit for customers across a wide range of the credit spectrum. We believe the company’s processes and systems, transparency of pricing, vehicle quality and the integrity of the information collected at the time the customer applies for credit provide a unique and ideal environment in which to originate and procure high quality auto loans. CAF originates loans solely through CarMax stores, customizing its offers based on the customer’s risk profile, to support CarMax retail vehicle unit sales. All of the finance offers by CAF and our third-party providers are backed by a 3-day payoff offer whereby a customer can refinance their loan within three business days at no charge.
We provide customers with a range of other related products and services, including the appraisal and purchase of vehicles directly from consumers; the sale of extended service plans (“ESP”) and guaranteed asset protection (“GAP”); and vehicle repair service.
We have separated the practice of trading in a used vehicle in conjunction with the purchase of another vehicle into two distinct and independent transactions. We will appraise a consumer’s vehicle and make an offer to buy that vehicle regardless of whether the owner is purchasing a vehicle from us. We acquire a significant percentage of our retail used vehicle inventory through our in-store appraisal process. We also acquire a large portion of our used vehicle inventory through wholesale auctions and, to a lesser extent, directly from other sources, including wholesalers, dealers and fleet owners.
Our proprietary inventory management and pricing system tracks each vehicle throughout the sales process. Using the information provided by this system and applying statistical modeling techniques, we are able to optimize our inventory mix, anticipate future inventory needs at each store, evaluate sales consultant and buyer performance and refine our vehicle pricing strategy. Because of the pricing discipline afforded by the inventory management and pricing system, generally more than 99% of the entire used car inventory offered at retail is sold at retail.
			
		
CarMax Auto Finance: CAF provides financing to qualified customers purchasing vehicles at CarMax. Because the purchase of a vehicle is generally reliant on the consumer’s ability to obtain on-the-spot financing, it is important to our business that financing be available to creditworthy customers. CAF offers financing solely to customers purchasing vehicles at CarMax. CAF offers qualifying customers an array of competitive rates and terms, allowing them to choose the one that best fits their needs. We believe CAF enables us to capture additional sales, profits and cash flows while managing our reliance on third-party finance sources. After the effect of 3-day payoffs and vehicle returns, CAF financed 41% of our retail vehicle unit sales in fiscal 2014. As of February 28, 2014, CAF serviced approximately 532,000 customer accounts in its $7.18 billion portfolio of managed receivables.
Industry and Competition. CarMax Sales Operations: The U.S. used car marketplace is highly fragmented and competitive. According to industry sources, as of December 31, 2013, there were approximately 17,900 franchised automotive dealerships, which sell both new and used vehicles. In addition, used vehicles were sold by approximately 37,000 independent used vehicle dealers, as well as millions of private individuals. Our primary retail competitors are the franchised auto dealers, who sell the majority of late-model used vehicles. Independent used car dealers predominantly sell older, higher mileage cars than we do. The number of franchised and independent auto dealers has declined over the last decade, in large part due to manufacturers’ franchise and brand terminations, as well as dealership closures caused by the stress of the recession. Despite this reduction in the number of dealers, the automotive retail environment remains highly fragmented.
Based on industry data, there were approximately 39 million used cars sold in the U.S. in calendar year 2013, of which approximately 22 million were estimated to be 0- to 10-year old vehicles. While we are the largest retailer of used vehicles in the U.S., selling more than two times as many used vehicles as the next largest retailer in calendar 2013, we represented approximately 5% of the 0- to 10-year old used units sold in the markets in which we operate and less than 3% of the total 0- to 10-year old used units sold nationwide. Over the last several years, competition has been affected by the increasing use of Internet-based marketing for both used vehicles and vehicle financing. We seek to distinguish ourselves from traditional dealerships through our consumer offer, sales approach and other innovative operating strategies.
We believe that our principal competitive advantages in used vehicle retailing include our ability to provide a high degree of customer satisfaction with the car-buying experience by virtue of our low, no-haggle prices and our customer-friendly sales process; our breadth of selection of the most popular makes and models available both on site and via our website, carmax.com; the quality of our vehicles; our proprietary information systems; CAF; and the locations of our retail superstores. In addition, we believe our willingness to appraise and purchase a customer’s vehicle, whether or not the customer is buying a car from us, provides us a competitive sourcing advantage for retail vehicles. Our large volume of appraisal purchases supplies not only a large portion of our retail inventory, but also provides the scale that enables us to conduct our own wholesale auctions to dispose of vehicles that don’t meet our retail standards. Upon request by a customer, we will transfer virtually any used vehicle in our nationwide inventory to a local superstore. Transfer fees may apply, depending on the distance the vehicle needs to travel. In fiscal 2014, approximately 30% of our vehicles sold were transferred at customer request. Every vehicle we offer for sale is CarMax Quality Certified and meets our stringent standards. We back every vehicle with a 5-day, money-back guarantee and at least a 30-day limited warranty. We maintain an ability to offer or arrange customer financing with competitive terms, and all financing is backed by our 3-day payoff offer. Additionally, we offer comprehensive and competitively priced ESP and GAP products. We believe that we are competitive in all of these areas and that we enjoy advantages over competitors that employ traditional high-pressure, negotiation-oriented sales techniques.
Our sales consultants play a significant role in ensuring a customer-friendly sales process. A sales consultant is paid a commission, generally based on a fixed dollars-per-unit standard, thereby earning the same dollar sales commission regardless of the gross profit on the vehicle being sold. In addition, sales consultants do not receive commissions based on the number of credit approvals or the amount a customer finances. This pay structure aligns our sales associates’ interests with those of our customers, in contrast to other dealerships where sales and finance personnel may receive higher commissions for negotiating higher prices and interest rates or steering customers to vehicles with higher gross profits.
In our wholesale auctions, we compete with other automotive auction houses. In contrast with the highly fragmented used vehicle market, the automotive auction market has two primary competitors, Manheim, a subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, and KAR Auction Services, Inc., representing an estimated 70% of the U.S. whole car auction market. These competitors auction vehicles of all ages, while CarMax predominantly sells older, higher mileage vehicles. We believe the principal competitive advantages of our wholesale auctions include our high vehicle sales rate, our vehicle condition disclosures and arbitration policies, our broad geographic distribution and our dealer-friendly practices. Because we own the cars that we auction, we generally sell more than 95% of the
			
		
vehicles offered, which is substantially higher than the sales rate at most other auto auctions. Our policy of making vehicle condition disclosures, noting mechanical and other issues found during our appraisal process, is also not a typical practice used at other auctions of older, higher mileage vehicles. Together, these factors make our auctions attractive to dealers, resulting in a high dealer-to-car attendance ratio.
CarMax Auto Finance: CAF operates in the auto finance sector of the consumer finance market. This sector is primarily comprised of banks, captive finance divisions of new car manufacturers, credit unions and independent finance companies. According to industry sources, this sector represented approximately $800 billion in outstanding receivables as of December 31, 2013. As of February 28, 2014, CAF had $7.18 billion in managed receivables, having originated $4.18 billion in loans during the fiscal year. For loans originated during the calendar quarter ended December 31, 2013, industry sources ranked CAF 7th in market share for used vehicle loans and 17th in market share for all vehicle loans.
We believe that CAF’s principal competitive advantage is its strategic position as the primary finance source in CarMax stores. We believe the company’s processes and systems, transparency of pricing, vehicle quality and the integrity of the information collected at the time the customer applies for credit provide a unique and ideal environment in which to procure high quality auto loans. CAF utilizes proprietary scoring models based upon the credit history of the customer along with CAF’s historical experience to predict the likelihood of customer repayment. Because CAF offers financing solely through CarMax stores, scoring models are optimized for the CarMax channel.
CAF’s primary competitors are banks and credit unions that offer direct financing to customers purchasing cars from dealers. Some of our customers have already obtained financing prior to shopping for a vehicle and do not apply for financing in the store. We also offer customers the ability to pay off their loans within three days without penalty. The percentage of customers exercising this option can be an indication of the competitiveness of our rates.
Marketing and Advertising. Our marketing strategies are focused on developing awareness of the advantages of shopping at our stores and on carmax.com and on attracting customers who are already considering buying or selling a vehicle. Our marketing strategies are implemented primarily through traditional and digital methods, including national and local television and radio broadcasts, carmax.com, Internet search engines and online classified listings. We also reach out to customers and potential customers to build awareness and loyalty through Facebook, Twitter and other social media. Television and radio advertisements are designed to build consumer awareness of the CarMax name, carmax.com and key components of the CarMax offer. Broadcast and Internet advertisements are designed to drive customers to our stores and to carmax.com. We also build awareness and drive traffic to our stores and carmax.com by listing retail vehicles on various online automotive classified sites. Our advertising on the Internet also includes advertisements on search engines, such as Google and Yahoo!, as well as online properties such as Pandora and Hulu.
We strive to adjust our marketing programs in response to the evolving media landscape. We have customized our marketing program based on awareness levels in each market. We have transitioned a portion of our television and radio advertising to national cable network and national radio programming and we will continue to seek to optimize our media mix between local and national distribution. In addition to providing cost savings, this transition allows us to build awareness of CarMax prior to our entrance into new markets. Our carmax.com website and related mobile apps are marketing tools for communicating the CarMax consumer offer in detail, sophisticated search engines for finding the right vehicle and a sales channel for customers who prefer to initiate part of the shopping and sales process online. The website and mobile apps offer complete inventory and pricing search capabilities. Information on the thousands of cars available in our nationwide inventory is updated several times per day. Carmax.com includes detailed information, such as vehicle photos, prices, features, specifications and store locations, as well as advanced feature-based search capabilities, and sorting and comparison tools that allow consumers to easily compare vehicles. The site also includes features such as detailed vehicle reviews, payment calculators and email alerts when new inventory arrives. Customers can contact sales consultants in a variety of ways, including online via carmax.com. Customers can also schedule appointments, hold a vehicle for up to seven days and initiate a vehicle transfer using online tools. Our survey data indicates that during fiscal 2014, approximately 80% of customers who purchased a vehicle from us had first visited us online.
We also maintain a website, carmaxauctions.com, that supports our wholesale auctions. This website, which is accessible only by authorized dealers, provides listings of all vehicles that will be available in upcoming auctions. It also has many features similar to our retail website, including vehicle photos, free vehicle history reports and vehicle search and alert capabilities.
			
		
Suppliers for Used Vehicles. We acquire used vehicle inventory directly from consumers through our appraisal process, as well as through other sources, including local, regional and online auctions, wholesalers, franchised and independent dealers and fleet owners, such as leasing companies and rental companies. The supply of late-model used vehicles is influenced by a variety of factors, including the total number of vehicles in operation; the rate of new vehicle sales, which in turn generate used-car trade-ins; and the number of used vehicles sold or remarketed through retail channels, wholesale transactions and at automotive auctions.
During the recession, retail vehicle sales dropped sharply, with new car sales falling from between 16 million and 17 million vehicles to 10 million vehicles and used car sales falling from between 40 million to 45 million vehicles to 35 million vehicles in 2009. This decline in new car sales, combined with a decrease in lease originations and a reduction in trade-in activity, resulted in a tighter supply of late-model used vehicles in recent years. The number of vehicles in operation that were 0 to 6 years old fell from approximately 100 million vehicles prior to the recession to approximately 77 million vehicles as of December 31, 2013. New vehicle industry sales and leasing activity have improved in recent years, and we anticipate these improvements will gradually increase the supply of late-model used vehicles.
Our used vehicle inventory acquired directly from consumers through our appraisal process helps provide an inventory of makes and models that reflects the consumer preferences in each market. We have replaced the traditional “trade-in” transaction with a process in which a CarMax-trained buyer appraises a customer’s vehicle and provides the owner with a written, guaranteed offer that is good for seven days. An appraisal is available to every customer free of charge, whether or not the customer purchases a vehicle from us. Based on their age, mileage or condition, fewer than half of the vehicles acquired through this in-store appraisal process meet our high-quality retail standards. Those vehicles that do not meet our retail standards are sold to licensed dealers through our on-site wholesale auctions.
The inventory purchasing function is primarily performed at the store level and is the responsibility of the buyers, who handle both on-site appraisals and off-site auction purchases. Our buyers evaluate all used vehicles based on internal and external auction data and market sales, as well as estimated reconditioning costs and, for off-site purchases, transportation costs. Our buyers, in collaboration with our home office staff, utilize the extensive inventory and sales trend data available through the CarMax information system to decide which inventory to purchase at off-site auctions. Our inventory and pricing models help the buyers tailor inventories to the buying preferences at each superstore, recommend pricing adjustments and optimize inventory turnover to help maintain gross profit per unit.
Based on consumer acceptance of the in-store appraisal process, our experience and success in acquiring vehicles from auctions and other sources, and the large size of the U.S. auction market relative to our needs, we believe that sources of used vehicles will continue to be sufficient to meet our current and future needs.
Suppliers for New Vehicles. Our new car operations are governed by the terms of the sales, service and dealer agreements. Among other things, these agreements generally impose operating requirements and restrictions, including inventory levels, working capital, monthly financial reporting, signage and cooperation with marketing strategies.
Seasonality. Historically, our business has been seasonal. Typically, our superstores experience their strongest traffic and sales in the spring and summer quarters. Sales are typically slowest in the fall quarter, when used vehicles generally experience proportionately more of their annual depreciation. We believe this is partly the result of a decline in customer traffic, as well as discounts on model year closeouts that can pressure pricing for late-model used vehicles. Customer traffic generally tends to slow in the fall as the weather changes and as customers shift their spending priorities. We typically experience an increase in subprime traffic and sales in February and March, coincident with tax refund season.
Products and Services
Merchandising. We offer customers a broad selection of makes and models of used vehicles, including both domestic and imported vehicles, at competitive prices. Our primary focus is vehicles that are 0 to 6 years old and generally range in price from $12,000 to $34,000. For the more cost-conscious consumer, we also offer used cars that are generally between 7 and 11 years old. The mix of our used vehicle inventory by make, model and age will vary from time to time, depending on consumer preferences.
We have implemented an everyday low-price strategy under which we set no-haggle prices on both our used and new vehicles. We believe that our pricing is competitive. Prices on all vehicles are clearly displayed on each
			
		
vehicle’s information sticker, on carmax.com and on applicable online classified sites on which they are listed. We extend our no-haggle philosophy to every component of the vehicle transaction, including vehicle appraisal offers, financing rates and ESP and GAP pricing.
Wholesale Auctions. Vehicles purchased through our in-store appraisal process that do not meet our retail standards are sold through on-site wholesale auctions. As of February 28, 2014, wholesale auctions were conducted at 60 of our 131 superstores and were generally held on a weekly or bi-weekly basis. Auction frequency at a given superstore is determined by the number of vehicles to be auctioned, which depends on the number of stores in that market and the consumer awareness of CarMax and our in-store appraisal offer. The typical wholesale vehicle is approximately 10 years old and has more than 100,000 miles. Participants in CarMax auctions must be licensed automobile dealers, who are required to register with our centralized auction support group. The majority of the participants are independent automobile dealers. We provide condition disclosures on each vehicle, including those for vehicles with major mechanical issues, possible frame or flood damage, branded titles, salvage history and unknown true mileage. Professional, licensed auctioneers conduct our auctions. The average auction sales rate was 97% in fiscal 2014. Dealers pay a fee to us based on the sales price of the vehicles they purchase.
Extended Service Plans and Guaranteed Asset Protection. At the time of the sale, we offer the customer an ESP. We sell these plans on behalf of unrelated third parties that are the primary obligors. We have no contractual liability to the customer for claims under the service agreements. The ESPs we offer on all used vehicles provide coverage up to 72 months (subject to mileage limitations) and include multiple mileage and deductible options, depending on the vehicle odometer reading, make and model. We offer ESPs at competitive, fixed prices, which take into consideration the historical repair record of the vehicle make and model, the mileage option selected and the deductible chosen. All ESPs that we sell (other than manufacturer programs) have been designed to our specifications and are administered by the third parties through private-label arrangements. Periodically, we may receive additional commissions based upon the level of underwriting profits of the third parties who administer the products. In fiscal 2014, more than 60% of the customers who purchased a used vehicle also purchased an ESP.
Our ESP customers have access to vehicle repair service at each CarMax store and at thousands of independent and franchised service providers. We believe that the quality of the services provided by this network, as well as the broad scope of our ESPs, helps promote customer satisfaction and loyalty, and thus increases the likelihood of repeat and referral business.
We also offer GAP at the time of the sale. GAP is a product that will pay the difference between the customer’s insurance settlement and the finance contract payoff amount on their vehicle in the case of a total loss or unrecovered theft. We sell this product on behalf of an unrelated third party that is the primary obligor. GAP has been designed to our specifications and is administered by the third party through a private-label arrangement. We receive a commission from the administrator at the time of sale. In fiscal 2014, more than 25% of customers who purchased a used vehicle also purchased GAP.
Reconditioning and Service. An integral part of our used car consumer offer is the renewal process used to make sure every car meets our high standards before it can become a CarMax Quality Certified vehicle. This process includes a comprehensive CarMax Quality Inspection of the engine and all major systems, including cooling, fuel, drivetrain, transmission, electronics, suspension, brakes, steering, air conditioning and other equipment, as well as the interior and exterior of the vehicle. Based on this quality inspection, we determine the reconditioning necessary to bring the vehicle up to our quality standards. We perform most routine mechanical and minor body repairs in-house; however, for some reconditioning services, we engage third parties specializing in those services. Many superstores depend upon nearby, typically larger, superstores for reconditioning, which increases efficiency and reduces overhead.
All CarMax used car superstores provide vehicle repair service, including repairs of vehicles covered by our ESPs. We also provide factory-authorized service at all new car franchises. We have developed systems and procedures that are intended to ensure that our retail repair service is conducted in the same customer-friendly and efficient manner as our other operations.
We believe that the efficiency of our reconditioning and service operations is enhanced by our modern facilities, our information systems and our technician training and development process. The training and development process and our compensation programs are designed to increase the productivity of technicians, identify opportunities for waste reduction and achieve high-quality repairs. Our information systems allow us to track repair history and enable trend analysis, which guides our continuous improvement efforts.
			
		
Customer Credit. We offer financing alternatives for retail customers across a wide range of the credit spectrum through CAF and our arrangements with several industry-leading financial institutions. We believe our program enables us to capture additional sales and enhances the CarMax consumer offer. Credit applications are initially reviewed by CAF. Customers who are not approved by CAF may be evaluated by the other financial institutions. Having an array of finance sources increases discrete approvals, expands finance opportunities for our customers and mitigates risk to CarMax. In fiscal 2014, 91% of our applicants received an approval from one or more of our sources. We periodically test additional third-party providers.
Retail customers applying for financing provide credit information that is electronically submitted by sales consultants through our proprietary information system. A majority of applicants receive a response within five minutes. Vehicles are financed using retail installment contracts secured by the vehicles. Customers are permitted to refinance or pay off their contract within three business days of a purchase without incurring any finance or related charges. Depending on the credit profile of the customer, third-party finance providers generally either pay us or are paid a fixed, pre-negotiated fee per contract. The fee amount is independent of any finance term offered to the customer; it does not vary based on the amount financed, the term of the loan, the interest rate or the loan-to-value ratio. We refer to the providers who pay us a fee as prime and nonprime providers, and we refer to the providers to whom we pay a fee as subprime providers. We have no recourse liability for credit losses on retail installment contracts arranged with third-party providers.
We do not offer financing to dealers purchasing vehicles at our wholesale auctions. However, we have made arrangements to have third-party financing available to our auction customers.
Systems
Our stores are supported by an advanced, proprietary information system that improves the customer experience, while providing tightly integrated automation of all operating functions. Customers can search our entire vehicle inventory through our website, carmax.com, and our mobile apps. They can also print a detailed listing for any vehicle, which includes the vehicle’s features and specifications and its location on the display lot. Our integrated inventory management system tracks every vehicle through its life from purchase through reconditioning and test-drives to ultimate sale. Using radio frequency identification (“RFID”) tags and bar codes, all vehicles are scanned and tracked daily as a loss prevention measure. Test-drive information is captured using RFID tags, linking the specific vehicle and the sales consultant. We also capture data on vehicles we wholesale, which helps us track market pricing. A computerized finance application process and computer-assisted document preparation ensure rapid completion of the sales transaction. Behind the scenes, our proprietary store technology provides our management with real-time information about many aspects of store operations, such as inventory management, pricing, vehicle transfers, wholesale auctions and sales consultant productivity. In addition, our store system provides a direct link to our proprietary credit processing information system to facilitate the credit review and approval process.
Our proprietary inventory management and pricing system is centralized and allows us to buy the mix of makes, models, age, mileage and price points tailored to customer buying preferences at each CarMax location. This system also generates recommended initial retail price points, as well as retail price markdowns for specific vehicles based on complex algorithms that take into account factors including sales history, consumer interest and seasonal patterns. We believe this systematic approach to vehicle pricing allows us to optimize inventory turns, which minimizes the depreciation risk inherent in used cars and helps us to achieve our targeted gross profit dollars per unit.
Our Electronic Repair Order system (“ERO”) is used to sequence reconditioning procedures. ERO provides information that helps increase quality and reduce costs, which further enhances our customer service and profitability.
Through our centralized systems, we are able to quickly integrate new stores into our store network. We continue to enhance and refine our information systems, which we believe to be a core competitive advantage. The design of our information systems incorporates off-site backups, redundant processing and other measures to reduce the risk of significant data loss in the event of an emergency or disaster.
Associates
On February 28, 2014, we had a total of 20,171 full- and part-time associates, including 15,050 hourly and salaried associates and 5,121 sales associates, who worked on a commission basis. We employ additional associates during peak selling seasons. As of February 28, 2014, our location general managers averaged 10 years of CarMax
			
		
experience, in addition to prior retail management experience. We staff each newly opened store with associates who have extensive CarMax training.
We believe we have created a unique corporate culture and maintain good employee relations. No associate is subject to a collective bargaining agreement. We focus on providing our associates with the information and resources they need to offer exceptional customer service. We reward associates whose behavior exemplifies our culture, and we believe that our favorable working conditions and compensation programs allow us to attract and retain highly qualified individuals. We have been recognized for the success of our efforts by a number of external organizations.
Training. To further support our emphasis on attracting, developing and retaining qualified associates, we have made a commitment to providing exceptional training programs. Store associates receive many hours of structured, self-paced training that introduces them to company policies and their specific job responsibilities through KMX University (“KMXU”) - our intranet-based, on-premises learning management system. KMXU is comprised of customized applications hosted within a learning management system that allow us to author, deliver and track training events and to measure associate competency after training. KMXU also provides a variety of learning activities and collaborative discussions delivered through an integrated virtual classroom system. Most new store associates are also assigned mentors who provide on-the-job guidance and support.
We also provide comprehensive, facilitator-led classroom training courses at the associate and manager levels. All new sales consultants go through an on-boarding process in which they are partnered with a mentor; combining self-paced online training with shadowing and role-playing. Our professional selling principles (“PSPs”) provide all sales associates the opportunity to learn and practice customer-oriented selling techniques. This online training program contains modules on a variety of skill sets, including building confidence, connecting with the customer, and listening and persuasion techniques. KMXU also provides access to hundreds of short video-based learning modules that provide focused behavioral examples supporting the PSPs. We also have a call recording and review program to provide constructive feedback to associates on how to improve their interactions with customers.
Buyers-in-training undergo a 6- to 18-month apprenticeship under the supervision of experienced buyers, and they generally will assist with the appraisal of more than 1,000 cars before making their first independent purchase. Business office associates undergo a 3- to 6-month, on-the-job certification process in order to be fully cross-trained in all functional areas of the business office. All business office associates and managers also receive regular training through facilitated competency-based training courses. Reconditioning and service technicians attend in-house and vendor-sponsored training programs designed to develop their skills in performing repairs on the diverse makes and models of vehicles we sell and service. Technicians at our new car franchises also attend manufacturer-sponsored training programs to stay abreast of current diagnostic, repair and maintenance techniques for those manufacturers’ vehicles. New managers complete intensive training where they meet with senior leaders, participate in hands-on activities and learn fundamental CarMax leadership skills.
Laws and Regulations
Vehicle Dealer and Other Laws and Regulations. We operate in a highly regulated industry. In every state in which we operate, we must obtain various licenses and permits in order to conduct business, including dealer, service, sales and finance licenses issued by state and local regulatory authorities. A wide range of federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the manner in which we conduct business, including advertising, sales, financing and employment practices. These laws include consumer protection laws, privacy laws and state franchise laws, as well as other laws and regulations applicable to new and used motor vehicle dealers. These laws also include federal and state wage-hour, anti-discrimination and other employment practices laws. Our financing activities with customers are subject to federal truth-in-lending, consumer leasing, equal credit opportunity and fair credit reporting laws and regulations, all of which are subject to enforcement by the federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau or Federal Trade Commission, as well as state and local motor vehicle finance, collection, repossession and installment finance laws.
Claims arising out of actual or alleged violations of law could be asserted against us by individuals or governmental authorities and could expose us to significant damages or other penalties, including revocation or suspension of the licenses necessary to conduct business and fines.
Environmental Laws and Regulations. We are subject to a variety of federal, state and local laws and regulations that pertain to the environment. Our business involves the use, handling and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes, including motor oil, gasoline, solvents, lubricants, paints and other substances. We are subject to
			
		
compliance with regulations concerning the operation of underground and above-ground gasoline storage tanks, gasoline dispensing equipment, above-ground oil tanks and automotive paint booths.
AVAILABILITY OF REPORTS AND OTHER INFORMATION
The following items are available free of charge through the “Corporate Governance” link on our investor information home page at investor.carmax.com, shortly after we file them with, or furnish them to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”): annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements on Schedule 14A, and any amendments to those reports. The following documents are also available free of charge on our website: Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Business Conduct, and the charters of the Audit, Nominating and Governance, and Compensation and Personnel Committees. We publish any changes to these documents on our website. We also promptly disclose reportable waivers of the Code of Business Conduct on our website. The contents of our website are not, however, part of this report.
Printed copies of these documents are also available to any shareholder, without charge, upon written request to our corporate secretary at the address set forth on the cover page of this report.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
We are subject to a variety of risks, the most significant of which are described below. Our business, sales, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks.
We operate in a highly competitive industry. Failure to develop and execute strategies to remain the nation’s preferred retailer of used vehicles and to adapt to the increasing use of the Internet to market, buy and sell used vehicles could adversely affect our business, sales and results of operations.
Automotive retailing is a highly competitive and highly fragmented business. Our competition includes publicly and privately owned new and used car dealers, as well as millions of private individuals. Competitors buy and sell the same or similar makes of vehicles that we offer in the same or similar markets at competitive prices. New car dealers in particular, including publicly-traded auto retailers, have increased their sales of used vehicles since the recession. If this trend continues, it could result in increased acquisition costs for used vehicles and lower-than-expected retail sales and margins.
Some of our competitors have recently announced plans for rapid expansion, including into markets with CarMax locations. Some of our competitors have also borrowed or attempted to borrow portions of the consumer offer that we pioneered when we opened our first used car superstore in 1993, including our use of low, no-haggle prices and our commitment to buy a customer’s vehicle even if they do not purchase one from us. In addition, competitors who have franchise relationships with automotive manufacturers brand certain used cars as “certified pre-owned,” which could provide those competitors with an advantage over CarMax. This competitive activity could result in increased acquisition costs for used vehicles and lower-than-expected retail sales and margins.
The increasing use of the Internet to market, buy and sell used vehicles and to provide vehicle financing could have a material adverse effect on our sales and results of operations. The increasing on-line availability of used vehicle information, including pricing information, could make it more difficult for us to differentiate our customer offering from competitors’ offerings, could result in lower-than-expected retail margins, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations. In addition, our competitive standing is affected by companies, including search engines and online classified sites, that are not direct competitors but that may direct on-line traffic to the websites of competing automotive retailers. The increasing activities of these companies could make it more difficult for carmax.com to attract traffic. These companies could also make it more difficult for CarMax otherwise to market its vehicles on-line (for example, by declining to list CarMax Quality Certified vehicles as “certified” on their classified sites). This could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations.
The increasing use of the Internet to facilitate consumers’ sales or trade-ins of their current vehicles could have a material adverse effect on our ability to source vehicles through our appraisal process, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our vehicle acquisition costs and results of operations. For example, certain websites provide on-line appraisal tools to consumers that generate offers and facilitate purchases by dealers other than CarMax. The popularity of these tools appears to be increasing.
In addition to the direct competition and increasing use of the Internet described above, there are companies that sell software solutions to new and used car dealers to enable those dealers to, among other things, more efficiently
			
		
source inventory. Although these companies do not compete with CarMax, the increasing use of such products by dealers who compete with CarMax could reduce the relative competitive advantage of CarMax’s internally developed proprietary systems and could result in increased acquisition costs for used vehicles and lower-than-expected retail sales and margins.
Our wholesale activities are also subject to competition. Since we sell vehicles that do not meet our retail standards through on-site wholesale auctions, our competition includes automotive wholesalers such as Manheim, a subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, and KAR Auction Services, Inc. These competitors sell the same or similar makes of vehicles that we sell in the same or similar markets at competitive prices. This competitive activity could result in decreased wholesale margins and could adversely affect our results of operations.
Our CAF segment is subject to competition from various financial institutions, including banks and credit unions, which provide vehicle financing to consumers. If we were unable to continue providing competitive finance offers to our customers through CAF, it could result in a greater percentage of sales financed through our third-party financing providers, which financings are generally less profitable to CarMax. In addition, we believe that CAF allows us to capture additional sales. Accordingly, if CAF was unable to continue making competitive finance offers to our customers, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations.
The automotive retail industry in general and our business in particular are sensitive to economic conditions. These conditions could adversely affect our business, sales, results of operations and financial condition.
We are subject to national and regional U.S. economic conditions. These conditions include, but are not limited to, recession, inflation, interest rates, unemployment levels, the state of the housing market, gasoline prices, consumer credit availability, consumer credit delinquency and loss rates, personal discretionary spending levels, and consumer sentiment about the economy in general. These conditions and the economy in general could be affected by significant national or international events such as acts of terrorism. When these economic conditions worsen or stagnate, it can have a material adverse effect on consumer demand for vehicles generally, including the used vehicles that we sell, and the availability of consumer credit to finance vehicle purchases. This could result in lower sales, decreased margins on units sold, and decreased profits for our CAF segment. Worsening or stagnating economic conditions can also have a material adverse effect on the supply of late-model used vehicles, as automotive manufacturers produce fewer new vehicles and consumers retain their current vehicles for longer periods of time. This could result in increased costs to acquire used vehicle inventory and decreased margins on units sold.
These dynamics were apparent in the difficult U.S. economic environment during the most recent recession, which adversely affected the automotive retail industry in general, including CarMax. While many of these indicators have improved more recently, there can be no assurance that they will continue to do so or that improvements will result in benefits to our sales and results of operations. Any significant change or deterioration in economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales, results of operations and financial condition.
Our business is dependent upon capital to fund growth and to support the activities of our CAF segment. Changes in capital and credit markets could adversely affect our business, sales, results of operations and financial condition.
Changes in the availability or cost of capital and working capital financing, including the long-term financing to support our geographic expansion, could adversely affect sales, operating strategies and store growth. Although we have financed recent geographic expansion with internally generated cash flows, there can be no assurance that we will continue to generate sufficient cash flows to fund growth. Failure to do so-or our decision to put our cash to other uses-would make us more dependent on external sources of financing to fund our geographic expansion.
Changes in the availability or cost of the long-term financing to support the origination of auto loan receivables through CAF could adversely affect sales and results of operations. We use a securitization program to fund substantially all of the auto loan receivables originated by CAF. Initially, we sell most of these receivables into our warehouse facilities. We periodically refinance receivables through term securitizations. Changes in the condition of the asset-backed securitization market could lead us to incur higher costs to access funds in this market or require us to seek alternative means to finance CAF’s loan originations. In the event that this market ceased to exist and there were no immediate alternative funding sources available, we might be forced to curtail our lending practices for some period of time. The impact of reducing or curtailing CAF’s loan originations could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations.
			
		
Our revolving credit facility and certain securitization and sale-leaseback agreements contain covenants and performance triggers. Any failure to comply with these covenants or performance triggers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Disruptions in the capital and credit markets could adversely affect our ability to draw on our revolving credit facility. If our ability to secure funds from the facility were significantly impaired, our access to working capital would be impacted, our ability to maintain appropriate inventory levels could be affected and these conditions-especially if coupled with a failure to generate significant cash flows-could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales, results of operations and financial condition.
We rely on third-party financing providers to finance a significant portion of our customers’ vehicle purchases. Accordingly, our sales and results of operations are partially dependent on the actions of these third parties.
We provide financing to qualified customers through CAF and a number of third-party financing providers. If one or more of these third-party providers cease to provide financing to our customers, provide financing to fewer customers or no longer provide financing on competitive terms, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations. Additionally, if we were unable to replace the current third-party providers upon the occurrence of one or more of the foregoing events, it could also have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations.
CarMax was founded on the fundamental principle of integrity. Failure to maintain a reputation of integrity and to otherwise maintain and enhance our brand could adversely affect our business, sales and results of operations.
Our reputation as a company that is founded on the fundamental principle of integrity is critical to our success. Our reputation as a retailer offering low, no-haggle prices, a broad selection of CarMax Quality Certified used vehicles and superior customer service is also critical to our success. If we fail to maintain the high standards on which our reputation is built, or if an event occurs that damages this reputation, it could adversely affect consumer demand and have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations. Such an event could include an isolated incident at a single store, particularly if such incident results in adverse publicity, governmental investigations, or litigation. Even the perception of a decrease in the quality of our brand could impact results.
The growing use of social media increases the speed with which information and opinions can be shared and thus the speed with which reputation can be affected. We monitor social media and attempt to address customer concerns, provide accurate information and protect our reputation, but there can be no guarantee that our efforts will succeed. If we fail to correct or mitigate misinformation or negative information, including information spread through social media or traditional media channels, about the vehicles we offer, our customer experience, or any aspect of our brand, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations.
Our success depends upon the continued contributions of our more than 20,000 associates.
Our associates are the driving force behind our success. We believe that one of the things that sets CarMax apart is a culture centered on valuing all associates. Our failure to maintain this culture or to continue recruiting, developing and retaining the associates that drive our success could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations. Our ability to recruit associates while controlling related costs is subject to numerous external and internal factors, including unemployment levels, prevailing wage rates, our growth plans, changes in employment legislation, and competition for qualified employees in the industry and regions in which we operate and for qualified service technicians in particular. Our ability to recruit associates while controlling related costs is also subject to our ability to maintain positive associate relations. If we are unable to do so, or if despite our efforts we become subject to successful unionization efforts, it could increase costs, limit our ability to respond to competitive threats and have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations.
Our success also depends upon the continued contributions of our store, region and corporate management teams. Consequently, the loss of the services of any of these associates could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations. In addition, an inability to build our management bench strength to support store growth could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations.
We collect sensitive confidential information from our customers. A breach of this confidentiality, whether due to a cyber-security or other incident, could result in harm to our customers and damage to our brand.
			
		
We collect, process and retain sensitive and confidential customer information in the normal course of business and may share that information with our third-party service providers. This information includes the information customers provide when purchasing a vehicle and applying for vehicle financing. We also collect, process and retain sensitive and confidential associate information in the normal course of business and may share that information with our third-party service providers. Although we have taken measures designed to safeguard such information and have received assurances from our third-party providers, our facilities and systems, and those of third-party providers, could be vulnerable to external or internal security breaches, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming or human errors or other similar events. Several national retailers have recently disclosed security breaches involving sophisticated cyber-attacks which were not recognized or detected until after such retailers had been affected, notwithstanding the preventive measures such retailers had in place. Any security breach involving the misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure of confidential customer or associate information, whether experienced by us or by our third-party service providers, and whether due to an external cyber-security incident, a programming error, or other cause, could damage our reputation, expose us to mitigation costs and the risks of private litigation and government enforcement, disrupt our business, and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations. In addition, our failure to respond quickly and appropriately to such a security breach could exacerbate the consequences of the breach.
Our business is sensitive to changes in the prices of new and used vehicles.
Any significant changes in retail prices for new and used vehicles could have a material adverse effect on our sales and results of operations. For example, if retail prices for used vehicles rise relative to retail prices for new vehicles, it could make buying a new vehicle more attractive to our customers than buying a used vehicle, which could have a material adverse effect on sales and results of operations and could result in decreased used margins. Manufacturer incentives could contribute to narrowing this price gap. In addition, any significant changes in wholesale prices for used vehicles could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations by reducing wholesale margins.
Our business is dependent upon access to vehicle inventory. Obstacles to acquiring inventory-whether because of supply, competition, or other factors-or a failure to expeditiously liquidate that inventory could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations.
A reduction in the availability of or access to sources of inventory could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations. Although the supply of late-model used vehicles appears to be increasing recently, there can be no assurance that this trend will continue or that it will benefit CarMax.
We source a significant percentage of our vehicles though our appraisal process and these vehicles are generally more profitable for CarMax. Accordingly, if we fail to adjust appraisal offers to stay in line with broader market trade-in offer trends, or fail to recognize those trends, it could adversely affect our ability to acquire inventory. It could also force us to purchase a greater percentage of our inventory from third-party auctions, which is generally less profitable for CarMax. Our ability to source vehicles through our appraisal process could also be affected by competition, both from new and used car dealers directly and through third-party websites driving appraisal traffic to those dealers. See the risk factor above titled “We operate in a highly competitive industry” for discussion of this risk.
Used vehicle inventory is subject to depreciation risk. Accordingly, if we develop excess inventory, the inability to liquidate such inventory at prices that allow us to meet margin targets or to recover our costs could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
We operate in a highly regulated industry and are subject to a wide range of federal, state and local laws and regulations. Changes in these laws and regulations, or our failure to comply, could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales, results of operations and financial condition.
We are subject to a wide range of federal, state and local laws and regulations. Our sale of used vehicles is subject to state and local licensing requirements, federal and state laws regulating vehicle advertising, and state laws regulating vehicle sales and service. Our provision of vehicle financing is subject to federal and state laws regulating the provision of consumer finance. Our facilities and business operations are subject to laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and health and safety. In addition to these laws and regulations that apply specifically to our business, we are also subject to laws and regulations affecting public companies and large employers generally, including federal employment practices, securities and tax laws. For additional discussion of these laws and regulations, see the section of this Form 10-K titled “Laws and Regulations.”
			
		
The violation of any of these laws or regulations could result in administrative, civil or criminal penalties or in a cease-and-desist order against our business operations, any of which could damage our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations. We have incurred and will continue to incur capital and operating expenses and other costs to comply with these laws and regulations.
Recent federal legislative and regulatory initiatives and reforms may result in an increase in expenses or a decrease in revenues, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. For example, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) regulates, among other things, the provision of consumer financing. The Dodd-Frank Act established a new consumer financial protection agency, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), with broad regulatory powers. The CFPB is responsible for administering and enforcing laws and regulations related to consumer financial products and services. The evolving regulatory environment in the wake of the Dodd-Frank Act and the creation of the CFPB may increase the cost of regulatory compliance or result in changes to business practices that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as it is phased in over time, significantly affects the provision of health care services and will increase the costs we incur to provide our associates with health coverage. Current federal labor policy could lead to increased unionization efforts, which could increase labor costs, disrupt store operations, and have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations.
Private plaintiffs and federal, state and local regulatory and law enforcement authorities continue to scrutinize advertising, sales, financing and insurance activities in the sale and leasing of motor vehicles. If, as a result, other automotive retailers adopt more transparent, consumer-oriented business practices, our differentiation versus those retailers could be reduced. See the risk factor titled “We operate in a highly competitive industry” for discussion of this risk.
We are a growth retailer. Our failure to manage our growth and the related challenges could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations.
The expansion of our store base places significant demands on our management team, our associates and our information systems. If we fail to effectively or efficiently manage our growth, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations. The expansion of our store base also requires us to recruit and retain the associates necessary to support that expansion. See the risk factor above titled “Our success depends upon the continued contributions of our more than 20,000 associates” for discussion of this risk. The expansion of our store base also requires real estate. Our inability to acquire or lease suitable real estate at favorable terms could limit our expansion and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
If we are forced to curtail or stop growth, as we did during the recession, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We rely on sophisticated information systems to run our business. The failure of these systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations.
Our business is dependent upon the integrity and efficient operation of our information systems. In particular, we rely on our information systems to manage sales, inventory, our customer-facing websites (carmax.com and carmaxauctions.com), consumer financing and customer information. The failure of these systems to perform as designed, or the failure to maintain or update these systems as necessary, could disrupt our business operations and have a material adverse effect on our sales and results of operations.
In addition, despite our ongoing efforts to maintain and enhance the integrity and security of these systems, we could be subjected to attacks by hackers, including denial-of-service attacks directed at our websites or other system breaches or malfunctions due to associate error or misconduct or other disruptions. Such incidents could disrupt our business and have a material adverse effect on sales and results of operations. See the risk factor above titled “We collect sensitive confidential information from our customers” for the risks associated with a breach of confidential customer or associate information.
We are subject to numerous legal proceedings. If the outcomes of these proceedings are adverse to CarMax, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We are subject to various litigation matters from time to time, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Claims arising out of actual or alleged violations of law
			
		
could be asserted against us by individuals, either individually or through class actions, or by governmental entities in civil or criminal investigations and proceedings. These claims could be asserted under a variety of laws, including but not limited to consumer finance laws, consumer protection laws, intellectual property laws, privacy laws, labor and employment laws, securities laws and employee benefit laws. These actions could expose us to adverse publicity and to substantial monetary damages and legal defense costs, injunctive relief and criminal and civil fines and penalties, including but not limited to suspension or revocation of licenses to conduct business.
Our business is sensitive to conditions affecting automotive manufacturers.
Adverse conditions affecting one or more automotive manufacturers could have a material adverse effect on our sales and results of operations and could impact the supply of vehicles, including the supply of late-model used vehicles. In addition, manufacturer recalls are a common occurrence. Recalls could adversely affect used vehicle sales or valuations and could expose us to litigation and adverse publicity related to the sale of a recalled vehicle, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations.
Our results of operations and financial condition are subject to management’s accounting judgments and estimates, as well as changes in accounting policies.
The preparation of our financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of CarMax’s assets, liabilities, revenues, earnings and expenses. If these estimates or assumptions are incorrect, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. We have identified several accounting policies as being “critical” to the fair presentation of our financial condition and results of operations because they involve major aspects of our business and require us to make judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. These policies are described in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8.
The implementation of new accounting requirements or other changes to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles could have a material adverse effect on our reported results of operations and financial condition.
Our business is subject to seasonal fluctuations.
Our business is subject to seasonal fluctuations. We generally realize a higher proportion of revenue and operating profit during the first and second fiscal quarters. If conditions arise that impair vehicle sales during the first or second fiscal quarters, these conditions could have a disproportionately large adverse effect on our annual results of operations.
Our business is sensitive to weather events.
The occurrence of severe weather events, such as rain, snow, wind, storms, hurricanes, extended periods of unusually cold weather or natural disasters, could cause store closures or affect the timing of consumer demand, either of which could adversely affect consumer traffic and could have a material adverse effect on our sales and results of operations in a given period.
We are subject to local conditions in the geographic areas in which we are concentrated.
Our performance is subject to local economic, competitive and other conditions prevailing in geographic areas where we operate. Since a large portion of our sales is generated in the Southeastern U.S., including Florida, and in Texas, Southern California and Washington, D.C./Baltimore, our results of operations depend substantially on general economic conditions and consumer spending habits in these markets. In the event that any of these geographic areas experienced a downturn in economic conditions, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
Item 2. Properties.
We conduct our retail vehicle operations in two basic formats - production and non-production superstores. Production superstores are those locations at which vehicle reconditioning is performed. Production superstores have more service bays and require additional space for work-in-process inventory and, therefore, are generally larger than non-production stores. In determining whether to construct a production or a non-production superstore on a given site, we take several factors into account, including the anticipated long-term regional reconditioning needs and the available acreage of the sites in that market. As a result, some superstores that are constructed to accommodate reconditioning activities may initially be operated as non-production superstores until we expand our presence in that market. As of February 28, 2014, we operated 73 production superstores and 58 non-production superstores.
As of February 28, 2014, we operated 60 wholesale auctions, most of which were located at production superstores. Stores at which auctions are conducted generally have additional space to store wholesale inventory. As of February 28, 2014, we also operated one new car store, which was located adjacent to our used car superstore in Laurel, Maryland. Our remaining three new car franchises are operated as part of our used car superstores.
Production superstores are generally on 10 to 25 acres, but a few range from 20 to 35 acres, and non-production superstores are generally on 4 to 12 acres.
Used Car Superstores as of February 28, 2014
			
		
As of February 28, 2014, we leased 57 of our 131 used car superstores, our new car store and our CAF office building in Atlanta, Georgia. We owned the remaining 74 stores currently in operation. We also owned our home office building in Richmond, Virginia, and land associated with planned future store openings.
Expansion
Since opening our first used car superstore in 1993, we have grown organically, through the construction and opening of company-operated stores. We do not franchise our operations. As of February 28, 2014, we operated 131 used car superstores in 64 U.S. markets, which represented approximately 57% of the U.S. population. We believe that further geographic expansion and additional fill-in opportunities in existing markets will provide a foundation for future sales and earnings growth.
In December 2008, we temporarily suspended store growth due to the weak economic and sales environment. We resumed store growth in fiscal 2011, opening 3 superstores that year, 5 superstores in fiscal 2012, 10 superstores in fiscal 2013 and 13 superstores in fiscal 2014. We currently plan to open 13 superstores in fiscal 2015 and between 10 and 15 in each of the following two fiscal years.
For additional details on our future expansion plans, see “Fiscal 2014 Planned Superstore Openings,” included in Part II, Item 7, of this Form 10-K.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
On April 2, 2008, Mr. John Fowler filed a putative class action lawsuit against CarMax Auto Superstores California, LLC and CarMax Auto Superstores West Coast, Inc. in the Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles. Subsequently, two other lawsuits, Leena Areso et al. v. CarMax Auto Superstores California, LLC and Justin Weaver v. CarMax Auto Superstores California, LLC, were consolidated as part of the Fowler case. The allegations in the consolidated case involved: (1) failure to provide meal and rest breaks or compensation in lieu thereof; (2) failure to pay wages of terminated or resigned employees related to meal and rest breaks and overtime; (3) failure to pay overtime; (4) failure to comply with itemized employee wage statement provisions; (5) unfair competition; and (6) California’s Labor Code Private Attorney General Act. The putative class consisted of sales consultants, sales managers, and other hourly employees who worked for the company in California from April 2, 2004, to the present. On May 12, 2009, the court dismissed all of the class claims with respect to the sales manager putative class. On June 16, 2009, the court dismissed all claims related to the failure to comply with the itemized employee wage statement provisions. The court also granted CarMax's motion for summary adjudication with regard to CarMax's alleged failure to pay overtime to the sales consultant putative class. The plaintiffs appealed the court's ruling regarding the sales consultant overtime claim. On May 20, 2011, the California Court of Appeal affirmed the ruling in favor of CarMax. The plaintiffs filed a Petition of Review with the California Supreme Court, which was denied. As a result, the plaintiffs’ overtime claims are no longer a part of the lawsuit.
The claims currently remaining in the lawsuit regarding the sales consultant putative class are: (1) failure to provide meal and rest breaks or compensation in lieu thereof; (2) failure to pay wages of terminated or resigned employees related to meal and rest breaks; (3) unfair competition; and (4) California’s Labor Code Private Attorney General Act. On June 16, 2009, the court entered a stay of these claims pending the outcome of a California Supreme Court case involving unrelated third parties but related legal issues. Subsequently, CarMax moved to lift the stay and compel the plaintiffs’ remaining claims into arbitration on an individual basis, which the court granted on November 21, 2011. The plaintiffs appealed the court’s ruling to the California Court of Appeal. On March 26, 2013, the California Court of Appeal reversed the trial court’s order granting CarMax’s motion to compel arbitration. On October 8, 2013, CarMax filed a petition for a writ of certiorari seeking review in the United States Supreme Court. On February 24, 2014, the United States Supreme Court granted CarMax's petition for certiorari, vacated the California Court of Appeal decision and remanded the case to the California Court of Appeal for further consideration. The Fowler lawsuit seeks compensatory and special damages, wages, interest, civil and statutory penalties, restitution, injunctive relief and the recovery of attorneys’ fees. We are unable to make a reasonable estimate of the amount or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome in these matters.
The Company is a class member in a consolidated and settled class action lawsuit (In Re Toyota Motor Corp. Unintended Acceleration Marketing, Sales Practices, and Products Liability Litig., Case No. 10-2151 (C.D. Cal.), consolidated as of April 9, 2010) against Toyota Motor Corp. and Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc. (collectively, “Toyota”) related to the economic loss associated with certain Toyota vehicles equipped with electronic throttle controls systems and the potential unintended acceleration of these vehicles. On April 3, 2014, the claims administrator in this matter provided notice to the Company that the Company may recover approximately $20 million (net of attorney’s fees and expenses) as its share of the settlement proceeds in the third calendar quarter of
			
		
2014. The estimated recovery: (1) may be reduced to the extent that the total claims made exceed the settlement pool; (2) is subject to final approval of supporting documentation; and (3) remains subject to the entry of a final approval order from the district court judge. We will recognize these proceeds when funds are received from the claims administrator.
We are involved in various other legal proceedings in the normal course of business. Based upon our evaluation of information currently available, we believe that the ultimate resolution of any such proceedings will not have a material adverse effect, either individually or in the aggregate, on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
None.
			
		
PART II
Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Our common stock is listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol KMX. We are authorized to issue up to 350,000,000 shares of common stock and up to 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock. As of February 28, 2014, there were 221,685,984 shares of CarMax common stock outstanding and we had approximately 4,200 shareholders of record. As of that date, there were no preferred shares outstanding.
The following table presents the quarterly high and low sales prices per share for our common stock for each quarter during the last two fiscal years, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange composite tape.
To date, we have not paid a cash dividend on CarMax common stock.
During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2014, we sold no CarMax equity securities that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information relating to the company’s repurchase of common stock during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2014. The table does not include transactions related to employee equity awards or the exercises of employee stock options.
(1)
In fiscal 2013, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $800 million of our common stock, of which approximately $282 million remained outstanding as of February 28, 2014. Subsequent to the end of fiscal 2014, in March 2014, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to an additional $1.0 billion of our common stock through December 31, 2015.
			
		
Performance Graph
The following graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return (stock price appreciation plus dividends, as applicable) on our common stock for the last five fiscal years with the cumulative total return of the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 500 Retailing Index. The graph assumes an original investment of $100 in CarMax common stock and in each index on February 28, 2009, and the reinvestment of all dividends, as applicable.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data.
(1)Reflects the adoption in fiscal 2011 of ASU Nos. 2009-16 and 2009-17 effective March 1, 2010, to recognize the transfers of auto loan receivables and the related non-recourse notes payable on our consolidated balance sheets.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our audited consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes presented in Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Note references are to the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation. All references to net earnings per share are to diluted net earnings per share. Amounts and percentages may not total due to rounding.
BUSINESS OVERVIEW
General
CarMax is the nation’s largest retailer of used vehicles. We operate in two reportable segments: CarMax Sales Operations and CarMax Auto Finance (“CAF”). Our CarMax Sales Operations segment consists of all aspects of our auto merchandising and service operations, excluding financing provided by CAF. Our CAF segment consists solely of our own finance operation that provides vehicle financing through CarMax superstores.
We pioneered the used car superstore concept, opening our first store in 1993. Our strategy is to revolutionize the auto retailing market by addressing the major sources of customer dissatisfaction with traditional auto retailers and to maximize operating efficiencies through the use of standardized operating procedures and store formats enhanced by sophisticated, proprietary management information systems. As of February 28, 2014, we operated 131 used car superstores in 64 markets, comprising 46 mid-sized markets, 15 large markets and 3 small markets. We define mid-sized markets as those with television viewing populations generally between 600,000 and 2.5 million people. We also operated four new car franchises. During fiscal 2014, we sold 526,929 used cars, representing 99% of the total 534,690 vehicles we sold at retail.
We believe the CarMax consumer offer is distinctive within the auto retailing marketplace. Our offer provides customers the opportunity to shop for vehicles the same way they shop for items at other big box retailers. Our consumer offer features low, no-haggle prices; a broad selection of CarMax Quality Certified used vehicles; and superior customer service. Our website, carmax.com, and related mobile apps are valuable tools for communicating the CarMax consumer offer, as well as sophisticated search engines and efficient channels for customers who prefer to start their shopping online. Our financial results are driven by retailing used vehicles and associated items including vehicle financing, extended service plans (“ESPs”), a guaranteed asset protection (“GAP”) product and vehicle repair service. GAP is designed to cover the unpaid balance on an auto loan in the event of a total loss of the vehicle or unrecovered theft.
We seek to build customer satisfaction by offering high-quality vehicles. Fewer than half of the vehicles acquired from consumers through the appraisal purchase process meet our standards for reconditioning and subsequent retail sale. Those vehicles that do not meet our standards are sold through on-site wholesale auctions. Vehicles repossessed and liquidated by CAF are also generally sold through our wholesale auctions. Wholesale auctions are generally held on a weekly or bi-weekly basis, and as of February 28, 2014, we conducted auctions at 60 used car superstores. During fiscal 2014, we sold 342,576 wholesale vehicles. On average, the vehicles we wholesale are approximately 10 years old and have more than 100,000 miles. Participation in our wholesale auctions is restricted to licensed automobile dealers, the majority of whom are independent dealers and licensed wholesalers.
We sell ESPs and GAP on behalf of unrelated third parties who are the primary obligors. As of February 28, 2014, the used vehicle third-party ESP providers were CNA National Warranty Corporation and The Warranty Group, and the third-party GAP provider was Safe-Guard Products International, LLC. ESP revenue represents commissions earned on the sale of ESPs and GAP from the unrelated third parties.
We provide financing to qualified retail customers through CAF and our arrangements with several industry-leading financial institutions. As of February 28, 2014, these third parties included Santander Consumer USA, Wells Fargo Dealer Services, Capital One Auto Finance, American Credit Acceptance, Westlake Financial Services and Exeter Finance Corp. Depending on the credit profile of the customer, the third-party finance providers generally either pay us or are paid a fixed, pre-negotiated fee per contract. The fee amount is independent of any finance term offered to the customer; it does not vary based on the amount financed, the term of the loan, the interest rate or the loan-to-value ratio. We refer to the third-party providers who pay us a fee as prime and nonprime providers, and we refer to the providers to whom we pay a fee as subprime providers. We have no recourse liability for credit losses on retail installment contracts arranged with third-party providers.
			
		
We offer financing through CAF to qualified customers purchasing vehicles at CarMax. CAF utilizes proprietary customized scoring models based upon the credit history of the customer, along with CAF’s historical experience, to predict the likelihood of customer repayment. CAF offers customers an array of competitive rates and terms, allowing them to choose the ones that best fit their needs. In addition, customers are permitted to refinance or pay off their contract with CAF or a third-party provider within three business days of a purchase without incurring any finance or related charges. We randomly test different credit offers and closely monitor acceptance rates, 3-day payoffs and the effect on sales to assess market competitiveness. After the effect of 3-day payoffs and vehicle returns, CAF financed 41% of our retail vehicle unit sales in fiscal 2014. As of February 28, 2014, CAF serviced approximately 532,000 customer accounts in its $7.18 billion portfolio of managed receivables.
Over the long term, we believe the primary driver for earnings growth will be vehicle unit sales growth from both new stores and stores included in our comparable store base. We also believe that increased used vehicle unit sales will drive increased sales of wholesale vehicles and ancillary products and, over time, increased CAF income. We target a dollar range of gross profit per used unit sold. The gross profit dollar target for an individual vehicle is based on a variety of factors, including its probability of sale and its mileage relative to its age; however, it is not primarily based on the vehicle’s selling price.
In December 2008, we temporarily suspended store growth due to the weak economic and sales environment. We resumed store growth in fiscal 2011, opening 3 superstores in that year, 5 superstores in fiscal 2012, 10 superstores in fiscal 2013 and 13 superstores in fiscal 2014. We currently plan to open 13 superstores in fiscal 2015 and between 10 and 15 superstores in each of the following two fiscal years. While we currently have more than 130 superstores, we are still in the midst of the national rollout of our retail concept, and as of February 28, 2014, we had used car superstores located in markets that comprised approximately 57% of the U.S. population.
The principal challenges we face in expanding our store base include our ability to hire qualified associates and build our management bench strength to support our store growth, and our ability to procure suitable real estate at favorable terms. We staff each newly opened store with associates who have extensive CarMax training. Therefore, we must recruit, train and develop managers and associates to fill the pipeline necessary to support future store openings.
Fiscal 2014 Highlights
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Net sales and operating revenues increased 15% to $12.57 billion from $10.96 billion in fiscal 2013. Net earnings grew 13% to $492.6 million from $434.3 million in fiscal 2013, while net earnings per diluted share grew 16% to $2.16, compared with $1.87 in the prior year.
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Used vehicle revenues increased 18% to $10.31 billion versus $8.75 billion in fiscal 2013. Used vehicle unit sales rose 18%, reflecting the combination of a 12% increase in comparable store used unit sales and sales from newer stores not yet included in the comparable store base.
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Wholesale vehicle revenues increased 4% to $1.82 billion versus $1.76 billion in fiscal 2013. Wholesale vehicle unit sales increased 5%, primarily due to the growth in our store base.
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Other sales and revenues declined 6% to $232.6 million from $248.6 million in fiscal 2013, reflecting a reduction in net third-party finance fees and only modest growth in ESP revenue. During fiscal 2014, we corrected our accounting related to cancellation reserves for ESP and GAP, with resulting increases in reserves related to activity for fiscal 2014, fiscal 2013, and fiscal 2012. The increase in the cancellation reserves largely offset the growth in ESP revenues resulting from our increase in used unit sales and a higher ESP penetration rate.
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Total gross profit increased 13% to $1.65 billion compared with $1.46 billion in fiscal 2013, primarily reflecting the increased sales of used vehicles.
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Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses rose 12% to $1.16 billion from $1.03 billion in fiscal 2013. The increase reflected the 11% increase in our store base during fiscal 2014 (representing the addition of 13 stores) and higher variable selling costs resulting from the 12% increase in comparable store used unit sales. SG&A per retail unit declined $102 to $2,161 versus $2,263 in fiscal 2013, as our comparable store used unit sales growth generated overhead leverage.
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CAF income increased 12% to $336.2 million compared with $299.3 million in fiscal 2013. The improvement resulted from a 23% increase in average managed receivables, partially offset by a lower total interest margin rate, which declined to 6.9% of average managed receivables from 7.4% in fiscal 2013. The allowance for loan losses as a percent of ending managed receivables remained consistent at 0.97% as of the end of both fiscal 2014 and fiscal 2013.
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Net cash used in operating activities totaled $613.2 million in fiscal 2014 compared with $778.4 million in fiscal 2013. These amounts included increases in auto loan receivables of $1.32 billion and $992.2 million,
			
		
respectively. The majority of the increases in auto loan receivables are accompanied by increases in non-recourse notes payable, which are reflected as cash provided by financing activities. Excluding the increases in auto loan receivables, net cash provided by operating activities would have been $711.0 million in fiscal 2014 versus $213.8 million in fiscal 2013, with the increase primarily driven by changes in inventory, accounts payable and net income.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Our results of operations and financial condition as reflected in the consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. We use our historical experience and other relevant factors when developing our estimates and assumptions. We regularly evaluate these estimates and assumptions. Note 2 includes a discussion of significant accounting policies. The accounting policies discussed below are the ones we consider critical to an understanding of our consolidated financial statements because their application places the most significant demands on our judgment. Our financial results might have been different if different assumptions had been used or other conditions had prevailed.
Financing and Securitization Transactions
We maintain a revolving securitization program composed of two warehouse facilities (“warehouse facilities”) that we use to fund auto loan receivables originated by CAF until we elect to fund them through a term securitization or alternative funding arrangement. We recognize transfers of auto loan receivables into the warehouse facilities and term securitizations as secured borrowings, which result in recording the auto loan receivables and the related non-recourse notes payable on our consolidated balance sheets. CAF income included in the consolidated statements of earnings primarily reflects the interest and fee income generated by the auto loan receivables less the interest expense associated with the debt issued to fund these receivables, a provision for estimated loan losses and direct CAF expenses.
Auto loan receivables include amounts due from customers related to retail vehicle sales financed through CAF. The receivables are presented net of an allowance for estimated loan losses. The allowance for loan losses represents an estimate of the amount of net losses inherent in our portfolio of managed receivables as of the applicable reporting date and anticipated to occur during the following 12 months. The allowance is primarily based on the credit quality of the underlying receivables, historical loss trends and forecasted forward loss curves. We also take into account recent trends in delinquencies and losses, recovery rates and the economic environment. The provision for loan losses is the periodic expense of maintaining an adequate allowance.
See Notes 2(F), 2(I) and 4 for additional information on securitizations and auto loan receivables.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue when the earnings process is complete, generally either at the time of sale to a customer or upon delivery to a customer. As part of our customer service strategy, we guarantee the retail vehicles we sell with a 5-day, money-back guarantee. We record a reserve for estimated returns based on historical experience and trends, and results could be affected if future vehicle returns differ from historical averages.
We also sell ESPs and GAP on behalf of unrelated third parties, who are the primary obligors, to customers who purchase a vehicle. The ESPs we offer on all used vehicles provide coverage up to 72 months (subject to mileage limitations), while GAP covers the customer for the term of their finance contract. We recognize commission revenue at the time of sale, net of a reserve for estimated customer cancellations. Periodically, we may receive additional commissions based upon the level of underwriting profits of the third parties who administer the products. These additional commissions are recognized as revenue when received. The reserve for cancellations is evaluated for each product, and is based on forecasted forward cancellation curves utilizing historical experience, recent trends and credit mix of the customer base. Our risk related to customer cancellations is limited to the commissions that we receive. Cancellations fluctuate depending on the volume of ESP and GAP sales, customer financing default or prepayment rates, and shifts in customer behavior related to changes in the coverage or term of the product. Results could be affected if actual events differ from our estimates. A 10% change in the estimated cancellation rates would have changed cancellation reserves by approximately $7.2 million as of February 28, 2014. See Note 8 for additional information on cancellation reserves.
Customers applying for financing who are not approved by CAF may be evaluated by other financial institutions. Depending on the credit profile of the customer, third-party finance providers generally either pay us or are paid a fixed, pre-negotiated fee per contract. We recognize these fees at the time of sale.
			
		
We collect sales taxes and other taxes from customers on behalf of governmental authorities at the time of sale. These taxes are accounted for on a net basis and are not included in net sales and operating revenues or cost of sales.
Income Taxes
Estimates and judgments are used in the calculation of certain tax liabilities and in the determination of the recoverability of certain deferred tax assets. In the ordinary course of business, transactions occur for which the ultimate tax outcome is uncertain at the time of the transactions. We adjust our income tax provision in the period in which we determine that it is probable that our actual results will differ from our estimates. Tax law and rate changes are reflected in the income tax provision in the period in which such changes are enacted. See Note 9 for additional information on income taxes.
We evaluate the need to record valuation allowances that would reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that will more likely than not be realized. When assessing the need for valuation allowances, we consider available carrybacks, future reversals of existing temporary differences and future taxable income. Except for a valuation allowance recorded for capital loss carryforwards that may not be utilized before their expiration, we believe that our recorded deferred tax assets as of February 28, 2014, will more likely than not be realized. However, if a change in circumstances results in a change in our ability to realize our deferred tax assets, our tax provision would be affected in the period when the change in circumstances occurs.
In addition, the calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. We recognize potential liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If payments of these amounts ultimately prove to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities would result in tax benefits being recognized in the period when we determine the liabilities are no longer necessary. If our estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, a further charge to expense would result in the period of determination.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CARMAX SALES OPERATIONS
Net Sales and Operating Revenues
Unit Sales
Average Selling Prices
			
		
Used Vehicle Sales Changes
Comparable store used unit sales growth is one of the key drivers of our profitability. A store is included in comparable store retail sales in the store’s fourteenth full month of operation.
Comparable Store Used Vehicle Sales Changes
Wholesale Vehicle Sales Changes
Change in Used Car Superstore Base
Used Vehicle Sales
Fiscal 2014 Versus Fiscal 2013. The 18% increase in used vehicle revenues in fiscal 2014 resulted from a corresponding increase in used unit sales. The increase in unit sales included a 12% increase in comparable store used unit sales and sales from newer stores not yet included in the comparable store base. The comparable store used unit growth was primarily driven by improved conversion, as well as a modest increase in store traffic. We believe the strong conversion reflected continued improvements in execution in our stores and the attractive credit environment experienced during fiscal 2014.
Our data indicates that in our markets, we increased our share of the 0- to 10-year old used vehicle market by approximately 16% in fiscal 2014. We believe our ability to grow market share year after year is a reflection of the strength of our consumer offer, the skill of our associates and the preference for our brand.
Fiscal 2013 Versus Fiscal 2012. The 12% increase in used vehicle revenues in fiscal 2013 resulted from a 10% increase in used unit sales and a 2% increase in average retail selling price. The increase in used unit sales included a 5% increase in comparable store used unit sales and sales from newer stores not yet included in the comparable store base. The comparable store unit growth was driven by improved conversion, which we believe benefited from a variety of factors, including more compelling credit offers from third-party finance providers and CAF, increased inventory selection and continued strong in-store execution.
The increase in average retail selling price primarily reflected changes in our sales mix by vehicle age, with an increased mix of ages 0-2 vehicles and a reduced mix of ages 3-4 vehicles, which corresponds to the model years in shortest supply. The overall supply of late-model used vehicles being remarketed has been constrained following four years of new car industry sales at rates significantly below pre-recession levels. During much of the period from 2009 through 2011, wholesale vehicle industry values rose, which increased our vehicle acquisition costs and average selling prices compared with pre-recession periods. We believe the constrained supply of late-model used vehicles and the resulting increase in
			
		
selling prices had an adverse effect on our used vehicle sales in recent years. As new car industry sales return to historical levels, the supply of late-model used vehicles should gradually improve, which we believe will benefit our business.
Our data indicated that in our markets, we increased our share of the 0- to 10-year old used vehicle market by approximately 7% in fiscal 2013.
Wholesale Vehicle Sales
Our wholesale auction prices usually reflect the trends in the general wholesale market for the types of vehicles we sell, although they can also be affected by changes in vehicle mix or the average age, mileage or condition of the vehicles bought through our appraisal process and sold in our auctions.
Fiscal 2014 Versus Fiscal 2013. The 4% increase in wholesale vehicle revenues in fiscal 2014 resulted from a 5% increase in wholesale unit sales, partially offset by a 2% reduction in average wholesale vehicle selling price. The wholesale unit growth primarily reflected the growth in our store base, as well as an increase in the appraisal buy rate. However, we experienced a reduced mix of wholesale vehicles in our appraisal traffic that partially offset the benefit of our store growth and increased buy rate.
Fiscal 2013 Versus Fiscal 2012. The 2% increase in wholesale vehicle revenues in fiscal 2013 resulted from a 3% increase in wholesale unit sales offset by a slight reduction in average wholesale vehicle selling price. The wholesale unit growth included the combined effects of the growth in our store base and higher appraisal traffic, offset by a lower appraisal buy rate. The modest growth in wholesale unit sales also reflected the challenging comparisons with fiscal 2012 and fiscal 2011, when wholesale unit sales grew 20% and 33%, respectively.
Other Sales and Revenues
Other sales and revenues include commissions on the sale of ESPs and GAP (collectively reported in ESP revenues, net of a reserve for estimated customer cancellations), service department sales and net third-party finance fees. The fixed, per-vehicle fees paid to us by prime and nonprime third-party finance providers may vary, reflecting the providers’ differing levels of credit risk exposure. The fixed, per-vehicle fees that we pay to the subprime providers are reflected as an offset to finance fee revenues received from prime and nonprime providers. In previous years, the percentage of our retail unit sales financed by subprime providers excluded sales associated with a third-party referral program. These sales are now included in this percentage for current and prior periods.
Fiscal 2014 Versus Fiscal 2013. Other sales and revenues declined 6% in fiscal 2014, reflecting a reduction in net third-party finance fees and only modest growth in ESP revenue. The decrease in net third-party finance fees was driven by a mix shift among providers, including an increase in the percentage of our retail unit sales financed by the subprime providers to 19% in fiscal 2014 versus 16% in fiscal 2013. Throughout fiscal 2013 and for most of fiscal 2014, the volume and share of financing originated by the third-party subprime providers increased on a year-over-year basis, as these providers made more attractive offers to customers. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2014, however, the subprime providers moderated their credit offerings, and as a result, their share of financings for the fourth quarter was flat with fiscal 2013.
During fiscal 2014, we corrected our accounting related to cancellation reserves for ESP and GAP, with resulting increases in reserves related to activity for fiscal 2014, fiscal 2013, and fiscal 2012. The portion of the increase in reserves related to prior fiscal years totaled $19.5 million. The effect of the increase in the cancellation reserves largely offset the growth in ESP revenues resulting from our increase in used unit sales and a higher ESP penetration rate.
Fiscal 2013 Versus Fiscal 2012. Other sales and revenues declined 2% in fiscal 2013, as an increase in ESP revenues was more than offset by a decrease in net third-party finance fees. ESP revenues increased 13%, primarily reflecting the growth in our retail vehicle unit sales and an increase in ESP penetration. The decrease in net third-party finance fees was driven by a mix shift among providers, including an increase in the percentage of our retail unit sales financed by the subprime providers to 16% in fiscal 2013 versus 10% in fiscal 2012. The growth in the subprime sales mix primarily resulted from more compelling credit offers being made by the subprime providers.
			
		
Gross Profit
Gross Profit per Unit
(1)Calculated as category gross profit divided by its respective units sold, except the other and total categories, which are divided by total retail units sold.
(2)Calculated as a percentage of its respective sales or revenue.
Used Vehicle Gross Profit
We target a dollar range of gross profit per used unit sold. The gross profit dollar target for an individual vehicle is based on a variety of factors, including its anticipated probability of sale and its mileage relative to its age; however, it is not primarily based on the vehicle’s selling price. Our ability to quickly adjust appraisal offers to be consistent with the broader market trade-in trends and our frequent inventory turns reduce our exposure to the inherent continual fluctuation in used vehicle values and contribute to our ability to manage gross profit dollars per unit.
We employ a volume-based strategy, and we systematically mark down individual vehicle prices based on proprietary pricing algorithms in order to appropriately balance sales trends, inventory turns and gross profit achievement. Other factors that may influence gross profit include changes in our vehicle reconditioning costs, changes in the percentage of vehicles sourced directly from consumers through our appraisal process and changes in the wholesale pricing environment. Vehicles purchased directly from consumers typically generate more gross profit per unit compared with vehicles purchased at auction. Over the past several years, we have been able to manage to a relatively consistent used vehicle gross profit per unit.
Fiscal 2014 Versus Fiscal 2013. Used vehicle gross profit increased 18% in fiscal 2014, driven by the corresponding increase in used unit sales. Used vehicle gross profit per unit remained consistent at $2,171 in fiscal 2014 versus $2,170 in fiscal 2013.
Fiscal 2013 Versus Fiscal 2012. Used vehicle gross profit increased 9% in fiscal 2013, driven primarily by the 10% increase in used unit sales. Used vehicles gross profit per unit was only marginally lower, averaging $2,170 in fiscal 2013 versus $2,177 in fiscal 2012.
Wholesale Vehicle Gross Profit
Our wholesale gross profit per unit reflects the demand for older, higher mileage vehicles, which are the mainstay of our auctions, as well as the continued strong dealer attendance and resulting high dealer-to-car ratios at our auctions. The frequency of our auctions, which are generally held weekly or bi-weekly, minimizes the depreciation risk on these vehicles.
Fiscal 2014 Versus Fiscal 2013. Wholesale vehicle gross profit increased 2% in fiscal 2014, with the 5% increase in wholesale unit sales partially offset by a 3% reduction in wholesale gross profit per unit, which moderated to $916 in fiscal 2014 compared with $949 in fiscal 2013.
			
		
Fiscal 2013 Versus Fiscal 2012. Wholesale vehicle gross profit increased 2% in fiscal 2013, driven by the 3% increase in wholesale unit sales. Wholesale gross profit per unit was relatively stable, declining only $4 per unit.
Other Gross Profit
Other gross profit includes profits related to ESP and GAP revenues, net third-party finance fees and service department operations, including used vehicle reconditioning. We have no cost of sales related to ESP and GAP revenues or net third-party finance fees, as these represent commissions paid to us by certain third-party providers. Third-party finance fees are reported net of the fees we pay to third-party subprime finance providers. Accordingly, changes in the relative mix of the other gross profit components can affect the composition and amount of other gross profit.
Fiscal 2014 Versus Fiscal 2013. Other gross profit increased 4% in fiscal 2014, as higher service department gross profits and a modest increase in ESP gross profit, was largely offset by the reduction in net third-party finance fees. ESP gross profit was reduced by our correction in accounting related to cancellation reserves for ESP and GAP. Service department gross profit rose $27.3 million in fiscal 2014, primarily due to increases in gross profit associated with used vehicle reconditioning, which benefited from strong used unit sales growth and the resulting leverage of service overhead costs.
Fiscal 2013 Versus Fiscal 2012. Other gross profit declined 1% in fiscal 2013, as improved service department and ESP profits were more than offset by the lower net third-party finance fees.
Impact of Inflation
Historically, inflation has not had a significant impact on results. Profitability is primarily affected by our ability to achieve targeted unit sales and gross profit dollars per vehicle rather than by changes in average retail prices. However, increases in average vehicle selling prices benefit CAF income, to the extent the average amount financed also increases.
In the years following the recession, we experienced a period of appreciation in used vehicle wholesale pricing. We believe the appreciation resulted, in part, from a reduced supply of late-model used vehicles in the market. This reduced supply was caused by the dramatic decline in new car industry sales and the associated slow down in used vehicle trade-in activity, compared with pre-recession periods. The higher wholesale values increased both our vehicle acquisition costs and our used vehicle average selling prices, which climbed from $16,291 in fiscal 2009 to $19,408 in fiscal 2014. In fiscal 2013 and fiscal 2012, we also experienced inflationary increases in key reconditioning costs.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Components of SG&A Expense
(1)Excludes compensation and benefits related to reconditioning and vehicle repair service, which is included in cost of sales.
(2)Includes IT expenses, insurance, bad debt, travel, preopening and relocation costs, charitable contributions and other administrative expenses.
Fiscal 2014 Versus Fiscal 2013. SG&A expenses increased 12% in fiscal 2014. The increase reflected the 11% increase in our store base during fiscal 2014 (representing the addition of 13 stores) and higher variable selling costs resulting from the 12% increase in comparable store used unit sales. SG&A per retail unit declined $102 to $2,161 versus $2,263 in fiscal 2013, as our comparable store used unit sales growth generated overhead leverage.
			
		
Fiscal 2013 Versus Fiscal 2012. SG&A expenses increased 10% in fiscal 2013. The increase primarily reflected the combination of the 9% expansion in our store base during fiscal 2013 (representing the addition of 10 stores), higher variable selling costs resulting from the 5% increase in comparable store used unit sales, and higher growth-related costs. Growth-related costs include store pre-opening expenses, relocation expenses, and the costs of maintaining store management bench strength to support future growth. Growth-related costs were affected by the increase in the rate of our store openings, from 5 stores in fiscal 2012 to 10 stores in fiscal 2013. SG&A per retail unit was consistent at $2,263 in both fiscal 2013 and fiscal 2012.
Income Taxes
The effective income tax rate was 38.2 % in fiscal 2014, 38.1% in fiscal 2013 and 38.0% in fiscal 2012.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - CARMAX AUTO FINANCE
CAF provides financing to qualified customers purchasing vehicles at CarMax. Because the purchase of a vehicle is generally reliant on the consumer’s ability to obtain on-the-spot financing, it is important to our business that financing be available to creditworthy customers. While financing can also be obtained from third-party sources, we believe that total reliance on third parties can create unacceptable volatility and business risk. Furthermore, we believe the company’s processes and systems, transparency of pricing, vehicle quality and the integrity of the information collected at the time the customer applies for credit provide a unique and ideal environment in which to procure high quality auto loans, both for CAF and for the third-party finance providers.
We believe CAF enables us to capture additional sales, profits and cash flows while managing our reliance on third- party finance sources. Management regularly analyzes CAF's operating results by assessing the competitiveness of our consumer offer, profitability, the performance of the auto loan receivables including trends in credit losses and delinquencies, and CAF direct expenses.
CAF income primarily reflects the interest and fee income generated by the auto loan receivables less the interest expense associated with the debt issued to fund these receivables, a provision for estimated loan losses and direct CAF expenses. CAF income does not include any allocation of indirect costs. While CAF benefits from certain indirect overhead expenditures, we have elected to present this information on a direct basis to avoid making arbitrary decisions regarding the indirect benefits or costs that could be attributed to CAF. Examples of indirect costs not allocated to CAF include retail store expenses and corporate expenses such as human resources, administrative services, marketing, information systems, accounting, legal, treasury and executive payroll.
Components of CAF Income
(1)Percent of total average managed receivables.
			
		
CAF Origination Information
(1)All information relates to loans originated net of 3-day payoffs and vehicle returns.
(2)Vehicle units financed as a percentage of total retail units sold.
Fiscal 2014 Versus Fiscal 2013. CAF income increased 12% to $336.2 million from $299.3 million in fiscal 2013. The improvement resulted from the growth in CAF’s managed receivables, partially offset by a lower total interest margin rate.
CAF’s average managed receivables increased 23% to $6.63 billion in fiscal 2014, driven by the growth in CAF net loan originations, which rose 21% to $4.18 billion. Origination volumes benefited from an increase in CAF’s loan penetration rate, which grew steadily from its recent low of 30% in fiscal 2011 to 41% in fiscal 2014, and the growth in the company’s retail unit sales. The improvement in the loan penetration rate over this period reflected a combination of factors, including a transition back to CAF’s pre-recession origination strategy during fiscal 2012 and favorable responses to changes in our credit offers. The transition back to CAF’s pre-recession origination strategy reduced the volume of finance contracts we had been selling to third-party providers. In mid-fiscal 2013, we began strategically providing more competitive offers. See Note 4 for additional information on the credit quality of CAF’s auto loan receivables.
Total interest margin, which reflects the spread between interest and fees charged to consumers and our funding costs, declined to 6.9% of average managed receivables in fiscal 2014 compared with 7.4% in fiscal 2013. Strategically providing more competitive offers contributed to a decline in the weighted average contract rate on loan originations to 7.0% in fiscal 2014 from 7.9% in fiscal 2013. Changes in the interest margin on new originations affect CAF income over time as these loans come to represent an increasing percentage of managed receivables. Rising interest rates, which affect CAF’s funding costs, or further competitive pressures on consumer rates could result in further compression in the interest margin on new originations.
The provision for loan losses is the periodic expense of maintaining an adequate allowance. In fiscal 2014, the provision for loan losses as a percentage of average managed receivables increased slightly to 1.09% from 1.04% in fiscal 2013.
Allowance for Loan Losses
(1)Percent of total ending managed receivables as of the corresponding reporting date.
The allowance for loan losses represents an estimate of the amount of net losses inherent in our portfolio of managed receivables as of the applicable reporting date and anticipated to occur during the following 12 months. The allowance is primarily based on the credit quality of the underlying receivables, historical loss trends and forecasted forward loss curves. We consider recent trends in delinquencies and losses, recovery rates and the economic environment in determining the adequacy of the allowance. The increase in the dollar amount of the allowance largely reflected the growth in managed receivables. The allowance for loan losses as a percent of managed receivables was flat at 0.97% as of both February 28, 2014, and February 28, 2013.
			
		
Past Due Account Information
Credit Loss Information
As of February 28, 2014, past due accounts were 2.58% of ending managed receivables, consistent with the 2.60% delinquency rate as of February 28, 2013. Net credit losses increased to 0.90% of average managed receivables in fiscal 2014 from 0.78% in fiscal 2013.
The average recovery rate represents the average percentage of the outstanding principal balance we receive when a vehicle is repossessed and liquidated, generally at our wholesale auctions. The annual recovery rate has ranged from a low of 42% to a high of 60%, and it is primarily affected by changes in the wholesale market pricing environment.
Loan Origination Test. In January 2014, CAF launched a test originating loans for customers who typically would be financed by our subprime providers. We plan to originate approximately $70 million of loans in this test, of which $9.1 million was originated in fiscal 2014. We expect the loans originated in this test will have higher loss and delinquency rates than the aggregate of the current CAF portfolio. The test will be funded separately from our current portfolio and not included in our current securitization program.
Fiscal 2013 Versus Fiscal 2012. CAF income increased 14% to $299.3 million from $262.2 million in fiscal 2012, primarily reflecting the growth in managed receivables. Despite the growth in our receivables, direct expenses decreased modestly as we benefited from operating efficiencies.
CAF’s average managed receivables increased 16% to $5.39 billion in fiscal 2013, driven by the growth in CAF origination volume throughout fiscal 2012 and fiscal 2013. Origination volumes benefited from an increase in CAF’s loan penetration rate; increased average retail selling prices, which translated into an increase in the average amount financed; and the growth in retail unit sales. Additionally, historically low funding costs allowed CAF to begin offering more compelling credit offers in the second half of fiscal 2013. Positive customer response to these credit offers further bolstered CAF origination volumes.
Total interest margin was 7.4% of average managed receivables in fiscal 2013, similar to the 7.3% interest margin in fiscal 2012.
In fiscal 2013, the provision for loan losses as a percentage of average managed receivables increased moderately to 1.04% compared with 0.78% in fiscal 2012. Low unit charge-offs and strong recovery rates continued to partially offset the effect of the change in credit mix resulting from the transition in our origination strategy. The allowance for loan losses increased to 0.97% of ending managed receivables as of February 28, 2013, versus 0.87% as of February 29, 2012.
			
		
PLANNED FUTURE ACTIVITIES
We plan to open a total of 13 superstores in fiscal 2015 and between 10 and 15 superstores in each of the following two fiscal years. We currently estimate capital expenditures will total approximately $325 million in fiscal 2015.
FISCAL 2015 PLANNED SUPERSTORE OPENINGS
(1)Opened in March 2014.
Normal construction, permitting or other scheduling delays could shift the opening dates of any of these stores into a later period.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
See Note 2(Y) for information on recent accounting pronouncements applicable to CarMax.
FINANCIAL CONDITION
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary ongoing cash requirements are to fund our existing operations, new store expansion (including capital expenditures and inventory purchases) and CAF. Our primary ongoing sources of liquidity include existing cash balances, funds provided by operations, proceeds from securitization transactions or other funding arrangements, and borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
Operating Activities. Net cash used in operating activities totaled $613.2 million in fiscal 2014, $778.4 million in fiscal 2013 and $62.2 million in fiscal 2012. These amounts included increases in auto loan receivables of $1.32 billion, $992.2 million and $675.7 million, respectively. The majority of the increases in auto loan receivables are accompanied by increases in non-recourse notes payable, which are separately reflected as cash provided by financing activities. Excluding the increases in auto loan receivables, net cash provided by operating activities would have been $711.0 million in fiscal 2014, $213.8 million in fiscal 2013 and $613.5 million in fiscal 2012.
As of February 28, 2014, total inventory was $1.64 billion, representing an increase of $123.6 million, or 8%, compared with the balance as of the start of the fiscal year. We had 7% more used vehicles in inventory as of February 28, 2014, compared with the start of the fiscal year, reflecting the addition of inventory associated with the 13 stores opened during fiscal 2014, as well as added inventories to support our comparable store sales growth. Inventory levels were somewhat below target levels as of the end of fiscal 2014, however, largely due to disruptions in reconditioning activities caused by unusually severe weather experienced during the fourth quarter of the year.
As of February 28, 2013, total inventory was $1.52 billion, representing an increase of $425.2 million, or 39% compared with the balance as of the start of the fiscal year. We had 35% more used vehicles in inventory as of February 28, 2013, compared with the start of the fiscal year. The additional used vehicle units supported the ten stores opened during fiscal 2013 and our comparable store sales growth. In addition, during the second half of fiscal
			
		
2013 we built inventories at a higher rate than in recent years to better position ourselves for seasonal sales opportunities.
Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities totaled $336.7 million in fiscal 2014, $255.3 million in fiscal 2013 and $219.4 million in fiscal 2012. Investing activities primarily consist of capital expenditures, which totaled $310.3 million in fiscal 2014, $235.7 million in fiscal 2013 and $172.6 million in fiscal 2012. Capital expenditures primarily include real estate acquisitions for planned future store openings and store construction costs. We maintain a multi-year pipeline of sites to support our superstore growth, so portions of capital spending in one year may relate to stores that we plan to open in subsequent fiscal years. The increases in capital expenditures over the last three fiscal years primarily related to the growth in our store opening pace, as we increased store openings from 5 in fiscal 2012, to 10 in fiscal 2013, and 13 in fiscal 2014.
Historically, capital expenditures have been funded with internally-generated funds, debt and sale-leaseback transactions. No sale-leasebacks have been executed since fiscal 2009.
As of February 28, 2014, we owned 74 and leased 57 of our 131 used car superstores.
Restricted cash from collections on auto loan receivables increased $35.0 million in fiscal 2014, $20.0 million in fiscal 2013 and $43.3 million in fiscal 2012. These collections vary depending on the timing of the receipt of principal and interest payments on securitized auto loan receivables, the change in average managed receivables and the funding vehicle utilized.
Financing Activities. Net cash provided by financing activities totaled $1.13 billion in fiscal 2014, $1.04 billion in fiscal 2013 and $683.1 million in fiscal 2012. Included in these amounts were net increases in total non-recourse notes payable of $1.39 billion, $1.17 billion and $670.4 million, respectively, which were used to provide the financing for the majority of the increases of $1.32 billion, $992.2 million and $675.7 million, respectively, in auto loan receivables. During fiscal 2014 and fiscal 2013, net cash provided by financing activities was reduced by stock repurchases of $307.2 million, and $203.4 million, respectively.
Total Debt and Cash and Cash Equivalents
We have a $700 million unsecured revolving credit facility, which expires in August 2016. Borrowings under this credit facility are available for working capital and general corporate purposes, and the unused portion is fully available to us. See Note 11 for additional information on the revolving credit facility.
The credit facility agreement contains representations and warranties, conditions and covenants. If these requirements were not met, all amounts outstanding or otherwise owed could become due and payable immediately and other limitations could be placed on our ability to use any available borrowing capacity.
CAF auto loan receivables are primarily funded through securitization transactions. Our securitizations are structured to legally isolate the auto loan receivables, and we would not expect to be able to access the assets of our securitization vehicles, even in insolvency, receivership or conservatorship proceedings. Similarly, the investors in the non-recourse notes payable have no recourse to our assets beyond the securitized receivables, the amounts on deposit in reserve accounts and the restricted cash from collections on auto loan receivables. We do, however, continue to have the rights associated with the interest we retain in these securitization vehicles.
The timing of principal payments on the non-recourse notes payable is based on principal collections, net of losses, on the securitized auto loan receivables. The current portion of non-recourse notes payable represents principal payments that are due to be distributed in the following period.
			
		
As of February 28, 2014, $6.37 billion of non-recourse notes payable was outstanding related to term securitizations. These notes payable accrue interest at fixed rates and have scheduled maturities through August 2020, but may mature earlier or later, depending on the repayment rate of the underlying auto loan receivables. During fiscal 2014, we completed four term securitizations, funding a total of $3.86 billion of auto loan receivables.
Our term securitizations typically contain an option to repurchase the securitized receivables when the outstanding balance in the pool of auto loan receivables falls below 10% of the original pool balance. During fiscal 2014, we exercised this option on four term securitizations that had originally been issued in 2009 and 2010, including one securitization for which CarMax had provided $140.0 million of capital, or 14% of the transaction, in the form of subordinated bonds. Upon the exercise of this option, we funded substantially all of the remaining receivables through our warehouse facilities.
As of February 28, 2014, $879.0 million of non-recourse notes payable was outstanding related to our warehouse facilities. The combined warehouse facility limit is $1.8 billion, and the unused warehouse capacity totaled $921.0 million. During the third quarter of fiscal 2014, we increased the limit of our $900 million warehouse facility that was scheduled to expire in February 2014 to $1 billion, and during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2014, we renewed the facility for an additional 364 day term. Of the combined warehouse facility limit, $800 million will expire in August 2014 and $1 billion will expire in February 2015. The return requirements of the warehouse facility investors could fluctuate significantly depending on market conditions. At renewal, the cost, structure and capacity of the facilities could change. These changes could have a significant effect on our funding costs. See Notes 2(F) and 11 for additional information on the warehouse facilities.
The securitization agreements related to the warehouse facilities include various representations and warranties, covenants and performance triggers. If these requirements are not met, we could be unable to continue to securitize receivables through the warehouse facilities. In addition, warehouse facility investors could charge us a higher rate of interest and could have us replaced as servicer. Further, we could be required to deposit collections on the securitized receivables with the warehouse facility agents on a daily basis and deliver executed lockbox agreements to the warehouse facility agents.
We expect that cash generated by operations and proceeds from securitization transactions or other funding arrangements, sale-leaseback transactions and borrowings under existing, new or expanded credit facilities will be sufficient to fund CAF, capital expenditures and working capital for the foreseeable future. We anticipate that we will be able to enter into new, or renew or expand existing, funding arrangements to meet our future funding needs. However, based on conditions in the credit markets, the cost for these arrangements could be materially higher than historical levels and the timing and capacity of these transactions could be dictated by market availability rather than our requirements.
In fiscal 2013, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $800 million of our common stock. Purchases may be made in open market or privately negotiated transactions at management’s discretion, and the timing and amount of repurchases are determined based on share price, market conditions, legal requirements and other factors. Shares repurchased are deemed authorized but unissued shares of common stock.
During fiscal 2014, we repurchased 6.9 million shares of common stock for $306.0 million, or an average purchase price of $44.61 per share. As of February 28, 2014, $282.1 million was available for repurchase under the authorization, expiring on December 31, 2014. Amounts reported as the repurchase and retirement of common stock on our statement of cash flows may reflect timing differences in trade and settlement dates on stock repurchase transactions occurring at the end of a reporting period. Subsequent to the end of fiscal 2014, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to an additional $1.0 billion of CarMax common stock through December 31, 2015.
Fair Value Measurements. We report money market securities, mutual fund investments and derivative instruments at fair value. See Note 6 for more information on fair value measurements.
			
		
Contractual Obligations (1)
(1)This table excludes the non-recourse notes payable that relate to auto loan receivables funded through term securitizations and our warehouse facilities. The securitized receivables can only be used as collateral to settle obligations of these securitization vehicles. In addition, the investors in the non-recourse notes payable have no recourse to our assets beyond the securitized receivables, the amounts on deposit in reserve accounts and the restricted cash from collections on auto loan receivables. See Note 2(F).
(2)Due to the uncertainty of forecasting expected variable interest rate payments, those amounts are not included in the table. See Note 11.
(3)Excludes taxes, insurance and other costs payable directly by us. These costs vary from year to year and are incurred in the ordinary course of business. See Note 15.
(4)Includes certain enforceable and legally binding obligations related to real estate purchases, marketing and advertising and third-party outsourcing services.
(5)Represents the liability to retire signage, fixtures and other assets at certain leased locations.
(6)Represents the recognized funded status of our retirement plans, of which $62.7 million has no contractual payment schedule and we expect payments to occur beyond 12 months from February 28, 2014. See Note 10.
(7)Represents the net unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions. The timing of payments associated with $21.5 million of these tax benefits could not be estimated as of February 28, 2014. See Note 9.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
Auto Loan Receivables
As of February 28, 2014 and 2013, all loans in our portfolio of managed receivables were fixed-rate installment contracts. Financing for these receivables was achieved through cash flow or asset securitization programs that, in turn, issued both fixed- and floating-rate securities. Our derivative instruments are used to manage differences in the amount of our known or expected cash receipts and our known or expected cash payments principally related to the funding of our auto loan receivables. Disruptions in the credit markets could impact the effectiveness of our hedging strategies. Other receivables are financed with working capital. Generally, changes in interest rates associated with underlying swaps will not have a material impact on earnings; however, they could have a material impact on cash and cash flows.
Credit risk is the exposure to nonperformance of another party to an agreement. We mitigate credit risk by dealing with highly rated bank counterparties. The market and credit risks associated with derivative instruments are similar to those relating to other types of financial instruments. See Notes 5 and 6 for additional information on derivative instruments and hedging activities.
Composition of Auto Loan Receivables
(1)We have entered into derivatives designated as cash flow hedges of forecasted interest payments in anticipation of permanent funding for these receivables in the term securitization market. The current notional amount of these derivatives was $869.0 million as of February 28, 2014, and $750.0 million as of February 28, 2013. See Note 5.
(2)Other receivables include receivables not funded through the warehouse facilities.
Interest Rate Exposure
We also have interest rate risk from changing interest rates related to borrowings under our revolving credit facility. Substantially all of these borrowing are floating-rate debt based on LIBOR. A 100-basis point increase in market interest rates would have decreased our fiscal 2014 net earnings per share by less than $0.01.
Borrowings under our warehouse facilities are also floating rate debt and are secured by auto loan receivables on which we collect interest at fixed rates. The receivables are funded through the warehouse facilities until we elect to fund them through a term securitization or alternative funding arrangement. This floating-rate risk is mitigated by funding the receivables through a term securitization or other funding arrangement, and by entering into derivative instruments. Absent any additional actions by the company to further mitigate risk, a 100-basis point increase in market interest rates associated with the warehouse facilities would have decreased our fiscal 2014 net earnings per share by approximately $0.02.
Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control
Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the company. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Accordingly, even effective internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (1992), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of February 28, 2014.
KPMG LLP, the company's independent registered public accounting firm, has issued a report on our internal control over financial reporting. Their report is included herein.
THOMAS J. FOLLIARD
PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
THOMAS W. REEDY
EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT AND
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
			
		
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED
PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Shareholders
CarMax, Inc.:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of CarMax, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of February 28, 2014 and 2013, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended February 28, 2014. We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of February 28, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of CarMax, Inc. and subsidiaries as of February 28, 2014 and 2013, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended February 28, 2014, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of February 28, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992) issued by COSO.
Richmond, Virginia
April 25, 2014
			 		
Consolidated Statements of Earnings
(1) Percents are calculated as a percentage of net sales and operating revenues and may not equal totals due to rounding.
			 		
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
			 		
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
Consolidated Balance sheets
			
		
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
			 		
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
Consolidated statements of cash flows
			
		
			 		
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
Consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity
			
		
			 		
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
Notes to consolidated financial statements
						
						
1.Business and Background
CarMax, Inc. (“we,” “our,” “us,” “CarMax” and “the company”), including its wholly owned subsidiaries, is the largest retailer of used vehicles in the United States. We operate in two reportable segments: CarMax Sales Operations and CarMax Auto Finance (“CAF”). Our CarMax Sales Operations segment consists of all aspects of our auto merchandising and service operations, excluding financing provided by CAF. Our CAF segment consists solely of our own finance operation that provides vehicle financing through CarMax superstores.
We were the first used vehicle retailer to offer a large selection of high quality used vehicles at low, no-haggle prices using a customer-friendly sales process in an attractive, modern sales facility. We provide customers with a full range of related products and services, including the appraisal and purchase of vehicles directly from consumers; the financing of vehicle purchases through CAF and third-party financing providers; the sale of extended service plans (“ESP”) and guaranteed asset protection (“GAP”); and vehicle repair service. Vehicles purchased through the appraisal process that do not meet our retail standards are sold to licensed dealers through on-site wholesale auctions. At select locations we also sell new vehicles under franchise agreements.
2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
(A) Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CarMax and our wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation. Amounts and percentages may not total due to rounding.
(B) Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents of $607.0 million as of February 28, 2014, and $430.3 million as of February 28, 2013, consisted of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.
(C) Restricted Cash from Collections on Auto Loan Receivables
Cash accounts totaling $259.3 million as of February 28, 2014, and $224.3 million as of February 28, 2013, consisted of collections of principal and interest payments on securitized auto loan receivables that are restricted for payment to the securitization investors pursuant to the applicable securitization agreements.
(D) Marketable Securities
The Company classifies all marketable securities as available-for-sale. These securities consisted exclusively of variable-rate demand notes reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, excluded from net income and shown separately as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss within shareholders' equity. There were no marketable securities available-for-sale as of February 28, 2014 and 2013.
Proceeds from the sales of marketable securities available-for-sale were $0.5 million and $30.3 million in fiscal 2014 and 2013, respectively. There were no related gains or losses during fiscal 2014 and fiscal 2013.
(E) Accounts Receivable, Net
Accounts receivable, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, includes certain amounts due from third-party finance providers and customers and other miscellaneous receivables. The allowance for doubtful accounts is estimated based on historical experience and trends.
(F) Securitizations
We maintain a revolving securitization program composed of two warehouse facilities (“warehouse facilities”) that we use to fund auto loan receivables originated by CAF until we elect to fund them through a term securitization or alternative funding arrangement. We sell the auto loan receivables to a wholly owned, bankruptcy-remote, special purpose entity that transfers an undivided percentage ownership interest in the receivables, but not the receivables themselves, to entities formed by third-party investors. These entities issue asset-backed commercial paper or utilize other funding sources supported by the transferred receivables, and the proceeds are used to finance the securitized receivables.
			 		
			
		
			
		
			
		
			
		
We typically use term securitizations to provide long-term funding for most of the auto loan receivables initially securitized through the warehouse facilities. In these transactions, a pool of auto loan receivables is sold to a bankruptcy-remote, special purpose entity that, in turn, transfers the receivables to a special purpose securitization trust. The securitization trust issues asset-backed securities, secured or otherwise supported by the transferred receivables, and the proceeds from the sale of the asset-backed securities are used to finance the securitized receivables.
We are required to evaluate term securitization trusts for consolidation. In our capacity as servicer, we have the power to direct the activities of the trusts that most significantly impact the economic performance of the trusts. In addition, we have the obligation to absorb losses (subject to limitations) and the rights to receive any returns of the trusts, which could be significant. Accordingly, we are the primary beneficiary of the trusts and are required to consolidate them.
We recognize transfers of auto loan receivables into the warehouse facilities and term securitizations (“securitization vehicles”) as secured borrowings, which result in recording the auto loan receivables and the related non-recourse notes payable to the investors on our consolidated balance sheets.
The securitized receivables can only be used as collateral to settle obligations of the securitization vehicles. The securitization vehicles and investors have no recourse to our assets beyond the securitized receivables, the amounts on deposit in reserve accounts and the restricted cash from collections on auto loan receivables. We have not provided financial or other support to the securitization vehicles that was not previously contractually required, and there are no additional arrangements, guarantees or other commitments that could require us to provide financial support to the securitization vehicles.
See Notes 4 and 11 for additional information on auto loan receivables and non-recourse notes payable.
(G) Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Due to the short-term nature and/or variable rates associated with these financial instruments, the carrying value of our cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, money market securities, accounts payable, short-term debt and long-term debt approximates fair value. Our derivative instruments and mutual funds are recorded at fair value. Auto loan receivables are presented net of an allowance for estimated loan losses. See Note 6 for additional information on fair value measurements.
(H) Inventory
Inventory is primarily comprised of vehicles held for sale or currently undergoing reconditioning and is stated at the lower of cost or market. Vehicle inventory cost is determined by specific identification. Parts and labor used to recondition vehicles, as well as transportation and other incremental expenses associated with acquiring and reconditioning vehicles, are included in inventory.
(I) Auto Loan Receivables, Net
Auto loan receivables include amounts due from customers related to retail vehicle sales financed through CAF. The receivables are presented net of an allowance for estimated loan losses. The allowance for loan losses represents an estimate of the amount of net losses inherent in our portfolio of managed receivables as of the applicable reporting date and anticipated to occur during the following 12 months. The allowance is primarily based on the credit quality of the underlying receivables, historical loss trends and forecasted forward loss curves. We also take into account recent trends in delinquencies and losses, recovery rates and the economic environment. The provision for loan losses is the periodic expense of maintaining an adequate allowance.
An account is considered delinquent when the related customer fails to make a substantial portion of a scheduled payment on or before the due date. In general, accounts are charged-off on the last business day of the month during which the earliest of the following occurs: the receivable is 120 days or more delinquent as of the last business day of the month, the related vehicle is repossessed and liquidated, or the receivable is otherwise deemed uncollectible. For purposes of determining impairment, auto loans are evaluated collectively, as they represent a large group of smaller-balance homogeneous loans, and therefore, are not individually evaluated for impairment. See Note 4 for additional information on auto loan receivables.
			
		
			
		
			
		
			
		
Interest income and expenses related to auto loans are included in CAF income. Interest income on auto loan receivables is recognized when earned based on contractual loan terms. All loans continue to accrue interest until repayment or charge-off. Direct costs associated with loan originations are not considered material, and thus, are expensed as incurred. See Note 3 for additional information on CAF income.
(J) Property and Equipment
Property and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are calculated using the straight-line method over the shorter of the asset’s estimated useful life or the lease term, if applicable. Property held under capital lease is stated at the lesser of the present value of the future minimum lease payments at the inception of the lease or fair value. Amortization of capital lease assets is computed on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the initial lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset and is included in depreciation expense. Costs incurred during new store construction are capitalized as construction-in-progress and reclassified to the appropriate fixed asset categories when the store is completed.
Estimated Useful Lives
We review long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. We recognize impairment when the sum of undiscounted estimated future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset is less than the carrying value of the asset. We recognized an impairment of $0.1 million in fiscal 2014 and $0.2 million in fiscal 2012 related to assets within land held for sale. There was no impairment of long-lived assets in fiscal 2013. See Note 7 for additional information on property and equipment.
(K) Other Assets
Goodwill and Intangible Assets. Goodwill and other intangibles had a carrying value of $10.1 million as of February 28, 2014 and February 28, 2013. We review goodwill and intangible assets for impairment annually or when circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. No impairment of goodwill or intangible assets resulted from our annual impairment tests in fiscal 2014, fiscal 2013 or fiscal 2012.
Restricted Cash on Deposit in Reserve Accounts. The restricted cash on deposit in reserve accounts is for the benefit of holders of non-recourse notes payable, and these funds are not expected to be available to the company or its creditors. In the event that the cash generated by the securitized receivables in a given period was insufficient to pay the interest, principal and other required payments, the balances on deposit in the reserve accounts would be used to pay those amounts. Restricted cash on deposit in reserve accounts was $32.5 million as of February 28, 2014, and $41.3 million as of February 28, 2013.
Restricted Investments. Restricted investments includes money market securities primarily held to satisfy certain insurance program requirements, as well as mutual funds held in a rabbi trust established to fund informally our executive deferred compensation plan. Restricted investments totaled $40.2 million as of February 28, 2014, and $35.0 million as of February 28, 2013.
(L) Finance Lease Obligations
We generally account for sale-leaseback transactions as financings. Accordingly, we record certain of the assets subject to these transactions on our consolidated balance sheets in property and equipment and the related sales proceeds as finance lease obligations. Depreciation is recognized on the assets over 25 years. Payments on the leases are recognized as interest expense and a reduction of the obligations. See Notes 11 and 15 for additional information on finance lease obligations.
(M) Other Accrued Expenses
As of February 28, 2014 and February 28, 2013, accrued expenses and other current liabilities included accrued compensation and benefits of $120.7 million and $103.4 million, respectively; loss reserves for general liability and workers’ compensation insurance of $29.7 million and $26.6 million, respectively; and the current portion of cancellation reserves. See Note 8 for additional information on cancellation reserves.
			
		
			
		
			
		
			
		
(N) Defined Benefit Plan Obligations
The recognized funded status of defined benefit retirement plan obligations is included both in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and in other liabilities. The current portion represents benefits expected to be paid from our benefit restoration plan over the next 12 months. The defined benefit retirement plan obligations are determined by independent actuaries using a number of assumptions provided by CarMax. Key assumptions used in measuring the plan obligations include the discount rate, rate of return on plan assets and mortality rate. See Note 10 for additional information on our benefit plans.
(O) Insurance Liabilities
Insurance liabilities are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities. We use a combination of insurance and self-insurance for a number of risks including workers’ compensation, general liability and employee-related health care costs, a portion of which is paid by associates. Estimated insurance liabilities are determined by considering historical claims experience, demographic factors and other actuarial assumptions.
(P) Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue when the earnings process is complete, generally either at the time of sale to a customer or upon delivery to a customer. As part of our customer service strategy, we guarantee the retail vehicles we sell with a 5-day, money-back guarantee. We record a reserve for estimated returns based on historical experience and trends.
We sell ESPs and GAP on behalf of unrelated third parties to customers who purchase a vehicle. The ESPs we offer on all used vehicles provide coverage up to 72 months (subject to mileage limitations), while GAP covers the customer for the term of their finance contract. We recognize commission revenue at the time of sale, net of a reserve for estimated customer cancellations. Periodically, we may receive additional commissions based upon the level of underwriting profits of the third parties who administer the products. These additional commissions are recognized as revenue when received. The reserve for cancellations is evaluated for each product, and is based on forecasted forward cancellation curves utilizing historical experience, recent trends and credit mix of the customer base. Our risk related to customer cancellations is limited to the commissions that we receive. Cancellations fluctuate depending on the volume of ESP and GAP sales, customer financing default or prepayment rates, and shifts in customer behavior related to changes in the coverage or term of the product. The current portion of estimated cancellation reserves is recognized as a component of other accrued expenses with the remaining amount recognized in other liabilities. See Note 8 for additional information on cancellation reserves.
Customers applying for financing who are not approved by CAF may be evaluated by other financial institutions. Depending on the credit profile of the customer, third-party finance providers generally either pay us or are paid a fixed, pre-negotiated fee per contract. We recognize these fees at the time of sale.
We collect sales taxes and other taxes from customers on behalf of governmental authorities at the time of sale. These taxes are accounted for on a net basis and are not included in net sales and operating revenues or cost of sales.
(Q) Cost of Sales
Cost of sales includes the cost to acquire vehicles and the reconditioning and transportation costs associated with preparing the vehicles for resale. It also includes payroll, fringe benefits and parts and repair costs associated with reconditioning and vehicle repair services. The gross profit earned by our service department for used vehicle reconditioning service is a reduction of cost of sales. We maintain a reserve to eliminate the internal profit on vehicles that have not been sold.
(R) Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses primarily include compensation and benefits, other than payroll related to reconditioning and vehicle repair services; depreciation, rent and other occupancy costs; advertising; and IT expenses, insurance, bad debt, travel, preopening and relocation costs, charitable contributions and other administrative expenses.
(S) Advertising Expenses
Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and substantially all are included in SG&A expenses. Total advertising expenses were $114.6 million in fiscal 2014, $108.2 million in fiscal 2013 and $100.3 million in fiscal 2012.
			
		
			
		
			
		
			
		
(T) Store Opening Expenses
Costs related to store openings, including preopening costs, are expensed as incurred and are included in SG&A expenses.
(U) Share-Based Compensation
Share-based compensation represents the cost related to share-based awards granted to employees and non-employee directors. We measure share-based compensation cost at the grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award, and we recognize the cost on a straight-line basis (net of estimated forfeitures) over the grantee’s requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the award. We estimate the fair value of stock options using a binomial valuation model. Key assumptions used in estimating the fair value of options are dividend yield, expected volatility, risk-free interest rate and expected term. The fair value of restricted stock is based on the volume-weighted average market value on the date of the grant. The fair value of stock-settled restricted stock units is determined using a Monte-Carlo simulation based on the expected market price of our common stock on the vesting date and the expected number of converted common shares. Cash-settled restricted stock units are liability awards with fair value measurement based on the market price of CarMax common stock as of the end of each reporting period. Share-based compensation expense is recorded in either cost of sales, CAF income or SG&A expenses based on the recipients’ respective function.
We record deferred tax assets for awards that result in deductions on our income tax returns, based on the amount of compensation expense recognized and the statutory tax rate in the jurisdiction in which we will receive a deduction. Differences between the deferred tax assets recognized for financial reporting purposes and the actual tax deduction reported on the income tax return are recorded in capital in excess of par value (if the tax deduction exceeds the deferred tax asset) or in the consolidated statements of earnings (if the deferred tax asset exceeds the tax deduction and no capital in excess of par value exists from previous awards). See Note 12 for additional information on stock-based compensation.
(V) Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
We enter into derivative instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the future known receipt or payment of uncertain cash amounts, the values of which are impacted by interest rates. We recognize the derivatives at fair value as either current assets or current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, and where applicable, such contracts covered by master netting agreements are reported net. Gross positive fair values are netted with gross negative fair values by counterparty. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether we have elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. We may enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain risks, even though hedge accounting may not apply or we do not elect to apply hedge accounting. See Note 5 for additional information on derivative instruments and hedging activities.
(W) Income Taxes
We file a consolidated federal income tax return for a majority of our subsidiaries. Certain subsidiaries are required to file separate partnership or corporate federal income tax returns. Deferred income taxes reflect the impact of temporary differences between the amounts of assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting purposes and the amounts recognized for income tax purposes, measured by applying currently enacted tax laws. A deferred tax asset is recognized if it is more likely than not that a benefit will be realized. Changes in tax laws and tax rates are reflected in the income tax provision in the period in which the changes are enacted.
We recognize tax liabilities when, despite our belief that our tax return positions are supportable, we believe that certain positions may not be fully sustained upon review by tax authorities. Benefits from tax positions are measured at the highest tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. The current portion of these tax liabilities is included in accrued income taxes and any noncurrent portion is included in other liabilities. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts recorded, the differences impact income tax expense in the period in which the determination is made. Interest and penalties related to income tax matters are included in SG&A expenses. See Note 9 for additional information on income taxes.
(X) Net Earnings Per Share
Basic net earnings per share is computed by dividing net earnings available for basic common shares by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted net earnings per share is computed by dividing net earnings available for diluted common shares by the sum of the weighted average number of shares of
			
		
			
		
			
		
			
		
common stock outstanding and dilutive potential common stock. For periods with outstanding participating securities, diluted net earnings per share reflects the more dilutive of the “if-converted” treasury stock method or the two-class method. For periods with no outstanding participating securities, diluted net earnings per share is calculated using the “if-converted” treasury stock method. See Note 13 for additional information on net earnings per share.
(Y) Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an accounting pronouncement related to offsetting of assets and liabilities on the balance sheet (FASB ASC Topic 210). The amendments require additional disclosures related to offsetting either in accordance with U.S. GAAP or master netting arrangements. In January 2013, an update was issued to clarify the scope applies to derivatives. The provisions of this pronouncement and update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after January 1, 2013. We adopted this pronouncement for our fiscal year beginning March 1, 2013, and there was no effect on our consolidated financial statements.
In July 2012, the FASB issued an accounting pronouncement related to intangibles - goodwill and other (FASB ASC Topic 350), which permits companies to first consider qualitative factors as a basis for assessing impairment and determining the necessity of a detailed impairment test of indefinite-lived intangible assets. The provisions of this pronouncement are effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed for fiscal years beginning after September 15, 2012. We adopted this pronouncement for our fiscal year beginning March 1, 2013, and there was no effect on our consolidated financial statements.
In February 2013, the FASB issued an accounting pronouncement related to comprehensive income (FASB ASC Topic 220), requiring improved disclosures of reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income. The provisions of the pronouncement require an entity to report the amounts reclassified, in their entirety, out of accumulated other comprehensive income and the effect on the respective line items in net income. For amounts not reclassified in their entirety to net income in the same reporting period, an entity is required to cross-reference the amounts to other related disclosures. This pronouncement is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2012. We adopted this pronouncement for our fiscal year beginning March 1, 2013, and there was no effect on our consolidated financial statements. The required disclosures have been adopted in Note 14.
In February 2013, the FASB issued an accounting pronouncement related to liabilities (FASB ASC Topic 405). The amendments provide guidance on the recognition, measurement and disclosure of obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements, including debt arrangements, other contractual obligations, and settled litigation and judicial rulings. This pronouncement is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. We will adopt this pronouncement for our fiscal year beginning March 1, 2014. We do not expect this pronouncement to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
In July 2013, the FASB issued an accounting pronouncement related to derivatives and hedging (FASB ASC Topic 815), which allows the use of the Fed Funds Effective Swap Rate (or Overnight Index Swap Rate) as a benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes in addition to interest rates on direct Treasury obligations of the United States government and LIBOR. In addition, the guidance removes the restriction on using different benchmark rates for similar hedges. The pronouncement became effective on a prospective basis for qualifying new or designated hedging relationships entered into on or after July 17, 2013. It did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
In July 2013, the FASB issued an accounting pronouncement related to income taxes (FASB ASC Topic 740), which provides guidance regarding the presentation of an unrecognized tax benefit when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar loss or a tax credit carryforward exists. Under certain circumstances, unrecognized tax benefits should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss or a tax credit carryforward. This pronouncement is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013, with early adoption permitted. We will adopt this pronouncement for our fiscal year beginning March 1, 2014. We do not expect this pronouncement to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
			
		
			
		
			
		
			
		
3.CarMax Auto Finance
CAF provides financing to qualified customers purchasing vehicles at CarMax. CAF provides us the opportunity to capture additional sales, profits and cash flows while managing our reliance on third-party finance sources. Management regularly analyzes CAF's operating results by assessing profitability, the performance of the auto loan receivables including trends in credit losses and delinquencies, and CAF direct expenses. This information is used to assess CAF's performance and make operating decisions including resource allocation. In addition, except for auto loan receivables, which are disclosed in Note 4, CAF assets are not separately reported nor do we allocate assets to CAF because such allocation would not be useful to management in making operating decisions.
We typically use securitizations to fund loans originated by CAF, as discussed in Note 2(F). CAF income primarily reflects the interest and fee income generated by the auto loan receivables less the interest expense associated with the debt issued to fund these receivables, a provision for estimated loan losses and direct CAF expenses.
CAF income does not include any allocation of indirect costs. We present this information on a direct basis to avoid making arbitrary decisions regarding the indirect benefits or costs that could be attributed to CAF. Examples of indirect costs not allocated to CAF include retail store expenses and corporate expenses such as human resources, administrative services, marketing, information systems, accounting, legal, treasury and executive payroll.
Components of CAF Income
(1) Percent of total average managed receivables.
4.Auto Loan Receivables
Auto loan receivables include amounts due from customers related to retail vehicle sales financed through CAF and are presented net of an allowance for estimated loan losses. We use warehouse facilities to fund auto loan receivables originated by CAF until we elect to fund them through a term securitization or alternative funding arrangement. The majority of the auto loan receivables serve as collateral for the related non-recourse notes payable of $7.25 billion as of February 28, 2014, and $5.86 billion as of February 28, 2013. See Notes 2(F) and 11 for additional information on securitizations and non-recourse notes payable.
			
		
			
		
			
		
			
		
Auto Loan Receivables, Net
(1)Other receivables includes receivables not funded through the warehouse facilities or term securitizations.
Credit Quality. When customers apply for financing, CAF’s proprietary scoring models rely on the customers’ credit history and certain application information to evaluate and rank their risk. Credit histories are obtained from credit bureau reporting agencies and include information such as number, age, type of and payment history for prior or existing credit accounts. The application information that is used includes income, collateral value and down payment. The scoring models yield credit grades that represent the relative likelihood of repayment. Customers assigned a grade of “A” are determined to have the highest probability of repayment, and customers assigned a lower grade are determined to have a lower probability of repayment. For loans that are approved, the credit grade influences the terms of the agreement, such as the required loan-to-value ratio and interest rate.
CAF uses a combination of the initial credit grades and historical performance to monitor the credit quality of the auto loan receivables on an ongoing basis. We validate the accuracy of the scoring models periodically. Loan performance is reviewed on a recurring basis to identify whether the assigned grades adequately reflect the customers’ likelihood of repayment.
Ending Managed Receivables by Major Credit Grade
(1)Classified based on credit grade assigned when customers were initially approved for financing.
(2)Percent of total ending managed receivables.
Allowance for Loan Losses
(1)Percent of total ending managed receivables as of the corresponding reporting date.
			
		
			
		
			
		
			
		
The allowance for loan losses represents an estimate of the amount of net losses inherent in our portfolio of managed receivables as of the applicable reporting date and anticipated to occur during the following 12 months. The allowance is primarily based on the credit quality of the underlying receivables, historical loss trends and forecasted forward loss curves. We also take into account recent trends in delinquencies and losses, recovery rates and the economic environment. The provision for loan losses is the periodic expense of maintaining an adequate allowance.
Past Due Receivables
(1)Percent of total ending managed receivables
5.Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives. We are exposed to certain risks arising from both our business operations and economic conditions, particularly with regard to future issuances of fixed-rate debt and existing and future issuances of floating-rate debt. Primary exposures include LIBOR and other rates used as benchmarks in our securitizations. We enter into derivative instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the future known receipt or payment of uncertain cash amounts, the values of which are impacted by interest rates. Our derivative instruments are used to manage differences in the amount of our known or expected cash receipts and our known or expected cash payments principally related to the funding of our auto loan receivables.
We do not anticipate significant market risk from derivatives as they are predominantly used to match funding costs to the use of the funding. However, disruptions in the credit or interest rate markets could impact the effectiveness of our hedging strategies.
Credit risk is the exposure to nonperformance of another party to an agreement. We mitigate credit risk by dealing with highly rated bank counterparties.
Designated Cash Flow Hedges. Our objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to CAF’s interest expense, to manage our exposure to interest rate movements and to better match funding costs to the interest received on the fixed-rate receivables being securitized. To accomplish these objectives, we primarily use interest rate swaps that involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for our making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. These interest rate swaps are designated as cash flow hedges of forecasted interest payments in anticipation of permanent funding in the term securitization market.
For derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of changes in the fair value is initially recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCL”) and is subsequently reclassified into CAF income in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the derivatives is recognized directly in CAF income. Amounts reported in AOCL related to derivatives will be reclassified to CAF income as interest expense is incurred on our future issuances of fixed-rate debt. During the next 12 months, we estimate that an additional $9.3 million will be reclassified as a decrease to CAF income.
As of February 28, 2014 and 2013, we had interest rate swaps outstanding with a combined notional amount of $869.0 million and $750.0 million, respectively that were designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk.
			
		
			
		
			
		
			
		
Non-designated Hedges. Derivative instruments not designated as accounting hedges are not speculative. These instruments are used to limit risk for investors in the warehouse facilities. Changes in the fair value of derivatives not designated as accounting hedges are recorded directly in CAF income.
As of February 28, 2014, we had no derivatives or interest rate caps that were not designated as accounting hedges. As of February 28, 2013, we had interest rate caps outstanding with offsetting (asset and liability) notional amounts of $615.5 million that were not designated as accounting hedges.
Fair Values of Derivative Instruments
(1)Reported in accounts payable on the consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Reported in other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets.
Effect of Derivative Instruments on Comprehensive Income
(1)Represents the effective portion.
(2)Represents the ineffective portion.
(3) Represents the loss on interest rate swaps, the net periodic settlements and accrued interest.
6.Fair value measurements
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants in the principal market or, if none exists, the most advantageous market, for the specific asset or liability at the measurement date (referred to as the “exit price”). The fair value should be based on assumptions that market participants would use, including a consideration of nonperformance risk.
We assess the inputs used to measure fair value using the three-tier hierarchy. The hierarchy indicates the extent to which inputs used in measuring fair value are observable in the market.
			
		
			
		
			
		
			
		
Level 1Inputs include unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we can access at the measurement date.
Level 2Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, including quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, quoted prices from identical or similar assets in inactive markets and observable inputs such as interest rates and yield curves.
Level 3Inputs that are significant to the measurement that are not observable in the market and include management's judgments about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (including assumptions about risk).
Our fair value processes include controls that are designed to ensure that fair values are appropriate. Such controls include model validation, review of key model inputs, analysis of period-over-period fluctuations and reviews by senior management.
Valuation Methodologies
Money Market Securities. Money market securities are cash equivalents, which are included in either cash and cash equivalents or other assets, and consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. We use quoted market prices for identical assets to measure fair value. Therefore, all money market securities are classified as Level 1.
Mutual Fund Investments. Mutual fund investments consist of publicly traded mutual funds that primarily include diversified investments in large-, mid- and small-cap domestic and international companies. The investments, which are included in other assets, are held in a rabbi trust established to fund informally our executive deferred compensation plan. We use quoted active market prices for identical assets to measure fair value. Therefore, all mutual fund investments are classified as Level 1.
Derivative Instruments. The fair values of our derivative instruments are included in either other current assets or accounts payable. As described in Note 5, as part of our risk management strategy, we utilize derivative instruments to manage differences in the amount of our known or expected cash receipts and our known or expected cash payments principally related to the funding of our auto loan receivables. Our derivatives are not exchange-traded and are over-the-counter customized derivative instruments. All of our derivative exposures are with highly rated bank counterparties.
We measure derivative fair values assuming that the unit of account is an individual derivative instrument and that derivatives are sold or transferred on a stand-alone basis. We estimate the fair value of our derivatives using quotes determined by the derivative counterparties and third-party valuation services. Quotes from third-party valuation services and quotes received from bank counterparties project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based expectations for interest rates and the contractual terms of the derivative instruments. The models do not require significant judgment and model inputs can typically be observed in a liquid market; however, because the models include inputs other than quoted prices in active markets, all derivatives are classified as Level 2.
Our derivative fair value measurements consider assumptions about counterparty and our own nonperformance risk. We monitor counterparty and our own nonperformance risk and, in the event that we determine that a party is unlikely to perform under terms of the contract, we would adjust the derivative fair value to reflect the nonperformance risk.
			 		
			 		
			
		
			
		
			
		
Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 for the years ended February 28, 2014 and 2013.
7.Property and Equipment
Land held for development represents land owned for potential store growth. Leased property meeting capital lease criteria is capitalized and the present value of the related lease payments is recorded as long-term debt. Amortization of capital leased assets is included in depreciation expense, and accumulated amortization was $0.3 million as of February 28, 2014, and $0.2 million as of February 28, 2013. Depreciation expense was $90.4 million in fiscal 2014, $82.3 million in fiscal 2013 and $75.2 million in fiscal 2012.
			
		
			
		
			
		
8. CANCELLATION RESERVES
We recognize commission revenue for ESPs and GAP products at the time of sale, net of a reserve for estimated contract cancellations. Cancellations of these services may result from early termination by the customer, or default or prepayment on the finance contract. The reserve for cancellations is evaluated for each product, and is based on forecasted forward cancellation curves utilizing historical experience, recent trends and credit mix of the customer base.
Cancellation Reserves
Cancellations fluctuate depending on the volume of ESP and GAP sales, customer financing default or prepayment rates, and shifts in customer behavior related to changes in the coverage or term of the product. The current portion of estimated cancellation reserves is recognized as a component of other accrued expenses with the remaining amount recognized in other liabilities.
Correction of Error
In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2014, the company reviewed the assumptions used in developing its cancellation reserves for ESP and GAP products and incorporated additional data into a more sophisticated model as part of our evaluation of the cancellation rates. This additional data included changes in the product and administration of the product by the company and changes in the credit mix of the customer base. The data was previously available, but had not been considered in our evaluation of the reserve balances. Based on our evaluation using a more sophisticated model, we determined that this additional data should have been considered in our previous assessments of cancellation reserves. We corrected this accounting error by increasing the cancellation reserves and reducing other sales and revenue. Fiscal 2014 net earnings were reduced by $11.9 million (net of tax of $7.6 million), or $0.05 per share, pertaining to fiscal 2013 and fiscal 2012. The out of period error was not material to fiscal 2014 or any previously reported interim or annual period.
9.Income Taxes
Income Tax Provision
			
		
			
		
			
		
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation
Temporary Differences Resulting in Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
Except for amounts for which a valuation allowance has been provided, we believe it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the deferred tax assets. The valuation allowance as of February 28, 2014, relates to capital loss carryforwards that are not more likely than not to be utilized prior to their expiration.
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits
			
		
			
		
			
		
As of February 28, 2014, we had $26.3 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits, $7.6 million of which, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate. It is reasonably possible that the amount of the unrecognized tax benefit with respect to certain of our uncertain tax positions will increase or decrease during the next 12 months; however, we do not expect the change to have a significant effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. As of February 28, 2013, we had $25.1 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits, $5.4 million of which, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate. As of February 29, 2012, we had $20.9 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits, $3.9 million of which, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate.
Our continuing practice is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in SG&A expenses. Our accrual for interest and penalties increased $0.3 million to $1.6 million as of February 28, 2014, from $1.3 million as of February 28, 2013. Our accrual for interest and penalties increased $0.2 million to $1.3 million as of February 28, 2013, from $1.1 million as of February 29, 2012.
CarMax is subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of multiple states and local jurisdictions. With a few insignificant exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to fiscal 2011.
10.Benefit Plans
(A) Retirement Benefit Plans
Effective December 31, 2008, we froze both of our noncontributory defined benefit plans: our pension plan (the “pension plan”) and our unfunded, nonqualified plan (the “restoration plan”), which restores retirement benefits for certain associates who are affected by Internal Revenue Code limitations on benefits provided under the pension plan. No additional benefits have accrued under these plans since that date. In connection with benefits earned prior to December 31, 2008, we have a continuing obligation to fund the pension plan and will continue to recognize net periodic pension expense for both plans. We use a fiscal year end measurement date for both the pension plan and the restoration plan.
Benefit Plan Information
			
		
			
		
			
		
Benefit Obligations. Accumulated and projected benefit obligations (“ABO” and “PBO”) represent the obligations of the benefit plans for past service as of the measurement date. ABO is the present value of benefits earned to date with benefits computed based on current service and compensation levels. PBO is ABO increased to reflect expected future service and increased compensation levels. As a result of the freeze of plan benefits under our pension and restoration plans as of December 31, 2008, the ABO and PBO balances are equal to one another at all subsequent dates.
Assumptions Used to Determine Benefit Obligations
(1)For the restoration plan, the discount rate presented is applied to the pre-2004 annuity amounts. A rate of 4.50% is assumed for the post-2004 lump sum amounts paid from the plan for fiscal 2014 and fiscal 2013.
Fair Value of Plan Assets And Fair Value Hierarchy
(1)Includes large-, mid- and small-cap companies primarily from diverse U.S. industries including bank, oil and gas, retail and pharmaceutical sectors; approximately 95% of securities relate to U.S. entities and 5% of securities relate to non-U.S. entities as of February 28, 2014 (95% and 5%, respectively, as of February 28, 2013) .
(2)Consists of equity securities of primarily foreign corporations from diverse industries including bank, pharmaceutical, telecommunication, oil and gas, insurance and food sectors; 100% of securities relate to non-U.S. entities as of February 28, 2014 (100% relate to non-U.S. entities, as of February 28, 2013).
(3)Includes debt securities of U.S. and foreign governments, their agencies and corporations, and diverse investments in mortgage-backed securities and banks; approximately 90% of securities relate to U.S. entities and 10% of securities relate to non-U.S. entities as of February 28, 2014 (85% and 15%, respectively, as of February 28, 2013).
(4)Includes pooled funds representing short-term instruments that include governments, their agencies and corporations and large-, mid- and small-cap companies primarily from the U.S. bank sector; nearly 100% of securities relate to U.S. entities as of February 28, 2014 (nearly 100% as of February 28, 2013).
Plan Assets. Our pension plan assets are held in trust and management sets the investment policies and strategies. Long-term strategic investment objectives include asset preservation and appropriately balancing risk and return. We oversee the investment allocation process, which includes selecting investment managers, setting long-term strategic targets and monitoring asset allocations and performance. Target allocations for plan assets are guidelines, not limitations, and occasionally plan fiduciaries may approve allocations above or below the targets. We target allocating 75% of plan assets to equity and equity-related instruments and 25% to fixed income securities. Equity securities are currently composed of mutual funds that include highly diversified investments in large-, mid- and small-cap companies located in the United States and internationally. The fixed income securities are currently composed of mutual funds that include investments in debt securities, mortgage-backed securities, corporate bonds and other debt obligations primarily in the United States. We do not expect any plan assets to be returned to us during fiscal 2015. Plan assets also include collective funds, which are public investment vehicles with the underlying assets representing high quality, short-term instruments that include securities of governments, their agencies and corporations and large, mid, and small cap companies located in the United States and internationally.
			
		
			
		
			
		
The fair values of the plan’s assets are provided by the plan’s trustee and the investment managers. Within the fair value hierarchy (see Note 6), the mutual funds are classified as Level 1 as quoted active market prices for identical assets are used to measure fair value. The collective funds are public investment vehicles valued using a net asset value (“NAV”) provided by the plan’s trustee as a practical expedient for measuring the fair value. The NAV is based on the underlying net assets owned by the fund divided by the number of shares outstanding. The NAV’s unit price is quoted on a private market that was not active. However, the NAV is based on the fair value of the underlying securities within the fund, which were traded on an active market and valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which those individual securities are traded. The collective funds may be liquidated with minimal restrictions and are classified as Level 2.
Funding Policy. For the pension plan, we contribute amounts sufficient to meet minimum funding requirements as set forth in the employee benefit and tax laws, plus any additional amounts as we may determine to be appropriate. We expect to contribute $4.2 million to the pension plan in fiscal 2015. For the non-funded restoration plan, we contribute an amount equal to the benefit payments.
Estimated Future Benefit Payments
Components of Net Pension Expense
Changes Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
In fiscal 2015, we anticipate that $1.4 million in estimated actuarial losses of the pension plan will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss. We do not anticipate that any appreciable estimated actuarial losses will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss for the restoration plan.
			
		
			
		
			
		
Assumptions Used to Determine Net Pension Expense
(1)For the restoration plan, the discount rate presented is applied to the pre-2004 annuity amounts. A rate of 4.50% is assumed for post-2004 lump sum amounts paid from the plan for fiscal 2014 and fiscal 2013. For fiscal 2012 and prior years, a rate of 5.00% was assumed for post-2004 lump sum amounts paid from the plan.
Assumptions. Underlying both the calculation of the PBO and the net pension expense are actuarial calculations of each plan’s liability. These calculations use participant-specific information such as salary, age and years of service, as well as certain assumptions, the most significant being the discount rate, rate of return on plan assets and mortality rate. We evaluate these assumptions at least once a year and make changes as necessary.
The discount rate used for retirement benefit plan accounting reflects the yields available on high-quality, fixed income debt instruments. For our plans, we review high quality corporate bond indices in addition to a hypothetical portfolio of corporate bonds with maturities that approximate the expected timing of the anticipated benefit payments.
To determine the expected long-term return on plan assets, we consider the current and anticipated asset allocations, as well as historical and estimated returns on various categories of plan assets. We apply the estimated rate of return to a market-related value of assets, which reduces the underlying variability in the asset values. The use of expected long-term rates of return on pension plan assets could result in recognized asset returns that are greater or less than the actual returns of those pension plan assets in any given year. Over time, however, the expected long-term returns are anticipated to approximate the actual long-term returns, and therefore, result in a pattern of income and expense recognition that more closely matches the pattern of the services provided by the employees. Differences between actual and expected returns, which are a component of unrecognized actuarial gains/losses, are recognized over the average life expectancy of all plan participants.
Given the frozen status of the pension and benefit restoration plans, the rate of compensation increases is not applicable for periods subsequent to December 31, 2008. Mortality rate assumptions are based on the life expectancy of the population and were updated in fiscal 2011 to account for increases in life expectancy.
(B) Retirement Savings 401(k) Plan
We sponsor a 401(k) plan for all associates meeting certain eligibility criteria. In conjunction with the pension plan curtailments, enhancements were made to the 401(k) plan effective January 1, 2009. The enhancements increased the maximum salary contribution for eligible associates and increased our matching contribution. Additionally, an annual company-funded contribution regardless of associate participation was implemented, as well as an additional company-funded contribution to those associates meeting certain age and service requirements. The total cost for company contributions was $25.0 million in fiscal 2014, $23.1 million in fiscal 2013 and $20.9 million in fiscal 2012.
(C) Retirement Restoration Plan
Effective January 1, 2009, we replaced the frozen restoration plan with a new non-qualified retirement plan for certain senior executives who are affected by Internal Revenue Code limitations on benefits provided under the Retirement Savings 401(k) Plan. Under this plan, these associates may continue to defer portions of their compensation for retirement savings. We match the associates’ contributions at the same rate provided under the 401(k) plan, and also provide the annual company-funded contribution made regardless of associate participation, as well as the additional company-funded contribution to the associates meeting the same age and service requirements. This plan is unfunded with lump sum payments to be made upon the associate’s retirement. The total cost for this plan was $1.1 million in fiscal 2014, $0.4 million in fiscal 2013 and $0.5 million in fiscal 2012.
			
		
			
		
			
		
(D) Executive Deferred Compensation Plan
Effective January 1, 2011, we established an unfunded nonqualified deferred compensation plan to permit certain eligible key associates to defer receipt of a portion of their compensation to a future date. This plan also includes a restorative company contribution designed to compensate the plan participants for any loss of company contributions under the Retirement Savings 401(k) Plan and the Retirement Restoration Plan due to a reduction in their eligible compensation resulting from deferrals into the Executive Deferred Compensation Plan. The total cost for this plan was $0.6 million in fiscal 2014, $0.4 million in fiscal 2013 and was not material in fiscal 2012.
11.Debt
Revolving Credit Facility. Our $700 million unsecured revolving credit facility (the “credit facility”) expires in August 2016. Borrowings under the credit facility are available for working capital and general corporate purposes. Borrowings accrue interest at variable rates based on LIBOR, the federal funds rate, or the prime rate, depending on the type of borrowing, and we pay a commitment fee on the unused portions of the available funds. As of February 28, 2014, the remaining capacity of the credit facility was fully available to us.
The weighted average interest rate on outstanding short-term and long-term debt was 1.5% in fiscal 2014 and 1.8% in fiscal 2013 and 1.6% in fiscal 2012.
We capitalize interest in connection with the construction of certain facilities. There was no capitalized interest in fiscal 2014, fiscal 2013 or fiscal 2012.
Finance and Capital Lease Obligations. Finance and capital lease obligations relate primarily to superstores subject to sale-leaseback transactions that did not qualify for sale accounting, and therefore, are accounted for as financings. The leases were structured at varying interest rates and generally have initial lease terms ranging from 15 to 20 years with payments made monthly. Payments on the leases are recognized as interest expense and a reduction of the obligations. We have not entered into any sale-leaseback transactions since fiscal 2009. See Note 15 for information on future minimum lease obligations.
Non-Recourse Notes Payable. The non-recourse notes payable relate to auto loan receivables funded through term securitizations and our warehouse facilities. The timing of principal payments on the non-recourse notes payable is based on principal collections, net of losses, on the securitized auto loan receivables. The current portion of non-recourse notes payable represents principal payments that are due to be distributed in the following period.
As of February 28, 2014, $6.37 billion of non-recourse notes payable was outstanding related to term securitizations. These notes payable accrue interest at fixed rates and have scheduled maturities through August 2020, but may mature earlier or later, depending upon the repayment rate of the underlying auto loan receivables.
			
		
			
		
			
		
As of February 28, 2014, $879.0 million of non-recourse notes payable was outstanding related to our warehouse facilities. The combined warehouse facility limit is $1.8 billion, and unused warehouse capacity totaled $921.0 million. During the third quarter of fiscal 2014, we increased the limit of our $900 million warehouse facility that was scheduled to expire in February 2014 to $1 billion, and during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2014, we renewed the facility for an additional 364 day term. Of the combined warehouse facility limit, $800 million will expire in August 2014 and $1 billion will expire in February 2015. The notes payable outstanding related to our warehouse facilities do not have scheduled maturities, instead the principal payments depend upon the repayment rate of the underlying auto loan receivables. The return requirements of investors could fluctuate significantly depending on market conditions. Therefore, at renewal, the cost, structure and capacity of the facilities could change. These changes could have a significant impact on our funding costs.
See Notes 2(F) and 4 for additional information on the related securitized auto loan receivables.
Financial Covenants. The credit facility agreement contains representations and warranties, conditions and covenants. We must also meet financial covenants in conjunction with certain of the sale-leaseback transactions. Our securitization agreements contain representations and warranties, financial covenants and performance triggers. As of February 28, 2014, we were in compliance with all financial covenants and our securitized receivables were in compliance with the related performance triggers.
12.Stock and Stock-Based Incentive Plans
(A) Preferred Stock
Under the terms of our Articles of Incorporation, the board of directors may determine the rights, preferences and terms of our authorized but unissued shares of preferred stock. We have authorized 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $20 par value. In 2002, we created a series of preferred stock designated as “Cumulative Participating Preferred Stock, Series A” in connection with the shareholder rights plan adopted by the company. The number of shares constituting such series is 300,000. The shareholders rights plan expired in 2012, and no shares of such Series A Cumulative Participating Preferred Stock or any other preferred stock are currently outstanding.
(B) Share Repurchase Program
In fiscal 2013, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $800 million of our common stock. Of the total authorized, $300 million was scheduled to expire on December 31, 2013, with the remaining $500 million scheduled to expire on December 31, 2014. Purchases may be made in the open market or privately negotiated transactions at management’s discretion and the timing and amount of repurchases are determined based on share price, market conditions, legal requirements and other factors. Shares repurchased are deemed authorized but unissued shares of common stock.
During fiscal 2014, we repurchased 6,859,518 shares of common stock at an average purchase price of $44.61 per share. During fiscal 2013, we repurchased 5,762,000 shares of common stock at an average purchase price of $36.77 per share. As of February 28, 2014, $282.1 million was available for repurchase under the authorizations. Subsequent to the end of fiscal 2014, in March 2014, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to an additional $1 billion of our common stock through December 31, 2015.
(C) Stock Incentive Plans
We maintain long-term incentive plans for management, key employees and the nonemployee members of our board of directors. The plans allow for the granting of equity-based compensation awards, including nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, stock- and cash-settled restricted stock units, stock grants or a combination of awards. To date, we have not awarded any incentive stock options.
As of February 28, 2014, a total of 50,200,000 shares of our common stock had been authorized to be issued under the long-term incentive plans. The number of unissued common shares reserved for future grants under the long-term incentive plans was 10,637,303 as of that date.
Prior to fiscal 2007, the majority of associates who received share-based compensation awards primarily received nonqualified stock options. From fiscal 2007 through fiscal 2009, these associates primarily received restricted stock instead of stock options, and beginning in fiscal 2010, these associates primarily receive cash-settled restricted stock units instead of restricted stock awards. Senior management and other key associates receive awards of nonqualified stock options and, starting in fiscal 2010, stock-settled restricted stock units. Nonemployee directors receive awards of nonqualified stock options and stock grants.
			
		
			
		
			
		
Nonqualified Stock Options. Nonqualified stock options are awards that allow the recipient to purchase shares of our common stock at a fixed price. Stock options are granted at an exercise price equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the grant date. The stock options generally vest annually in equal amounts over periods of one to four years. These options are subject to forfeiture and expire no later than ten years after the date of the grant.
Cash-Settled Restricted Stock Units. Also referred to as restricted stock units, or RSUs, these are awards that entitle the holder to a cash payment equal to the fair market value of a share of our common stock for each unit granted. Conversion generally occurs at the end of a three-year vesting period. However, the cash payment per RSU will not be greater than 200% or less than 75% of the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the grant date. RSUs are liability awards that are subject to forfeiture and do not have voting rights.
Stock-Settled Restricted Stock Units. Also referred to as market stock units, or MSUs, these are awards to eligible key associates that are converted into between zero and two shares of common stock for each unit granted. Conversion generally occurs at the end of a three-year vesting period. The conversion ratio is calculated by dividing the average closing price of our stock during the final forty trading days of the three-year vesting period by our stock price on the grant date, with the resulting quotient capped at two. This quotient is then multiplied by the number of MSUs granted to yield the number of shares awarded. MSUs are subject to forfeiture and do not have voting rights.
Restricted Stock. Restricted stock awards are awards of our common stock that are subject to specified restrictions and a risk of forfeiture. The restrictions typically lapse three years from the grant date. Participants holding restricted stock are entitled to vote on matters submitted to holders of our common stock for a vote. No restricted stock awards have been granted since fiscal 2009, and no awards were outstanding during fiscal 2014 and 2013. We realized related tax benefits of $10.9 million in fiscal 2012 from the vesting of restricted stock.
(D) Share-Based Compensation
Composition of Share­Based Compensation Expense
Composition of Share­Based Compensation Expense - By Grant Type
We recognize compensation expense for stock options, MSUs and restricted stock on a straight-line basis (net of estimated forfeitures) over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the award. The variable expense associated with RSUs is recognized over their vesting period (net of estimated forfeitures) and is calculated based on the volume-weighted average price of our common stock on the last trading day of each reporting period. The total costs for matching contributions for our employee stock purchase plan are included in share-based compensation expense. There were no capitalized share-based compensation costs as of the end of fiscal 2014, fiscal 2013 or fiscal 2012.
			
		
			
		
			
		
Stock Option Activity
We granted nonqualified options to purchase 1,605,149 shares of common stock in fiscal 2014, 2,252,124 shares in fiscal 2013 and 1,993,498 shares in fiscal 2012. The total cash received as a result of stock option exercises was $45.1 million in fiscal 2014, $71.7 million in fiscal 2013 and $25.3 million in fiscal 2012. We settle stock option exercises with authorized but unissued shares of our common stock. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $62.5 million for fiscal 2014, $68.0 million for fiscal 2013 and $23.9 million for fiscal 2012. We realized related tax benefits of $25.1 million in fiscal 2014, $27.2 million for fiscal 2013 and $9.5 million for fiscal 2012.
Outstanding Stock Options
For stock options, the fair value of each award is estimated as of the date of grant using a binomial valuation model. In computing the value of the option, the binomial model considers characteristics of fair-value option pricing that are not available for consideration under a closed-form valuation model (for example, the Black-Scholes model), such as the contractual term of the option, the probability that the option will be exercised prior to the end of its contractual life and the probability of termination or retirement of the option holder. For this reason, we believe that the binomial model provides a fair value that is more representative of actual experience and future expected experience than the value calculated using a closed-form model. Estimates of fair value are not intended to predict actual future events or the value ultimately realized by the recipients of share-based awards.
The weighted average fair value per share at the date of grant for options granted was $15.59 in fiscal 2014, $12.67 in fiscal 2013 and $13.80 in fiscal 2012. The unrecognized compensation costs related to nonvested options totaled $32.6 million as of February 28, 2014. These costs are expected to be recognized on a straight-line basis over a weighted average period of 2.0 years.
			
		
			
		
			
		
Assumptions Used to Estimate Option Values
(1)Measured using historical daily price changes of our stock for a period corresponding to the term of the options and the implied volatility derived from the market prices of traded options on our stock.
(2)Based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.
(3)Represents the estimated number of years that options will be outstanding prior to exercise.
Cash-Settled Restricted Stock Unit Activity
We granted 541,819 RSUs in fiscal 2014, 644,232 RSUs in fiscal 2013 and 575,380 RSUs in fiscal 2012. The initial fair market value per RSU at the date of grant was $42.68 in fiscal 2014, $31.76 in fiscal 2013 and $32.69 in fiscal 2012. The RSUs are cash-settled upon vesting. During fiscal 2014, we paid $23.3 million (before payroll tax withholdings) to RSU holders upon the vesting of RSUs, and we realized tax benefits of $9.3 million.
Expected Cash Settlement Range Upon Restricted Stock Unit Vesting
(1)Net of estimated forfeitures.
Stock-Settled Restricted Stock Unit Activity
			
		
			
		
			
		
We granted 237,660 MSUs in fiscal 2014, 348,551 MSUs in fiscal 2013 and 299,102 MSUs in fiscal 2012. The weighted average fair value per MSU at the date of grant was $52.02 in fiscal 2014, $40.33 in fiscal 2013 and $45.48 in fiscal 2012. The fair values were determined using a Monte-Carlo simulation and were based on the expected market price of our common stock on the vesting date and the expected number of converted common shares. We realized related tax benefits of $7.9 million during fiscal 2014, from the vesting of market stock units. The unrecognized compensation costs related to nonvested MSUs totaled $13.4 million as of February 28, 2014. These costs are expected to be recognized on a straight-line basis over a weighted average period of 1.0 years.
(E) Employee Stock Purchase Plan
We sponsor an employee stock purchase plan for all associates meeting certain eligibility criteria. Associate contributions are limited to 10% of eligible compensation, up to a maximum of $7,500 per year. For each $1.00 contributed to the plan by associates, we match $0.15. We have authorized up to 8,000,000 shares of common stock for the employee stock purchase plan. Shares are acquired through open-market purchases.
As of February 28, 2014, a total of 3,724,673 shares remained available under the plan. Shares purchased in the open market on behalf of associates totaled 188,797 during fiscal 2014, 251,667 during fiscal 2013 and 260,927 during fiscal 2012. The average price per share for purchases under the plan was $47.35 in fiscal 2014, $32.05 in fiscal 2013 and $30.02 in fiscal 2012. The total costs for matching contributions are included in share-based compensation expense.
13.Net Earnings Per Share
Nonvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities and should be included in the computation of net earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method as discussed in Note 2(X). Our restricted stock awards are considered participating securities because they contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends and are included in the computation of net earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method. Nonvested MSUs do not receive nonforfeitable dividend equivalent rights, and therefore, are not considered participating securities. RSUs are nonparticipating, non-equity instruments, and therefore, are excluded from net earnings per share calculations. There were no outstanding participating securities during fiscal 2014 and 2013.
Basic and Dilutive Net Earnings Per Share Reconciliations
Certain weighted-average options to purchase shares of common stock were outstanding and not included in the calculation of diluted net earnings per share because their inclusion would have been antidilutive. In fiscal 2014, weighted average options to purchase 1,231,382 shares were not included. In fiscal 2013, weighted-average options to purchase 3,877,165 shares were not included. In fiscal 2012, weighted-average options to purchase 1,750,473 shares were not included.
			
		
			
		
			
		
14.Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss By Component
			
		
			
		
			
		
Changes In and Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
(1) The year ended February 28, 2013, includes a tax benefit adjustment of $8,518 related to prior years.
Changes in the funded status of our retirement plans and the effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss. The cumulative balances are net of deferred taxes of $27.7 million as of February 28, 2014, and $35.9 million as of February 29, 2013.
			
		
			
		
			
		
15.Lease Commitments
Our leases primarily consist of land or land and building leases related to CarMax superstore locations. Our lease obligations are based upon contractual minimum rates. Most leases provide that we pay taxes, maintenance, insurance and operating expenses applicable to the premises. The initial term of most real property leases will expire within the next 20 years; however, most of the leases have options providing for renewal periods of 5 to 20 years at terms similar to the initial terms. For finance and capital leases, a portion of the periodic lease payments is recognized as interest expense and the remainder reduces the obligations. For operating leases, rent is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, including scheduled rent increases and rent holidays. Rent expense for all operating leases was $43.6 million in fiscal 2014, $42.8 million in fiscal 2013 and $42.3 million in fiscal 2012. See Note 11 for additional information on finance and capital lease obligations.
Future Minimum Lease Obligations
(1)
Excludes taxes, insurance and other costs payable directly by us. These costs vary from year to year and are incurred in
the ordinary course of business.
16.commitments and Contingencies
(A) Litigation
On April 2, 2008, Mr. John Fowler filed a putative class action lawsuit against CarMax Auto Superstores California, LLC and CarMax Auto Superstores West Coast, Inc. in the Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles. Subsequently, two other lawsuits, Leena Areso et al. v. CarMax Auto Superstores California, LLC and Justin Weaver v. CarMax Auto Superstores California, LLC, were consolidated as part of the Fowler case. The allegations in the consolidated case involved: (1) failure to provide meal and rest breaks or compensation in lieu thereof; (2) failure to pay wages of terminated or resigned employees related to meal and rest breaks and overtime; (3) failure to pay overtime; (4) failure to comply with itemized employee wage statement provisions; (5) unfair competition; and (6) California’s Labor Code Private Attorney General Act. The putative class consisted of sales consultants, sales managers, and other hourly employees who worked for the company in California from April 2, 2004, to the present. On May 12, 2009, the court dismissed all of the class claims with respect to the sales manager putative class. On June 16, 2009, the court dismissed all claims related to the failure to comply with the itemized employee wage statement provisions. The court also granted CarMax's motion for summary adjudication with regard to CarMax's alleged failure to pay overtime to the sales consultant putative class. The plaintiffs appealed the court's ruling regarding the sales consultant overtime claim. On May 20, 2011, the California Court of Appeal affirmed the ruling in favor of CarMax. The plaintiffs filed a Petition of Review with the California Supreme Court, which was denied. As a result, the plaintiffs’ overtime claims are no longer a part of the lawsuit.
The claims currently remaining in the lawsuit regarding the sales consultant putative class are: (1) failure to provide meal and rest breaks or compensation in lieu thereof; (2) failure to pay wages of terminated or resigned employees related to meal and rest breaks; (3) unfair competition; and (4) California’s Labor Code Private Attorney General Act. On June 16, 2009, the court entered a stay of these claims pending the outcome of a California Supreme Court case involving unrelated third parties but related legal issues. Subsequently, CarMax moved to lift the stay and compel the plaintiffs’ remaining claims into arbitration on an individual basis, which the court granted on November 21, 2011. The plaintiffs appealed the court’s ruling to the California Court of Appeal. On March 26, 2013, the California Court of Appeal reversed the trial court’s order granting CarMax’s motion to compel
			
		
			
		
			
		
arbitration. On October 8, 2013, CarMax filed a petition for a writ of certiorari seeking review in the United States Supreme Court. On February 24, 2014, the United States Supreme Court granted CarMax's petition for certiorari, vacated the California Court of Appeal decision and remanded the case to the California Court of Appeal for further consideration. The Fowler lawsuit seeks compensatory and special damages, wages, interest, civil and statutory penalties, restitution, injunctive relief and the recovery of attorneys’ fees. We are unable to make a reasonable estimate of the amount or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome in these matters.
We are involved in various other legal proceedings in the normal course of business. Based upon our evaluation of information currently available, we believe that the ultimate resolution of any such proceedings will not have a material adverse effect, either individually or in the aggregate, on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
(B) Gain Contingency
The Company is a class member in a consolidated and settled class action lawsuit (In Re Toyota Motor Corp. Unintended Acceleration Marketing, Sales Practices, and Products Liability Litig., Case No. 10-2151 (C.D. Cal.), consolidated as of April 9, 2010) against Toyota Motor Corp. and Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc. (collectively, “Toyota”) related to the economic loss associated with certain Toyota vehicles equipped with electronic throttle controls systems and the potential unintended acceleration of these vehicles. On April 3, 2014, the claims administrator in this matter provided notice to the Company that the Company may recover approximately $20 million (net of attorney’s fees and expenses) as its share of the settlement proceeds in the third calendar quarter of 2014. The estimated recovery: (1) may be reduced to the extent that the total claims made exceed the settlement pool; (2) is subject to final approval of supporting documentation; and (3) remains subject to the entry of a final approval order from the district court judge. We will recognize these proceeds when funds are received from the claims administrator.
(C) Other Matters
In accordance with the terms of real estate lease agreements, we generally agree to indemnify the lessor from certain liabilities arising as a result of the use of the leased premises, including environmental liabilities and repairs to leased property upon termination of the lease. Additionally, in accordance with the terms of agreements entered into for the sale of properties, we generally agree to indemnify the buyer from certain liabilities and costs arising subsequent to the date of the sale, including environmental liabilities and liabilities resulting from the breach of representations or warranties made in accordance with the agreements. We do not have any known material environmental commitments, contingencies or other indemnification issues arising from these arrangements.
As part of our customer service strategy, we guarantee the used vehicles we retail with at least a 30-day limited warranty. A vehicle in need of repair within this period will be repaired free of charge. As a result, each vehicle sold has an implied liability associated with it. Accordingly, based on historical trends, we record a provision for estimated future repairs during the guarantee period for each vehicle sold. The liability for this guarantee was $5.7 million as of February 28, 2014, and $4.6 million as of February 29, 2013, and is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities.
			
		
			
		
			
		
17.Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
						
(1)
As disclosed in Note 8, during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2014, we corrected our accounting related to cancellation reserves for our ESP and GAP products. The correction of the out of period error consisted of $0.02 per share pertaining to earlier quarters in fiscal 2014 and $0.05 per share pertaining to fiscal 2013 and fiscal 2012.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (“disclosure controls”) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls are also designed to ensure that this information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the chief executive officer (“CEO”) and the chief financial officer (“CFO”), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
As of the end of the period covered by this report, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls. This evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the CEO and CFO. Based upon that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls were effective as of the end of the period.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended February 28, 2014, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management's annual report on internal control over financial reporting is included in Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 9B. Other Information.
None.
Part III
With the exception of the information incorporated by reference from our 2014 Proxy Statement in Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our 2014 Proxy Statement is not to be deemed filed as a part of this Form 10-K.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The following table identifies our executive officers as of February 28, 2014. We are not aware of any family relationships among any of our executive officers or between any of our executive officers and any directors. All executive officers are elected annually and serve for one year or until their successors are elected and qualify. The next election of officers will occur in June 2014.
			
		
			
		
			
		
Mr. Folliard joined CarMax in 1993 as senior buyer and became director of purchasing in 1994. He was promoted to vice president of merchandising in 1996, senior vice president of store operations in 2000 and executive vice president of store operations in 2001. Mr. Folliard became president and chief executive officer and a director of CarMax in 2006.
Mr. Nash joined CarMax in 1997 as auction manager. In 2007, he was promoted to vice president and later, senior vice president of merchandising, a position he held until October 2011, when he was named senior vice president, human resources and administrative services. In March 2012, he was promoted to executive vice president, human resources and administrative services. Prior to joining CarMax, Mr. Nash worked at Circuit City.
Mr. Reedy joined CarMax in 2003 as its vice president and treasurer and, in January 2010, was promoted to senior vice president, finance. In October 2010, Mr. Reedy was promoted to senior vice president and chief financial officer. In March 2012, he was promoted to executive vice president and chief financial officer. Prior to joining CarMax, Mr. Reedy was vice president, corporate development and treasurer of Gateway, Inc., a technology retail company.
Mr. Wood joined CarMax in 1993 as a buyer-in-training. He has served as buyer, purchasing manager, district manager, regional director and director of buyer development. He was promoted to vice president, merchandising in 1998, vice president of sales operations in 2007, senior vice president, sales in 2010, and senior vice president, stores in 2011. In March 2012, he was promoted to executive vice president, stores. Prior to joining CarMax, Mr. Wood worked at Circuit City from 1989 to 1993.
Ms. Chattin joined CarMax in 1996 as an accounts receivable group manager. In 1997, she took responsibility for CarMax Auto Finance and was promoted to assistant vice president of CarMax in 1999 and vice president in 2001. She was promoted to senior vice president, CarMax Auto Finance in 2010. Prior to joining CarMax, Ms. Chattin served as vice president of customer service for GE Capital Consumer Credit and held various positions at Circuit City.
Mr. Margolin joined CarMax in 2007 as senior vice president, general counsel and corporate secretary. Prior to joining CarMax, he was senior vice president, general counsel and corporate secretary with Advance Auto Parts, Inc. and vice president, general counsel and corporate secretary with Tire Kingdom, Inc.
Mr. Smith was the first full-time associate of CarMax, having worked on the original CarMax concept while at Circuit City in 1991. He has held various positions in technology and operations throughout his tenure with CarMax and was promoted to vice president, management information systems, in 2005. He was promoted to senior vice president and chief information officer in 2006.
The information concerning our directors required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the section titled “Proposal One - Election of Directors” in our 2014 Proxy Statement.
The information concerning the audit committee of our board of directors and the audit committee financial expert required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the information included in the sub-section titled “Corporate Governance - Board Committees” in our 2014 Proxy Statement.
The information concerning compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the sub-section titled “CarMax Share Ownership - Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in our 2014 Proxy Statement.
The information concerning our code of ethics (“Code of Business Conduct”) for senior management required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the sub-section titled “Corporate Governance - Overview” in our 2014 Proxy Statement.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the section titled “Compensation Tables” appearing in our 2014 Proxy Statement. Additional information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the section titled “Director Compensation” in our 2014 Proxy Statement.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the section titled “CarMax Share Ownership” and the sub-section titled “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in our 2014 Proxy Statement.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence.
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the sub-section titled “Corporate Governance - Related Person Transactions” in our 2014 Proxy Statement.
The information required by this Item concerning director independence is incorporated by reference to the sub-section titled “Corporate Governance - Independence” in our 2014 Proxy Statement.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the sub-section titled “Auditor Fees and Services” in our 2014 Proxy Statement.
Part IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)
The following documents are filed as part of this report:
1.
Financial Statements. All financial statements as set forth under Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
2.
Financial Statement Schedules. Schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, are not required or the information required to be set forth therein is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto.
3.
Exhibits. The Exhibits listed on the accompanying Index to Exhibits immediately following the financial statement schedule are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Form 10-K.
(b)
Exhibits
See Item 15(a)(3) above.
(c)
Financial Statement Schedules
See Item 15(a)(2) above.
			
		
			
		
			
		
Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
CarMax, Inc.
						
						
						
						
						
						
By:
/s/ THOMAS J. FOLLIARD
						
By:
/s/ THOMAS W. REEDY
						
						
Thomas J. Folliard
						
						
Thomas W. Reedy
						
						
President and Chief Executive Officer
						
						
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
						
						
April 25, 2014
						
						
April 25, 2014
						
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:
						
						
/s/ THOMAS J. FOLLIARD
						
/s/ W. ROBERT GRAFTON *
Thomas J. Folliard
						
W. Robert Grafton
President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
						
Director
April 25, 2014
						
April 25, 2014
						
						
/s/ THOMAS W. REEDY
						
/s/ EDGAR H. GRUBB *
Thomas W. Reedy
						
Edgar H. Grubb
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
						
Director
April 25, 2014
						
April 25, 2014
						
						
/s/ NATALIE L. WYATT
						
/s/ MITCHELL D. STEENROD *
Natalie L. Wyatt
						
Mitchell D. Steenrod
Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
						
Director
April 25, 2014
						
April 25, 2014
						
						
/s/ RONALD E. BLAYLOCK *
						
/s/ THOMAS G. STEMBERG *
Ronald E. Blaylock
						
Thomas G. Stemberg
Director
						
Director
April 25, 2014
						
April 25, 2014
						
						
/s/ RAKESH GANGWAL *
						
/s/ SHIRA GOODMAN *
Rakesh Gangwal
						
Shira Goodman
Director
						
Director
April 25, 2014
						
April 25, 2014
						
						
/s/ WILLIAM R. TIEFEL *
						
/s/ JEFFREY E. GARTEN *
William R. Tiefel
						
Jeffrey E. Garten
Director
						
Director
April 25, 2014
						
April 25, 2014
						
						
						
*By:
/s/ THOMAS W. REEDY
Thomas W. Reedy
Attorney-In-Fact
The original powers of attorney authorizing Thomas J. Folliard and Thomas W. Reedy, or either of them, to sign this annual report on behalf of certain directors and officers of the company are included as Exhibit 24.1.
			 		
			
		
			
		
Index to exhibits
			
		
						
						
3.1
						
CarMax, Inc. Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, effective June 24, 2013, filed as Exhibit 3.1 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 28, 2013 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference.
						
						
3.2
						
CarMax, Inc. Bylaws, as amended and restated June 24, 2013, filed as Exhibit 3.2 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 28, 2013 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference.
						
						
10.1
						
CarMax, Inc. Employment Agreement for Executive Officer, dated December 1, 2011, between CarMax, Inc. and Thomas J. Folliard, filed as Exhibit 10.4 to CarMax’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed January 9, 2012 (File No. 1-31420) is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.2
						
CarMax, Inc. Severance Agreement for Executive Officer, dated December 1, 2011, between CarMax, Inc. and Thomas W. Reedy, filed as Exhibit 10.6 to CarMax’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed January 9, 2012 (File No. 1-31420) is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.3
						
CarMax, Inc. Severance Agreement for Executive Officer, dated December 1, 2011, between CarMax, Inc. and William C. Wood, Jr., filed as Exhibit 10.8 to CarMax’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed January 9, 2012 (File No. 1-31420) is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.4
						
CarMax, Inc. Severance Agreement for Executive Officer, dated December 1, 2011, between CarMax, Inc. and William D. Nash, filed as Exhibit 10.6 to CarMax’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed April 26, 2013 (File No. 1-31420) is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.5
						
CarMax, Inc. Severance Agreement for Executive Officer, dated December 1, 2011, between CarMax, Inc. and Eric M. Margolin, filed as Exhibit 10.7 to CarMax’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed April 26, 2013 (File No. 1-31420) is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.6
						
CarMax, Inc. Benefit Restoration Plan, as amended and restated, effective June 30, 2011, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 30, 2011 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.7
						
CarMax, Inc. Retirement Restoration Plan, as amended and restated, effective June 30, 2011, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 30, 2011 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.8
						
CarMax, Inc. Executive Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated, effective June 30, 2011, filed as Exhibit 10.3 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 30, 2011 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.9
						
CarMax, Inc. Non-Employee Directors Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated June 24, 2008, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to CarMax’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed July 10, 2008 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.10
						
CarMax, Inc. 2002 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated June 25, 2012, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 29, 2012 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
			 		
			
		
			
		
			
		
						
						
10.11
						
CarMax, Inc. Annual Performance-Based Bonus Plan, as amended and restated June 25, 2012, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 29, 2012 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.12
						
CarMax, Inc. 2002 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended and restated June 23, 2009, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to CarMax’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed July 9, 2009 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference.
						
						
10.13
						
Credit Agreement dated August 26, 2011, among CarMax Auto Superstores, Inc., CarMax, Inc., certain subsidiaries of CarMax named therein, Bank of America, N.A., as a lender and as administrative agent, and the other lending institutions named therein, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed August 30, 2011 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference.
10.14
						
Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant between CarMax, Inc. and certain named and other executive officers, effective January 27, 2014, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 31, 2014 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by reference. *
10.15
						
Form of Notice of Market Stock Unit Grant between CarMax, Inc. and certain named and other executive officers, effective January 27, 2014, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 31, 2014 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by reference. *
						
						
10.16
						
Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant between CarMax, Inc. and certain named and other executive officers, effective December 21, 2011, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 23, 2011 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by reference. *
						
						
10.17
						
Form of Notice of Market Stock Unit Grant between CarMax, Inc. and certain named and other executive officers, effective December 21, 2011, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 23, 2011 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by reference. *
						
						
10.18
						
Form of Notice of Restricted Stock Unit Grant between CarMax Inc. and certain named and other executive officers, effective December 21, 2011, filed as Exhibit 10.3 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 23, 2011 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by reference. *
						
						
10.19
						
Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant between CarMax, Inc. and certain named and other executive officers, effective October 18, 2010, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed October 22, 2010 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.20
						
Form of Notice of Restricted Stock Grant between CarMax, Inc. and certain executive officers, effective January 1, 2009, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to CarMax’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed January 8, 2009 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.21
						
Form of Notice of Market Stock Unit Grant between CarMax, Inc. and certain named and other executive officers, effective October 18, 2010, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed October 22, 2010 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.22
						
Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant between CarMax, Inc. and certain named and other executive officers, effective January 1, 2009, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to CarMax’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed January 8, 2009 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.23
						
Form of Directors Stock Option Grant Agreement between CarMax, Inc. and certain non-employee directors of the CarMax, Inc. board of directors, filed as Exhibit 10.3 to CarMax’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed July 10, 2008 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.24
						
Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant between CarMax, Inc. and certain named and other executive officers, filed as Exhibit 10.18 to CarMax’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed April 25, 2008 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
			
		
			
		
			
		
			
		
			
		
			
		
10.25
						
Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant between CarMax, Inc. and certain named and other executive officers, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed October 20, 2006 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.26
						
Form of Directors Stock Option Grant Agreement between CarMax, Inc. and certain non-employee directors of the CarMax, Inc. board of directors, filed as Exhibit 10.5 to CarMax’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed April 28, 2006 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.27
						
Form of Incentive Award Agreement between CarMax, Inc. and certain named executive officers, filed as Exhibit 10.16 to CarMax’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed May 13, 2005 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.28
						
Form of Incentive Award Agreement between CarMax, Inc. and certain
executive officers, filed as Exhibit 10.17 to CarMax’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed May 13, 2005 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.29
						
Form of Incentive Award Agreement between CarMax, Inc. and certain non-employee directors of the CarMax, Inc. board of directors, filed as Exhibit 10.18 to CarMax’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed May 13, 2005 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.30
						
Form of Amendment to Incentive Award Agreement between CarMax, Inc. and certain non-employee directors of the CarMax, Inc. board of directors, filed as Exhibit 10.19 to CarMax’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed May 13, 2005 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
10.31
						
Form of Stock Grant Notice Letter from CarMax, Inc. to certain non-employee directors of the CarMax, Inc. board of directors, filed as Exhibit 10.20 to CarMax’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed May 13, 2005 (File No. 1-31420), is incorporated by this reference. *
						
						
21.1
						
CarMax, Inc. Subsidiaries, filed herewith.
						
						
23.1
						
Consent of KPMG LLP, filed herewith.
						
						
24.1
						
Powers of Attorney, filed herewith.
						
						
31.1
						
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), filed herewith.
						
						
31.2
						
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), filed herewith.
						
						
32.1
						
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, filed herewith.
						
						
32.2
						
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, filed herewith.
						
						
101.INS
						
XBRL Instance Document.
						
						
101.SCH
						
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
						
						
101.CAL
						
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
						
						
101.DEF
						
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
						
						
101.LAB
						
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
						
						
101.PRE
						
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
*Indicates management contracts, compensatory plans or arrangements of the company required to be filed as an exhibit.