Prologis, Inc.
ITEM 1. Business
Prologis, Inc. is a self-administered and self-managed REIT and is the sole general partner of Prologis, L.P. through which it holds substantially all of its assets. We operate Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P. as one enterprise and, therefore, our discussion and analysis refers to Prologis, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, including Prologis, L.P. We invest in real estate through wholly owned subsidiaries and other entities through which we co-invest with partners and investors. We have a significant ownership in the co-investment ventures, which may be consolidated or unconsolidated based on our level of control of the entity.
Prologis, Inc. began operating as a fully integrated real estate company in 1997 and elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“Internal Revenue Code” or “IRC”). We believe the current organization and method of operation will enable Prologis, Inc. to maintain its status as a REIT. Prologis, L.P. was also formed in 1997.
We operate and manage our business on an owned and managed (“O&M”) basis and therefore evaluate the operating performance of the properties for our O&M portfolio, which includes our consolidated properties and properties owned by our unconsolidated co-investment ventures. We make operating decisions based on our total O&M portfolio, as we manage the properties regardless of ownership. We also evaluate our results based on our proportionate economic ownership of each property included in the O&M portfolio (“our share”) as it represents the financial results of our share of the O&M portfolio.
Included in our discussion below are references to funds from operations (“FFO”) and net operating income (“NOI”), neither of which are U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). See Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for a reconciliation of Net Earnings Attributable to Common Stockholders in the Consolidated Statements of Income to our FFO measures and a reconciliation of NOI to Operating Income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure.
Our corporate headquarters is located at Pier 1, Bay 1, San Francisco, California 94111, and our other principal office locations are in Amsterdam, Denver, Luxembourg, Mexico City, Shanghai, Singapore and Tokyo.
Our Internet address is www.prologis.com. All reports required to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) are available and can be accessed free of charge through the Investor Relations section of our website. The common stock of Prologis, Inc. is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the ticker “PLD” and is a component of the Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) 500.
THE COMPANY
As the global leader in logistics real estate, Prologis has a presence in 19 countries across four continents. We own, manage and develop well-located, high-quality logistics facilities, with a focus on the consumption side of the global supply chain. Our local teams actively manage our portfolio, which encompasses leasing and property management, capital deployment and opportunistic dispositions, generally allowing us to recycle capital to self-fund our development and acquisition activities. The majority of our properties in the United States (“U.S.”) are wholly owned, while our properties outside the U.S. are primarily held in co-investment ventures which has the benefit of mitigating our exposure to foreign currency movements.
Our portfolio is focused on the world’s most vibrant centers of commerce and our scale allows us to respond to our customers’ needs for the highest-quality buildings across these locations. As e-commerce increasingly moves to the forefront of the global supply chain, it
drives demand for logistics real estate close to the end consumer. Over time, we have invested in properties located within infill and urban areas in our largest global markets with immediate access to the consumer population; these are our Last Touch® facilities. This positioning gives us the unique ability to provide our customers with the right solutions in their supply chains that, in turn, allows them to meet end consumer expectations. As we look to the future of logistics real estate, we strive to innovate through the development of multistory logistics facilities, creating community workforce programs to develop skilled labor, leveraging technology to invest in data driven operational efficiencies and negotiating better pricing on common products and services that our customers need. Our customers turn to us because they know that a strategic relationship with Prologis is a competitive advantage.
At December 31, 2019, we owned or had investments in properties, on a wholly-owned basis or through ventures, in the following geographies (dollars in billions, based on gross book value and total expected investment (as defined below) and square feet in millions):
On January 8, 2020, our two U.S. co-investment ventures acquired the wholly-owned real estate assets of Industrial Property Trust Inc. (“IPT”) for approximately $4 billion (our investment was approximately $1.6 billion). The portfolio included 236 properties, aggregating 38 million square feet. The portfolio was generally split evenly between the two co-investment ventures.
On February 4, 2020, we acquired Liberty Property Trust and Liberty Property Limited Partnership (collectively “Liberty”) through a merger transaction which we refer to as the “Liberty Transaction” and is fully detailed in Note 20 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. The Liberty portfolio was primarily comprised of logistics real estate assets, including 550 industrial operating properties, aggregating 108 million square feet, which were highly complementary to our U.S. portfolio in terms of product quality, location and growth potential. The portfolio also included development in progress and land for future logistics facilities and office properties. The acquisition expanded our presence in target markets such as Lehigh Valley, Chicago, Houston, Central Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Southern California. The total acquisition price was approximately $13 billion through the issuance of equity based on the value of the Prologis common stock issued using the closing price on February 3, 2020 and the assumption of debt. As a result of the closely aligned portfolios and similar business strategy, we anticipate integrating the IPT and Liberty properties while adding minimal property management expenses and further scaling our operations.
Throughout this discussion, we reflect amounts in U.S. dollars, our reporting currency. Included in these amounts are consolidated and unconsolidated investments denominated in foreign currencies, principally the British pound sterling, euro and Japanese yen that are impacted by fluctuations in exchange rates when translated to U.S. dollars. We mitigate our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations by investing outside the U.S. through co-investment ventures, borrowing in the functional currency of our consolidated subsidiaries and utilizing derivative financial instruments.
OPERATING SEGMENTS
Our business comprises two operating segments: Real Estate Operations and Strategic Capital.
Below is information summarizing consolidated activity within our segments over the last three years (in millions):
(1)
NOI from Real Estate Operations is calculated directly from our Consolidated Financial Statements as Rental Revenues and Development Management and Other Revenues less Rental Expenses and Other Expenses.
(2)
A developed property moves into the operating portfolio when it meets our definition of stabilization, which is the earlier of one year after completion or reaching 90% occupancy. Amounts represent our total expected investment (“TEI”), which includes the estimated cost of development, including land, construction and leasing costs.
Real Estate Operations
Rental. Rental operations comprise the largest component of our operating segments and generally contribute 85% to 90% of our consolidated revenues, earnings and funds from operations (“FFO”). We collect rent from our customers through long-term operating leases, including reimbursements for the majority of our property operating costs. We expect to generate long-term internal growth by increasing rents, maintaining high occupancy rates and controlling expenses. The primary driver of our revenue growth will be rolling in-place leases to current market rents, which are increasing in the majority of our markets. We believe our active portfolio management, combined with the skills of our property, leasing, maintenance, capital, energy, sustainability and risk management teams, allow us to maximize NOI across our portfolio. A significant amount of our rental revenue, NOI and cash flows are generated in the U.S.
Development. Given the scarcity of modern logistics facilities in urban centers, our development business allows us to build what our customers need. We develop properties to meet these needs, deepen our market presence and refresh our portfolio quality. We believe we have a competitive advantage due to (i) the strategic locations of our land bank; (ii) the development expertise of our local teams; and (iii) the depth of our customer relationships. Successful development and redevelopment efforts provide significant earnings growth as projects lease up and generate income and increase the net asset value of our Real Estate Operations segment. Based on our current estimates, our consolidated land, including options, has the potential to support the development of $9.4 billion of TEI of new logistics space. Generally, we develop properties in the U.S. for long-term hold and outside the U.S. for contribution to our unconsolidated co-investment ventures.
Strategic Capital
Our strategic capital segment allows us to partner with some of the world’s largest institutional investors to grow our business through private capital. We also access capital in this segment through two publicly traded vehicles: Nippon Prologis REIT, Inc. in Japan and FIBRA Prologis in Mexico. We align our interests with those of our partners by holding significant ownership interests in all of our unconsolidated co-investment ventures (ranging from 15% to 50%), which generally allows us to reduce our exposure to foreign currency movements for investments outside the U.S.
This segment produces stable, long-term cash flows and generally contributes 10% to 15% of our consolidated revenues, earnings and FFO. We generate strategic capital revenues from our unconsolidated co-investment ventures, principally through asset and property management services. These revenues are principally earned from open-ended or long-term ventures. We earn additional revenues by providing leasing, acquisition, construction, development, legal and disposition services. In certain ventures, we also have the ability to earn revenues through incentive fees (“promotes” or “promote revenues”) periodically during the life of a venture or upon liquidation. We plan to profitably grow this business by increasing our assets under management in existing or new ventures. Most of the strategic capital revenues are generated outside the U.S. NOI in this segment is calculated directly from our Consolidated Financial Statements as Strategic Capital Revenues less Strategic Capital Expenses and excludes property-related NOI.
FUTURE GROWTH
We believe the quality and scale of our global portfolio, the expertise of our team, the depth of our customer relationships and the strength of our balance sheet give us unique competitive advantages to grow revenues, NOI, earnings, FFO and cash flows.
(1)
General and Administrative (“G&A”) Expenses is a line item in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Adjusted G&A expenses is calculated from our Consolidated Financial Statements as G&A Expenses and Strategic Capital Expenses, less expenses under the Prologis Promote Plan (“PPP”) and property-level management expenses for the properties owned by the ventures.
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Rent Growth. We expect market rents to continue to grow over the next few years, driven by demand for the location and quality of our properties. Due to strong market rent growth over the last several years, our in-place leases have considerable upside potential. We estimate that our leases are more than 15% below current market rent on the basis of our weighted average ownership at December 31, 2019. Therefore, even if market rent growth remains flat, a lease renewal will translate into increased future rental income, on a consolidated basis or through the earnings we recognize from our unconsolidated co-investment ventures based on our ownership. We have experienced positive rent change on rollover (comparing the net effective rent (“NER”) of the new lease to the prior lease for the same space) every quarter since 2013. We expect this trend to continue for several more years due to our current in-place rents being below market coupled with increasing market rents.
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Value Creation from Development. A successful development and redevelopment program involves maintaining control of well-located and entitled land. We believe that the carrying value of our land bank is below its current fair value. Due to the strategic nature of our land bank and development expertise of our teams, we expect to create value as we build out the land bank. We measure the estimated value of a development project as the margin above our anticipated cost to develop. We calculate the margin by comparing the estimated yield on the investment to capitalization rates from our underwriting models. As properties under development stabilize, we expect to realize the value creation principally through contributions to the unconsolidated co-investment ventures and increases in the NOI of our operating portfolio.
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Economies of Scale from Growth. We use adjusted G&A expenses as a percentage of the O&M portfolio to measure and manage our overhead costs. We have the systems and infrastructure in place to grow both our consolidated portfolio and O&M portfolio with limited incremental G&A expense. We believe we can continue to grow NOI and strategic capital revenues organically and through accretive development and acquisition activity while further reducing G&A as a percentage of our investments in real estate. The acquisitions of the Liberty and IPT portfolios are key examples of this where we increased our O&M portfolio by $17.0 billion and expect minimal increases to G&A expenses.
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Staying “Ahead of What’s Next™”. We are working on initiatives to create value beyond the real estate by reengineering our customers’ experience, utilizing our scale to streamline our procurement activities and negotiating better pricing on products and services for us and our customers, as well as delivering enhancements to our business through innovation and data analytics.
Competition
Real estate ownership is highly fragmented, and we therefore face competition from many owners and operators. Competitively priced logistics space could impact our occupancy rates and have an adverse effect on how much rent we can charge, which in turn could affect our operating results. We may face competition regarding our capital deployment activities, including local, regional and national operators or developers. We also face competition from investment managers for institutional capital within our strategic capital business.
Despite the competition we may face, our strategic focus over the years has given us distinct competitive advantages, including the following:
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a portfolio of properties strategically located in markets characterized by large population densities and growing consumption, typically near large labor pools and extensive transportation infrastructure, including our Last Touch® facilities;
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the development of logistics facilities with sustainable design features that will continue to meet customer needs for high-quality buildings;
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established relationships with customers served by our experienced and responsive local and regional teams;
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the ability to leverage our organizational scale and structure to provide a single point of contact for our focus customers to solve concerns and address their needs through our in-house global customer solutions team;
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an investment across the portfolio in environmental stewardship, social responsibility and governance (“ESG”) practices that enhance asset value while improving sustainability performance;
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proven property management and leasing expertise;
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relationships and successful track record with current and prospective investors in our strategic capital business;
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a strategically located land bank;
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local teams with development expertise; and
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a strong balance sheet and credit ratings, coupled with significant liquidity.
Customers
Our broad customer base represents a spectrum of international, national, regional and local logistics users. At December 31, 2019, in our Real Estate Operations segment representing our consolidated properties, we had more than 2,900 customers occupying 362 million square feet of logistics operating properties. Below are the primary types of goods in our buildings for our consolidated real estate properties at December 31, 2019:
(1)
NER is calculated using the estimated total cash to be received over the term of the lease divided by the lease term to determine the amount of cash rent payments received per year. Amounts derived in a currency other than the U.S. dollar have been translated using the average rate from the previous year.
The following table details our top 25 customers for our consolidated real estate properties at December 31, 2019 (square feet in millions):
In our Strategic Capital segment, we view our partners and investors as our customers. At December 31, 2019, in our co-investment ventures, we partnered with approximately 132 investors, several of which invest in multiple ventures.
Employees
We believe our employees are the most important part of our business. When attracting, developing and retaining talent, we seek individuals who hold varied experiences and viewpoints to create an inclusive and diverse culture and workplace that allows each employee to do their best work and drive our collective success. We focus on leadership development at every level of the organization. We align employees’ goals with our overall strategic direction to create a clear link between individual efforts and the long-term success of the organization and then provide effective feedback on their performance towards goals to ensure their growth. We believe a commitment to our employees’ learning and development through training, educational opportunities and mentorship is critical to our ability to continue to innovate. Through performance plans, talent recognition and individual development planning, along with reward packages, we advance our talent pool and create a sustainable and long-term enterprise.
The following table summarizes our total number of employees at December 31, 2019:
(1)
This includes employees who were based in the U.S. but also support other geographies.
We allocate the employee costs to provide property management and leasing functions to our Real Estate Operations and Strategic Capital segments based on the square footage of the respective portfolios. The employee costs to perform only Strategic Capital functions are allocated directly to that segment.
We believe we have good relationships with our employees. Prologis employees are not organized under collective bargaining agreements, other than in Brazil, although some employees in Europe are represented by statutory Works Councils and as such, benefit from applicable labor agreements.
CODE OF ETHICS AND BUSINESS CONDUCT
We maintain a Code of Ethics and Business Conduct applicable to our board of directors (the “Board”) and all of our officers and employees, including the principal executive officer, the principal financial officer and the principal accounting officer, and other people performing similar functions. A copy of our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct is available on our website, www.prologis.com. In addition to being accessible through our website, copies of our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct can be obtained, free of charge, upon written request to Investor Relations, Pier 1, Bay 1, San Francisco, California 94111. Any amendments to or waivers of our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct that apply to the principal executive officer, the principal financial officer, the principal accounting officer, or other people performing similar functions, and that relate to any matter enumerated in Item 406(b) of Regulation S-K, will be disclosed on our website.
ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP, SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND GOVERNANCE (“ESG”)
The principles of ESG are a natural fit in our business strategy. ESG creates value for our company by strengthening our relationships with our customers, investors, employees and the communities in which we do business - delivering a strategic business advantage while positively impacting the environment. We develop modern and efficient building designs with state-of-the-art technology to stay ahead of our customers’ needs while advancing structural, transportation, and energy requirements. We invest in sustainable design features and practices, such as the addition of solar panels, cool roofs, light emitting diode (“LED”) lighting, electric vehicle charging stations, waste and diversion recycling and xeriscaping, that result in cost-savings and operational efficiency for our customers and reduce energy and water consumption, as well as decrease greenhouse gas emissions across our portfolio and corporate operations.
We are committed to social responsibility and strengthening relationships important to our business through customer partnerships, investor outreach, community involvement, labor solutions and inclusion and diversity initiatives, as well as a focus on our employees and our customers’ employees through health and wellness programs and building design. Through our community workforce initiative, for example, we partner with local community organizations to provide logistics training and help our customers with their labor needs, while benefitting local economies and providing new career opportunities. Our strong governance and oversight allows us to mitigate risk and preserve value, creating a culture of uncompromising integrity through our Board independence and diversity, open communication with our stockholders and a risk management framework that supports our investment and process decisions. The strength of our balance sheet and credit ratings, ability to stay ahead of customer needs, engagement with our employees through ethics and anti-corruption training, along with stockholder outreach ensures the financial, operational and reputational resilience of our organization for the long-term. Our approach is reinforced by our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, as described above.
ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
We are exposed to various environmental risks that may result in unanticipated losses and affect our operating results and financial condition. Either the previous owners or we have conducted environmental reviews on a majority of the properties we have acquired, including land. While some of these assessments have led to further investigation and sampling, none of the environmental assessments have revealed an environmental liability, in excess of what was provided for in the underwriting of the acquisition, that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. See further discussion in
ITEM 1A. Risk Factors
Our operations and structure involve various risks that could adversely affect our business and financial condition, including but not limited to, our financial position, results of operations, cash flow, ability to make distributions and payments to security holders and the market value of our securities. These risks relate to Prologis as well as our investments in consolidated and unconsolidated entities and
include among others, (i) general risks; (ii) risks related to our business; (iii) risks related to financing and capital; and (iv) income tax risks.
General Risks
As a global company, we are subject to social, political and economic risks of doing business in many countries.
We conduct a significant portion of our business and employ a substantial number of people outside of the U.S. During 2019, we generated approximately $599 million or 18.0% of our revenues from operations outside the U.S. Circumstances and developments related to international operations that could negatively affect us include, but are not limited to, the following factors:
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difficulties and costs of staffing and managing international operations in certain geographies, including differing employment practices and labor issues;
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local businesses and cultural factors that differ from our usual standards and practices;
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volatility in currencies and currency restrictions, which may prevent the transfer of capital and profits to the U.S.;
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challenges in establishing effective controls and procedures to regulate operations in different geographies and to monitor compliance with applicable regulations, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) Bribery Act and other similar laws;
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unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, taxes, tariffs, trade wars and laws within the countries in which we operate;
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potentially adverse tax consequences;
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the responsibility of complying with multiple and potentially conflicting laws, e.g., with respect to corrupt practices, employment and licensing;
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the impact of regional or country-specific business cycles and economic instability, including government shutdowns, uncertainty in the U.K., or further withdrawals from the European Union or other international trade alliances or agreements;
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political instability, uncertainty over property rights, civil unrest, drug trafficking, political activism or the continuation or escalation of terrorist or gang activities;
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foreign ownership restrictions in operations with the respective countries; and
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access to capital may be more restricted, or unavailable on favorable terms or at all in certain locations.
In addition, we may be impacted by the ability of our non-U.S. subsidiaries to dividend or otherwise transfer cash among our subsidiaries due to currency exchange control regulations, transfer pricing regulations and potentially adverse tax consequences, among other factors.
Disruptions in the global capital and credit markets may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
To the extent there is turmoil in the global financial markets, this turmoil has the potential to adversely affect (i) the value of our properties; (ii) the availability or the terms of financing that we have or may anticipate utilizing; (iii) our ability to make principal and interest payments on, or refinance any outstanding debt when due; and (iv) the ability of our customers to enter into new leasing transactions or satisfy rental payments under existing leases. Disruptions in the capital and credit markets may also adversely affect the market price of our securities and our ability to make distributions and payments to our security holders.
Our business and operations could suffer in the event of system failures or cyber security attacks.
Despite system redundancy, the implementation of security measures and the existence of a disaster recovery plan for our internal and hosted information technology systems, our systems are vulnerable to damages from any number of sources, including energy blackouts, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication failures and cyber security attacks, such as computer viruses or unauthorized access. Any system failure or accident that causes interruptions in our operations could result in a material disruption to our business. We may also incur additional costs to remedy damages caused by such disruptions. Any compromise of our security could result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, unauthorized access to information of ours and others, significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation, loss or misuse of the information and a loss of confidence in our security measures, which could harm our business.
Risks associated with our dependence on key personnel.
We depend on the deep industry knowledge and the efforts of our executive officers and other key employees. From time to time, our personnel and their roles may change. While we believe that we are able to retain our key talent and find suitable employees to meet
our needs, the loss of key personnel, any change in their roles or the limitation of their availability could adversely affect our business. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain our executive officers, or if compensation costs required to attract and retain key employees become more expensive, our performance and competitive position could be materially adversely affected.
Our business could be adversely impacted if we have deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting.
The design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting may not prevent all errors, misstatements or misrepresentations. While management continually reviews the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, there can be no guarantee that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives all of the time. Deficiencies, including any material weakness, in our internal control over financial reporting that may occur in the future could result in misstatements or restatements of our financial statements or a decline in the price of our securities.
The depreciation in the value of the foreign currency in countries where we have a significant investment may adversely affect our results of operations and financial position.
We hold significant real estate investments in international markets where the U.S. dollar is not the functional currency. At December 31, 2019, approximately $7.4 billion or 18.5% of our total consolidated assets were invested in a currency other than the U.S. dollar, principally the British pound sterling, euro and Japanese yen. For the year ended December 31, 2019, $413 million or 17.2% of our total consolidated segment NOI was denominated in a currency other than the U.S. dollar. As a result, we are subject to foreign currency risk due to potential fluctuations in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. A significant change in the value of the foreign currency of one or more countries where we have a significant investment may have a material adverse effect on our business and, specifically, our U.S. dollar reported financial position and results of operations.
Our hedging of foreign currency and interest rate risk may not effectively limit our exposure to other risks.
We attempt to mitigate our risk by borrowing in the currencies in which we have significant investments thereby providing a natural hedge. We may also enter into derivative financial instruments that we designate as net investment hedges, as these amounts offset the translation adjustments on the underlying net assets of our foreign investments. We enter into other foreign currency contracts, such as forwards, to reduce fluctuations in foreign currency cash flow associated with the translation of future earnings of our international subsidiaries. Although we attempt to mitigate the potential adverse effects of changes in foreign currency rates there can be no assurance that those attempts will be successful. Hedging arrangements involve risks, such as the risk of fluctuation in the relative value of the foreign currency or interest rates and the risk that counterparties may fail to honor their obligations under these arrangements. The funds required to settle such arrangements could be significant depending on the stability and movement of the hedged foreign currency or the size of the underlying financing and the applicable interest rates at the time of the breakage. The failure to hedge effectively against foreign exchange changes or interest rate changes may adversely affect our business.
Compliance or failure to comply with regulatory requirements could result in substantial costs.
We are required to comply with many regulations in different countries, including (but not limited to) the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and similar laws and regulations. Our properties are also subject to various federal, state and local regulatory requirements, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act and state and local fire and life-safety requirements. Noncompliance could result in the imposition of governmental fines or the award of damages to private litigants. While we believe that we are currently in material compliance with these regulatory requirements, the requirements may change or new requirements may be imposed that could require significant unanticipated expenditures by us.
Risks Related to our Business
Real estate investments are not as liquid as certain other types of assets, which may reduce economic returns to investors.
Real estate investments are not as liquid as certain other types of investments and this lack of liquidity may limit our ability to react promptly to changes in economic or other conditions. Significant expenditures associated with real estate investments, such as secured mortgage debt payments, real estate taxes and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in income from the investments. As a REIT, under the IRC, we are only able to hold property for sale in the ordinary course of business through taxable REIT subsidiaries in order to not incur punitive taxation on any tax gain from the sale of such property. We may dispose of certain properties that have been held for investment to generate liquidity. If we do not satisfy certain safe harbors or we believe there is too much risk of incurring the punitive tax on any tax gain from the sale, we may not pursue such sales.
We may decide to sell or contribute properties to certain of our unconsolidated co-investment ventures or sell properties to third parties to generate proceeds to fund our capital deployment activities. Our ability to sell or contribute properties on advantageous terms is affected by: (i) competition from other owners of properties that are trying to dispose of their properties; (ii) market conditions, including the capitalization rates applicable to our properties; and (iii) other factors beyond our control. If our competitors sell assets similar to assets we intend to divest in the same markets or at valuations below our valuations for comparable assets, we may be unable to divest our assets at favorable pricing or at all. The unconsolidated co-investment ventures or third parties who might acquire our properties may need to have access to debt and equity capital, in the private and public markets, in order to acquire properties from us. Should they have limited or no access to capital on favorable terms, then dispositions and contributions could be delayed.
If we do not have sufficient cash available to us through our operations, sales or contributions of properties or available credit facilities to continue operating our business as usual, we may need to find alternative ways to increase our liquidity. Such alternatives may include, without limitation, divesting properties, whether or not they otherwise meet our strategic objectives to keep in the long term, at less than optimal terms, incurring debt, entering into leases with new customers at lower rental rates or less than optimal terms or entering into lease renewals with our existing customers without an increase in rental rates. There can be no assurance, however, that such alternative ways to increase our liquidity will be available to us. Additionally, taking such measures to increase our liquidity may adversely affect our business, and in particular, our distributable cash flow and debt covenants.
Our investments are concentrated in the logistics sector and our business would be adversely affected by an economic downturn in that sector.
Our investments in real estate assets are concentrated in the logistics sector. This concentration may expose us to the risk of economic downturns in this sector to a greater extent than if our business activities were more diversified.
General economic conditions and other events or occurrences that affect areas in which our properties are geographically concentrated, may impact financial results.
We are exposed to general economic conditions, local, regional, national and international economic conditions and other events and occurrences that affect the markets in which we own properties. Our operating performance is further impacted by the economic conditions of the specific markets in which we have concentrations of properties.
At December 31, 2019, 35.0% of our consolidated operating properties or $11.2 billion (based on consolidated gross book value, or investment before depreciation) were located in California (Central Valley, San Francisco Bay Area and Southern California markets), which represented 28.6% of the aggregate square footage of our operating properties and 28.4% of our NOI. Our revenues from, and the value of, our properties located in California may be affected by local real estate conditions (such as an oversupply of or reduced demand for logistics properties) and the local economic climate. Business layoffs, downsizing, industry slowdowns, changing demographics and other factors may adversely impact California’s economic climate. Because of the investment we have located in California, a downturn in California’s economy or real estate conditions, including state income tax and property tax laws, could adversely affect our business.
In addition to California, we also have significant holdings (defined as more than 3% of total consolidated investment before depreciation) in operating properties in certain markets located in Atlanta, Central and Eastern Pennsylvania, Chicago, Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston, New Jersey/New York City, Seattle and South Florida. Of these markets, no single market contributed more than 10% of our total consolidated investment before depreciation. Our operating performance could be adversely affected if conditions become less favorable in any of the markets in which we have a concentration of properties. Conditions such as an oversupply of logistics space or a reduction in demand for logistics space, among other factors, may impact operating conditions. Any material oversupply of logistics space or material reduction in demand for logistics space could adversely affect our overall business.
Our O&M portfolio, which includes our wholly-owned properties and properties included in our co-investment ventures, has concentrations of properties in the same markets mentioned above, as well as in markets in France, Germany, Japan, Mexico and the U.K., and are subject to the economic conditions in those markets.
A number of our investments, both wholly-owned and owned through co-investment ventures, are located in areas that are known to be subject to earthquake activity. U.S. properties located in active seismic areas include properties in our markets in California and Seattle. International properties located in active seismic areas include Japan and Mexico. We generally carry earthquake insurance on our properties located in areas historically subject to seismic activity, subject to coverage limitations and deductibles, if we believe it is commercially reasonable. We evaluate our earthquake insurance coverage annually in light of current industry practice through an analysis prepared by outside consultants and in some specific instances have elected to self-insure our earthquake exposure based on this analysis. We have elected not to carry earthquake insurance for our assets in Japan based on this analysis.
Furthermore, a number of our properties are located in areas that are known to be subject to hurricane or flood risk. We carry hurricane and flood hazard insurance on all of our properties located in areas historically subject to such activity, subject to coverage limitations and deductibles, if we believe it is commercially reasonable. We evaluate our insurance coverage annually in light of current industry practice through an analysis prepared by outside consultants.
Investments in real estate properties are subject to risks that could adversely affect our business.
Investments in real estate properties are subject to varying degrees of risk. While we seek to minimize these risks through geographic diversification of our portfolio, market research and our asset management capabilities, these risks cannot be eliminated. Factors that may affect real estate values and cash flows include:
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local conditions, such as oversupply or a reduction in demand;
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technological changes, such as reconfiguration of supply chains, autonomous vehicles, robotics, 3D printing or other technologies;
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the attractiveness of our properties to potential customers and competition from other available properties;
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increasing costs of maintaining, insuring, renovating and making improvements to our properties;
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our ability to rehabilitate and reposition our properties due to changes in the business and logistics needs of our customers;
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our ability to control rents and variable operating costs; and
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governmental regulations and the associated potential liability under, and changes in, environmental, zoning, usage, tax, tariffs and other laws.
Our customers may be unable to meet their lease obligations or we may be unable to lease vacant space or renew leases or re-lease space on favorable terms as leases expire.
Our operating results and distributable cash flow would be adversely affected if a significant number of our customers were unable to meet their lease obligations. At December 31, 2019, our top 10 customers accounted for 15.2% of our NER. In the event of default by a significant number of customers, we may experience delays and incur substantial costs in enforcing our rights as landlord, and we may be unable to re-lease spaces. A customer may experience a downturn in its business, which may cause the loss of the customer or may weaken its financial condition, resulting in the customer’s failure to make rental payments when due or requiring a restructuring that might reduce cash flow from the lease. In addition, a customer may seek the protection of bankruptcy, insolvency or similar laws, which could result in the rejection and termination of such customer’s lease and thereby cause a reduction in our available cash flow.
We are also subject to the risk that, upon the expiration of leases they may not be renewed by existing customers, the space may not be re-leased to new customers or the terms of renewal or re-leasing (including the cost of required renovations or concessions to customers) may be less favorable to us than current lease terms. Our competitors may offer space at rental rates below current market rates or below the rental rates we currently charge our customers, we may lose potential customers, and we may be pressured to reduce our rental rates below those we currently charge to retain customers when leases expire.
We may acquire properties that involve risks that could adversely affect our business and financial condition.
We have acquired properties and will continue to acquire properties, through the direct acquisition of real estate and the acquisition of entities that own the real estate and through additional investments in co-investment ventures that acquire properties. The acquisition of properties involves risks, including the risk that the acquired property will not perform as anticipated and that any actual costs for rehabilitation, repositioning, renovation and improvements identified in the pre-acquisition due diligence process will exceed estimates. When we acquire properties, we may face risks associated with a lack of market knowledge or understanding of the local economy, forging new business relationships in the area and unfamiliarity with local government and permitting procedures. Additionally, there is, and it is expected there will continue to be, significant competition for properties that meet our investment criteria as well as risks associated with obtaining financing for acquisition activities. The acquired properties or entities may be subject to liabilities, including tax liabilities, which may be without any recourse, or with only limited recourse, with respect to unknown liabilities. As a result, if a liability were asserted against us based on ownership of any of these entities or properties, then we may have to pay substantial sums to settle it.
We may be unable to integrate the Liberty and IPT operations successfully and realize the anticipated synergies and other benefits or do so within the anticipated timeframe.
We will be required to devote significant management attention and resources to integrating the operations of Liberty and IPT. Potential difficulties we may encounter in the integration process include the following:
•
the inability to successfully integrate the operations of Liberty and IPT in a manner that permits us to achieve the cost savings anticipated to result from these transactions, which would result in the anticipated benefits not being realized in the timeframe currently anticipated or at all;
•
the inability to dispose of non-industrial assets or operations that are outside of our area of expertise;
•
potential unknown liabilities and unforeseen increased expenses, delays or regulatory conditions associated with these transactions; and
•
performance shortfalls as a result of the diversion of management's attention caused by completing these transactions and integrating the companies' operations.
For all these reasons, it is possible that the integration process could result in the distraction of our management, the disruption of our ongoing business or inconsistencies in our operations, services, standards, controls, procedures and policies, any of which could adversely affect the ability of Prologis to maintain relationships with customers, vendors and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits of these transactions, or could otherwise adversely affect our business and financial results.
Our real estate development strategies may not be successful.
Our real estate development strategy is focused on monetizing land in the future through development of logistics facilities to hold for long-term investment, contribution or sale to a co-investment venture or third party, depending on market conditions, our liquidity needs and other factors. We may increase our investment in the development, renovation and redevelopment business and we expect to complete the build-out and leasing of our current development portfolio. We may also develop, renovate and redevelop properties within existing or newly formed co-investment ventures. The real estate development, renovation and redevelopment business includes the following significant risks:
•
we may not be able to obtain financing for development projects on favorable terms or at all;
•
we may explore development opportunities that may be abandoned and the related investment impaired;
•
we may not be able to obtain, or may experience delays in obtaining, all necessary zoning, land-use, building, occupancy and other governmental permits and authorizations;
•
we may have construction costs that exceed our estimates and projects may not be completed, delivered or stabilized as planned due to defects or other issues;
•
we may not be able to attract third-party investment in new development co-investment ventures or sufficient customer demand for our product;
•
we may have properties that perform below anticipated levels, producing cash flow below budgeted amounts;
•
we may seek to sell certain land parcels and not be able to find a third party to acquire such land or the sales price will not allow us to recover our investment, resulting in impairment charges;
•
we may not be able to lease properties we develop on favorable terms or at all;
•
we may not be able to capture the anticipated enhanced value created by our value-added properties on expected timetables or at all;
•
we may experience delays (temporary or permanent) if there is public or government opposition to our activities; and
•
we may have substantial renovation, new development and redevelopment activities, regardless of their ultimate success, that require a significant amount of management’s time and attention, diverting their attention from our day-to-day operations.
We are subject to risks and liabilities in connection with forming co-investment ventures, investing in new or existing co-investment ventures, attracting third-party investment and managing properties through co-investment ventures.
At December 31, 2019, we had investments in co-investment ventures, both public and private, that owned operating properties with a gross book value of approximately $41 billion. Our organizational documents do not limit the amount of available funds that we may invest in these ventures, and we may and currently intend to develop and acquire properties through co-investment ventures and investments in other entities when warranted by the circumstances. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to form new co-investment ventures, or attract third-party investment or that additional investments in new or existing ventures to develop or acquire properties will be successful. Further, there can be no assurance that we are able to realize value from such investments.
Our co-investment ventures involve certain additional risks that we do not otherwise face, including:
•
our partners may share certain approval rights over major decisions made on behalf of the ventures;
•
if our partners fail to fund their share of any required capital contributions, then we may choose to contribute such capital;
•
our partners might have economic or other business interests or goals that are inconsistent with our business interests or goals that would affect our ability to operate the property;
•
the venture or other governing agreements often restrict the transfer of an interest in the co-investment venture or may otherwise restrict our ability to sell the interest when we desire or on advantageous terms;
•
our relationships with our partners are generally contractual in nature and may be terminated or dissolved under the terms of the agreements, and in such event, we may not continue to manage or invest in the assets underlying such relationships resulting in reduced fee revenues or obtaining direct ownership of the properties through acquisition; and
•
disputes between us and our partners may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our business and result in subjecting the properties owned by the applicable co-investment venture to additional risk.
We generally seek to maintain sufficient influence over our co-investment ventures to permit us to achieve our business objectives; however, we may not be able to continue to do so indefinitely. We have formed publicly traded investment vehicles, such as NPR and FIBRA Prologis, for which we serve as sponsor or manager. We have contributed, and may continue to contribute, assets into such vehicles. There is a risk that our managerial relationship may be terminated.
We are exposed to various environmental risks, which may result in unanticipated losses that could affect our business and financial condition.
Under various federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous owner, developer or operator of real estate may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of certain hazardous or toxic substances. The costs of removal or remediation of such substances could be substantial. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the release or presence of such hazardous substances. In addition, third parties may sue the owner or operator of a site for damages based on personal injury, property damage or other costs, including investigation and clean-up costs, resulting from the environmental contamination.
Environmental laws in some countries, including the U.S., also require that owners or operators of buildings containing asbestos properly manage and maintain the asbestos, adequately inform or train those who may come into contact with asbestos and undertake special precautions, including removal or other abatement, in the event that asbestos is disturbed during building renovation or demolition. These laws may impose fines and penalties on building owners or operators who fail to comply with these requirements and may allow third parties to seek recovery from owners or operators for personal injury associated with exposure to asbestos. Some of our properties are known to contain asbestos-containing building materials.
In addition, some of our properties are leased or have been leased, in part, to owners and operators of businesses that use, store or otherwise handle petroleum products or other hazardous or toxic substances, creating a potential for the release of such hazardous or toxic substances. Furthermore, certain of our properties are on, adjacent to or near other properties that have contained or currently contain petroleum products or other hazardous or toxic substances, or upon which others have engaged, are engaged or may engage in activities that may release such hazardous or toxic substances. From time to time, we may acquire properties, or interests in properties, with known adverse environmental conditions for which we believe that the environmental liabilities associated with these conditions are quantifiable and that the acquisition will yield a superior risk-adjusted return. In connection with certain divested properties, we have agreed to remain responsible for, and to bear the cost of, remediating or monitoring certain environmental conditions on the properties.
We are exposed to the potential impacts of future climate change, which may result in unanticipated losses that could affect our business and financial condition.
We are also exposed to potential physical risks from possible future changes in climate. Our logistics facilities may be exposed to rare catastrophic weather events, such as severe storms, fires or floods. If the frequency of extreme weather events increases, our exposure to these events could increase. We do not currently consider ourselves to be exposed to regulatory risks related to climate change, as the operation of our buildings typically does not generate a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions. However, we may be adversely impacted as a real estate developer in the future by potential impacts to the supply chain or stricter energy efficiency standards or greenhouse gas regulations for the commercial building sectors. We cannot give any assurance that other such conditions do not exist or may not arise in the future. The potential impacts of future climate change on our real estate properties could adversely affect our ability to lease, develop or sell such properties or to borrow using such properties as collateral.
Our insurance coverage does not include all potential losses.
We and our unconsolidated co-investment ventures carry insurance coverage including property damage and rental loss insurance resulting from certain perils such as fire and additional perils as covered under an extended coverage policy, namely windstorm, flood, earthquake and terrorism; commercial general liability insurance; and environmental insurance, as appropriate for the markets where each of our properties and business operations are located. The insurance coverage contains policy specifications and insured limits customarily carried for similar properties, business activities and markets. We believe our properties and the properties of our co-investment ventures are adequately insured. Certain losses, however, including losses from floods, earthquakes, acts of war, acts of terrorism or riots, generally are not insured against or not fully insured against because it is not deemed economically feasible or prudent to do so. If an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insured limits occurs with respect to one or more of our properties, we could experience a significant loss of capital invested and future revenues in these properties and could potentially remain obligated under any recourse debt associated with the property.
Furthermore, we cannot be sure that the insurance companies will be able to continue to offer products with sufficient coverage at commercially reasonable rates. If we experience a loss that is uninsured or that exceeds insured limits with respect to one or more of our properties or if the insurance companies fail to meet their coverage commitments to us in the event of an insured loss, then we could lose the capital invested in the damaged properties, as well as the anticipated future revenues from those properties and, if there is recourse debt, then we would remain obligated for any mortgage debt or other financial obligations related to the properties. Any such losses or higher insurance costs could adversely affect our business.
Risks Related to Financing and Capital
We may be unable to refinance our debt or our cash flow may be insufficient to make required debt payments.
We are subject to risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our cash flow will be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest. There can be no assurance that we will be able to refinance any maturing indebtedness, that such refinancing would be on terms as favorable as the terms of the maturing indebtedness, or that we will be able to otherwise obtain funds by selling assets or raising equity to make required payments on maturing indebtedness. If we are unable to refinance our indebtedness at maturity or meet our payment obligations, our business and financial condition will be negatively impacted and, if the maturing debt is secured, the lender may foreclose on the property securing such indebtedness. Our credit facilities and certain other debt bears interest at variable rates. Increases in interest rates would increase our interest expense under these agreements.
Covenants in our credit agreements could limit our flexibility and breaches of these covenants could adversely affect our financial condition.
The terms of our various credit agreements, including our credit facilities, the indentures under which our senior notes and term loans are issued and other note agreements, require us to comply with a number of customary financial covenants, such as maintaining debt service coverage ratio, leverage ratios, fixed charge coverage ratios and other operating covenants including maintaining insurance coverage. These covenants may limit our flexibility to run our business, and breaches of these covenants could result in defaults under the instruments governing the applicable indebtedness. If we default under the covenant provisions and are unable to cure the default, refinance the indebtedness or meet payment obligations, our business and financial condition generally and, in particular, the amount of our distributable cash flow could be adversely affected.
Adverse changes in our credit ratings could negatively affect our financing activity.
At December 31, 2019, our credit ratings were A3 from Moody’s and A- from S&P, both with stable outlook. A securities rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and is subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating organization.
The credit ratings of our senior notes and preferred stock are based on our operating performance, liquidity and leverage ratios, overall financial position and other factors employed by the credit rating agencies in their rating analyses of us. Our credit ratings can affect the amount of capital we can access, as well as the terms and pricing of any debt we may incur. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our current credit ratings, and in the event our credit ratings are downgraded, we would likely incur higher borrowing costs and may encounter difficulty in obtaining additional financing. Also, a downgrade in our credit ratings may trigger additional payments or other negative consequences under our credit facilities and other debt instruments. Adverse changes in our credit ratings could negatively impact our business and, in particular, our refinancing and other capital market activities, our ability to manage debt maturities, our future growth and our development and acquisition activity.
The Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), the authority that regulates the London Inter-bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), announced that it intends to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021 which will require transition to an alternative reference rate that could have a negative impact on our required debt payments and the value of our related debt and derivative financial instruments.
In July 2017, the FCA announced it intended to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. As a result, in the U.S., the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate as its preferred alternative rate for USD LIBOR in debt and derivative financial instruments. Additionally, other global regulators have undertaken reference rate reform initiatives to identify a preferred alternative rate for other interbank offered rates (“IBORs”).
We have variable-rate debt of $2.0 billion at December 31, 2019 that are indexed to LIBOR, CDOR and Yen LIBOR (herein referred to as “IBOR-indexed”). Our loan documents contain provisions that contemplate alternative methods to determine the base rate applicable to our IBOR-indexed debt to the extent IBOR-indexed rates are not available. Additionally, no mandatory prepayment or redemption provisions would be triggered under our loan documents in the event that the IBOR-indexed rates are not available. If a contract is not transitioned to a preferred alternative rate and IBOR-indexed rates are discontinued, the impact on our debt and derivative financial instruments is likely to vary by contract. If IBOR-indexed rates are discontinued or if the methods of calculating the rates change, interest rates on our current or future indebtedness may be adversely affected. While we currently expect IBOR-indexed rates to be available until the end of 2021, it is possible that they will become unavailable prior to that time.
We anticipate managing the transition to a preferred alternative rate using the language set out in our agreements and through potentially modifying our debt and derivative instruments, however future market conditions may not allow immediate implementation of desired modifications and we may incur significant associated costs in doing so. We will continue to monitor and evaluate the potential impact on our debt payments and value of our related debt and derivative financial instruments, however, we are not able to predict when IBOR-indexed rates will cease to be available.
In order to meet REIT distribution requirements we may need access to external sources of capital.
To qualify as a REIT, we are required each year to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends-paid deduction and by excluding any net capital gain) to our stockholders and we may be subject to tax to the extent our taxable income is not fully distributed. Historically, we have satisfied these distribution requirements by making cash distributions to our
stockholders, however, we may elect to pay a portion of the distribution in shares of our stock. Assuming we continue to satisfy these distribution requirements with cash, we may not be able to fund all future capital needs, including acquisition and development activities, from cash retained from operations and may have to rely on third-party sources of capital. Furthermore, to maintain our REIT status and not have to pay federal income and excise taxes, we may need to borrow funds on a short-term basis to meet the REIT distribution requirements even if the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings. These short-term borrowing needs could result from differences in timing between the actual receipt of cash and inclusion of income for federal income tax purposes, or the effect of nondeductible capital expenditures, the creation of reserves or required debt or amortization payments. Our ability to access debt and equity capital on favorable terms or at all depends on a number of factors, including general market conditions, the market’s perception of our growth potential, our current and potential future earnings and cash distributions and the market price of our securities.
Our stockholders may experience dilution if we issue additional common stock or units in the OP.
Any additional future issuance of common stock or OP units will reduce the percentage of our common stock and units owned by investors. In most circumstances, stockholders and unitholders will not be entitled to vote on whether or not we issue additional common stock or units. In addition, depending on the terms and pricing of any additional offering of our common stock or units and the value of the properties, our stockholders and unitholders may experience dilution in both book value and fair value of their common stock or units.
Income Tax Risks
The failure of Prologis, Inc. to qualify as a REIT would have serious adverse consequences.
Prologis, Inc. elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the IRC commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 1997. We believe Prologis, Inc. has been organized and operated to qualify as a REIT under the IRC and believe that the current organization and method of operation comply with the rules and regulations promulgated under the IRC to enable Prologis, Inc. to continue to qualify as a REIT. However, it is possible that we are organized or have operated in a manner that would not allow Prologis, Inc. to qualify as a REIT, or that our future operations could cause Prologis, Inc. to fail to qualify. Qualification as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements (some annually and others on a quarterly basis) established under highly technical and complex sections of the IRC for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. For example, to qualify as a REIT, Prologis, Inc. must derive at least 95% of its gross income in any year from qualifying sources. In addition, Prologis, Inc. must pay dividends to its stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of its taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and by excluding capital gains) and must satisfy specified asset tests on a quarterly basis. Historically, we have satisfied these distribution requirements by making cash distributions to our stockholders, but we may choose to satisfy these requirements by making distributions of cash or other property, including, in limited circumstances, our own stock. The provisions of the IRC and applicable Treasury regulations regarding qualification as a REIT are more complicated for Prologis, Inc. because we hold substantially all of our assets through the OP.
If Prologis, Inc. fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be required to pay federal income tax (including, for taxable years prior to 2018, any applicable alternative minimum tax) on taxable income at regular corporate rates. Unless we are entitled to relief under certain statutory provisions, Prologis, Inc. would be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which it lost the qualification and would be subject to corporate tax on built-in gains that exist at the time of REIT re-election if recognized within the five-year period after re-election, and potentially 10 years for certain states. If Prologis, Inc. lost its REIT status, our net earnings would be significantly reduced for each of the years involved. In addition, we may need to borrow additional funds or liquidate some investments to pay any additional tax liability. Accordingly, funds available for investment, operations and distributions would be reduced.
Furthermore, we own a direct or indirect interest in certain subsidiary REITs that elected to be taxed as REITs under Sections 856 through 860 of the IRC. Provided that each subsidiary REIT qualifies as a REIT, our interest in such subsidiary REIT will be treated as a qualifying real estate asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests, and any dividend income or gains derived by us from such subsidiary REIT will generally be treated as income that qualifies for purposes of the REIT 95% and 75% gross income tests. To qualify as a REIT, the subsidiary REIT must independently satisfy all of the REIT qualification requirements. If such subsidiary REIT were to fail to qualify as a REIT, and certain relief provisions did not apply, it would be treated as a regular taxable corporation and its income would be subject to U.S. federal income tax. In addition, a failure of the subsidiary REIT to qualify as a REIT would have an adverse effect on the ability of Prologis, Inc. to comply with the REIT income and asset tests, and thus its ability to qualify as a REIT.
In addition, we may acquire properties through the acquisition of REIT entities that own the real estate. If a gain in such assets is not otherwise recognized by the seller or target in such acquisitions, and such entities were to fail to satisfy the REIT requirements for any year, they would be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which the REIT qualification was lost and the acquired assets would be subject to corporate tax on built-in gains that exist at the time of REIT re-election or, if earlier, at the time of Prologis’ acquisition of the assets. A sale of such assets within the 5-year recognition period, and potentially 10 years for certain states, could result in corporate tax liabilities that could be significant.
Certain property transfers may generate prohibited transaction income, resulting in a penalty tax on gain attributable to the transaction.
From time to time, we may transfer or otherwise dispose of some of our properties, including by contributing properties to our co-investment ventures. Under the IRC, any gain resulting from transfers of properties we hold as inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business is treated as income from a prohibited transaction subject to a 100% penalty tax. We do not believe that our transfers or disposals of property or our contributions of properties into our co-investment ventures are prohibited transactions. However, whether property is held for investment purposes is a question of fact that depends on all the facts and circumstances surrounding the particular transaction. The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) may contend that certain transfers or dispositions of properties by us or contributions of properties into our co-investment ventures are prohibited transactions. While we believe that the IRS would not prevail in any such dispute, if the IRS were to argue successfully that a transfer, disposition or contribution of property constituted a prohibited transaction, we would be required to pay a 100% penalty tax on any gain allocable to us from the prohibited transaction. In addition, income from a prohibited transaction might adversely affect our ability to satisfy the income tests for qualification as a REIT.
Legislative or regulatory action could adversely affect us.
In recent years, numerous legislative, judicial and administrative changes have been made to the U.S., state, local and foreign income tax laws applicable to investments in real estate, REITs, similar entities and investments. Additional changes are likely to continue to occur in the future, both in and outside of the U.S. and may impact our taxation or that of our stockholders. Any increases in tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash available for other purposes.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our flexibility or cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities.
Our use of taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”) enables us to engage in non-REIT qualifying business activities. Under the IRC, no more than 20% of the value of the assets of a REIT may be represented by securities of one or more TRSs and other non-qualifying assets. This limitation may hinder our ability to make certain attractive investments, including the purchase of non-qualifying assets, the expansion of non-real estate activities and investments in the businesses to be conducted by our TRSs, and to that extent limit our opportunities.
ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
ITEM 2. Properties
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
We predominately invest in logistics facilities. Our properties are typically used for distribution, storage, packaging, assembly and light manufacturing of consumer products. The vast majority of our operating properties are used by our customers for retail and online fulfillment and business-to-business transactions.
The following tables provide details of our consolidated operating properties, investment in land and development portfolio and our O&M portfolio. The O&M portfolio includes the properties we consolidate and the properties owned by our unconsolidated co-investment ventures reflected at 100% of the amount included in the ventures’ financial statements as calculated on a GAAP basis, not our proportionate share.
Included in the operating property information below for our consolidated operating properties are 382 buildings owned primarily by one co-investment venture that we consolidate but of which we own less than 100% of the equity. No individual property or market amounted to 10% or more of our consolidated total assets at December 31, 2019, or generated revenue equal to 10% or more of our consolidated total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019, with the exception of the Southern California market. Dollars and square feet in the following tables are in millions:
(1)
Certain of our consolidated properties are pledged as security under secured mortgage debt and assessment bonds. For purposes of this table, the total principal balance of a debt issuance that is secured by a pool of properties is allocated among the properties in the pool based on each property’s investment balance. In addition to the amounts reflected here, we also have $38 million of encumbrances related to one prestabilized property and one property under development not included in consolidated operating properties.
(2)
No remaining market within the U.S. represented more than 2% of the total gross book value of the consolidated operating properties.
(3)
No remaining country within Europe represented more than 2% of the total gross book value of the O&M operating properties.
(4)
Included in our consolidated operating properties are properties that we consider to be held for contribution and are presented within Assets Held for Sale or Contribution in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We include these properties in our operating portfolio as they are expected to be contributed to our co-investment ventures and remain in our O&M operating portfolio. At December 31, 2019, we had investments in real estate properties that were expected to be contributed to our unconsolidated co-investment ventures totaling $605 million and aggregating 8 million square feet. See Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information on our Assets Held for Sale or Contribution.
(5)
Value-added properties are properties we have either acquired at a discount and believe we could provide greater returns post-stabilization or properties we expect to repurpose to a higher and better use.
(6)
Represents the estimated finished square feet available for lease upon completion of a building on existing parcels of land.
(7)
TEI is based on current projections and is subject to change. As noted in the table below, our current investment was $1.9 billion, leaving approximately $2.1 billion of additional required investment. At December 31, 2019, based on TEI, approximately 23% of the properties in the development portfolio were already completed but not yet stabilized and approximately 64% of the properties under development in the development portfolio were expected to be completed by December 31, 2020. The remainder of our properties under development were expected to be completed before December 2021.
The following table summarizes our investment in consolidated real estate properties at December 31, 2019 (in millions):
(1)
Included in other real estate investments were: (i) non-logistics real estate; (ii) land parcels that are ground leased to third parties; (iii) our corporate headquarters; (iv) costs related to future development projects, including purchase options on land; (v) earnest money deposits associated with potential acquisitions; and (vi) infrastructure costs related to projects we are developing on behalf of others.
LEASE EXPIRATIONS
We generally lease our properties on a long-term basis (the average term for leases commenced in 2019 was 66 months). The following table summarizes the lease expirations of our consolidated operating portfolio for leases in place at December 31, 2019 (dollars and square feet in millions):
(1)
Dollars per square foot was calculated by dividing NER by the occupied square feet of the lease.
CO-INVESTMENT VENTURES
Included in our O&M portfolio are consolidated and unconsolidated co-investment ventures that hold investments in real estate properties, primarily logistics facilities that we also manage. Our unconsolidated co-investment ventures are accounted for under the equity method. The amounts included for the unconsolidated ventures are reflected at 100% of the amount included in the ventures’ financial statements as calculated on a GAAP basis, not our proportionate share. The following table summarizes our consolidated and unconsolidated co-investment ventures at December 31, 2019 (in millions):
(1)
In December 2019, we formed PCCLF, an unconsolidated co-investment venture investing in properties in China, with eight partners. At that time, we and our existing partner in Prologis China Logistics Venture I, LP received equity interests in PCCLF for the contribution of the existing portfolio of assets consisting of 79 properties totaling 22 million square feet. The seven new partners contributed cash, which was used to redeem a portion of our existing partner’s investment in PCCLF. We maintained our ownership percentage in these assets subsequent to the contribution and therefore did not recognize a gain.
For more information regarding our unconsolidated and consolidated co-investment ventures, see Notes 5 and 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we and our co-investment ventures are parties to a variety of legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business.
In connection with the Liberty Transaction, six lawsuits have been filed seeking damages and/or rescission, among other things. An adverse decision being entered for any lawsuit may adversely affect our financial results. See Note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information on the Liberty Transaction.
We do not believe that the ultimate disposition of any additional matters to which we are currently a party will result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial position or results of operations.
ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not Applicable.
PART II
ITEM 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
MARKET INFORMATION AND HOLDERS
Our common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “PLD.”
Stock Performance Graph
The following line graph compares the change in Prologis, Inc. cumulative total stockholder’s return on shares of its common stock from December 31, 2014, to the cumulative total return of the S&P 500 Stock Index and the Financial Times and Stock Exchange NAREIT Equity REITs Index from December 31, 2014, to December 31, 2019. The graph assumes an initial investment of $100 in our common stock and each of the indices on December 31, 2014, and, as required by the SEC, the reinvestment of all dividends. The return shown on the graph is not necessarily indicative of future performance.
This graph and the accompanying text are not “soliciting material,” are not deemed filed with the SEC and are not to be incorporated by reference in any filing by the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing.
PREFERRED STOCK DIVIDENDS
At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had 1.4 million shares of the Series Q preferred stock with a liquidation preference of $50 per share that will be redeemable at our option on or after November 13, 2026. Dividends payable per share was $4.27 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.
For more information regarding dividends, see Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES
During 2019, we issued 1.2 million shares of common stock of Prologis, Inc. in connection with the redemption of common units of Prologis, L.P. The shares of common stock were issued in reliance on the exemption from registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, afforded by Section 4(a)(2) thereof.
SECURITIES AUTHORIZED FOR ISSUANCE UNDER EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS
For information regarding securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans, see Notes 9 and 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
OTHER STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Common Stock Plans
Further information relative to our equity compensation plans will be provided in our 2020 Proxy Statement or in an amendment filed on Form 10-K/A.
ITEM 6. Selected Financial Data
The following table summarizes selected financial data related to our historical financial condition and results of operations for both Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P. (in millions, except for per share and unit amounts):
(1)
FFO; FFO, as modified by Prologis; and Core FFO attributable to common stockholders/unitholders are non-GAAP measures. See
ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this report and the matters described under Item 1A. Risk Factors.
A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for 2019 compared to 2018 is presented below. Information on 2017 is included in graphs only to show year over year trends in our results of operations. Our financial condition for 2017 and results of operations for 2017 and 2018 compared to 2017 can be found under Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations which is incorporated by reference herein to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on February 13, 2019, and is available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and our Investor Relations website at www.ir.prologis.com.
MANAGEMENT’S OVERVIEW
Summary of 2019
During the year ended December 31, 2019, operating fundamentals remained strong for our O&M portfolio. Our occupancy decreased to 96.5% at December 31, 2019 as compared to 97.5% at December 31, 2018 due to our focus on rental rate growth as evidenced by our weighted average net effective rent change of 23.7% in our O&M portfolio during 2019.
In 2019, we completed the following significant activities as described in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements:
•
In January, we formed PBLV, a Brazilian unconsolidated co-investment venture, with one partner. We contributed an initial portfolio of real estate properties to PBLV consisting of 14 operating properties totaling 7 million square feet and 371 acres of land. We received total proceeds of $620 million, including cash and units, which represents a 20% equity interest.
•
Excluding the contribution to PBLV, we generated net proceeds of $2.4 billion and realized net gains of $719 million, primarily from the contribution of properties to our unconsolidated co-investment ventures in Europe, Japan and the U.S.
•
In February, we redeemed a portion of our investment in a European unconsolidated co-investment venture for proceeds of €278 million ($313 million).
•
In December, we formed PCCLF, an unconsolidated co-investment venture investing in properties in China, with eight partners. At that time, we and our existing partner in Prologis China Logistics Venture I, LP received equity interests in PCCLF for the contribution of the existing portfolio of assets consisting of 79 properties totaling 22 million square feet. The seven new partners contributed cash, which was used to redeem a portion of our existing partner’s investment in PCCLF. We maintained our ownership percentage in these assets subsequent to the contribution and therefore did not recognize a gain.
•
We earned promotes aggregating $181 million ($121 million net of related expenses), of which $166 million was recorded in Strategic Capital Revenues, primarily from PELF, and $15 million was recorded in Net Earnings Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests.
•
We completed the following financing activities that resulted in extending our debt maturities to 7.8 years and lowering our effective interest rate to 2.2%, both on a weighted average basis at December 31, 2019.
•
In January, we upsized our global senior credit facility to $3.5 billion, maturing in January 2023.
•
In January, we also entered into two unsecured Japanese yen term loans for a total of ¥15.0 billion ($137 million) that bear interest of Yen LIBOR plus 0.5% to 0.6% and mature in January 2028 and 2030.
•
In March, we entered into an unsecured Japanese yen term loan agreement (the “March 2019 Yen Term Loan”) under which we can draw Japanese yen in an aggregate amount not to exceed ¥85.0 billion ($783 million at December 31, 2019). The March 2019 Yen Term Loan bears interest at Yen LIBOR plus 0.4% and matures in March 2026. We used the proceeds to repay the majority of the outstanding balance of ¥100.0 billion ($897 million) on our 2016 Japanese yen term loan.
•
In March, we also completed a private placement for ¥10.0 billion ($91 million) of senior notes with a stated interest rate of 1.2%, maturing in March 2039.
•
In September, we issued three series of senior notes for a total of €1.8 billion ($2.0 billion), bearing a weighted-average fixed interest rate of 0.7% and maturing in September 2027 through 2049. We utilized the proceeds to pay off senior notes of €600 million ($656 million) bearing an interest rate of 1.4% and maturing in October 2020 and $499 million on our multi-currency term loan.
•
At December 31, 2019, we had $3.7 billion of available borrowing capacity under our credit facilities and total liquidity of $4.8 billion, including unrestricted cash balances.
Subsequent to year end, we closed the following transactions in 2020:
•
On January 3rd, we redeemed €400 million ($446 million) of senior notes bearing a floating rate of Euribor plus 0.3%.
•
On January 8th, our two U.S. co-investment ventures acquired the wholly-owned real estate assets of IPT for approximately $4 billion (our investment was approximately $1.6 billion). See Notes 5 and 11 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on this transaction.
•
On February 4th, we completed the Liberty Transaction for approximately $13 billion through the issuance of equity and the assumption of debt. See Note 20 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on this transaction.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
We evaluate our business operations based on the NOI of our two operating segments: Real Estate Operations and Strategic Capital. NOI by segment is a non-GAAP performance measure that is calculated using revenues and expenses directly from our financial statements. We consider NOI by segment to be an appropriate supplemental measure of our performance because it helps management and investors understand our operating results.
Below is a reconciliation of our NOI by segment to Operating Income per the Consolidated Financial Statements (in millions). Each segment’s NOI is reconciled to a line item in the Consolidated Financial Statements in their respective segment discussions below.
See Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on our segments and a reconciliation of each business segment’s NOI to Operating Income and Earnings Before Income Taxes.
Real Estate Operations
This operating segment principally includes rental revenue and rental expenses recognized from our consolidated properties. We allocate the costs of our property management and leasing functions to the Real Estate Operations segment through Rental Expenses and the Strategic Capital segment through Strategic Capital Expenses based on the square footage of the relative portfolios. The operating fundamentals in the markets in which we operate continue to be strong, which has increased rents and kept occupancies high. In addition, this segment is impacted by our development, acquisition and disposition activities.
Below are the components of Real Estate Operations revenues, expenses and NOI (in millions), derived directly from the Consolidated Financial Statements.
(1)
As disclosed in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under the new lease standard, we adopted the practical expedient to present rental revenue and rental recoveries as a single component under Rental Revenues in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
The change in Real Estate Operations NOI in 2019 compared to 2018 was impacted by the following items (dollars in millions):
(1)
Acquisition activity increased NOI in 2019, compared to 2018, primarily due to the acquisition of DCT Industrial Trust Inc. and DCT Industrial Operating Partnership LP (collectively “DCT”), which was completed for $8.5 billion on August 22, 2018 (“DCT Transaction”).
(2)
During both years, we experienced positive rental rate growth. Rental rate growth (or rent change) is a combination of the rollover of existing leases to higher rental rates and contractual rent increases on existing leases. If a lease has a contractual rent increase driven by a metric that is not known at the time the lease commences, such as the consumer price index or a similar metric, the rent increase is not included in rent leveling and therefore, impacts the rental revenue we recognize. We experienced an increase in NER change from 29.4% in 2018 to 32.8% in 2019, that was marginally reduced by a decrease in average occupancy of 0.6% during the same period. See below for key metrics on rent change on rollover and occupancy for the consolidated operating portfolio.
(3)
We calculate changes in NOI from development completions period over period by comparing the change in NOI generated on the pool of developments that completed on or after January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2019 year over year.
(4)
Other activity decreased NOI in 2019, compared to 2018, primarily due to internal costs of $25 million related to leasing activities, partially reduced by lower non-recoverable expenses, both in 2019, and changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Beginning in 2019 with the adoption of the new lease accounting standard, we no longer capitalize internal costs related to our leasing activities.
Below are key operating metrics of our consolidated operating portfolio.
(1)
In August 2018, we completed the DCT Transaction and acquired a portfolio of logistics real estate assets aggregating 68 million square feet.
(2)
Consolidated square feet of leases commenced and weighted average net effective rent change were calculated for leases with initial terms of one year or greater.
Development Activity
The following table summarizes consolidated development activity (dollars and square feet in millions):
(1)
We calculate the weighted average stabilized yield as estimated NOI assuming stabilized occupancy divided by TEI.
At December 31, 2019, our consolidated development portfolio, including properties under development and prestabilized properties with a TEI of $4.0 billion, was 50.0% leased and expected to be completed before December 2021. For additional information on our development portfolio at December 31, 2019, see Item 2. Properties.
Capital Expenditures
We capitalize costs incurred in renovating and improving our operating properties as part of the investment basis or within other assets. The following graph summarizes our total capital expenditures, excluding development costs, and property improvements per average square foot of our consolidated operating properties during each year:
(1)
In 2019, total capital expenditures increased primarily due to a larger portfolio and leasing our operating properties at higher rental rates and longer lease terms.
Strategic Capital
This operating segment includes revenues from asset and property management, other fees for services performed and promote revenue earned from the unconsolidated entities. Revenues associated with the Strategic Capital segment fluctuate because of changes in the size of the portfolios through acquisitions and dispositions, the fair value of the properties and other transactional activity including foreign currency exchange rates and timing of promotes. These revenues are reduced by the direct costs associated with the asset and property-level management expenses for the properties owned by these ventures. We allocate the costs of our property management and leasing functions to the Strategic Capital segment through Strategic Capital Expenses and to the Real Estate Operations segment through Rental Expenses based on the square footage of the relative portfolios.
Below are the components of Strategic Capital revenues, expenses and NOI, derived directly from the Consolidated Financial Statements (in millions):
Below is additional detail of our Strategic Capital revenues, expenses and NOI (in millions):
(1)
The U.S. expenses include compensation, personnel costs and PPP awards for employees who were based in the U.S. but also support other geographies.
(2)
Recurring fees include asset and property management fees.
(3)
Transactional fees include leasing commission, acquisition, development and other fees.
(4)
We generally earn promote revenue directly from third-party investors in the co-investment ventures and occasionally from the venture. The promote is generally based on cumulative returns over a three-year period. Under either structure, when the promote is earned we recognize the third-party investors’ share of the promote. Approximately 40% of the promote earned by us is paid to our employees as a combination of cash and stock awards pursuant to the terms of the PPP and expensed through Strategic Capital Expenses, as vested.
The following real estate investments were held through our unconsolidated co-investment ventures based on historical cost at December 31 (dollars and square feet in millions):
(1)
PBLV and our other Brazilian joint ventures are combined as one venture for the purpose of this table.
(2)
In December, we formed PCCLF, an unconsolidated co-investment venture investing in properties in China, with eight partners. At that time, we and our existing partner in Prologis China Logistics Venture I, LP contributed the existing portfolio of assets to PCCLF.
See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our unconsolidated co-investment ventures.
G&A Expenses
G&A expenses were $266 million and $239 million for 2019 and 2018, respectively. G&A expenses increased in 2019 as compared to 2018, due to higher compensation expenses based largely on the increase in our share price.
We capitalize certain internal costs, including salaries and related expenses, directly related to our development activities. We previously capitalized G&A related to our internal leasing activities, however, beginning January 1, 2019 these costs were expensed and recorded to Rental Expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
The following table summarizes capitalized G&A amounts (in millions):
Depreciation and Amortization Expenses
Depreciation and amortization expenses were $1.1 billion and $947 million for 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The following table highlights the key changes in depreciation and amortization expenses in 2019 as compared to 2018 (dollars in millions):
(1)
The acquisition of properties primarily includes the DCT Transaction through which we acquired operating properties and the related intangible assets in the third quarter of 2018. See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on the DCT Transaction.
Gains on Real Estate Transactions, Net
The following table summarizes our Gains on Dispositions of Development Properties and Land, net and Gains on Other Dispositions of Investments in Real Estate, net, which includes sales of non-developed properties (primarily operating properties) and other real estate transactions, for the years ended December 31 (in millions):
We utilized the proceeds from these transactions primarily to fund our capital investments during both periods. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on these transactions.
Our Owned and Managed (“O&M”) Operating Portfolio
We manage our business and review our operating fundamentals on an O&M basis, which includes properties wholly owned by us or owned by one of our co-investment ventures. We believe reviewing the fundamentals this way allows management to understand the entire impact to the financial statements, as it will affect both the Real Estate Operations and Strategic Capital segments, as well as the net earnings we recognize from our unconsolidated co-investment ventures based on our ownership. We do not control the unconsolidated co-investment ventures for purposes of GAAP and the presentation of the ventures’ operating information does not represent a legal claim.
Our O&M operating portfolio does not include our development portfolio, value-added properties, non-industrial properties or properties held for sale to third parties and was as follows at December 31 (square feet in millions):
Below are the key operating metrics summarizing the leasing activity of our O&M operating portfolio.
(1)
Square feet of leases commenced and weighted average net effective rent change were calculated for leases with initial terms of one year or greater. We retained more than 70% of our customers, based on the total square feet of leases commenced, for each year.
(2)
Turnover costs are defined as leasing commissions and tenant improvements and represent the obligations incurred in connection with the lease commencement for leases greater than one year. In 2019 and 2018, turnover costs per square foot
increased, however, due to the longer terms and higher rents on leases commenced, this resulted in a lower cost as a percentage of lease value.
Same Store Analysis
Our same store metrics are non-GAAP financial measures, which are commonly used in the real estate industry and expected from the financial community, on both a net effective and cash basis. We evaluate the performance of the operating properties we own and manage using a “same store” analysis because the population of properties in this analysis is consistent from period to period, which allows us and investors to analyze our ongoing business operations. We determine our same store metrics on property NOI, which is calculated as rental revenue less rental expense for the applicable properties in the same store population for both consolidated and unconsolidated properties based on our ownership interest, as further defined below.
We define our same store population for the three months ended December 31, 2019 as the properties in our O&M operating portfolio, including the property NOI for both consolidated properties and properties owned by the unconsolidated co-investment ventures at January 1, 2018 and owned throughout the same three-month period in both 2018 and 2019. We believe the drivers of property NOI for the consolidated portfolio are generally the same for the properties owned by the ventures in which we invest and therefore we evaluate the same store metrics of the O&M portfolio based on Prologis’ ownership in the properties (“Prologis Share”). The same store population excludes properties held for sale to third parties, along with development properties that were not stabilized at the beginning of the period (January 1, 2018) and properties acquired or disposed of to third parties during the period. To derive an appropriate measure of period-to-period operating performance, we remove the effects of foreign currency exchange rate movements by using the reported period-end exchange rate to translate from local currency into the U.S. dollar, for both periods.
As non-GAAP financial measures, the same store metrics have certain limitations as an analytical tool and may vary among real estate companies. As a result, we provide a reconciliation of Rental Revenues less Rental Expenses (“Property NOI”) (from our Consolidated Financial Statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP) to our Same Store Property NOI measures.
We evaluate the results of our same store portfolio on a quarterly basis. The following is a reconciliation of our consolidated rental revenues, rental expenses and property NOI for each quarter in 2019 and 2018 to the full year, as included in the Consolidated Statements of Income and within Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements and to the respective amounts in our same store portfolio analysis for the three months ended December 31 (dollars in millions):
(1)
We exclude properties held for sale to third parties, along with development properties that were not stabilized at the beginning of the period and properties acquired or disposed of to third parties during the period. We also exclude net termination and renegotiation fees to allow us to evaluate the growth or decline in each property’s rental revenues without regard to one-time items that are not indicative of the property’s recurring operating performance. Net termination and renegotiation fees represent the gross fee negotiated to allow a customer to terminate or renegotiate their lease, offset by the write-off of the asset recorded due to the adjustment to straight-line rents over the lease term. Same Store Property NOI is adjusted to include an allocation of property management expenses for our consolidated properties based on the property management services provided to each property (generally, based on a percentage of revenues). On consolidation, these amounts are eliminated and the actual costs of providing property management services are recognized as part of our consolidated rental expense.
(2)
We include the Property NOI for the same store portfolio for both consolidated properties and properties owned by the co-investment ventures based on our investment in the underlying properties. In order to calculate our share of Same Store Property NOI from the co-investment ventures in which we own less than 100%, we use the co-investment ventures’ underlying Property NOI for the same store portfolio and apply our ownership percentage at December 31, 2019 to the Property NOI for both periods, including the properties contributed during the period. We adjust the total Property NOI from the same store portfolio of the co-investment ventures by subtracting the third parties’ share of both consolidated and unconsolidated co-investment ventures.
During the periods presented, certain wholly owned properties were contributed to a co-investment venture and are included in the same store portfolio. Neither our consolidated results nor those of the co-investment ventures, when viewed individually, would be comparable on a same store basis because of the changes in composition of the respective portfolios from period to period (e.g. the results of a contributed property are included in our consolidated results through the contribution date and in the results of the venture subsequent to the contribution date based on our ownership interest at the end of the period). As a result, only line items labeled “Prologis Share of Same Store Property NOI” are comparable period over period.
(3)
We further remove certain noncash items (straight-line rent and amortization of fair value lease adjustments) included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP to reflect a Same Store Property NOI - Cash measure.
We manage our business and compensate our executives based on the same store results of our O&M portfolio at 100% as we manage our portfolio on an ownership blind basis. We calculate those results by including 100% of the properties included in our same store portfolio.
Other Components of Income (Expense)
Earnings from Unconsolidated Entities, Net
We recognized net earnings from unconsolidated entities, which are accounted for using the equity method, of $200 million and $298 million during 2019 and 2018, respectively. The decrease in earnings year over year was primarily due to significant gains recognized in 2018 on real estate dispositions in Europe. The earnings we recognize can be impacted by: (i) variances in revenues and expenses of each venture; (ii) the size and occupancy rate of the portfolio of properties owned by each venture; (iii) gains or losses from the dispositions of properties and extinguishment of debt; (iv) our ownership interest in each venture; and (v) fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates used to translate our share of net earnings to U.S. dollars.
See the discussion of our unconsolidated entities above in the Strategic Capital segment discussion and in Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a further breakdown of our share of net earnings recognized.
Interest Expense
The following table details our net interest expense (dollars in millions):
Net interest expense increased by $11 million, primarily due to higher average debt balances in 2019 as compared to 2018. The increase in debt year over year was due to the assumption of debt in the DCT Transaction in August 2018 that was mostly refinanced with debt at lower interest rates. Additionally, we recognized a gain upon settlement of the interest rate swaps on the Canadian term loan in 2018.
See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Liquidity and Capital Resources section, for further discussion of our debt and borrowing costs.
Foreign Currency and Derivative Gains (Losses), Net
We are exposed to foreign currency exchange risk related to investments in and earnings from our foreign investments. We may use derivative financial instruments to manage foreign currency exchange rate risk. We recognize the change in fair value of the undesignated derivative contracts in unrealized gains and losses. Upon settlement of these transactions, we recognize realized gains or losses.
We primarily hedge our foreign currency risk by borrowing in the currencies in which we invest thereby providing a natural hedge. We may also issue debt in a currency that is not the same functional currency of the borrowing entity and we generally designate the debt as a nonderivative net investment hedge. We recognize the remeasurement and settlement of the unhedged portion of the debt and accrued interest in unrealized gains or losses. We also recognize the change in fair value and settlement of any undesignated derivative contracts to hedge the eventual payment of these borrowings in a foreign currency in unrealized gains or losses.
The following table details our foreign currency and derivative gains (losses), net included in earnings (in millions):
See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our foreign currency and derivative financial instrument policies and Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our derivative and nonderivative transactions.
Losses on Early Extinguishment of Debt, Net
We recognized a loss of $16 million and $3 million upon extinguishment of debt in 2019 and 2018, respectively. Through our financing activities in both 2019 and 2018 we reduced our effective interest rate and lengthened the maturities of our debt. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Liquidity and Capital Resources section, for more information regarding our debt repurchases.
Income Tax Expense
We recognize income tax expense related to our taxable REIT subsidiaries and in certain local, state and foreign jurisdictions in which we operate. Our current income tax expense fluctuates from period to period based primarily on the timing of our taxable income.
Deferred income tax expense (benefit) is generally a function of the period’s temporary differences and the utilization of net operating losses generated in prior years that had been previously recognized as deferred income tax assets in taxable subsidiaries.
The following table summarizes our income tax expense (benefit) (in millions):
Our income taxes are discussed in more detail in Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Net Earnings Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests
This amount represents the third-party investors’ share of the earnings generated in consolidated entities in which we do not own 100% of the equity, reduced by the third-party share of fees or promotes payable to us and earned during the period. We had net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests of $129 million and $174 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively. Included in these amounts were $47 million and $49 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively, of net earnings attributable to the common limited partnership unitholders of Prologis, L.P.
See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on our noncontrolling interests.
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our foreign currency and derivative financial instrument policies and Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our derivative and nonderivative transactions and other comprehensive income (loss).
ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
See Note 16 in the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information about environmental liabilities.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Overview
We consider our ability to generate cash from operating activities, distributions from our co-investment ventures, contributions and dispositions of properties and available financing sources to be adequate to meet our anticipated future development, acquisition, operating, debt service, dividend and distribution requirements.
Near-Term Principal Cash Sources and Uses
In addition to dividends and distributions, we expect our primary cash needs may consist of the following:
•
completion of the development and leasing of the properties in our consolidated development portfolio (at December 31, 2019, 105 properties in our development portfolio were 50.0% leased with a current investment of $1.9 billion and a TEI of $4.0 billion when completed and leased, leaving $2.1 billion of estimated additional required investment);
•
development of new properties which we may hold for long-term investment or subsequently contribute to unconsolidated co-investment ventures, including the acquisition of land in certain markets;
•
capital expenditures and leasing costs on properties in our operating portfolio;
•
repayment of debt and scheduled principal payments of $536 million in 2020, of which $446 million of senior notes were redeemed in January 2020;
•
additional investments in current unconsolidated entities or new investments in future unconsolidated entities;
•
acquisition of operating properties or portfolios of operating properties, including the acquisition of IPT described above, (depending on market and other conditions) for direct, long-term investment in our consolidated portfolio (this might include acquisitions from our co-investment ventures); and
•
repurchase of our outstanding debt or equity securities (depending on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity, contractual restrictions and other factors) through cash purchases, open-market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, tender offers or otherwise.
We expect to fund our cash needs principally from the following sources (subject to market conditions):
•
available unrestricted cash balances ($1.1 billion at December 31, 2019);
•
net cash flow from property operations;
•
fees earned for services performed on behalf of the co-investment ventures, including promotes;
•
distributions received from the co-investment ventures;
•
proceeds from the disposition of properties, land parcels or other investments to third parties;
•
proceeds from the contributions of properties to current or future co-investment ventures;
•
proceeds from the sale of a portion of our investments in co-investment ventures to achieve long-term ownership targets;
•
borrowing capacity under our current credit facility arrangements, other facilities or borrowing arrangements ($3.7 billion available at December 31, 2019); and
•
proceeds from the issuance of debt.
We may also generate proceeds from the issuance of equity securities, subject to market conditions. In February 2020, we completed the Liberty Transaction for approximately $13 billion through the issuance of equity and the assumption of debt.
Debt
The following table summarizes information about our consolidated debt by currency at December 31 (dollars in millions):
(1)
The weighted average maturity for total debt outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018 was 94 and 76 months, respectively.
Our credit ratings at December 31, 2019, were A3 from Moody’s and A- from Standard & Poor’s, both with stable outlook. These ratings allow us to borrow at an advantageous rate. Adverse changes in our credit ratings could negatively impact our business and, in particular, our refinancing and other capital market activities, our ability to manage debt maturities, our future growth and our development and acquisition activity. A securities rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and is subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating organization.
At December 31, 2019, we were in compliance with all of our financial debt covenants. These covenants include customary financial covenants for total debt, encumbered debt and fixed charge coverage ratios.
See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion on our debt.
Equity Commitments Related to Certain Co-Investment Ventures
Certain co-investment ventures have equity commitments from us and our venture partners. Our venture partners fulfill their equity commitment with cash. We may fulfill our equity commitment through contributions of properties or cash.
The following table summarizes the remaining equity commitments at December 31, 2019 (in millions):
(1)
As discussed above, in December 2019 we formed PCCLF with eight venture partners with initial equity commitments of ¥4,622 million ($657 million). At that time, we and our existing partner in Prologis China Logistics Venture I, LP contributed the real estate portfolio to PCCLF in exchange for equity interests. The contributions from the seven new partners were used to redeem a portion of our existing partner’s investment in PCCLF.
See the Cash Flow Summary below for more information about our investment activity in the co-investment ventures.
Cash Flow Summary
The following table summarizes our cash flow activity (in millions):
Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities, exclusive of changes in receivables and payables, was impacted by the following significant activities:
•
Real estate operations. We receive the majority of our operating cash through the net revenues of our Real Estate Operations segment. See the Results of Operations section above for further explanation on our Real Estate Operations segment. The revenues from this segment include noncash adjustments for straight-lined rents and amortization of above and below market leases of $98 million and $67 million for 2019 and 2018, respectively.
•
Strategic capital. We also generate operating cash through our Strategic Capital segment by providing asset and property management and other services to our unconsolidated co-investment ventures. See the Results of Operations section above for the key drivers of the net revenues from our Strategic Capital segment. Included in Strategic Capital Revenues is the third-party investors’ share that is owed for fees and promotes, which is recognized in operating activities in the period the cash is received.
•
G&A expenses and equity-based compensation awards. We incurred $266 million and $239 million of G&A costs in 2019 and 2018, respectively. Included in these amounts are equity-based, noncash compensation expenses of $98 million and $76 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively, which were recorded to Rental Expenses in the Real Estate Operations segment, Strategic Capital Expenses in the Strategic Capital segment and G&A Expenses.
•
Operating distributions from unconsolidated entities. We received $347 million and $350 million of distributions from our unconsolidated entities in 2019 and 2018, respectively. Certain unconsolidated co-investment ventures distribute the total promote, including our share, that is recorded to Investment In and Advances to Unconsolidated Entities and is included in operating activities in the period the cash is received.
•
Cash paid for interest and income taxes, net. We paid combined amounts for interest and income taxes, net of amounts received, of $277 million and $266 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively. See Note 8 and Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on this activity.
Investing Activities
Cash provided by investing activities is driven by proceeds from contributions and dispositions of real estate properties, including the contribution of the initial portfolio of properties to PBLV. Cash used in investing activities is principally driven by our capital deployment activities of investing in real estate development, acquisitions and capital expenditures. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on these activities. In addition, the following significant transactions also impacted our cash provided by or used in investing activities:
•
DCT Transaction, net of cash acquired. We paid net cash of $46 million to complete the DCT Transaction in 2018, primarily due to transaction costs. The acquisition was financed through the issuance of equity and assumption of debt. See Notes 3 and 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail on the DCT Transaction.
•
Investments in and advances to. We invested cash in our unconsolidated entities that represented our proportionate share, of $276 million and $160 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively. The ventures used the funds for the acquisition of properties, development and repayment of debt. See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail on our unconsolidated co-investment ventures.
•
Return of investment. We received distributions from unconsolidated entities as a return of investment of $389 million and $360 million during 2019 and 2018, respectively. Included in these amounts were distributions from venture activities including proceeds from property sales, debt refinancing and the redemption of our investment in certain unconsolidated entities.
•
Proceeds from repayment of notes receivable backed by real estate. We received $34 million for the repayment of notes received in connection with the disposition of real estate to third parties in 2018.
•
Settlement of net investment hedges. We paid net cash of $7 million and received $18 million from the settlement of net investment hedges during 2019 and 2018, respectively. See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on our derivative transactions.
Financing Activities
Cash provided by and used in financing activities is principally driven by proceeds from and payments on credit facilities and other debt, along with dividends paid on common and preferred stock and noncontrolling interest contributions and distributions.
Our repurchase of and payments on debt and proceeds from the issuance of debt consisted of the following activity (in millions):
(1)
We completed the DCT Transaction in 2018 and assumed $1.9 billion of debt, of which $1.8 billion was paid off with the proceeds from the issuance of senior notes. The assumption of $1.9 billion of debt was excluded from the table above.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
Unconsolidated Co-Investment Venture Debt
We had investments in and advances to our unconsolidated co-investment ventures, at December 31, 2019, of $5.9 billion. The ventures listed below had total third-party debt of $9.4 billion at December 31, 2019. Certain of our ventures do not have third-party debt and are therefore excluded. This debt is non-recourse to Prologis and other investors in the co-investment ventures and matures and bears interest as follows at December 31, 2019 (dollars in millions):
(1)
The weighted average loan-to-value ratio for all unconsolidated co-investment ventures was 26.0% at December 31, 2019. Loan-to-value, a non-GAAP measure, was calculated as the percentage of total third-party debt to the gross book value of real estate for each venture and weighted based on the cumulative gross book value of all unconsolidated co-investment ventures.
At December 31, 2019, we did not guarantee any third-party debt of the unconsolidated co-investment ventures. In our role as the manager or sponsor, we work with the co-investment ventures to maintain sufficient liquidity and refinance their maturing debt. There can be no assurance that the co-investment ventures will be able to refinance any maturing indebtedness on terms as favorable as the maturing debt, or at all. If the ventures are unable to refinance the maturing indebtedness with newly issued debt, they may be able to obtain funds by voluntary capital contributions from us and our partners or by selling assets. Certain of our ventures also have credit facilities, or unencumbered properties, both of which may be used to obtain funds.
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
Long-Term Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our long-term contractual obligations at December 31, 2019 (in millions):
(1)
We had properties in our consolidated development portfolio (completed and under development) at December 31, 2019, with a TEI of $4.0 billion. The unfunded commitments presented include not only those costs that we are obligated to fund under construction contracts, but all costs necessary to place the property into service, including the estimated costs of tenant improvements, marketing and leasing costs that we expect to incur as the property is leased.
(2)
Beginning January 1, 2019, as a lessee we were required to record both a right-of-use asset and lease liability for our ground and office space leases based on the present value of our future minimum lease payments. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Distribution and Dividend Requirements
Our dividend policy on our common stock is to distribute a percentage of our cash flow to ensure that we will meet the dividend requirements of the IRC, relative to maintaining our REIT status, while still allowing us to retain cash to fund capital improvements and other investment activities.
Under the IRC, REITs may be subject to certain federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed taxable income.
We paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.53 and $0.48 per common share in 2019 and 2018, respectively. Our future common stock dividends, if and as declared, may vary and will be determined by the Board based upon the circumstances prevailing at the time,
including our financial condition, operating results and REIT distribution requirements, and may be adjusted at the discretion of the Board during the year.
We make distributions on the common limited partnership units outstanding at the same per unit amount as our common stock dividend. The Class A Units in the OP are entitled to a quarterly distribution equal to $0.64665 per unit so long as the common units receive a quarterly distribution of at least $0.40 per unit. We paid a quarterly distribution of $0.64665 per Class A Unit in 2019 and 2018.
At December 31, 2019, we had 1.4 million shares of Series Q preferred stock outstanding with a liquidation preference of $50 per share. The annual dividend rate is 8.54% per share and dividends are payable quarterly in arrears. Pursuant to the terms of our preferred stock, we are restricted from declaring or paying any dividend with respect to our common stock unless and until all cumulative dividends with respect to the preferred stock have been paid and sufficient funds have been set aside for dividends that have been declared for the relevant dividend period with respect to the preferred stock.
Other Commitments
On a continuing basis, we are engaged in various stages of negotiations for the acquisition or disposition of individual properties or portfolios of properties.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
A critical accounting policy is one that involves an estimate or assumption that is subjective and requires management judgment about the effect of a matter that is inherently uncertain and material to an entity’s financial condition and results of operations. Management’s best judgment considers historical and current economic conditions and expectations for the future. Changes in estimates could affect our financial position and specific items in our results of operations that are used by stockholders, potential investors, industry analysts and lenders in their evaluation of our performance. Of the significant accounting policies discussed in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, those presented below have been identified by us as meeting the criteria to be considered critical accounting policies. Refer to Note 2 for more information on these critical accounting policies.
Acquisitions
We generally account for an acquisition of a single property or portfolio of properties as an asset acquisition. We measure the real estate assets acquired through an asset acquisition based on their cost or total consideration exchanged and any excess consideration or bargain purchase amount is allocated to the real estate properties, excluding those identified as held for sale, on a relative fair value basis.
We make estimates as part of our valuation of the assumed assets and liabilities at the acquisition date. The components of an acquisition typically include buildings, land, improvements, intangible assets or liabilities related to the acquired leases, debt, deferred tax assets and liabilities and other assumed assets and liabilities. The purchase price allocation is based on the expected future cash flows of the property and various characteristics of the markets where the property is located utilizing an income approach methodology, which may be a discounted cash flow analysis or applying a capitalization rate to the estimated NOI of a property. Key assumptions include market rents, growth rates, and discount and capitalization rates. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors including historical operating results, known trends and market and economic conditions. We determine discount and capitalization rates by market based on recent transactions and other market data. The fair value of land is generally based on relevant market data, such as a comparison of the subject site to similar parcels that have recently been sold or are currently being offered on the market for sale. The use of different assumptions to value the acquired properties and intangible assets and assumed liabilities could affect the future revenues and expenses we recognize over the estimated remaining useful life or lease term.
Recoverability of Real Estate Assets
We assess the carrying values of our respective long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of these assets may not be fully recoverable.
Recoverability of real estate assets is measured by comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to the estimated future undiscounted cash flows. To review our real estate assets for recoverability, we consider current market conditions and property-level operating results, as well as our intent with respect to holding or disposing of the asset. Our intent with regard to the underlying assets might change as market conditions change. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow models, applying a capitalization rate to the estimated NOI of a property, quoted market values and third-party appraisals, where considered necessary. The use of projected future cash flows is based on assumptions that are consistent with our estimates of future expectations and the strategic plan we use to manage our underlying business. If our analysis indicates that the carrying value of a property that we expect to hold is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, we recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the current estimated fair value of the property. Assumptions and estimates used in the recoverability analyses for future cash flows, including market rents, discount rates and capitalization rates are complex and subjective. Changes in economic and operating conditions or our intent with regard to our investment that occurs subsequent to our impairment analyses could impact these assumptions and result in future impairment.
NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
FUNDS FROM OPERATIONS ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMMON STOCKHOLDERS/UNITHOLDERS (“FFO”)
FFO is a non-GAAP financial measure that is commonly used in the real estate industry. The most directly comparable GAAP measure to FFO is net earnings.
The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”) defines FFO as earnings computed under GAAP to exclude historical cost depreciation and gains and losses from the sales, along with impairment charges, of previously depreciated properties. We also exclude the gains on revaluation of equity investments upon acquisition of a controlling interest and the gain recognized from a partial sale of our investment, as these are similar to gains from the sales of previously depreciated properties. We exclude similar adjustments from our unconsolidated entities and the third parties’ share of our consolidated co-investment ventures.
Our FFO Measures
Our FFO measures begin with NAREIT’s definition and we make certain adjustments to reflect our business and the way that management plans and executes our business strategy. While not infrequent or unusual, the additional items we adjust for in calculating FFO, as modified by Prologis and Core FFO, both as defined below, are subject to significant fluctuations from period to period. Although these items may have a material impact on our operations and are reflected in our financial statements, the removal of the effects of these items allows us to better understand the core operating performance of our properties over the long term. These items have both positive and negative short-term effects on our results of operations in inconsistent and unpredictable directions that are not relevant to our long-term outlook.
We calculate our FFO measures, as defined below, based on our proportionate ownership share of both our unconsolidated and consolidated ventures. We reflect our share of our FFO measures for unconsolidated ventures by applying our average ownership percentage for the period to the applicable reconciling items on an entity by entity basis. We reflect our share for consolidated ventures in which we do not own 100% of the equity by adjusting our FFO measures to remove the noncontrolling interests share of the applicable reconciling items based on our average ownership percentage for the applicable periods.
These FFO measures are used by management as supplemental financial measures of operating performance and we believe that it is important that stockholders, potential investors and financial analysts understand the measures management uses. We do not use our FFO measures as, nor should they be considered to be, alternatives to net earnings computed under GAAP, as indicators of our operating performance, as alternatives to cash from operating activities computed under GAAP or as indicators of our ability to fund our cash needs.
We analyze our operating performance principally by the rental revenue of our real estate and the revenues from our strategic capital business, net of operating, administrative and financing expenses. This income stream is not directly impacted by fluctuations in the market value of our investments in real estate or debt securities.
FFO, as modified by Prologis attributable to common stockholders/unitholders (“FFO, as modified by Prologis”)
To arrive at FFO, as modified by Prologis, we adjust the NAREIT defined FFO measure to exclude the impact of foreign currency related items and deferred tax, specifically:
•
deferred income tax benefits and deferred income tax expenses recognized by our subsidiaries;
•
current income tax expense related to acquired tax liabilities that were recorded as deferred tax liabilities in an acquisition, to the extent the expense is offset with a deferred income tax benefit in earnings that is excluded from our defined FFO measure; and
•
foreign currency exchange gains and losses resulting from (i) debt transactions between us and our foreign entities, (ii) third-party debt that is used to hedge our investment in foreign entities, (iii) derivative financial instruments related to any such debt transactions, and (iv) mark-to-market adjustments associated with other derivative financial instruments.
We use FFO, as modified by Prologis, so that management, analysts and investors are able to evaluate our performance against other REITs that do not have similar operations or operations in jurisdictions outside the U.S.
Core FFO attributable to common stockholders/unitholders (“Core FFO”)
In addition to FFO, as modified by Prologis, we also use Core FFO. To arrive at Core FFO, we adjust FFO, as modified by Prologis, to exclude the following recurring and nonrecurring items that we recognized directly in FFO, as modified by Prologis:
•
gains or losses from the disposition of land and development properties that were developed with the intent to contribute or sell;
•
income tax expense related to the sale of investments in real estate;
•
impairment charges recognized related to our investments in real estate generally as a result of our change in intent to contribute or sell these properties;
•
gains or losses from the early extinguishment of debt and redemption and repurchase of preferred stock; and
•
expenses related to natural disasters.
We use Core FFO, including by segment and geographies, to: (i) assess our operating performance as compared to other real estate companies; (ii) evaluate our performance and the performance of our properties in comparison with expected results and results of previous periods; (iii) evaluate the performance of our management; (iv) budget and forecast future results to assist in the allocation of resources; (v) provide guidance to the financial markets to understand our expected operating performance; and (vi) evaluate how a specific potential investment will impact our future results.
Limitations on the use of our FFO measures
While we believe our modified FFO measures are important supplemental measures, neither NAREIT’s nor our measures of FFO should be used alone because they exclude significant economic components of net earnings computed under GAAP and are, therefore, limited as an analytical tool. Accordingly, these are only a few of the many measures we use when analyzing our business. Some of the limitations are:
•
The current income tax expenses that are excluded from our modified FFO measures represent the taxes and transaction costs that are payable.
•
Depreciation and amortization of real estate assets are economic costs that are excluded from FFO. FFO is limited, as it does not reflect the cash requirements that may be necessary for future replacements of the real estate assets. Furthermore, the amortization of capital expenditures and leasing costs necessary to maintain the operating performance of logistics facilities are not reflected in FFO.
•
Gains or losses from non-development property dispositions and impairment charges related to expected dispositions represent changes in value of the properties. By excluding these gains and losses, FFO does not capture realized changes in the value of disposed properties arising from changes in market conditions.
•
The deferred income tax benefits and expenses that are excluded from our modified FFO measures result from the creation of a deferred income tax asset or liability that may have to be settled at some future point. Our modified FFO measures do not currently reflect any income or expense that may result from such settlement.
•
The foreign currency exchange gains and losses that are excluded from our modified FFO measures are generally recognized based on movements in foreign currency exchange rates through a specific point in time. The ultimate settlement of our foreign currency-denominated net assets is indefinite as to timing and amount. Our FFO measures are limited in that they do not reflect the current period changes in these net assets that result from periodic foreign currency exchange rate movements.
•
The gains and losses on extinguishment of debt or preferred stock that we exclude from our Core FFO, may provide a benefit or cost to us as we may be settling our obligation at less or more than our future obligation.
•
The natural disaster expenses that we exclude from Core FFO are costs that we have incurred.
We compensate for these limitations by using our FFO measures only in conjunction with net earnings computed under GAAP when making our decisions. This information should be read with our complete Consolidated Financial Statements prepared under GAAP. To assist investors in compensating for these limitations, we reconcile our modified FFO measures to our net earnings computed under GAAP as follows (in millions):
ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are exposed to the impact of foreign exchange-related variability and earnings volatility on our foreign investments and interest rate changes. See our risk factors in Item 1A. Risk Factors, specifically: The depreciation in the value of the foreign currency in countries where we have a significant investment may adversely affect our results of operations and financial position and we may be unable to refinance our debt or our cash flow may be insufficient to make required debt payments. See also Notes 2 and 15 in the Consolidated Financial Statements in
ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The Consolidated Balance Sheets of Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P. at December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Consolidated Statements of Income of Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P., the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income of Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P., the Consolidated Statements of Equity of Prologis, Inc., the Consolidated Statements of Capital of Prologis, L.P. and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows of Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P. for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, together with the reports of KPMG LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, are included under Item 15 of this report and are incorporated herein by reference. Selected unaudited quarterly financial data are presented in Note 19 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures
Controls and Procedures (The Parent)
Prologis, Inc. carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)) at December 31, 2019. Based on this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms. Subsequent to December 31, 2019, there were no significant changes in the internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls, including any corrective actions with regard to significant deficiencies and material weaknesses.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2019, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act.
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting was conducted at December 31, 2019, based on the criteria described in “Internal Control - Integrated Framework” (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management determined that, at December 31, 2019, the internal control over financial reporting was effective.
Our internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2019, has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their attestation report which is included herein.
Limitations of the Effectiveness of Controls
Management’s assessment included an evaluation of the design of the internal control over financial reporting and testing of the operational effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting. The internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Controls and Procedures (The OP)
Prologis, L.P. carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) at December 31, 2019. Based on this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms. Subsequent to December 31, 2019, there were no significant changes in the internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls, including any corrective actions with regard to significant deficiencies and material weaknesses.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2019, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act.
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting was conducted at December 31, 2019, based on the criteria described in “Internal Control - Integrated Framework” (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management determined that, at December 31, 2019, the internal control over financial reporting was effective.
Limitations of the Effectiveness of Controls
Management’s assessment included an evaluation of the design of the internal control over financial reporting and testing of the operational effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting. The internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
ITEM 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III
ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to, including relevant sections in our 2020 Proxy Statement, under the captions entitled Board of Directors and Corporate Governance; Executive Officers; Executive Compensation; Director Compensation; Security Ownership; Equity Compensation Plans and Additional Information or will be provided in an amendment filed on Form 10-K/A.
ITEM 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the relevant sections in our 2020 Proxy Statement, under the captions entitled Board of Directors and Corporate Governance; Executive Officers; Executive Compensation and Director Compensation or will be provided in an amendment filed on Form 10-K/A.
ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the relevant sections in our 2020 Proxy Statement, under the captions entitled Security Ownership and Equity Compensation Plans or will be provided in an amendment filed on Form 10-K/A.
ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the relevant sections in our 2020 Proxy Statement, under the caption entitled Board of Directors and Corporate Governance or will be provided in an amendment filed on Form 10-K/A.
ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the relevant sections in our 2020 Proxy Statement, under the caption entitled Audit Matters or will be provided in an amendment filed on Form 10-K/A.
PART IV
ITEM 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules
The following documents are filed as a part of this report:
(a) Financial Statements and Schedules:
1. Financial Statements:
See Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedule III on page 46 of this report, which is incorporated herein by reference.
2. Financial Statement Schedules:
Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
All other schedules have been omitted since the required information is presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes or is not applicable.
(b) Exhibits: The Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed in the Index to the Exhibits on pages 98 to 105 of this report, which is incorporated herein by reference.
(c) Financial Statements: See Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedule III on page 46 of this report, which is incorporated by reference.
ITEM 16. Form 10-K Summary
Not Applicable.
INDEX TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULE III
Page Number
Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P.:
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Prologis, Inc.:
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Income
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Consolidated Statements of Equity
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Prologis, L.P.:
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Income
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Consolidated Statements of Capital
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P.:
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1. Description of the Business
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Note 3. DCT Transaction
Note 4. Real Estate
Note 5. Unconsolidated Entities
Note 6. Assets Held for Sale or Contribution
Note 7. Other Assets and Other Liabilities
Note 8. Debt
Note 9. Stockholders' Equity of Prologis, Inc.
Note 10. Partners' Capital of Prologis, L.P.
Note 11. Noncontrolling Interests
Note 12. Long-Term Compensation
Note 13. Income Taxes
Note 14. Earnings Per Common Share or Unit
Note 15. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements
Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies
Note 17. Business Segments
Note 18. Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Note 19. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
Note 20. Subsequent Events
Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Prologis, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Prologis, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes and financial statement schedule III (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 10, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for leases as of January 1, 2019 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgment. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Assessment of the Company’s evaluation of the expected holding period for operating properties and land
As discussed in Notes 2 and 4, the Company had $31,288 million of operating properties and $1,102 million of land as of December 31, 2019. The Company tests the recoverability of operating properties and land whenever events or changes in circumstances, including shortening the expected holding period of such assets, indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable.
We identified the assessment of the Company’s evaluation of the expected holding period for operating properties and land as a critical audit matter. Subjective auditor judgment was required to assess the relevant events or changes in circumstances that the Company used to evaluate its expected holding period. A shortening of the expected holding period could indicate a potential impairment.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We tested certain internal controls over the Company’s recoverability of operating properties and land process including controls related to determining the expected holding period and any related changes. We evaluated the Company’s expected holding period by inquiring of management regarding the expected holding period, considering the current economic environment, reading minutes of the meetings of the Company’s Board of Directors, reading external communications with investors and analysts, and analyzing documents prepared by the Company regarding proposed real estate transactions and potential triggering events.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.
Denver, Colorado
February 10, 2020
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Partners of Prologis, L.P. and the Board of Directors of Prologis, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Prologis, L.P. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, capital, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes and financial statement schedule III (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for leases as of January 1, 2019 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgment. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Assessment of the Company’s evaluation of the expected holding period for operating properties and land
As discussed in Notes 2 and 4, the Company had $31,288 million of operating properties and $1,102 million of land as of December 31, 2019. The Company tests the recoverability of operating properties and land whenever events or changes in circumstances, including shortening the expected holding period of such assets, indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable.
We identified the assessment of the Company’s evaluation of the expected holding period for operating properties and land as a critical audit matter. Subjective auditor judgment was required to assess the relevant events or changes in circumstances that the Company used to evaluate its expected holding period. A shortening of the expected holding period could indicate a potential impairment.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We tested certain internal controls over the Company’s recoverability of operating properties and land process including controls related to determining the expected holding period and any related changes. We evaluated the Company’s expected holding period by inquiring of management regarding the expected holding period, considering the current economic environment, reading minutes of the meetings of the Company’s Board of Directors, reading external communications with investors and analysts, and analyzing documents prepared by the Company regarding proposed real estate transactions and potential triggering events.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.
Denver, Colorado
February 10, 2020
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Prologis, Inc.:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Prologis, Inc. and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes and financial statement schedule III (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 10, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
We have audited Prologis, Inc.’s and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes and financial statement schedule III (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 10, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Denver, Colorado
February 10, 2020
PROLOGIS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except per share data)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(In thousands)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
See Note 18 for information on noncash investing and financing activities and other information.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, L.P.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, L.P.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In thousands, except per unit amounts)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, L.P.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, L.P.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CAPITAL
(In thousands)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, L.P
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
See Note 18 for information on noncash investing and financing activities and other information.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, INC. AND PROLOGIS, L.P.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS
Prologis, Inc. (or the “Parent”) commenced operations as a fully integrated real estate company in 1997, elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code” or “IRC”), and believes the current organization and method of operation will enable it to maintain its status as a REIT. The Parent is the general partner of Prologis, L.P. (or the “Operating Partnership” or “OP”). Through the OP, we are engaged in the ownership, acquisition, development and management of logistics facilities with a focus on key markets in 19 countries on four continents. We invest in real estate through wholly owned subsidiaries and other entities through which we co-invest with partners and investors. We maintain a significant level of ownership in these co-investment ventures, which may be consolidated or unconsolidated based on our level of control of the entity. Our current business strategy consists of two operating business segments: Real Estate Operations and Strategic Capital. Our Real Estate Operations segment represents the ownership and development of logistics properties. Our Strategic Capital segment represents the management of unconsolidated co-investment ventures and other ventures. See Note 17 for further discussion of our business segments. Unless otherwise indicated, the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements apply to both the Parent and the OP. The terms “the Company,” “Prologis,” “we,” “our” or “us” means the Parent and OP collectively.
For each share of preferred or common stock the Parent issues, the OP issues a corresponding preferred or common partnership unit, as applicable, to the Parent in exchange for the contribution of the proceeds from the stock issuance. At December 31, 2019, the Parent owned a 97.23% common general partnership interest in the OP and 100% of the preferred units in the OP. The remaining 2.77% common limited partnership interests, which include 8.6 million Class A common limited partnership units (“Class A Units”) in the OP, are owned by unaffiliated investors and certain current and former directors and officers of the Parent. Each partner’s percentage interest in the OP is determined based on the number of OP units held, including the number of OP units into which Class A Units are convertible, compared to total OP units outstanding at each period end and is used as the basis for the allocation of net income or loss to each partner. At the end of each reporting period, a capital adjustment is made in the OP to reflect the appropriate ownership interest for each of the common unitholders. These adjustments are reflected in the line items Reallocation of Equity in the Consolidated Statements of Equity of the Parent and Reallocation of Capital in the Consolidated Statements of Capital of the OP.
As the sole general partner of the OP, the Parent has complete responsibility and discretion in the day-to-day management and control of the OP and we operate the Parent and the OP as one enterprise. The management of the Parent consists of the same members as the management of the OP. These members are officers of the Parent and employees of the OP or one of its subsidiaries. As general partner with control of the OP, the Parent is the primary beneficiary and therefore consolidates the OP. Because the Parent’s only significant asset is its investment in the OP, the assets and liabilities of the Parent and the OP are the same on their respective financial statements.
Information with respect to the square footage, number of buildings and acres of land is unaudited.
NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation. The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with United States (“U.S.”) generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and are presented in our reporting currency, the U.S. dollar. All material intercompany transactions with consolidated entities have been eliminated.
Consolidation. We consolidate all entities that are wholly owned and those in which we own less than 100% of the equity but control, as well as any variable interest entities (“VIEs”) in which we are the primary beneficiary. We evaluate our ability to control an entity and whether the entity is a VIE and we are the primary beneficiary through consideration of substantive terms of the arrangement to identify which enterprise has the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive benefits from the entity.
For entities that are not defined as VIEs, we first consider whether we are the general partner or the limited partner (or the equivalent in such investments that are not structured as partnerships). We consolidate entities in which we are the general partner and the limited partners in such entities do not have rights that would preclude control. For entities in which we are the general partner but do not control the entity as the other partners hold substantive participating or kick-out rights, we apply the equity method of accounting since, as the general partner, we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the venture. For ventures for which we are a limited partner, or our investment is in an entity that is not structured similar to a partnership, we consider factors such as ownership interest, voting control, authority to make decisions and contractual and substantive participating rights of the partners. In instances where the factors indicate that we have a controlling financial interest in the venture, we consolidate the entity.
Reclassifications. Upon adoption of the new lease standard, as detailed below, rental recoveries for 2017 and 2018 have been reclassified to Rental Revenues in the Consolidated Statements of Income to conform to the 2019 financial statement presentation.
Use of Estimates. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we made are reasonable and appropriate, as discussed in the applicable
sections throughout the Consolidated Financial Statements, different assumptions and estimates could materially impact our reported results.
Foreign Operations. The U.S. dollar is the functional currency for our consolidated subsidiaries and unconsolidated entities operating in the U.S. and Mexico and certain of our consolidated subsidiaries that operate as holding companies for foreign investments. The functional currency for our consolidated subsidiaries and unconsolidated entities operating in other countries is the principal currency in which the entity’s assets, liabilities, income and expenses are denominated, which may be different from the local currency of the country of incorporation or where the entity conducts its operations. The functional currencies of entities outside of the U.S. and Mexico generally include the Brazilian real, British pound sterling, Canadian dollar, Chinese renminbi, euro, Japanese yen, Singapore dollar and Swedish krona. We take part in business transactions denominated in these and other local currencies where we operate.
For our consolidated subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, we translate their financial statements into the U.S. dollar at the time we consolidate those subsidiaries’ financial statements. Generally, assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date. The resulting translation adjustments are included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (“AOCI/L”) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Certain balance sheet items, primarily equity and capital-related accounts, are reflected at the historical exchange rate. Income statement accounts are translated using the average exchange rate for the period and income statement accounts that represent significant nonrecurring transactions are translated at the rate in effect at the date of the transaction. We translate our share of the net income or loss of our unconsolidated entities at the average exchange rate for the period and significant nonrecurring transactions of the unconsolidated entities are translated at the rate in effect at the date of the transaction.
We and certain of our consolidated subsidiaries have intercompany and third-party debt that is not denominated in the entity’s functional currency. When the debt is remeasured against the functional currency of the entity, a gain or loss can result. The resulting adjustment is reflected in Foreign Currency and Derivative Gains (Losses), Net in the Consolidated Statements of Income, unless it is intercompany debt that is deemed to be long-term in nature or third-party debt that has been designated as a nonderivative net investment hedge and then the adjustment is reflected as a cumulative translation adjustment in AOCI/L.
Acquisitions. We apply a screen test to evaluate if substantially all the fair value of the acquired property is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets to determine whether a transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition or business combination. As most of our real estate acquisitions are concentrated in either a single or a group of similar identifiable assets, our real estate transactions are generally accounted for as asset acquisitions, which permits the capitalization of transaction costs to the basis of the acquired property. We measure the real estate assets acquired through an asset acquisition based on their cost or total consideration exchanged and any excess consideration or bargain purchase amount is allocated to the real estate properties, excluding those identified as held for sale, on a relative fair value basis. Other monetary assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including debt, are recorded at fair value. Purchase price allocations for a business combination are recorded at fair value.
When we obtain control of an unconsolidated entity and the acquisition qualifies as a business combination, we account for the acquisition in accordance with the guidance for a business combination achieved in stages. We remeasure our previously held interest in the unconsolidated entity at its acquisition-date fair value and recognize any resulting gain or loss in earnings.
We allocate the purchase price using primarily Level 2 and Level 3 inputs (further defined in Fair Value Measurements below) as follows:
Investments in Real Estate Properties. We value operating properties as if vacant. We estimate fair value by applying an income approach methodology using either a discounted cash flow analysis or applying a capitalization rate to the estimated Net Operating Income (“NOI”) of a property. Key assumptions include market rents, growth rates, and discount and capitalization rates. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors including historical operating results, known trends and market and economic conditions. We determine the discount or capitalization rate by market based on recent transactions and other market data. The fair value of land is generally based on relevant market data, such as a comparison of the subject site to similar parcels that have recently been sold or are currently being offered on the market for sale.
Lease Intangibles. We determine the portion of the purchase price related to intangible assets and liabilities as follows:
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Above and Below Market Leases. We recognize an asset or liability for acquired in-place leases with favorable or unfavorable rents based on our estimate of current market rents of the applicable markets. The value is recorded in either Other Assets or Other Liabilities, as appropriate, and is amortized over the term of the respective leases, including any bargain renewal options, to rental revenues.
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Foregone Rent. We calculate the value of the revenue and recovery of costs foregone during a reasonable lease-up period, as if the space was vacant, in each of the applicable markets. The values are recorded in Other Assets and amortized over the remaining life of the respective leases to amortization expense.
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Leasing Commissions. We recognize an asset for leasing commissions upon the acquisition of in-place leases based on our estimate of the cost to lease space in the applicable markets. The value is recorded in Other Assets and amortized over the remaining life of the respective leases to amortization expense.
Debt. We estimate the fair value of debt based on contractual future cash flows discounted using borrowing spreads and market interest rates that would be available to us for the issuance of debt with similar terms and remaining maturities. In the case of publicly traded debt, we estimate the fair value based on available market data. Any discount or premium to the principal amount is included in the carrying value and amortized to interest expense over the remaining term of the related debt using the effective interest method.
Noncontrolling Interests. We estimate the portion of the fair value of the net assets owned by third parties based on the fair value of the consolidated net assets, principally real estate properties and debt.
Working Capital. We estimate the fair value of other acquired assets and assumed liabilities on the best information available.
Fair Value Measurements. The objective of fair value is to determine the price that would be received on the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (the exit price). We estimate fair value using available market information and valuation methodologies we believe to be appropriate for these purposes. Considerable judgment and a high degree of subjectivity are involved in developing these estimates and, accordingly, they are not necessarily indicative of amounts that we would realize on disposition. The fair value hierarchy consists of three broad levels:
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Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date.
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Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
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Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.
Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis. We estimate the fair value of our financial instruments using available market information and valuation methodologies we believe to be appropriate for these purposes.
We determine the fair value of our derivative financial instruments using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves, foreign exchange rates and implied volatilities. We determine the fair values of our interest rate swaps using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts or payments and the discounted expected variable cash payments. We base the variable cash payments on an expectation of future interest rates, or forward curves, derived from observable market interest rate curves. We base the fair values of our net investment hedges on the change in the spot rate at the end of the period as compared with the strike price at inception.
We incorporate credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect nonperformance risk for us and the respective counterparty in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of our derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, we consider the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts and guarantees.
We have determined that the majority of the inputs used to value our derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Although the credit valuation adjustments associated with our derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by us and our counterparties, we assess the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of our derivative positions and have determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of our derivatives.
Fair Value Measurements on a Nonrecurring Basis. Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis generally consist of real estate assets and investments in unconsolidated entities that were subject to impairment charges related to our change of intent to sell the investments and through our recoverability analysis discussed below. We estimate fair value based on expected sales prices in the market (Level 2) or by applying the income approach methodology using a discounted cash flow analysis (Level 3).
Fair Value of Financial Instruments. We estimate the fair value of our senior notes for disclosure purposes based on quoted market prices for the same (Level 1) or similar (Level 2) issues when current quoted market prices are available. We estimate the fair value of our credit facilities, term loans, secured mortgage debt and assessment bonds by discounting the future cash flows using rates and borrowing spreads currently available to us (Level 3).
Real Estate Assets. Real estate assets are carried at depreciated cost. We capitalize costs incurred in developing, renovating, rehabilitating and improving real estate assets as part of the investment basis. We expense costs for repairs and maintenance as incurred.
Depreciation and Amortization. We charge the depreciable portions of real estate assets to depreciation expense on a straight-line basis over the respective estimated useful lives. Depreciation on development buildings commences when the asset is ready for its intended use, which we define as the earlier of stabilization (90% occupied) or one year after completion of construction. We generally use the following useful lives: 5 to 7 years for capital improvements, 10 years for standard tenant improvements, 15 to 25 years for depreciable land improvements, 25 to 35 years for operating properties acquired based on the age of the building and 40 years for operating properties we develop. We depreciate building improvements on land parcels subject to ground leases over the shorter of the estimated life of the building improvement or the contractual term of the underlying ground lease. Capitalized leasing costs are
amortized over the estimated remaining lease term. Our weighted average lease term on leases commenced during 2019, based on square feet for all leases, was 66 months.
Capitalization of Costs. During the land development and construction periods of qualifying projects, we capitalize interest costs, insurance, real estate taxes and general and administrative costs of the personnel performing the development, renovation and rehabilitation; if such costs are incremental and identifiable to a specific activity to ready the asset for its intended use. We capitalize transaction costs related to the acquisition of land for future development and operating properties that qualify as asset acquisitions. We capitalize incremental costs incurred to successfully originate a lease that result directly from obtaining a lease and would not have been incurred if the lease had not been obtained. With the adoption of the new lease standard on January 1, 2019, we no longer capitalize internal costs related to our leasing activities. Amounts capitalized prior to adoption were not adjusted and continue to be amortized in accordance with previously applicable guidance. Leasing costs that meet the requirements for capitalization are presented as a component of Other Assets and all other capitalized costs are included in the investment basis of the real estate assets.
Recoverability of Real Estate Assets. We assess the carrying values of our respective real estate assets, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of these assets may not be fully recoverable. We measure the recoverability of the asset by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the estimated future undiscounted cash flows. If our analysis indicates that the carrying value of the real estate property is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, we recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the current estimated fair value of the real estate property.
We estimate the future undiscounted cash flows and fair value based on our intent as follows:
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for real estate properties that we intend to hold long-term; including land held for development, properties currently under development and operating properties; recoverability is assessed based on the estimated undiscounted future net rental income from operating the property and the terminal value, including anticipated costs to develop;
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for real estate properties we intend to sell, including properties currently under development and operating properties; recoverability is assessed based on proceeds from disposition that are estimated based on the future net rental income of the property, expected market capitalization rates and anticipated costs to develop;
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for land parcels we intend to sell, recoverability is assessed based on the estimated proceeds from disposition; and
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for costs incurred related to the potential acquisition of land, operating properties or development of a real estate property, recoverability is assessed based on the probability that the acquisition or development is likely to occur at the measurement date.
Assets Held for Sale or Contribution. We classify a property as held for sale or contribution when certain criteria are met in accordance with GAAP. Assets classified as held for sale are expected to be sold to a third party and assets classified as held for contribution are generally newly developed assets we intend to contribute to an unconsolidated co-investment venture within twelve months. When the criteria are met, the respective assets and liabilities are presented separately in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and depreciation is no longer recognized. Assets held for sale or contribution are reported at the lower of their carrying amount or their estimated fair value less the costs to sell.
Investments in Unconsolidated Entities. We present our investments in certain entities under the equity method. We use the equity method when we have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the venture but do not have control of the entity. Under the equity method, we initially recognize these investments (including advances) in the balance sheet at our cost, including formation costs and net of deferred gains from the contribution of properties, if applicable. The transaction costs related to the formation of equity method investments are also capitalized. We subsequently adjust the accounts to reflect our proportionate share of net earnings or losses recognized and accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, distributions received, contributions made and certain other adjustments, as appropriate. When circumstances indicate there may have been a reduction in the value of an equity investment, we evaluate whether the loss in value is other than temporary. If we conclude it is other than temporary, we recognize an impairment charge to reflect the equity investment at fair value.
With regard to distributions from unconsolidated entities, we have elected the nature of distribution approach as the information is available to us to determine the nature of the underlying activity that generated the distributions. In accordance with the nature of distribution approach, cash flows generated from the operations of an unconsolidated entity are classified as a return on investment (cash inflow from operating activities) and cash flows that are generated from property sales, debt refinancing or sales and redemptions of our investments are classified as a return of investment (cash inflow from investing activities).
Cash and Cash Equivalents. We consider all cash on hand, demand deposits with financial institutions and short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents are financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk. We invest our cash with high-credit quality institutions. Cash balances may be invested in money market accounts that are not insured. We have not realized any losses in such cash investments or accounts and believe that we are not exposed to any significant credit risk.
Derivative Financial Instruments. We primarily hedge our foreign currency risk by borrowing in the currencies in which we invest. Generally, we borrow in the functional currency of our consolidated subsidiaries. We may use derivative financial instruments, such as foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage foreign currency exchange rate risk related to both our foreign investments
and the related earnings. In addition, we occasionally use interest rate swap and forward contracts to manage interest rate risk and limit the impact of future interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows, primarily with variable-rate debt.
We do not use derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Each derivative transaction is customized and not exchange-traded. We recognize all derivatives at fair value within the line items Other Assets or Other Liabilities. We do not net our derivative position by counterparty for purposes of balance sheet presentation and disclosure. Management reviews our derivative positions, overall risk management strategy and hedging program, on a regular basis. We only enter into transactions that we believe will be highly effective at offsetting the underlying risk. Our use of derivatives involves the risk that counterparties may default on a derivative contract; therefore we: (i) establish exposure limits for each counterparty to minimize this risk and provide counterparty diversification; (ii) contract with counterparties that have long-term credit ratings of single-A or better; (iii) enter into master agreements that generally allow for netting of certain exposures; thereby significantly reducing the actual loss that would be incurred should a counterparty fail to perform its contractual obligations; and (iv) set minimum credit standards that become more stringent as the duration of the derivative financial instrument increases. Based on these factors, we consider the risk of counterparty default to be minimal.
Designated Derivatives. We may choose to designate our derivative financial instruments, generally foreign currency forwards as net investment hedges in foreign operations or interest rate swaps or foreign currency forwards as cash flow hedges. At inception of the transaction, we formally designate and document the derivative financial instrument as a hedge of a specific underlying exposure, the risk management objective and the strategy for undertaking the hedge transaction. We formally assess both at inception and at least quarterly thereafter, the effectiveness of our hedging transactions. Due to the high degree of effectiveness between the hedging instruments and the underlying exposures hedged, fluctuations in the value of the derivative financial instruments will generally be offset by changes in the cash flows or fair values of the underlying exposures being hedged.
Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as net investment hedges in foreign operations and cash flow hedges are recorded in AOCI/L. For net investment hedges, these amounts offset the translation adjustments on the underlying net assets of our foreign investments, which we also record in AOCI/L. The ineffective portion of a derivative financial instrument's change in fair value, if any, is immediately recognized in earnings within the line item Foreign Currency and Derivative Gains (Losses), Net in the Consolidated Statements of Income. For cash flow hedges, we report the effective portion of the gain or loss as a component of AOCI/L and reclassify it to the applicable line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income, generally Interest Expense, over the corresponding period of the underlying hedged item. The ineffective portion of a derivative financial instrument’s change in fair value is recognized in earnings, generally Interest Expense, at the time the ineffectiveness occurred. To the extent the hedged debt related to our interest rate swaps and forwards is paid off early, we write off the remaining balance in AOCI/L and recognize the amount in Interest Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
In addition to the net investment hedges described above, we may issue debt in a currency that is not the same functional currency of the borrowing entity to hedge our net investment in international entities. We may designate the debt and related accrued interest as a nonderivative net investment hedge to offset the translation and economic exposures related to these entities. The foreign currency movement on the portion of the debt and accrued interest that is hedged at period end is recognized as cumulative translation adjustment in AOCI/L. If the debt and related accrued interest exceeds the net investment in these entities, the foreign currency remeasurement on the unhedged portion of the debt during the period is recognized in Foreign Currency and Derivative Gains (Losses), Net.
Undesignated Derivatives. We also use derivatives, such as foreign currency forwards and option contracts, that are not designated as hedges to manage foreign currency exchange rate risk related to the translation of our results of operations. The changes in fair values of these derivatives that were not designated or did not qualify as hedging instruments are immediately recognized in earnings within the line item Foreign Currency and Derivative Gains (Losses), Net. These gains or losses are generally offset by lower or higher earnings due to the translation at exchange rates that were different than our expectations.
In addition, we may choose to not designate our interest rate swap and forward contracts. If a swap or forward contract is not designated as a hedge, the changes in fair value of these instruments is immediately recognized in earnings within the line item Interest Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Noncontrolling Interests. Noncontrolling interests represent the share of consolidated entities owned by third parties. We recognize each noncontrolling holder’s respective share of the estimated fair value of the net assets at the date of formation or acquisition. Noncontrolling interests are subsequently adjusted for the noncontrolling holder’s share of additional contributions, distributions and their share of the net earnings or losses of each respective consolidated entity. We allocate net income to noncontrolling interests based on the weighted average ownership interest during the period. The net income that is not attributable to us is reflected in the line item Net Earnings Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests. We do not recognize a gain or loss on transactions with a consolidated entity in which we do not own 100% of the equity, but we reflect the difference in cash received or paid from the noncontrolling interests carrying amount as additional paid-in-capital.
Certain limited partnership interests, including OP units, are exchangeable into our common stock. Common stock issued upon exchange of a holder’s noncontrolling interest is accounted for at the carrying value of the surrendered limited partnership interest and the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the common stock issued is recorded to additional paid-in-capital.
Revenue Recognition.
Rental Revenues and Recoveries. We lease our operating properties to customers under agreements that are classified as operating leases. We recognize the total minimum lease payments provided for under the leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Generally, under the terms of our leases, the majority of our rental expenses are recovered from our customers, including common area maintenance, real estate taxes and insurance. Rental expenses recovered through reimbursements received from customers are recognized in Rental Revenues in the Consolidated Statements of Income. We record amounts reimbursed by our customers as revenues in the period that the applicable expenses are incurred. As the timing and straight-line pattern of transfer to the lessee for rental revenue and the associated rental recoveries are the same and our leases qualify as operating leases, we account for and present rental revenue and rental recoveries as a single component under Rental Revenues. We perform credit analyses of our customers prior to the execution of our leases and continue these analyses on an ongoing basis in order to ensure the collectability of rental revenue. We recognize revenue to the extent that amounts are determined to be collectible.
Strategic Capital Revenues. Strategic capital revenues include revenues we earn from the management services we provide to unconsolidated entities. These fees are determined in accordance with the terms specific to each arrangement and may include recurring fees such as property and asset management fees or transactional fees for leasing, acquisition, development, construction, financing, legal and tax services provided. We recognize these fees as we provide the services or on a cost basis for development fees.
We may also earn incentive returns (“promotes” or “promote revenues”) based on a venture’s cumulative returns over a certain time-period and the returns are determined by both the operating performance and real estate valuation of the venture, including highly variable inputs such as capitalization rates, market rents, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. As these key inputs are highly volatile and out of our control, and such volatility can materially impact our promotes period over period, we recognize promote revenues at or near the end of the performance period. We generally earn promote revenue directly from third-party investors in the co-investment ventures and occasionally from the venture. We include the third-party investors’ share of promotes in Strategic Capital Revenues.
We also earn fees from ventures that we consolidate. Upon consolidation, these fees are eliminated from our earnings and the third-party investors’ share of these fees are recognized as a reduction of Net Earnings Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests.
Development Management and Other Revenues. Development management and other revenues principally include development and construction management fees recognized as we provide the services or on a cost basis.
Gains on Real Estate Transactions, Net.
Throughout the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Gains on Real Estate Transactions, Net collectively refers to Gains on Dispositions of Development Properties and Land, Net and Gains on Other Dispositions of Investments in Real Estate, Net.
We recognize gains on the disposition of real estate when the recognition criteria have been met, generally at the time the risks and rewards and title have transferred, and we no longer have substantial continuing involvement with the real estate sold. We recognize losses from the disposition of real estate when known.
Beginning January 1, 2018 with the adoption of the new revenue recognition guidance, we recognize the entire gain attributed to contributions of real estate properties to unconsolidated entities. We previously recognized a gain on contribution only to the extent of the third-party ownership in the unconsolidated entity acquiring the property and deferred the portion of the gain related to our ownership through a reduction to our investment in the applicable unconsolidated entity. We adjusted our proportionate share of net earnings or losses recognized in future periods to reflect the entities’ recorded depreciation expense as if it were computed on our lower basis in the contributed properties rather than on the entity’s basis. For deferred gains from partial sales recorded prior to the adoption, we continue to recognize these gains over the lives of the underlying real estate properties or at the time of disposition to a third party. If our ownership interest in an unconsolidated entity decreases and the decrease is expected to be permanent, we recognize the amounts relating to previously deferred gains to coincide with our new ownership interest.
Gains on Dispositions of Development Properties and Land, Net. We present gains separately based on the type of real estate sold or contributed. We present gains on sales to third parties or contributions to our unconsolidated entities as Gains on Dispositions of Development Properties and Land, Net when the property was included in our land portfolio or when we developed the property within our development portfolio prior to the sale or contribution.
Gains on Other Dispositions of Investments in Real Estate, Net. We present all other gains on sales to third parties or contributions to our unconsolidated entities of non-developed properties (primarily operating properties) and other real estate transactions as Gains on Other Dispositions of Investments in Real Estate, Net. Generally, any operating property that was previously depreciated prior to sale or contribution is presented within this line item. We also include gains or losses on the remeasurement of equity investments to fair value upon acquisition of a controlling interest and the transaction is considered the acquisition of a business and gains or losses upon the partial redemption of our investment in an unconsolidated entity.
Rental Expenses. Rental expenses principally include the cost of our property management personnel, utilities, repairs and maintenance, property insurance, real estate taxes and the other costs of managing the properties.
Strategic Capital Expenses. Strategic capital expenses generally include the direct expenses associated with the asset management of the co-investment ventures provided by our employees who are assigned to our Strategic Capital segment and the costs of our Prologis Promote Plan based on earned promotes. In addition, in order to achieve efficiencies and economies of scale, all of our
property management functions are provided by property management personnel who are assigned to our Real Estate Operations segment. These individuals perform the property-level management of the properties in our owned and managed portfolio, which include properties we consolidate and those we manage that are owned by the unconsolidated co-investment ventures. We allocate the costs of our property management to the properties we consolidate (included in Rental Expenses) and the properties owned by the unconsolidated co-investment ventures (included in Strategic Capital Expenses) by using the square feet owned by the respective portfolios.
Equity-Based Compensation. We account for equity-based compensation by measuring the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of an equity instrument based on the fair value of the award on the grant date. We recognize the cost of the award on a straight-line basis over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, generally the vesting period.
Income Taxes. Under the IRC, REITs are generally not required to pay federal income taxes if they distribute 100% of their taxable income and meet certain income, asset and stockholder tests. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal income taxes at regular corporate rates and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for the four subsequent taxable years. Even as a REIT, we may be subject to certain foreign, state and local taxes on our own income and property, and to federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed taxable income.
We have elected taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) status for some of our consolidated subsidiaries. This allows us to provide services that would otherwise be considered impermissible for REITs. Many of the foreign countries in which we have operations do not recognize REITs or do not accord REIT status under their respective tax laws to our entities that operate in their jurisdiction. In the U.S., we are taxed in certain states in which we operate. Accordingly, we recognize income tax expense for the federal and state income taxes incurred by our TRSs, taxes incurred in certain states and foreign jurisdictions, and interest and penalties associated with our unrecognized tax benefit liabilities.
We evaluate tax positions taken in the Consolidated Financial Statements under the interpretation for accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. As a result of this evaluation, we may recognize a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities.
We recognize deferred income taxes in certain taxable entities. For federal income tax purposes, certain acquisitions have been treated as tax-free transactions resulting in a carry-over basis in assets and liabilities. For financial reporting purposes and in accordance with purchase accounting, we record all of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities at the estimated fair value at the date of acquisition, as discussed above. For our taxable subsidiaries, including certain international jurisdictions, we recognize the deferred income tax liabilities that represent the tax effect of the difference between the tax basis carried over and the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets at the date of acquisition. Any subsequent increases or decreases to the deferred income tax liability recorded in connection with these acquisitions, are reflected in earnings.
If taxable income is generated in these subsidiaries, we recognize a benefit in earnings as a result of the reversal of the deferred income tax liability previously recorded at the acquisition date and we record current income tax expense representing the entire current income tax liability. If the reversal of the deferred income tax liability results from a sale or contribution of assets, the classification of the reversal to the Consolidated Statements of Income is based on the taxability of the transaction. If the sale or contribution is of the real estate asset and results in a taxable transaction, the reversal is recorded to deferred income tax benefit. If the sale or contribution is the disposition of the entity that owns the asset, the reversal is recorded through gains.
Deferred income tax expense is generally a function of the period’s temporary differences (items that are treated differently for tax purposes than for financial reporting purposes) and the utilization of tax net operating losses (“NOL”) generated in prior years that had been previously recognized as deferred income tax assets. We provide for a valuation allowance for deferred income tax assets if we believe all or some portion of the deferred income tax asset may not be realized. Any increase or decrease in the valuation allowance that results from a change in circumstances that causes a change in the estimated ability to realize the related deferred income tax asset is included in deferred tax expense.
Environmental Costs. We incur certain environmental remediation costs, including cleanup costs, consulting fees for environmental studies and investigations, monitoring costs, and legal costs relating to cleanup, litigation defense, and the pursuit of responsible third parties. We expense costs incurred in connection with operating properties and properties previously sold. We capitalize costs related to undeveloped land as development costs and include any expected future environmental liabilities at the time of acquisition. We maintain a liability for the estimated costs of environmental remediation expected to be incurred in connection with undeveloped land, operating properties and properties previously sold that we adjust as appropriate as information becomes available.
New Accounting Pronouncements.
New Accounting Standards Adopted
Leases. In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an accounting standard update (“ASU”) that provided the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases. The guidance amended the existing accounting standards, including a new requirement that lessees recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for leases with terms greater than twelve months in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Additional guidance and targeted improvements to the February 2016
ASU were made through the issuance of supplementary ASUs in July 2018, December 2018 and March 2019. We refer to all three ASUs collectively as the “new lease standard.”
We adopted the new lease standard on January 1, 2019 and applied it to leases that were in place on the effective date. Results for reporting periods beginning January 1, 2019 are presented under the new lease standard.
We elected the package of practical expedients and were not required to reassess the following upon adoption: (i) whether an expired or existing contract met the definition of a lease; (ii) the lease classification at January 1, 2019 for existing leases; and (iii) whether leasing costs previously capitalized as initial direct costs would continue to be amortized. This allowed us to continue to account for our existing ground and office space leases as operating leases, however, any new or renewed ground leases after January 1, 2019 may be classified as financing leases unless they meet certain conditions to be considered a lease involving land owned by a government unit or authority. Upon adoption, we did not have an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings due to the election of these practical expedients.
•
As a lessor. The new lease standard required that lessors expense, on an as-incurred basis, certain initial direct costs that are not incremental in negotiating a lease. Initial direct costs include the salaries and related costs for employees directly working on leasing activities. Prior to January 1, 2019, these costs were capitalizable in Other Assets and therefore the new lease standard resulted in certain of these costs being expensed as incurred through Rental Expenses. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we capitalized $21.2 million and $23.8 million, respectively, of internal costs related to our leasing activities. We will continue to amortize initial direct costs capitalized prior to January 1, 2019.
We adopted the practical expedient that allowed us to not separate expenses reimbursed by our customers (“rental recoveries”) from the associated rental revenue if certain criteria were met. We assessed these criteria and concluded that the timing and straight-line pattern of transfer to the lessee for rental revenue and the associated rental recoveries are the same and as our leases qualify as operating leases, we accounted for and presented rental revenue and rental recoveries as a single component under Rental Revenues in our Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2019. As a result of our adoption of this practical expedient, we also presented $1.9 billion and $1.7 billion of rental revenue and $529.9 million and $487.3 million of rental recoveries as a single component in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, to conform to the 2019 new presentation.
•
As a lessee. At January 1, 2019 we recognized Lease Right-of-Use (“ROU”) Assets and Lease Liabilities, principally for our ground and office space leases, in which we are the lessee.
See Note 4 for further disclosure around our adoption of the new lease standard.
Derivatives and Hedging. In August 2017, the FASB issued an ASU that simplified the application of hedge accounting guidance in current GAAP and improved the reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity’s risk management activities in its consolidated financial statements. Among the simplification updates, the ASU eliminated the requirement in current GAAP to separately recognize periodic hedge ineffectiveness. Mismatches between the changes in value of the hedged item and hedging instrument may still occur but they will no longer be separately reported. The ASU required the presentation of the earnings effect of the hedging instrument in the same income statement line item in which the earnings effect of the hedged item is reported. We adopted the ASU on January 1, 2019 on a modified retrospective basis and there was no adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings.
NOTE 3. DCT TRANSACTION
We acquired DCT Industrial Trust Inc. and DCT Industrial Operating Partnership LP (collectively “DCT”) on August 22, 2018 (“DCT Transaction”).
The DCT Transaction was completed for $8.5 billion through the issuance of equity based on the closing price of Prologis’ common stock on August 21, 2018 and the assumption of debt. In connection with the transaction, each issued and outstanding share or unit held by a DCT stockholder or unitholder was converted automatically into 1.02 shares of Prologis common stock or common units of Prologis, L.P., respectively, including shares and units under DCT’s equity incentive plan that became fully vested at closing.
Through the DCT Transaction, we acquired a portfolio of logistics real estate assets that consisted of 408 operating properties, aggregating 68.0 million square feet, 10 properties under development, aggregating 2.8 million square feet and 305 acres of land with build-out potential of 4.5 million square feet.
The aggregate equity consideration of approximately $6.6 billion is calculated below (in millions, except price per share):
We accounted for the DCT Transaction as an asset acquisition and as a result the transaction costs of $50.0 million were capitalized to the basis of the acquired properties. Transaction costs include investment banker advisory fees, legal fees and other costs.
Under acquisition accounting, the total purchase price was allocated to the DCT tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their relative fair values as follows (in millions):
NOTE 4. REAL ESTATE
Investments in real estate properties consisted of the following at December 31 (dollars and square feet in thousands):
(1)
The portfolio acquired in the DCT Transaction, excluding 49 operating properties classified as Assets Held for Sale or Contribution, was included in investments in real estate at December 31, 2018. See Note 3 for more information.
(2)
At December 31, 2019 and 2018, our land was comprised of 4,411 and 4,929 acres, respectively.
(3)
Included in other real estate investments were: (i) non-logistics real estate; (ii) land parcels that are ground leased to third parties; (iii) our corporate headquarters; (iv) costs related to future development projects, including purchase options on land; (v) earnest money deposits associated with potential acquisitions; and (vi) infrastructure costs related to projects we are developing on behalf of others.
At December 31, 2019, we owned real estate assets in the U.S. and other Americas (Brazil, Canada and Mexico), Europe (Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom (“U.K.”)) and Asia (China, Japan and Singapore).
Acquisitions
The following table summarizes our real estate acquisition activity, excluding the DCT Transaction as discussed in Note 3, for the years ended December 31 (dollars and square feet in thousands):
(1)
Includes the acquisition cost of properties classified in other real estate investments of $302.9 million, $72.3 million and $50.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(2)
In August 2017, we acquired our partner’s interest in certain joint ventures in Brazil for an aggregate price of R$1.2 billion ($381.7 million). As a result of this transaction, we began consolidating real estate properties that included twelve operating properties, two prestabilized properties and 531 acres of undeveloped land. We accounted for the transaction as a step-acquisition under the business combination rules and recognized a gain. The results of operations for these real estate properties were not significant in 2017. In January 2019, we contributed the majority of these real estate assets into a newly formed joint venture.
On February 4, 2020, we completed the acquisition of Liberty Property Trust and Liberty Property Limited Partnership (collectively “Liberty” or the “Liberty Transaction”). The Liberty Transaction was completed for approximately $13 billion through the issuance of
equity based on the value of the Prologis common stock issued using the closing price on February 3, 2020 and the assumption of debt. The Liberty portfolio was primarily comprised of logistics real estate assets, including 502 consolidated industrial operating properties, aggregating 96.4 million square feet, which were highly complementary to our U.S. portfolio in terms of product quality, location and growth potential in our key markets. For further information on the Liberty Transaction see Note 20.
Dispositions
The following table summarizes our gains on real estate transactions for the years ended December 31 (dollars and square feet in thousands):
(1)
Amounts in 2019 and 2018 reflect the adoption of the new revenue recognition standard under which we recognized the entire gain attributed to contributions of real estate properties to unconsolidated entities. Amounts in 2017 reflect our prior recognition of the gain to the extent of the third-party ownership in the unconsolidated entity acquiring the property with the deferral of a portion of the gain related to our ownership.
(2)
In 2017, we contributed 190 operating properties totaling 37.1 million square feet owned by Prologis North American Industrial Fund ("NAIF") to Prologis Targeted U.S. Logistics Fund ("USLF"), our unconsolidated co-investment venture. In exchange for the contribution, we received cash proceeds and additional units and USLF assumed $956.0 million of secured debt.
(3)
In 2019, we formed Prologis Brazil Logistics Venture (“PBLV”), a Brazilian unconsolidated co-investment venture, with one partner. We contributed an initial portfolio of real estate properties to PBLV consisting of 14 operating properties totaling 6.9 million square feet and 371 acres of land. We received cash proceeds and units for our 20% equity interest.
(4)
In 2017, we sold our investment in Europe Logistics Venture 1.
(5)
In 2019, we redeemed a portion of our investment in a European unconsolidated co-investment venture.
Leases
As a Lessor
We lease our operating properties to customers under agreements that are classified as operating leases. We recognize the total minimum lease payments provided for under the leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Our weighted average lease term remaining was 50 and 52 months based on square feet for all leases in effect at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The following table summarizes the minimum lease payments due from our customers on leases with an original lease term greater than one year for space in our operating properties, prestabilized and under development properties, leases of land subject to ground leases and assets held for sale or contribution at December 31 (in thousands):
These amounts do not reflect future rental revenue from the renewal or replacement of existing leases and exclude reimbursements of operating expenses and rental increases that are not fixed.
As a Lessee
We have approximately 130 ground and office space leases in which we are the lessee, which primarily qualify as operating leases, with remaining lease terms of 1 to 90 years at December 31, 2019.
The following table summarizes the fixed, future minimum rental payments, excluding variable costs, for which the lease has commenced at December 31st, with amounts for 2019 discounted by our incremental borrowing rates to calculate the lease liabilities of our leases (in thousands):
The weighted average remaining lease term for these leases was 33 and 28 years at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We do not include renewal options in the lease term for calculating the lease liability unless we are reasonably certain we will exercise the option or the lessor has the sole ability to exercise the option. The weighted average incremental borrowing rate was 3.7% at December 31, 2019. We assigned a collateralized interest rate to each lease based on the term of the lease and the currency in which the lease was denominated.
NOTE 5. UNCONSOLIDATED ENTITIES
Summary of Investments
We have investments in entities through a variety of ventures. We co-invest in entities that own multiple properties with partners and investors and we provide asset and property management services to these entities, which we refer to as co-investment ventures. These entities may be consolidated or unconsolidated depending on the structure, our partner’s participation and other rights and our level of control of the entity. This note details our investments in unconsolidated co-investment ventures, which are related parties and accounted for using the equity method of accounting. See Note 11 for more detail regarding our consolidated investments that are not wholly owned.
We also have investments in other ventures, generally with one partner that we do not manage, which we account for using the equity method. We refer to our investments in both unconsolidated co-investment ventures and other ventures, collectively, as unconsolidated entities.
The following table summarizes our investments in and advances to unconsolidated entities at December 31 (in thousands):
Unconsolidated Co-Investment Ventures
The following table summarizes our investments in the individual co-investment ventures at December 31 (dollars in thousands):
(1)
At December 31, 2019, we owned 305.8 million units of FIBRA Prologis that had a closing price of Ps 41.07 ($2.18) per unit on the Mexican Stock Exchange. We have granted FIBRA Prologis a right of first refusal with respect to stabilized properties that we plan to sell in Mexico.
(2)
We have one partner in each of these co-investment ventures.
(3)
At December 31, 2019, we owned 0.4 million units of NPR that had a closing price of ¥276,400 ($2,546) per share on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. For any properties we develop and plan to sell in Japan, we have committed to offer those properties to NPR.
At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had receivables from NPR of $136.3 million and $122.0 million, respectively, related to customer security deposits that originated through a leasing company owned by us that pertain to properties previously contributed to NPR. We have a corresponding payable to NPR’s customers in Other Liabilities. These amounts are repaid to us as the leases turn over.
(4)
In 2019, we formed PCCLF, an unconsolidated co-investment venture investing in properties in China, with eight partners. At that time, we and our existing partner in Prologis China Logistics Venture I, LP received equity interests in PCCLF for the contribution of the existing portfolio of assets consisting of 79 properties totaling 22 million square feet. The seven new partners contributed cash, which was used to redeem a portion of our existing partner’s investment in PCCLF. We maintained our ownership percentage in these assets subsequent to the contribution and therefore did not recognize a gain.
(5)
In 2019, we formed PBLV and hold an 20.0% equity ownership in the venture. In the table above, we reflect our ownership in PBLV and exclude our 10.0% ownership in the other joint ventures. See Note 4 for more information on PBLV.
The amounts recognized in Strategic Capital Revenues and Earnings from Unconsolidated Entities, Net depend on the size and operations of the unconsolidated co-investment ventures, the timing of revenues earned through promotes and transactional fees, as well as fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and our ownership interest. We recognized Strategic Capital Expenses for direct costs associated with the asset management of these ventures and allocated property-level management costs for the properties owned by the ventures.
The following table summarizes the Strategic Capital Revenues we recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income related to our unconsolidated co-investment ventures (in thousands):
(1)
Includes promote revenue earned from unconsolidated co-investment ventures principally in Europe in 2019, China and Europe in 2018 and the U.S. in 2017.
(2)
These amounts exclude strategic capital revenues from other ventures.
The following table summarizes the key property information, financial position and operating information of our unconsolidated co-investment ventures (not our proportionate share) and the amounts we recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements related to our unconsolidated co-investment ventures at December 31 and for the years ended December 31 (dollars and square feet in millions):
(1)
PBLV and our other Brazilian joint ventures are combined as one venture for the purpose of this table.
(2)
As discussed above, the formation of PCCLF in 2019 increased the number of ventures in Asia.
(3)
Prologis’ investment balance is presented at our adjusted basis derived from the ventures’ U.S. GAAP information. The difference between our ownership interest of a venture’s equity and our investment balance at December 31, 2019 and 2018, results principally from four types of transactions: (i) deferred gains from the contribution of property to a venture prior to January 1, 2018 ($611.5 million and $635.9 million, respectively); (ii) recording additional costs associated with our investment in the venture ($87.2 million and $94.4 million, respectively); (iii) receivables, principally for fees and promotes ($152.0 million and $166.7 million, respectively); and (iv) customer security deposits retained subsequent to property contributions to NPR, as discussed above. For deferred gains from partial sales recorded prior to January 1, 2018, we recognize these gains over the lives of the underlying real estate properties or at the time of disposition to a third party.
(4)
Represents our weighted average ownership interest in all unconsolidated co-investment ventures based on each entity’s contribution of total assets before depreciation, net of other liabilities.
In January 2020, USLF acquired a portfolio of 108 operating properties aggregating 18.3 million square feet from Industrial Property Trust Inc. (“IPT”) in a cash transaction, including the assumption of debt. Our investment in the acquisition was approximately $500 million.
Equity Commitments Related to Certain Unconsolidated Co-Investment Ventures
Certain unconsolidated co-investment ventures have equity commitments from us and our venture partners. Our venture partners fulfill their equity commitment with cash. We may fulfill our equity commitment through contributions of properties or cash. The equity contributions are generally used for the acquisition or development of properties but may be used for the repayment of debt or other general uses. The venture may obtain financing for the acquisition of properties and therefore the acquisition price of additional investments that the venture could make may be more than the equity commitment. Depending on market conditions, the investment objectives of the ventures, our liquidity needs and other factors, we may make additional contributions of properties or additional cash investments in these ventures through the remaining commitment period.
At December 31, 2019, our remaining equity commitments were $379.6 million, primarily for Prologis China Logistics Venture. The equity commitments expire from 2020 to 2026.
NOTE 6. ASSETS HELD FOR SALE OR CONTRIBUTION
We had investments in certain real estate properties that met the criteria to be classified as held for sale or contribution at December 31, 2019 and 2018. At the time of classification, these properties were expected to be sold to third parties or were recently stabilized and expected to be contributed to unconsolidated co-investment ventures within twelve months. The amounts included in Assets Held for Sale or Contribution represented real estate investment balances and the related assets and liabilities for each property.
Assets held for sale or contribution consisted of the following at December 31 (dollars and square feet in thousands):
NOTE 7. OTHER ASSETS AND OTHER LIABILITIES
The following table summarizes our other assets, net of amortization and depreciation, if applicable, at December 31 (in thousands):
The following table summarizes our other liabilities, net of amortization, if applicable, at December 31 (in thousands):
The following table summarizes the expected future amortization of leasing commissions and forgone rent (included in acquired lease intangibles) into amortization expense and above and below market leases (included in acquired lease intangibles) and rent leveling net assets into rental revenues, all based on the balances at December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
NOTE 8. DEBT
All debt is incurred by the OP or its consolidated subsidiaries.
The following table summarizes our debt at December 31 (dollars in thousands):
(1)
The interest rates presented represent the effective interest rates (including amortization of debt issuance costs and the noncash premiums or discounts) at the end of the period for the debt outstanding.
(2)
We borrow in the functional currencies of the countries where we invest. Included in the outstanding balances at December 31 were borrowings denominated in the following currencies:
(3)
Senior notes are due from January 2020 to September 2049 with effective interest rates ranging from -0.1% to 4.5% at December 31, 2019. The senior notes of €400 million ($445.9 million) bearing a floating rate of Euribor plus 0.3%, were redeemed in January 2020, primarily with the proceeds from the senior notes issued in September 2019, as discussed below.
(4)
Secured mortgage debt is due from April 2020 to November 2027 with effective interest rates ranging from 0.2% to 7.8% at December 31, 2019. The debt was principally secured by 87 operating properties, one prestabilized property and one property under development with an aggregate undepreciated cost of $1.7 billion at December 31, 2019.
Credit Facilities
In 2019, we recast our global senior credit facility (the “Global Facility”), under which we may draw in British pounds sterling, Canadian dollars, euro, Japanese yen, Mexican pesos and U.S. dollars on a revolving basis up to $3.5 billion (subject to currency fluctuations). Pricing under the Global Facility, including the spread over LIBOR, facility fees and letter of credit fees, varies primarily based on the public debt ratings of the OP. The Global Facility is scheduled to mature in January 2023; however, we may extend the maturity date for six months on two occasions, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions and payment of extension fees. We have the ability to increase the Global Facility to $4.5 billion, subject to currency fluctuations and obtaining additional lender commitments.
We also have a Japanese yen revolver (the “Revolver”) with availability of ¥50.0 billion ($460.6 million at December 31, 2019). We have the ability to increase the Revolver to ¥65.0 billion ($598.8 million at December 31, 2019), subject to obtaining additional lender commitments. Pricing under the Revolver, including the spread over LIBOR, facility fees and letter of credit fees, varies based on the public debt ratings of the OP. The Revolver is scheduled to mature in February 2021; however, we may extend the maturity date for one year, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions and payment of extension fees.
We refer to the Global Facility and the Revolver, collectively, as our “Credit Facilities.”
The following table summarizes information about our Credit Facilities (dollars in millions):
Senior Notes
The senior notes are unsecured and our obligations are effectively subordinated in certain respects to any of our debt that is secured by a lien on real property, to the extent of the value of such real property. The senior notes require interest payments be made quarterly, semi-annually or annually. The majority of the senior notes are redeemable at any time at our option, subject to certain prepayment penalties. Such repurchase and other terms are governed by the provisions of indenture agreements, various note purchase agreements or trust deeds.
The following table summarizes the issuances of senior notes during 2019 (principal in thousands):
(1)
The exchange rate used to calculate into U.S. dollars was the spot rate at the settlement date.
Term Loans
The following table summarizes our outstanding term loans at December 31 (dollars and borrowing currency in thousands):
(1)
We may increase the borrowings on the 2017 Term Loan up to $1.0 billion, subject to obtaining additional lender commitments. We paid down $1.3 billion and $2.0 billion and reborrowed $777.2 million and $2.0 billion in 2019 and 2018, respectively. We may extend the maturity date twice, by one year each, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions and the payment of an extension fee.
(2)
During 2019, we repaid the outstanding balance of ¥100.0 billion ($897.4 million) on our 2016 Yen Term Loan, primarily with the proceeds from the March 2019 Yen Term Loan. We have the ability to increase the March 2019 Yen Term Loan to ¥120.0 billion ($1.1 billion at December 31, 2019), subject to obtaining additional lender commitments.
Long-Term Debt Maturities
Scheduled principal payments due on our debt for each year through the period ended December 31, 2024, and thereafter were as follows at December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
(1)
As discussed above, in January 2020 we redeemed €400 million ($445.9 million) of senior notes. We expect to repay the remaining amounts maturing in the next twelve months with cash generated from operations, proceeds from dispositions of real estate properties, or as necessary, with additional borrowings.
(2)
Included in the 2021 maturities was the Revolver that can be extended until 2022.
Interest Expense
The following table summarizes the components of interest expense for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
Early Extinguishment of Debt
Over the last three years, we repurchased or repaid certain debt before the maturity date in an effort to reduce our borrowing costs and extend our debt maturities. As a result, the difference between the recorded debt (including premiums, discounts and related debt issuance costs) and the consideration we paid to retire the debt, including fees, was recognized as gains or losses. Fees associated with the restructuring of debt that meets the modification criteria, along with existing unamortized premium or discount and debt issuance costs, are amortized over the term of the new debt.
The following table summarizes the activity related to the repurchase of debt and the net loss on early extinguishment of debt for 2019 and 2017 (in millions):
In 2018, we recognized $2.6 million in losses primarily due to the extinguishment of $1.8 billion of debt assumed in the DCT Transaction. The loss associated with the DCT Transaction represented the excess of the prepayment penalties of $48.7 million over the $46.5 million premium recorded upon the assumption of the debt.
Financial Debt Covenants
We have $9.7 billion of senior notes and $1.4 billion of term loans outstanding at December 31, 2019 that were subject to certain financial covenants under their related indentures. We are also subject to financial covenants under our Credit Facilities and certain secured mortgage debt. At December 31, 2019, we were in compliance with all of our financial debt covenants.
Guarantee of Finance Subsidiary Debt
In 2018, we formed finance subsidiaries as part of our operations in Europe (Prologis Euro Finance LLC), Japan (Prologis Yen Finance LLC) and the U.K. (Prologis Sterling Finance LLC).
These entities are 100% indirectly owned by the OP and all unsecured debt issued or to be issued by each entity is or will be fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the OP. There are no restrictions or limits on the OP’s ability to obtain funds from its subsidiaries by dividend or loan. In reliance on Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X, the separate financial statements of Prologis Euro Finance LLC, Prologis Yen Finance LLC and Prologis Sterling Finance LLC are not provided.
NOTE 9. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY OF PROLOGIS, INC.
Shares Authorized
At December 31, 2019, 1.1 billion shares were authorized to be issued by the Parent, of which 1.0 billion shares represent common stock. Our board of directors (the “Board”) may, without stockholder approval, classify or reclassify any unissued shares of our stock from time to time by setting or changing the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption of such shares.
Common Stock
On August 22, 2018, we issued 96.2 million common shares in the DCT Transaction. See Note 3 for more detail on the transaction.
We did not issue any shares of common stock under our at-the-market program during 2019, 2018 and 2017. We have an equity distribution agreement that allows us to sell up to $750 million aggregate gross sales proceeds of shares of common stock, of which $535.2 million remains available for sale through six designated agents. These agents earn a fee of up to 2% of the gross proceeds as agreed to on a transaction-by-transaction basis.
Under the 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan, certain of our employees and outside directors are able to participate in equity-based compensation plans. See Note 12 for additional information on equity-based compensation plans.
Preferred Stock
At December 31, 2019 and 2018 our Series Q preferred stock outstanding had a dividend rate of 8.54% and will be redeemable at our option on or after November 13, 2026. Holders have, subject to certain conditions, limited voting rights and all holders are entitled to receive cumulative preferential dividends based on liquidation preference. The dividends are payable quarterly when, and if, they have been declared by the Board, out of funds legally available for the payment of dividends.
Ownership Restrictions
For us to qualify as a REIT, five or fewer individuals may not own more than 50% of the value of our outstanding stock at any time during the last half of our taxable year. Therefore, our charter restricts beneficial ownership (or ownership generally attributed to a person under the REIT rules), by a person, or persons acting as a group, of issued and outstanding common and preferred stock that would cause that person to own or be deemed to own more than 9.8% (by value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of our issued and outstanding capital stock. Furthermore, subject to certain exceptions, no person shall at any time directly or indirectly acquire ownership of more than 25% of any of the preferred stock. These provisions assist us in protecting and preserving our REIT status and protect the interests of stockholders in takeover transactions by preventing the acquisition of a substantial block of outstanding shares of stock.
Shares of stock owned by a person or group of people in excess of these limits are subject to redemption by us. The provision does not apply where a majority of the Board, in its sole and absolute discretion, waives such limit after determining that our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes will not be jeopardized.
Dividends
To comply with the REIT requirements of the IRC, we are generally required to make common and preferred stock dividends (other than capital gain distributions) to our stockholders in amounts that together at least equal (i) the sum of (a) 90% of our “REIT taxable
income” computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and net capital gains and (b) 90% of the net income (after tax), if any, from foreclosure property, minus (ii) certain excess noncash income. Our common stock distribution policy is to distribute a percentage of our cash flow that ensures that we will meet the distribution requirements of the IRC and that allows us to also retain cash to meet other needs, such as capital improvements and other investment activities.
Our tax return for the year ended December 31, 2019 has not been filed. The taxability information presented for our dividends paid in 2019 is based on management’s estimate. Our tax returns for open tax years have not been examined by the Internal Revenue Service, other than those discussed in Note 13. Consequently, the taxability of dividends is subject to change.
In 2019, 2018 and 2017, we paid all of our dividends in cash.
The following summarizes the taxability of our common and preferred stock dividends for the years ended December 31:
(1)
Taxability for 2019 is estimated.
Common stock dividends are characterized for federal income tax purposes as ordinary income, qualified dividend, capital gains, non-taxable return of capital or a combination of the four. Common stock dividends that exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits (calculated for tax purposes) constitute a return of capital rather than a dividend and generally reduce the stockholder’s basis in the common stock. To the extent that a dividend exceeds both current and accumulated earnings and profits and the stockholder’s basis in the common stock, it will generally be treated as a gain from the sale or exchange of that stockholder’s common stock. At the beginning of each year, we notify our stockholders of the taxability of the common stock dividends paid during the preceding year.
Pursuant to the terms of our preferred stock, we are restricted from declaring or paying any dividend with respect to our common stock unless and until all cumulative dividends with respect to the preferred stock have been paid and sufficient funds have been set aside for dividends that have been declared for the relevant dividend period with respect to the preferred stock.
NOTE 10. PARTNERS’ CAPITAL OF PROLOGIS, L.P.
Distributions paid on the common limited partnership units, and the taxability of those distributions, are similar to dividends paid on the Parent’s common stock disclosed above.
On August 22, 2018, we issued 3.6 million common limited partnership units in the OP in the DCT Transaction. See Note 3 for more detail on the transaction.
We issued Class A Units in the OP through an acquisition of a portfolio of properties in 2015. The Class A Units generally have the same rights as the existing common limited partnership units of the OP, except that the Class A Units are entitled to a quarterly distribution equal to $0.64665 per unit so long as the common limited partnership units receive a quarterly distribution of at least $0.40 per unit (in the event the common limited partnership units receive a quarterly distribution of less than $0.40 per unit, the Class A Unit distribution would be reduced by a proportionate amount). Class A Units are convertible into common limited partnership units at an initial conversion rate of one-for-one. The conversion rate will be increased or decreased to the extent that, at the time of conversion, the net present value of the distributions paid with respect to the Class A Units are less or more than the distributions paid on common limited partnership units from the time of issuance of the Class A Units until the time of conversion. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Class A Units were convertible into 8.1 million and 8.4 million common limited partnership units, respectively. The OP may redeem the Class A Units at any time after October 7, 2025, for an amount in cash equal to the then-current number of the common limited partnership units into which the Class A Units are convertible, multiplied by $43.11, subject to the holders’ right to convert the Class A Units into common limited partnership units. Dividends paid to the Class A Units were $2.58660 annually during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
NOTE 11. NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS
Prologis, L.P.
We report noncontrolling interests related to several entities we consolidate but of which we do not own 100% of the equity. These entities include two real estate partnerships that have issued limited partnership units to third parties. Depending on the specific partnership agreements, these limited partnership units are redeemable for cash or, at our option, into shares of the Parent’s common stock, generally at a rate of one share of common stock to one limited partnership unit. We also consolidate certain entities in which we do not own 100% of the equity but the equity of these entities is not exchangeable into our common stock.
As discussed in Note 1, the Parent has complete responsibility, power and discretion in the day-to-day management of the OP. The Parent, through its majority interest, has the right to receive benefits from and incur losses of the OP. In addition, the OP does not have either substantive liquidation rights or substantive kick-out rights without cause or substantive participating rights that could be exercised by a simple majority of noncontrolling interests. The absence of such rights renders the OP as a VIE. Accordingly, the Parent is the primary beneficiary and therefore consolidates the OP.
Prologis, Inc.
The noncontrolling interests of the Parent include the noncontrolling interests described above for the OP, as well as the limited partnership units in the OP that are not owned by the Parent. The outstanding limited partnership units receive quarterly cash distributions equal to the quarterly dividends paid on our common stock pursuant to the terms of the applicable partnership agreements.
The following table summarizes our ownership percentages and noncontrolling interests and the consolidated entities’ total assets and total liabilities at December 31 (dollars in thousands):
(1)
Includes our two partnerships that have issued limited partnership units to third parties, as discussed above, along with various other consolidated entities. The limited partnership units outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018 were exchangeable into cash or, at our option, 0.3 million and 0.7 million shares of the Parent’s common stock, respectively.
(2)
We had 8.6 million and 8.8 million Class A Units that were convertible into 8.1 million and 8.4 million limited partnership units of the OP at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. See Note 10 for further discussion of our Class A Units.
(3)
At December 31, 2019 and 2018, excluding the Class A Units, there were limited partnership units in the OP that were exchangeable into cash or, at our option, 6.2 million and 7.2 million shares of the Parent’s common stock, respectively. Also included are the vested OP Long-Term Incentive Plan Units associated with our long-term compensation plans. See further discussion of Long-Term Incentive Plan Units in Note 12.
In January 2020, USLV acquired a portfolio of 127 operating properties aggregating 19.0 million square feet from IPT in a cash transaction, including the assumption of debt. Our investment in the acquisition was approximately $1.1 billion.
NOTE 12. LONG-TERM COMPENSATION
The 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan (“2012 LTIP”) provides for grants of awards to officers, directors, employees and consultants of the Parent or its subsidiaries. Awards can be in the form of: full value awards, stock appreciation rights, stock options (non-qualified options and incentive stock options) and cash incentive awards. Full value awards generally consist of: (i) common stock; (ii) restricted stock units (“RSUs”); (iii) OP LTIP units (“LTIP Units”) and (iv) Prologis Outperformance Plan (“POP”) OP LTIP units (“POP LTIP Units”).
The awards under the 2012 LTIP have been issued under the following components of our equity-based compensation plans and programs at December 31, 2019: (i) POP; (ii) Prologis Promote Plan (“PPP”); (iii) annual long-term incentive (“LTI”) equity award program (“Annual LTI Award”); and (iv) annual bonus exchange program. Under all of these components, certain employees may elect to receive their equity award payout either in the form of RSUs or other equity of the Parent or LTIP Units of the OP. No participant can be granted more than 1.5 million shares of common stock under the 2012 LTIP in any one calendar year. Awards may be made under the 2012 LTIP until it is terminated by the Board or until the ten-year anniversary of the effective date of the plan.
We have 27.2 million shares reserved for issuance, of which 14.9 million shares of common stock were available for future issuance at December 31, 2019. Each LTIP Unit counts as one share of common stock for purposes of calculating the limit on shares that may be issued.
Equity-Based Compensation Plans and Programs
Prologis Outperformance Plan (“POP”)
We allocate participation points or a percentage of the compensation pool to participants under our POP corresponding to three-year performance periods beginning every January 1. The fair value of the awards is measured at the grant date and amortized over the period from the grant date to the date at which the awards vest, which ranges from three to ten years. The performance hurdle (“Outperformance Hurdle”) at the end of the initial three-year performance period requires our three-year compound annualized total stockholder return (“TSR”) to exceed a threshold set at the three-year compound annualized TSR for the Morgan Stanley Capital International (“MSCI”) US REIT Index for the same period plus 100 basis points. If the Outperformance Hurdle is met, a compensation pool will be formed equal to 3% of the excess value created, subject to a maximum as defined by each performance period. POP awards cannot be paid at a time when our absolute TSR is negative. If after seven years our absolute TSR has not been positive, the awards will be forfeited.
For the 2016 - 2018 and 2017 - 2019 performance periods, awards (“Initial Awards”), equaling in aggregate up to $75 million of the applicable compensation pool, were earned after the end of the initial three-year performance period as the Outperformance Hurdle was met. One-third of any compensation pool amount in excess of $75 million (up to 0.5% of our equity market capitalization) can be earned at the end of each of the three years after the Initial Awards are earned, if our performance meets or exceeds the Index at the end of each of such three years. In addition, participants will not be able to sell or transfer any equity they receive as awards until three years after the end of the initial performance period.
Beginning with the 2018 - 2020 performance period and performance periods thereafter, the plan requires an absolute maximum cap of $100 million on the compensation pool. If an award is earned at the end of the initial three-year performance period, then 20% of the POP award is paid at the end of the initial performance period and the remaining 80% is subject to additional seven-year cliff vesting. The 20% that is paid at the end of the initial three-year performance period is subject to an additional three-year holding requirement. In 2018, our Named Executive Officers (“NEOs”) adopted the vesting construct of the 2018 - 2020 performance period retroactively for the 2016 - 2018 and 2017 - 2019 performance periods. The change in vesting did not result in a remeasurement event under the accounting rules.
Each participant is eligible to receive a percentage of the total compensation pool based on the number of participation points allocated to the participant, or in the case of our NEOs, a set percentage of the compensation pool. If the performance criteria are met, the participants’ points or compensation pool percentage will be paid in the form of common stock or POP LTIP Units, as elected by the participant. Annually, a participant may exchange their participation points or compensation pool percentage for POP LTIP Units. If the performance criteria are not met, the participants’ points, compensation pool percentage and POP LTIP Units will be forfeited.
At December 31, 2019, all awards were equity classified. We use a Monte Carlo valuation model to value the participation points allocated under the POP.
The following table details the assumptions used for each grant based on the year it was granted (dollars in thousands):
Total remaining compensation cost related to the POP at December 31, 2019, was $39.6 million, prior to adjustments for capitalized amounts due to our development activities. The remaining compensation cost will be recognized through 2028, with a weighted average period of 3.2 years.
The performance criteria were met for the 2017 - 2019, 2016 - 2018 and 2015 - 2017 performance periods at the end of the initial three-year performance period, which resulted in awards being earned in January 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, in the form of common stock and POP LTIP Units. See below for details on these performance periods (dollars and units in thousands, except average price):
(1)
The 2016 - 2018 performance period includes amounts and awards earned at December 31, 2019 related to the compensation pool in the excess of the Initial Award.
Other Equity-Based Compensation Plans and Programs
Awards may be issued in the form of RSUs or LTIP Units at the participants’ elections under the following equity-based compensation plans and programs. RSUs and LTIP Units are valued based on the market price of the Parent’s common stock on the date the award is granted and the grant date value is charged to compensation expense over the service period. Beginning with the February 2018 grants, the service period was lengthened from three to four years, except for awards under the annual bonus exchange program. Dividends and distributions are paid with respect to both RSUs and LTIP Units during the vesting period, and therefore they are considered participating securities. We do not allocate undistributed earnings to participating securities as our net earnings per share or unit would not be materially different. The value of the dividend is charged to retained earnings for RSUs and the distribution is charged to Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests in the OP for LTIP Units in the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Parent.
Prologis Promote Plan (“PPP”)
Under the PPP, we establish a compensation pool for certain employees up to 40% of the third-party portion of promotes earned by Prologis from the co-investment ventures. The awards may be settled in some combination of cash and full value awards, at our election.
Annual LTI Equity Award Program (“Annual LTI Award”)
The Annual LTI Award provides for grants to certain employees subject to our performance against benchmark indices that relate to the most recent year’s performance.
Annual Bonus Exchange Program
Under our bonus exchange program, generally all our employees may elect to receive all or a portion of their annual cash bonus in equity. Equity awards granted through the bonus exchange are generally valued at a premium to the cash bonus exchanged and vest over three years, excluding the NEOs. As our NEOs do not receive a bonus exchange premium for participating in the bonus exchange program, the equity they receive upon exchange for their cash bonuses does not have a vesting period.
Summary of Award Activity
RSUs
Each RSU represents the right to receive one share of common stock of the Parent.
The following table summarizes the activity for RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2019 (units in thousands):
The fair value of stock awards granted and vested was $46.6 million and $35.7 million for 2018, respectively, and $38.5 million and $32.9 million for 2017, respectively, based on the weighted average grant date fair value per unit.
Total remaining compensation cost related to RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2019, was $46.0 million, prior to adjustments for capitalized amounts due to our development activities. The remaining compensation cost will be recognized through 2023, with a weighted average period of 1.3 years.
LTIP Units
An LTIP Unit represents a partnership interest in the OP. After vesting and the satisfaction of certain conditions, an LTIP Unit may be exchangeable for a common limited partnership unit in the OP and then redeemable for a share of common stock (or cash at our option).
The following table summarizes the activity for LTIP Units for the year ended December 31, 2019 (units in thousands):
(1)
Vested and unvested units were based on the POP performance criteria being met for the 2016 - 2018 performance period and represented the earned award amounts. Vested and unvested units are included in the POP award table above.
The fair value of stock awards granted and vested, excluding POP awards, was $82.6 million and $41.2 million for 2018, respectively, and $53.2 million and $28.3 million for 2017, respectively, based on the weighted average grant date fair value per unit.
Total remaining compensation cost related to LTIP Units, excluding POP, at December 31, 2019, was $101.2 million, prior to adjustments for capitalized amounts due to our development activities. The remaining compensation cost will be recognized through 2023, with a weighted average period of 1.4 years.
Stock Options
We have 0.1 million stock options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2019, with a weighted average exercise price of $30.85 and a weighted average life of 0.9 years. The aggregate intrinsic value of exercised options was $11.8 million, $13.8 million, and $28.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. No stock options were granted in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019.
Other Plans
The Prologis 401(k) Plan (the “401(k) Plan”) provides for matching employer contributions of $0.50 for every dollar contributed by an employee, up to 6% of the employee’s annual compensation (within the statutory compensation limit). In the 401(k) Plan, vesting in the matching employer contributions is based on the employee’s years of service, with 100% vesting at the completion of one year of service. Our contributions under the matching provisions were $3.0 million, $2.9 million and $2.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In January 2020, the 401(k) Plan was amended to provide for a new matching employer contribution of $0.50 for every dollar contributed by an employee, up to 12% of the employee’s annual compensation (within the statutory compensation limit).
We have a non-qualified savings plan that allows highly compensated employees the opportunity to defer the receipt and income taxation of a certain portion of their compensation in excess of the amount permitted under the 401(k) Plan. There has been no employer matching within this plan in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019.
NOTE 13. INCOME TAXES
Components of Earnings Before Income Taxes
The following table summarizes the components of earnings before income taxes for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
Summary of Current and Deferred Income Taxes
The following table summarizes the components of the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
Current Income Taxes
Current income tax expense incurred in international jurisdictions over the last three years was due to tax charged on the following: (i) the contribution of real estate properties to our unconsolidated co-investment ventures and sales to third-parties; (ii) recurring and transactional fees earned; and (iii) taxable earnings from unconsolidated co-investment ventures.
For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we did not recognize any expense for uncertain tax positions.
During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds, was $62.1 million, $60.3 million and $46.7 million, respectively.
Deferred Income Taxes
The deferred income tax expense recognized in 2019 and 2018 was due to changes in temporary differences and utilization of NOLs. The deferred income tax benefit recognized in 2017 was principally due to the reversal of deferred tax liabilities from the contribution and disposition of properties.
The following table summarizes the deferred income tax assets and liabilities at December 31 (in thousands):
At December 31, 2019, we had NOL carryforwards as follows (in thousands):
The deferred tax asset valuation allowance at December 31, 2019, was adequate to reduce the total deferred tax asset to an amount that we estimate will more likely than not be realized.
Liability for Uncertain Tax Positions
During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we believe that we have complied with the REIT requirements of the IRC. The statute of limitations for our tax returns is generally three years. As such, our tax returns that remain subject to examination would be primarily from 2016 and thereafter.
The liability for uncertain tax positions was $3.0 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018 and consisted of estimated income tax liabilities in Mexico for both periods.
NOTE 14. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE OR UNIT
We determine basic earnings per share or unit based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock or units outstanding during the period. We compute diluted earnings per share or unit based on the weighted average number of shares or units outstanding combined with the incremental weighted average effect from all outstanding potentially dilutive instruments.
The computation of our basic and diluted earnings per share and unit for the years ended December 31 was as follows (in thousands, except per share and unit amounts):
(1)
The exchangeable limited partnership units include the units as discussed in Note 11. Earnings allocated to the exchangeable OP units not held by the Parent have been included in the numerator and exchangeable common units have been included in the denominator for the purpose of computing diluted earnings per share for all periods as the per share and unit amount is the same.
(2)
Our total weighted average potentially dilutive shares and units outstanding for the years ended December 31 consisted of the following:
NOTE 15. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Derivative Financial Instruments
In the normal course of business, our operations are exposed to market risks, including the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. We may enter into derivative financial instruments to offset these underlying market risks. See Note 2 for our derivative financial instruments policy.
The following table presents the fair value of our derivative financial instruments recognized within Other Assets and Other Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31 (in thousands):
Undesignated Derivative Financial Instruments
Foreign Currency Contracts
The following table summarizes the activity of our undesignated foreign currency contracts for the years ended December 31 (in millions, except for weighted average forward rates and number of active contracts):
The following table summarizes the undesignated derivative financial instruments exercised and associated realized and unrealized gains (losses) in Foreign Currency and Derivative Gains (Losses), Net in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31 (in millions, except for number of exercised contracts):
Designated Derivative Financial Instruments
Foreign Currency Contracts
The following table summarizes the activity of our foreign currency contracts designated as net investment hedges for the years ended December 31 (in millions, except for weighted average forward rates and number of active contracts):
Interest Rate Swaps
The following table summarizes the activity of our interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges for the years ended December 31 (in millions):
(1)
During 2018, we entered into two interest rate swap contracts with an aggregated notional amount of €400.0 million ($499.7 million) to effectively fix the interest rate on our senior notes bearing a floating rate of Euribor plus 0.3% issued in January 2018. In 2019, the interest rate swap contracts matured and in January 2020 we redeemed the senior notes.
(2)
During 2018, we repaid CAD 201.4 million ($158.9 million) on our 2015 Canadian Term Loan. At that time, we settled the interest rate swaps related to the 2015 Canadian Term Loan as we determined it was no longer probable that we would continue to have
the future cash flows as originally hedged. As a result, the $12.5 million gain in AOCI/L at the time of settlement was reclassified to Interest Expense during 2018.
Designated Nonderivative Financial Instruments
The following table summarizes our debt and accrued interest, designated as a hedge of our net investment in international subsidiaries at December 31 (in millions):
The following table summarizes the unrealized gains (losses) in Foreign Currency and Derivative Gains (Losses), Net on the remeasurement of the unhedged portion of our debt and accrued interest for the years ended December 31 (in millions):
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The change in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income during the periods presented was due to the translation into U.S. dollars from the consolidation of the financial statements of our consolidated subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar. The change in fair value of the effective portion of our derivative financial instruments that have been designated as net investment hedges and cash flow hedges and the translation of our nonderivative financial instruments as discussed above are also included in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss).
The following table presents these changes in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
(1)
We estimate an additional expense of $4.2 million will be reclassified to Interest Expense over the next 12 months from December 31, 2019, due to the amortization of previously settled derivatives designated as cash flow hedges.
Fair Value Measurements
We have estimated the fair value of our financial instruments using available market information and valuation methodologies we believe to be appropriate for these purposes. Considerable judgment and a high degree of subjectivity are involved in developing these estimates and, accordingly, they are not necessarily indicative of amounts that we would realize on disposition. See Note 2 for more information on our fair value measurements policy.
Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
At December 31, 2019 and 2018, other than the derivatives discussed previously, we did not have any significant financial assets or financial liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the Consolidated Financial Statements. All of our derivatives held at December 31, 2019 and 2018 were classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Fair Value Measurements on Nonrecurring Basis
Acquired properties and assets we expect to sell or contribute are significant nonfinancial assets that met the criteria to be measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, as detailed in our accounting policy in Note 2. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we estimated the fair value of our properties using Level 2 or Level 3 inputs from the fair value hierarchy. See more information on our acquired properties in Notes 3 and 4 and assets held for sale or contribution in Note 6.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the carrying amounts of certain financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts and notes receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses were representative of their fair values.
The differences in the fair value of our debt from the carrying value in the table below were the result of differences in interest rates or borrowing spreads that were available to us at December 31, 2019 and 2018, as compared with those in effect when the debt was issued or assumed, including reduced borrowing spreads due to our improved credit ratings. The senior notes and many of the issuances of secured mortgage debt contain prepayment penalties or yield maintenance provisions that could make the cost of refinancing the debt at lower rates exceed the benefit that would be derived from doing so.
The following table reflects the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our debt at December 31 (in thousands):
The fair value of the senior notes outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018 increased as certain issuances yielded higher interest rates than the overall bond yields available in the market, driving a larger increase in the fair value of debt year over year.
NOTE 16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Environmental Matters
A majority of the properties we acquire, including land, are subjected to environmental reviews either by us or the previous owners. In addition, we may incur environmental remediation costs associated with certain land parcels we acquire in connection with the development of the land. We have acquired certain properties that may have been leased to or previously owned by companies that discharged hazardous materials. We establish a liability at the time of acquisition to cover such costs and adjust the liabilities as appropriate when additional information becomes available. We record our environmental liabilities in Other Liabilities. We purchase various environmental insurance policies to mitigate our exposure to environmental liabilities. We are not aware of any environmental liabilities that would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Indemnification Agreements
We may enter into agreements whereby we indemnify certain co-investment ventures, or our venture partners, outside of the U.S. for taxes that may be assessed with respect to certain properties we contributed to these ventures. Our contributions to these ventures are generally structured as contributions of shares of companies that own the real estate assets. Accordingly, the capital gains associated with the step up in the value of the underlying real estate assets, for tax purposes, are deferred and transferred at contribution. We have generally indemnified these ventures to the extent that the ventures: (i) incur capital gains or withholding tax as a result of a direct sale of the real estate asset, as opposed to a transaction in which the shares of the company owning the real estate asset are transferred or sold or (ii) are required to grant a discount to the buyer of shares under a share transfer transaction as a result of the ventures transferring the embedded capital gain tax liability to the buyer of the shares in the transaction. The agreements limit the amount that is subject to our indemnification with respect to each property to 100% of the actual tax liabilities related to the capital gains that are deferred and transferred by us to the ventures at the time of the initial contribution less any deferred tax assets transferred with the property.
The outcome under these agreements is uncertain as it depends on the method and timing of dissolution of the related venture or disposition of any properties by the venture. We record liabilities related to the indemnification agreements in Other Liabilities. We continue to monitor these agreements and the likelihood of the sale of assets that would result in recognition and will adjust the potential liability in the future as facts and circumstances dictate.
Off-Balance Sheet Liabilities
We have issued performance and surety bonds and standby letters of credit in connection with certain development projects. Performance and surety bonds are commonly required by public agencies from real estate developers. Performance and surety bonds are renewable and expire on the completion of the improvements and infrastructure. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had $240.6 million and $212.6 million, respectively, outstanding under such arrangements.
We may be required under capital commitments or we may choose to make additional capital contributions to certain of our unconsolidated entities, representing our proportionate ownership interest, should additional capital contributions be necessary to fund
development or acquisition costs, repayment of debt or operational shortfalls. See Note 5 for further discussion related to equity commitments to our unconsolidated co-investment ventures.
Litigation
From time to time, we are party to a variety of legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We believe that, with respect to any such matters that we are currently a party to, the ultimate disposition of any such matter will not have material adverse effect on our business, financial position or results of operations.
NOTE 17. BUSINESS SEGMENTS
Our current business strategy includes two operating segments: Real Estate Operations and Strategic Capital. We generate revenues, earnings, net operating income and cash flows through our segments, as follows:
•
Real Estate Operations. This operating segment represents the ownership and development of operating properties and is the largest component of our revenue and earnings. We collect rent from our customers through operating leases, including reimbursements for the majority of our property operating costs. Each operating property is considered to be an individual operating segment with similar economic characteristics; these properties are combined within the reportable business segment based on geographic location. Our Real Estate Operations segment also includes development activities that lead to rental operations, including land held for development and properties currently under development. Within this line of business, we utilize the following: (i) our land bank; (ii) the development expertise of our local teams; and (iii) our customer relationships. Land we own and lease to customers under ground leases, along with land and buildings we lease, is also included in this segment.
•
Strategic Capital. This operating segment represents the management of unconsolidated co-investment ventures. We generate strategic capital revenues primarily from our unconsolidated co-investment ventures through asset management and property management services and we earn additional revenues by providing leasing, acquisition, construction, development, financing, legal and disposition services. Depending on the structure of the venture and the returns provided to our partners, we also earn revenues through promotes periodically during the life of a venture or upon liquidation. Each unconsolidated co-investment venture we manage is considered to be an individual operating segment with similar economic characteristics; these ventures are combined within the reportable business segment based on geographic location.
Reconciliations are presented below for: (i) each reportable business segment’s revenues from external customers to Total Revenues; (ii) each reportable business segment’s net operating income from external customers to Operating Income and Earnings Before Income Taxes; and (iii) each reportable business segment’s assets to Total Assets. Our chief operating decision makers rely primarily on net operating income and similar measures to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing segment performance. The applicable components of Total Revenues, Operating Income, Earnings Before Income Taxes and Total Assets are allocated to each reportable business segment’s revenues, net operating income and assets. Items that are not directly assignable to a segment, such as certain corporate income and expenses, are not allocated but reflected as reconciling items.
The following reconciliations are presented in thousands:
(1)
This includes compensation, personnel costs and PPP awards for employees who were located in the U.S. but also support other geographies.
(2)
Represents management contracts and goodwill recorded in connection with business combinations associated with the Strategic Capital segment. Goodwill was $25.3 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018.
NOTE 18. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Our significant noncash investing and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 included the following:
•
We recognized Lease ROU Assets and Lease Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, including any new leases, renewals, modifications and terminations after January 1, 2019 of $523.8 million and $527.3 million, respectively, related to leases in which we are the lessee.
•
We capitalized $21.4 million, $26.4 million and $28.8 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, of equity-based compensation expense. Beginning January 1, 2019, upon adoption of the new lease standard, we capitalized equity-based compensation expenses related to development activities only. Internal costs related to our leasing activities are expensed as incurred.
•
We received $646.8 million, $386.7 million and $153.3 million of ownership interests in certain unconsolidated co-investment ventures as a portion of our proceeds from the contribution of properties to these entities during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as disclosed in Note 5. Included in 2019 was our initial 20.0% investment in PBLV in exchange for our contribution of the initial portfolio of properties to PBLV upon formation.
•
An unconsolidated co-investment venture in Europe declared a distribution of $80.9 million which we subsequently reinvested and increased our ownership in 2019.
•
We and our existing partner in Prologis China Logistics Venture I, LP received equity interests in PCCLF for the contribution of the existing portfolio of assets in 2019. Our ownership percentage in PCCLF was 15.6% subsequent to the contribution.
•
We purchased our partners’ interest in a consolidated venture through the distribution of an operating property for $11.4 million in 2019. We formed a consolidated venture into which our partner contributed $11.8 million of land in 2018.
•
We issued 1.2 million and 1.5 million shares in 2019 and 2017, respectively, of the Parent’s common stock upon redemption of an equal number of common limited partnership units in the OP.
•
We completed the DCT Transaction on August 22, 2018 for $8.5 billion through the issuance of equity and the assumption of debt. See Note 3 for more information on this transaction.
•
We contributed operating properties owned by NAIF to USLF in 2017. As a result, we received $1.1 billion of units or ownership interest in USLF as a portion of our proceeds from this contribution. In addition, USLF acquired the $19.5 million note receivable backed by real estate we received in 2017 and assumed $956.0 million of secured mortgage debt.
•
We received $53.8 million of notes receivable backed by real estate in exchange for the disposition of real estate in 2017.
NOTE 19. SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)
The following table details our selected quarterly financial data (in thousands, except per share and unit data):
(1)
Quarterly earnings per common share or unit amounts may not total to the annual amounts due to rounding and the changes in the number of weighted average common shares or units outstanding included in the calculation of basic and diluted shares or units.
(2)
Income allocated to the exchangeable OP units not held by the Parent has been included in the numerator and exchangeable OP units have been included in the denominator for the purpose of computing diluted earnings per share for all periods since the per share and unit is the same.
NOTE 20. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Acquisition of Liberty Property Trust
On February 4, 2020, Liberty, Liberty OP and New Liberty Holdco merged with and into Prologis, Inc., Prologis L.P., Prologis Merger Sub and Prologis OP Merger Sub, pursuant to which, (i) an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Liberty merged with and into Liberty, with Liberty continuing as the surviving entity and an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of New Liberty Holdco (the “Company Merger”), (ii) thereafter, New Liberty Holdco merged with and into Prologis Merger Sub, with Prologis Merger Sub continuing as the surviving entity and remaining a wholly owned subsidiary of Prologis, Inc. (the “Topco Merger”), (iii) thereafter, Prologis, Inc. and its applicable subsidiaries and Prologis Merger Sub caused all of the outstanding equity interests of Liberty to be contributed to Prologis L.P. in exchange for the issuance by Prologis L.P. of Prologis L.P. common units to other subsidiaries of Prologis, Inc. and (iv) thereafter, Prologis L.P. Merger Sub merged with and into Liberty OP, with Liberty OP continuing as the surviving entity and a wholly owned subsidiary of Prologis L.P. (the “Partnership Merger” and, collectively with the Company Merger and the Topco Merger, the “Mergers”). The total acquisition price was approximately $13 billion through the issuance of equity based on the value of the Prologis common stock issued using the closing price on February 3, 2020 and the assumption of debt.
In connection with the transaction, at the effective time of the Topco Merger, each issued and outstanding Liberty common share as of immediately prior to the Company Merger was converted automatically into the right to receive 0.675 shares of Prologis, Inc. common stock. At the effective time of the Partnership Merger, each issued and outstanding common unit of Liberty OP as of immediately prior to the Partnership Merger was converted into 0.675 common units of Prologis L.P. After consideration of all applicable factors pursuant to the business combination accounting rules, we expect to treat the Mergers as an asset acquisition and as a result the transaction costs will likely be capitalized to the basis of the acquired properties.
In connection with the Mergers, on November 27, 2019, Liberty and Liberty’s board of directors (the “Liberty Board”) were sued in a putative class action lawsuit, the Stein Action, filed in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, in connection with Liberty’s proposed merger with Prologis and the related Form S-4. On December 5, 2019, Liberty, Liberty OP, the Liberty board, Prologis, Inc., Prologis L.P., Prologis Merger Sub, Prologis OP Merger Sub and New Liberty Holdco were sued in another putative class action lawsuit, the Thompson Action, also filed in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware, and also in connection with Liberty’s proposed merger with Prologis and the related Form S-4. On December 16, 2019, Liberty and the Liberty Board were sued in a third putative class action lawsuit, the Berlinger Action, filed in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, also in connection with Liberty’s proposed merger with Prologis and the related Form S-4. On December 16, 2019, Prologis, Liberty and the Liberty Board were sued in a fourth putative class action lawsuit, the Garfield Action, filed in the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, also in connection with Liberty’s proposed merger with Prologis and the related Form S-4. Subsequently, in January 2020, the plaintiff in the Garfield Action agreed to dismiss his action with prejudice as to himself and without prejudice as to the remainder of the purported class. On December 19, 2019, Liberty and the Liberty Board were sued in a fifth putative class action lawsuit, the McDonough Action, filed in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, also in connection with Liberty’s proposed merger with Prologis and the related Form S-4. On December 20, 2019, Liberty and the Liberty Board were sued in a sixth putative class action lawsuit, the Hagerty Action, filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, also in connection with Liberty’s proposed merger with Prologis and the related Form S-4. On January 7, 2020, Liberty and the Liberty Board were sued in a seventh putative class action lawsuit, the Yonchuk Action, filed in in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, in connection with Liberty’s proposed merger with Prologis and the related Form S-4.
The complaints in the Stein Action, Berlinger Action, McDonough Action, Hagerty Action and Yonchuk Action allege that Liberty and the Liberty Board violated federal securities laws by omitting material information from the Form S-4, rendering the Form S-4 materially deficient. The complaint in the Thompson Action alleges the Liberty, Liberty OP and the Liberty Board violated federal securities laws by omitting from the Form S-4, and misrepresenting in the Form S-4, material information, rendering the Form S-4 materially deficient.
In all six outstanding actions, the plaintiffs seek, among other things, (i) rescission of the transaction and/or (ii) damages, and (iii) attorneys' fees and costs in connection with these lawsuits. Although the ultimate outcome of litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe that these lawsuits are without merit and intend to defend against these actions vigorously.
PROLOGIS, INC. AND PROLOGIS, L.P.
SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
DECEMBER 31, 2019
(In thousands of U.S. dollars, as applicable)
PROLOGIS, INC. AND PROLOGIS, L.P.
SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
DECEMBER 31, 2019
(In thousands of U.S. dollars, as applicable)
Schedule III - Footnotes
(a)
The following table reconciles real estate assets per Schedule III to the Consolidated Balance Sheets in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data at December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
(b)
The aggregate cost for federal tax purposes at December 31, 2019, of our real estate assets was approximately $23.5 billion (unaudited).
(c)
Real estate assets (excluding land balances) are depreciated over their estimated useful lives. These useful lives are generally 5 to 7 years for capital improvements, 10 years for standard tenant improvements, 15 to 25 years for depreciable land
improvements, 25 to 35 years for operating properties acquired based on the age of the building and 40 years for operating properties we develop.
The following table reconciles accumulated depreciation per Schedule III to the Consolidated Balance Sheets in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data at December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
(d)
Properties with an aggregate undepreciated cost of $1.7 billion secure $557.0 million of mortgage notes. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for more information related to our secured mortgage debt.
(e)
Assessment bonds of $10.9 million are secured by assessments (similar to property taxes) on various underlying real estate properties with an aggregate undepreciated cost of $601.9 million. The assessment bonds are included in term loans and unsecured other debt in Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
(f)
Date of construction is provided for properties in the development portfolio that were completed but not yet stabilized.
(g)
The following table summarizes our real estate assets and accumulated depreciation per Schedule III for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
Certain of the following documents are filed herewith. Certain other of the following documents that have been previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and, pursuant to Rule 12b-32, are incorporated herein by reference.
2.1a
Amended and Restated Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 20, 2019, among Industrial Property Trust Inc., Prologis, L.P. and Rockies Acquisition LLC. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to Prologis’ Current Report From 8-K/A filed on August 23, 2019).
2.2a
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of July 15, 2019, by and among Prologis, L.P., Rockies Acquisition LLC, and Industrial Property Trust Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Prologis’ Current Report From 8-K filed on July 15, 2019).
2.3a
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 27, 2019, by and among the Prologis Parties and the Liberty Parties. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Prologis’ Current Report form 8-K filed on October 27, 2019).
3.1
Articles of Incorporation of Prologis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Prologis’ Registration Statement on Form S-11 (No. 333-35915) filed September 18, 1997).
3.2
Articles Supplementary establishing and fixing the rights and preferences of the Series Q Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock of Prologis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to Prologis’ Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed June 2, 2011).
3.3
Articles of Merger of New Pumpkin Inc., a Maryland corporation, with and into Prologis, Inc., a Maryland corporation, changing the name of “AMB Property Corporation” to “Prologis, Inc.”, as filed with the Stated Department of Assessments and Taxation of Maryland on June 2, 2011, and effective June 3, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 8, 2011).
3.4
Articles of Amendment (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 8, 2012).
3.5
Thirteenth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Operating Partnership (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.6 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 8, 2011).
3.6
First Amendment to Thirteenth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Prologis, L.P., dated February 27, 2014, (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 27, 2014).
3.7
Second Amendment to the Thirteenth Amended and Restated Agreement of the Limited Partnership of Prologis, L.P., dated October 7, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 13, 2015).
3.8
Amended and Restated Certificate of Limited Partnership of the Operating Partnership (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.7 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 8, 2011).
3.9
Articles Supplementary dated April 3, 2014, (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 3, 2014).
3.10
Eighth Amended and Restated Bylaws of Prologis, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 23, 2016).
3.11
Third Amendment to Thirteenth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Prologis, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 4, 2020).
4.1†
Description of Registrant’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
4.2
Form of Certificate for Common Stock of Prologis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Registration Statement on Form S-4/A (No. 333-172741) filed April 12, 2011).
4.3
Form of Certificate for the Series Q Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock of Prologis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Registration Statement on Form S-4/A (No. 333-172741) filed April 28, 2011).
4.4
Indenture, dated as of June 8, 2011, by and among the Operating Partnership, as issuer, Prologis, as guarantor, and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-177112) filed September 30, 2011).
4.5
Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 15, 2013, among Prologis, Inc., Prologis, L.P. and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 15, 2013).
4.6
Form of Sixth Supplemental Indenture among Prologis, Inc., Prologis, L.P., Elavon Financial Services Limited, UK Branch, Elavon Financial Services Limited and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 2, 2013).
4.7
Form of Seventh Supplemental Indenture among Prologis, Inc., Prologis, L.P., Elavon Financial Services Limited, UK Branch, Elavon Financial Services Limited and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 18, 2014).
4.8
Form of Eighth Supplemental Indenture among Prologis, Inc., Prologis, L.P., U.S. Bank National Association and Elavon Financial Services DAC, UK Branch (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on June 6, 2017).
4.9
Indenture dated as of August 1, 2018 among Prologis Euro Finance LLC, Prologis, L.P. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Registration Statement on Form 8-K/A filed on August 1, 2018).
4.10
First Supplemental Indenture dated as of August 1, 2018 among Prologis Euro Finance LLC, Prologis, L.P., U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, transfer agent and security registrar and Elavon Financial Services DAC, UK Branch, as paying agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Registration Statement on Form 8-K/A filed on August 1, 2018).
4.11
Form of lndenture dated as of September 25, 2018 among Prologis Yen Finance LLC, Prologis, L.P. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K/A filed on September 24, 2018).
4.12
Form of First Supplemental Indenture dated as of September 25, 2018 among Prologis Yen Finance LLC, Prologis, L.P., U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, transfer agent, paying agent and security registrar (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K/A filed on September 24, 2018).
4.13
Second Supplemental Indenture dated as of March 26, 2019 among Prologis Yen Finance LLC, Prologis, L.P. and U.S. Bank National Association as trustee, transfer agent, paying agent and security registrar (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on April 23, 2019).
4.14
Form of 2.750% Notes due 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 15, 2013).
4.15
Form of 4.250% Notes due 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 15, 2013).
4.16
3.350% Notes due 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 1, 2013).
4.17
Form of 3.000% Notes due 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 2, 2013).
4.18
Form of 3.375% Notes due 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 18, 2014).
4.19
Form of 3.00% Notes due 2026 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 28, 2014).
4.20
Form of 1.375% Notes due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 6, 2014).
4.21
Form of 1.375% Notes due 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 12, 2015).
4.22
Form of 3.750% Notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 30, 2015).
4.23
Form of Floating Rate Notes due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2018).
4.24
Form of 2.250% Notes due 2029 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on June 6, 2017).
4.25
Form of Floating Rate Notes due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2018).
4.26
Form of 3.875% Notes Due 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on June 20, 2018).
4.27
Form of 4.375% Notes Due 2048 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on June 20, 2018).
4.28
Form of 1.875% Notes Due 2029 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on July 31, 2018).
4.29
Form of 0.652% Notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K/A filed on September 24, 2018).
4.30
Form of 0.972% Notes due 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K/A filed on September 24, 2018).
4.31
Form of 1.077% Notes due 2030 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K/A filed on September 24, 2018).
4.32
Form of 1.470% Notes due 2038 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K/A filed on September 24, 2018).
4.33
Form of 1.15% Notes due 2039 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 10-Q filed on April 23, 2019).
4.34
Form of 0.250% Notes due 2027 9incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Registration Statement 8-A12B filed on September 10, 2019).
4.35
Form of 0.625% Notes due 2031 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Prologis’ Registration Statement 8-A12B filed on September 10, 2019).
4.36
Form of 1.500% Notes due 2049 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to Prologis’ Registration Statement 8-A12B filed on September 10, 2019).
4.37
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to the 3.375% Notes due 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 18, 2014).
4.38
Form of Officer’s Certificate related to the 3.00% Notes due 2026 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 28, 2014).
4.39
Form of Officer’s Certificate related to 1.375% Notes due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 6, 2014).
4.40
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to the 1.375% Notes due 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 12, 2015).
4.41
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to the 3.750% Notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 30, 2015).
4.42
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to 2.250% Notes due 2029 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on June 6, 2017).
4.43
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to Floating Rate Notes due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2018.
4.44
Form of Officer’s Certificate related to 3.875% Notes Due 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K/A filed on June 20, 2018).
4.45
Form of Officer’s Certificate related to 4.375% Notes Due 2048 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K/A filed on June 20, 2018).
4.46
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to 0.652% Notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K/A filed on September 24, 2018).
4.47
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to 0.972% Notes due 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K/A filed on September 24, 2018).
4.48
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to 1.077% Notes due 2030 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K/A filed on September 24, 2018).
4.49
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to 1.470% Notes due 2038 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K/A filed on September 24, 2018).
4.50
Form of Officer’s Certificate related to 1.875% Notes Due 2029 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Prologis’ Registration Statement on Form 8-K/A filed on August 1, 2018).
4.51
Form of Officer’s Certificate related to the 1.15% Notes due 2039 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 10-Q filed in April 23, 2019).
4.52
Form of Officer’s Certificate related to the 0.250% Notes due 2027 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Registration Statement 8-A12B filed on September 10, 2019).
4.53
Form of Officer’s Certificate related to the 0.625% Notes due 2031 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Prologis’ Registration Statement 8-A12B filed on September 10, 2019).
4.54
Form of Officer’s Certificate related to the 1.500% Notes due 2049 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to Prologis’ Registration Statement 8-A12B filed on September 10, 2019).
Other debt instruments are omitted in accordance with Item 601(b)(4)(iii)(A) of Registration S-K. Copies of such instruments will be furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
10.1
Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of ProLogis Fraser, L.P., dated as of August 4, 2004 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Trust’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2004).
10.2
Fifteenth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Prologis 2, L.P., (f/k/a AMB Property II, L.P.) dated February 19, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009).
10.3*
Amended and Restated 2002 Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 4, 2006 and also incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 4, 2006).
10.4*
The Amended and Restated 2002 Stock Option and Incentive Plan of AMB Property Corporation and AMB Property, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 15, 2007 and also incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 15, 2007).
10.5*
Prologis Outperformance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 22, 2011).
10.6*
Prologis, Inc. 2016 Outperformance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 16, 2016).
10.7*
Form of Prologis, Inc. 2016 Outperformance Plan LTIP Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 16, 2016).
10.8*
Form of Participation Points and LTIP Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 27, 2014).
10.9*
Second Amended and Restated Prologis Promote Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 1, 2014).
10.10*
Form of Prologis, Inc. Second Amended and Restated Prologis Promote Plan LTIP Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 18, 2014).
10.11*
Form of Prologis, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan LTIP Unit Award Agreement (General) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Prologis’ Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014).
10.12*
Form of Prologis, Inc. 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (LTIP Unit election) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015).
10.13*
Form of Prologis, Inc. 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Prologis’ Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014).
10.14*
Form of Prologis, Inc. 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Bonus exchange) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Prologis’ Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014).
10.15*
ProLogis 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Trust’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 2, 2006).
10.16*
First Amendment of the ProLogis 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Trust’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010).
10.17*
Second Amendment of the ProLogis 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Trust’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 19, 2010).
10.18*
Third Amendment of the ProLogis 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Trust’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2010).
10.19*
Form of Non-Qualified Share Option Award Terms; The Trust 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Trust’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009).
10.20*
Form of Restricted Share Award Terms; ProLogis 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Trust’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009).
10.21*
Form of Performance Share Award Terms; ProLogis 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Trust’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009).
10.22*
ProLogis 2000 Share Option Plan for Outside Trustees (as Amended and Restated Effective as of December 31, 2008) (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.13 to ProLogis’ Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008).
10.23*
ProLogis Deferred Fee Plan for Trustees (As Amended and Restated Effective as of May 14, 2010) (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.3 to ProLogis’ Form 8-K filed on May 19, 2010).
10.24*
Form of Indemnification Agreement between ProLogis and certain directors and executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 8, 2011).
10.25*
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement; Prologis, Inc. 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012).
10.26*
Prologis, Inc. 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 8, 2012).
10.27*
Form of Director Deferred Stock Unit Award terms (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 8, 2012).
10.28*
Form of Change of Control and Noncompetition Agreement by and between Prologis, Inc. and its executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 16, 2013).
10.29*
Form of Prologis, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan LTIP Unit Award Agreement (General form 2015) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.57 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014).
10.30*
Form of Prologis, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan LTIP Unit Award Agreement (Bonus exchange) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015).
10.31*
Form of Prologis, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan LTIP Unit Award Agreement (General form 2016) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.48 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015).
10.32*
Form of Prologis, Inc. Outperformance Plan LTIP Unit Exchange Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.58 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014).
10.33*
Form of Prologis, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan Equity Exchange Offer LTIP Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.59 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014).
10.34*
Amended and Restated Prologis, Inc. 2011 Notional Account Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.60 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014).
10.35*
Amended and Restated Prologis, Inc. Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.61 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014).
10.36*
Second Amended and Restated Prologis 2005 Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.62 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014).
10.37*
Prologis, Inc. 2018 Outperformance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on January 18, 2018).
10.38*
Prologis, Inc. Amended and Restated 2018 Outperformance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on March 27, 2018).
10.39*
Form of Prologis, Inc. 2018 Amendment to Outperformance Plan LTIP Unit Award Agreements (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on March 27, 2018).
10.40*
Amended and Restated Director Deferred Stock Unit Award Terms (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 7, 2018).
10.41
Form of Time-Sharing Agreement for Hamid Moghadam (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 10-Q filed on October 22, 2018).
10.42*
Prologis, Inc. Second Amended and Restated 2018 Outperformance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on August 28, 2018).
10.43*
Form of Outperformance Plan LTIP Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on August 28, 2018).
10.44*
Form of LTIP Unit Award Agreement (Bonus Exchange) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on August 28, 2018).
10.45*
Form of LTIP Unit Award Agreement (Omnibus) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on August 28, 2018).
10.46*
Form of RSU Agreement (Global) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on August 28, 2018).
10.47*
Form of RSU Agreement (LTIP Unit Election) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on August 28, 2018).
10.48*
Form of NEO Retirement Eligibility Waiver (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on August 28, 2018).
10.49
Term Loan Agreement dated as of August 18, 2016 among Prologis GK Holdings Y.K., as borrower, Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P., as guarantors, the banks listed on the signature pages thereof, and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 22, 2016).
10.50
Guaranty of Payment dated as of August 18, 2016 among Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P., as guarantors, and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, as Administrative Agent, for the banks that are from time to time parties to the Term Loan Agreement dated as of August 18, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 22, 2016).
10.51
Letter Agreement dated February 3, 2017 by and between Prologis, Inc. and Hamid R. Moghadam (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on February 3, 2017).
10.52
Fifth Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of February 16, 2017, among Prologis Marunouchi Finance Investment Limited Partnership, as initial borrower, Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P., as guarantors, the lenders listed on the signature pages thereof, and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on February 21, 2017).
10.53
Guaranty of Payment, date as of February 16, 2017, among Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P., as guarantors, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, as Administrative Agent, for the banks that are from time to time parties to the Fifth Amend and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of February 16, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on February 22, 2017).
10.54
Amended and Restated Senior Term Loan Agreement dated as of May 4, 2017 among Prologis, Inc., Prologis, L.P., various affiliates of Prologis, L.P., various lenders and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K on May 8, 2017).
10.55
Second Amended and Restated Global Senior Credit Agreement, dated as of January 16, 2019, by and among Prologis, Inc., Prologis, L.P., various affiliates of Prologis, L.P., various lenders and Bank of America, N.A., as Global Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K on January 16, 2019).
10.56
Term Loan Agreement dated as of March 4, 2019 among Prologis GK Holdings Y.K., as borrower, Prologis, L.P., as guarantor, the lenders party thereto, and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on March 6, 2019).
10.57
Guaranty of Payment dated as of March 4, 2019 between Prologis, L.P., as guarantor, and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, as Administrative Agent, for the lenders that are from time to time parties to the Term Loan Agreement dated as of March 4, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on March 6, 2019).
10.58
Amended and Restated Change in Control and Noncompetition Agreement, dated April 30, 2019, between Prologis, Inc. and Hamid R. Moghadam (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report From 8-K filed on May 3, 2019).
10.59
Form of Retirement Eligibility Waiver Amendment for Hamid Moghadam (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on December 10, 2019).
10.60
Form of Retirement Eligibility Waiver Amendment for Named Executive Officers (other than Hamid Moghadam) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on December 10, 2019).
21.1†
Subsidiaries of Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P.
23.1†
Consent of KPMG LLP with respect to Prologis, Inc.
23.2†
Consent of KPMG LLP with respect to Prologis, L.P.
24.1†
Power of Attorney for Prologis, Inc. (included in signature page of this annual report).
24.2†
Power of Attorney for Prologis, L.P. (included in signature page of this annual report).
31.1†
Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Prologis, Inc.
31.2†
Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Prologis, Inc.
31.3†
Certification of Chief Executive Officer for Prologis, L.P.
31.4†
Certification of Chief Financial Officer for Prologis, L.P.
32.1†
Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Prologis, Inc., pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2†
Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer for Prologis, L.P., pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
99.1
Supplemental United States Federal Income Tax Considerations (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 20, 2016).
99.2
Blackout Notice provided to directors and executive officers of Prologis. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 22, 2019).
101. INS†
Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL Document.
101. SCH†
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101. CAL†
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101. DEF†
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101. LAB†
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101. PRE†
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
*
Management Contract or Compensatory Plan or Arrangement
†
Filed herewith
a
Prologis has omitted certain schedules and exhibits pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K and shall furnish supplementally to the SEC copies of any of the omitted schedules and exhibits upon request by the SEC.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
PROLOGIS, INC.
By:
/s/ Hamid R. Moghadam
Hamid R. Moghadam
Chief Executive Officer
Date: February 10, 2020
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that we, the undersigned officers and directors of Prologis, Inc., hereby severally constitute Hamid R. Moghadam, Thomas S. Olinger and Edward S. Nekritz, and each of them singly, our true and lawful attorneys with full power to them, and each of them singly, to sign for us and in our names in the capacities indicated below, the Form 10-K filed herewith and any and all amendments to said Form 10-K, and generally to do all such things in our names and in our capacities as officers and directors to enable Prologis, Inc. to comply with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and all requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming our signatures as they may be signed by our said attorneys, or any of them, to said Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature
Title
Date
/s/ Hamid R. Moghadam
Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
February 10, 2020
Hamid R. Moghadam
/s/ Thomas S. Olinger
Chief Financial Officer
February 10, 2020
Thomas S. Olinger
/s/ Lori A. Palazzolo
Managing Director and Chief Accounting Officer
February 10, 2020
Lori A. Palazzolo
/s/ Cristina G. Bita
Director
February 10, 2020
Cristina G. Bita
/s/ George L. Fotiades
Director
February 10, 2020
George L. Fotiades
/s/ Lydia H. Kennard
Director
February 10, 2020
Lydia H. Kennard
/s/ J. Michael Losh
Director
February 10, 2020
J. Michael Losh
/s/ Irving F. Lyons III
Director
February 10, 2020
Irving F. Lyons III
/s/ David P. O’Connor
Director
February 10, 2020
David P. O’Connor
/s/ Olivier Piani
Director
February 10, 2020
Olivier Piani
/s/ Jeffrey L. Skelton
Director
February 10, 2020
Jeffrey L. Skelton
/s/ Carl B. Webb
Director
February 10, 2020
Carl B. Webb
/s/ William D. Zollars
Director
February 10, 2020
William D. Zollars
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
PROLOGIS, L.P.
By:
Prologis, Inc., its general partner
By:
/s/ Hamid R. Moghadam
Hamid R. Moghadam
Chief Executive Officer
Date: February 10, 2020
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that we, the undersigned officers and directors of Prologis, L.P., hereby severally constitute Hamid R. Moghadam, Thomas S. Olinger and Edward S. Nekritz, and each of them singly, our true and lawful attorneys with full power to them, and each of them singly, to sign for us and in our names in the capacities indicated below, the Form 10-K filed herewith and any and all amendments to said Form 10-K, and generally to do all such things in our names and in our capacities as officers and directors to enable Prologis, L.P. to comply with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and all requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming our signatures as they may be signed by our said attorneys, or any of them, to said Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature
Title
Date
/s/ Hamid R. Moghadam
Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
February 10, 2020
Hamid R. Moghadam
/s/ Thomas S. Olinger
Chief Financial Officer
February 10, 2020
Thomas S. Olinger
/s/ Lori A. Palazzolo
Managing Director and Chief Accounting Officer
February 10, 2020
Lori A. Palazzolo
/s/ Cristina G. Bita
Director
February 10, 2020
Cristina G. Bita
/s/ George L. Fotiades
Director
February 10, 2020
George L. Fotiades
/s/ Lydia H. Kennard
Director
February 10, 2020
Lydia H. Kennard
/s/ J. Michael Losh
Director
February 10, 2020
J. Michael Losh
/s/ Irving F. Lyons III
Director
February 10, 2020
Irving F. Lyons III
/s/ David P. O’Connor
Director
February 10, 2020
David P. O’Connor
/s/ Olivier Piani
Director
February 10, 2020
Olivier Piani
/s/ Jeffrey L. Skelton
Director
February 10, 2020
Jeffrey L. Skelton
/s/ Carl B. Webb
Director
February 10, 2020
Carl B. Webb
/s/ William D. Zollars
Director
February 10, 2020
William D. Zollars