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Premier Research Unit in Developing and Supporting the Malaysian Processing Industry.
To develop the Malaysian rubber processing sector as a globally competitive and sustainable industry.
The Processing and Pollution Research Unit (PPRU) plays a central role in supporting and enhancing the midstream sector of natural rubber industry. The R&D activities of this unit cover four main aspects of the midstream sector namely raw rubber processing, development of specialty rubbers, environmental management and zero-discharge technology. The unit also offers effluent testing services by the Pollution Control Laboratory (SAMM ISO17025 accredited laboratory) and technical advisory services in the areas of rubber processing and effluent treatment.
Research activities are being carried out to address current problems in raw rubber processing including low efficiency and labour intensive technology. Improved and novel processing techniques are being investigated to increase processing productivity and efficiency while simultaneously minimizing waste discharge and pollution to the environment. New techniques particularly in rubber drying and packing are being actively researched to enable automation in rubber processing.
Malaysia is the pioneer for production of specialty rubbers for niche markets such as epoxidised natural rubber, ENR (Ekoprena) and deproteinised natural rubber, DPNR (Pureprena). Improvement for Pureprena and Ekoprena production lines are being carried out to increase process efficiency and productivity. Development of new process for Ekoprena production is one of the primary research activities in view of an increasing trend towards the use of Ekoprena in the production of green tyres.
Main R&D activities in environmental management cover three major sources of pollution from rubber processing namely effluent, solid and air pollution. Active research activities to address and minimize pollution from rubber processing industry include development of effective and high performance effluent treatment systems, malodour characterisation and control as well as solid waste treatment and utilisation.
In response to global trends towards sustainable development and green manufacturing, the unit embarks on R&D activities with the ultimate aim of transforming the raw rubber industry into a green industry with zero discharge. Alternative rubber processing technologies based on membrane separation techniques and bioprocessing are being investigated to improve rubber processing by minimising waste discharge and by enabling utilisation of processing by-products especially non-rubber components in NR latex for production of value-added products.
To be a persistent organisation in providing quality services and solutions in pollution area for the benefit of society and industry.
To provide clients the quality support services in handling their pollutions cases as required by the Department of Environment (DOE).
PCL is organised in a manner as to have independence and adequate resources, facilities as well as personnel, to properly discharge its functions to carry out testing activities in conformance with the requirements of Malaysian Standard MS ISO/IEC 17025:2005 and other associated SAMM documents. Table 1-3 summaries the testing provided by PCL.
Among the facilities available in PCL are pH meter, atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), digestion blocks, distillation units, Ultra Violet (UV) spectrophotometer, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Analyzer, gas chromatograph and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS).
For air and gases testing, the laboratory has IQ 1000 gas analyzer for analysis of gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide, Fuji gas analyzer for analysis of carbon monoxide and Dynascent digital olfactometer for determination of odour concentration in air samples and of the products. At present, PCL is the only facility in Malaysia providing odour concentration determination by the Dynamic Olfactometer which complies with the newly introduced Malaysian Standard MS 1963:2007 Air Quality-Determination of odour concentration by using dynamic olfactometry.
PCL under Processing and Pollution Research Unit, also provides advisory and consultancy services in the area of environmental management for rubber processing and rubber product manufacturing industries such as solving the operational problems of wastewater treatment plants, designing wastewater treatment plants and in the testing of the important effluent parameters.
In the area of SMR processing, field hygiene and raw material quality.
AZHAR AHMAD, ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR 'Commercialization of Ekoprena and Pureprena', MRB Rubber Technology Development (MRTD) vol 12(2) 2012.
ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR, AZHAR AHMAD 'Malaysian Rubber Product Manufacturing Industry: Application of Green Technologies' Seminar Nasional Percepatan Pengembangan Industri Hilir Karet dan Applikasi Energi Ramah Lingkungan 25th April 2012, Palembang, Indonesia.
ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR, AZHAR AHMAD EKOPRENA as an Advanced Material for Production of Green Rubber Products. Specially developed for applications in "green tyres", Annual SEAC Meeting, Sheraton Imperial Hotel, 8 November 2012.
DEVARAJ VEERASAMY, ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR "An extended abstract entitled: 'Environmentally friendly natural rubber latex concentration using tubular ceramic ultrafiltration membrane system' submitted (on 27th of March 2012) to the organiser of the Euromembrane 2012 to be held in Imperial College, London from 23-27 September, 2012. On 15th July 2012, received confirmation that the paper had been accepted for presentation at the Conference.
D. VEERASAMY AND Z.M. NOR "Overview of water recycling options in rubber industry via membrane separation processes" Paper ID: MW260_891 was submitted upon acceptance for oral presentation at the 2012 World Congress on Advances in Civil, Environmental, and Materials Research (ACEM12) to be held during August 26-29, 2012 in Seoul, South Korea.
DEVARAJ, V.,(2012), 'Ceramic Membrane Ultra filtration Latex Concentrator with Ultrasonic Flux Enhancing and Membrane Cleaning Facility', Technology Disclosure Document, submitted to SPP (P&I) on the 5th of September 2012, for the purpose of drafting patent by LGM patent lawyer, Henry Goh & Company.
DEVARAJ, V., Submitted to SPP (R&D), slides for the SEAC Project: 'Pre-commercialization of Environmentally Friendly Lattices Concentration and Serum Processing via Membrane Separation Processes' for the Annual SEAC Meeting, which was held at the Sheraton Imperial Hotel, from 5-8 November 2012.
DEVARAJ, V., ZAIROSANI M, N., PREETIBA, S. & AIMI, I., (2012), A Patent entitled: 'An Ultrafiltration System for Concentration of Laticies and a Process Utilizing the System' was filed by LGM patent lawyers with MYIPO on 7th November 2012, and was given the Malaysian Patent Application No. PI 2012004868.
ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR, ZAMERI MOHAMED & SHABINAH M. SARIB (2012). "Quantifying Carbon Footprint of Natural Rubber Glove from Production to Manufacturing" Paper presented at the Sixth International Rubber Glove Conference (MARGMA), Kuala Lumpur, 4-6 September 2012.
ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR & ZAMERI MOHAMED (2012). "Life Cycle Assessment in Ensuring Sustainability of Rubber Downstream Sector". Paper presented at International Rubber Technology and Economic Congress 2012, Bandar Utama, 10-11 October 2012.
AHMAD KHAIRUL, M., (2012) High Performance Drying Technology for Specialty Rubber Processing: Exploratory and preliminary experiment. UPPC Internal Report No.79.
AHMAD KHAIRUL, M., (2012) High Performance Drying Technology for Specialty Rubber Processing: Factorial experiment- Study on factors that affected drying performance. UPPC Internal Report No.80.
FATIMAH RUBAIZAH, M.R. (2012) Rapid Determination of the Reaction Kinetics of an n-Butylbenzaldimine Synthesis Using a Novel Mesoscale Oscillatory Baffled Reactor (Procedia Engineering, Volume 42, 2012, Pages 1662–1675, CHISA 2012).
NOR-HIDAYATY, K., NUR-FADHILAH, I., ZAIROSSANI, M.N "e-Pollution – Database for Effluent Management in Rubber Industry"., vol 12(1), 2012, 15-17. Articles published in MRB Rubber Technology Developments, Vol 12(1) 2012.
NOR HIDAYATY KAMARULZAMAN, NUR FADHILAH IDRIS, ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR "Characterisation of coagulum from glove manufacturing industry" Research proposal for SEAC.
IDRIS N.F., KAMARULZAMAN N.H. AND MOHD NOR Z, 2012, Determination of volatile fatty acids from raw natural rubber drying activity by thermal desorber-gas chromatography, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 30, 175-180 DOI: 10.3303/CET1230030.
KAMARULZAMAN N.H., IDRIS N.F. AND MOHD NOR Z, 2012, Characterisation of odour concentration from raw rubber processing factories vis olfactometry technique, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 30, 121-126 DOI: 10.3303/CET1230021.
CHRISTINE L.S.C., ZAIROSSANI M.N. & AZHAR AHMAD (2012) Synthesis of L-chiro-inositol from Quebrachitol Extracted from Natural Rubber Serum and Identification of the Inositols Using a Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer. 4th International Conference for Young Chemists (ICYC) 2013. 30th January-2nd February 2013. City Bayview Hotel, Penang.
AIMI I.I. & CHRISTINE L.S.C. (2012) Production of Inositol-based Chemicals from Natural Rubber Serum (NRS). Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia. Internal Report No. 81.
AZIRA,A.A., NURUL SUHAIRA, A., SHABINAH FILZA, M.S., MAZLINA, M.K. (2012). Epoxidized Natural Rubber 25 / Silica Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Composites Prepared By Sol-Gel Technique. Advanced Materials Conference. Langkawi (Paper and poster presentation).
AZIRA, A.A., NORIZAH, A.K., NURUL SUHAIRA, A., SHABINAH FILZA, M.S., MAZLINA, M.K. (2012). Epoxidized Natural Rubber 50 / Silica Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Composites Prepared By Sol-Gel Technique. National Symposium of Polymeric Material. Penang (Paper and poster presentation).
DEVARAJ VEERASAMY (2011) 'Fouling Studies on natural rubber skim latex concentration using integrated ultra filtration membrane system' Thesis of PhD in Chemical Engineering, University Technology of Malaysia (endorsed by UTM Senate on 4th May 2011).
DEVARAJ VEERASAMY, ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR (2011) 'Treated wastewater recycling option in Rubber Industry' Malaysian Rubber Board Technology Digest, Volume 11 (2) 2011.
DEVARAJ VEERASAMY, ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR (2011) 'Environmentally-friendly lattices processing by ultrafiltration membrane system' Proceedings of the 1st World Congress of Environmental Biotechnology-2011, Dalian, China in October 2011.
DEVARAJ VEERASAMY (2011) 'Sampling of Solid Waste' Proceedings of Seminar on Malaysian Standards (MS) for waste management, Pullman Hotel and Resorts, Kuching Sarawak on 28th of July 2011.
DEVARAJ VEERASAMY (2011) 'Sampling of Liquid Waste' Proceedings of Seminar on Malaysian Standards (MS) for waste management, Pullman Hotel and Resorts, Kuching Sarawak on 28th of July 2011.
DEVARAJ VEERASAMY (2011) Overview of Waste Management and recycling activities in the Malaysian Rubber Industry' Paper presented at the Environmental Seminar for Rubber Industry, held in Academy Hevea Malaysian on 13-14 September 2011.
DEVARAJ VEERASAMY (2011). Report on 'Characterisation of Dipping Tank Coagulum (Preliminary Study)' Presented at the 30th JTC Meeting at RRIM Technology Centre on 21-12-2011.
DEVARAJ VEERASAMY (2011) Report entitled: 'Audit report of the crepe rubber processing effluent treatment system, Air Belaga, Macang, Kelantan' submitted to RISDA Director of Productivity and Marketing on 20th June 2011.
NOR HIDAYATY, K., SHAMSUL,K, ASRUL, M. & AHMAD-NAZIR, K. Comparisons of Some Properties of Deproteinised Natural Rubber Vulcanisates and Observations on Dynamic Load Analysis. J. Rubb. Res., 2011, 14(3), 129-138.
DEVARAJ VEERASAMY, DR. An abstract entitled: 'Environmentally-friendly lattices processing by ultrafiltration membrane system by D. Veerasamy, Z. M. Nor', have been accepted for an oral presentation at the 1st World Congress of Environmental Biotechnology-2011, Dalian, China in October 2011.
AHMAD KHAIRUL MUHAMAD 1st draft Malaysian Standard for Rapid determination of dry rubber content (DRC) for coagulated rubber. Technical Committee on Raw Material and Chemical Test SWO on 14th September 2011.
AHMAD KHAIRUL MUHAMAD, ZAIROSSANI M.N., (2011), "Rapid DRCTM - Research & Development in Determination of Dry Rubber Content for Coagulated Rubber", Malaysian Rubber Technology Developments Special Edition 2011.
K. NOR HIDAYATY, M. AHMAD KHAIRUL & M.N. ZAIROSSANI Application of Environmentally Friendly Surfactant in Producing Purified Natural Rubber, Paper Presented at IRC 2011, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 14-17th June 2011.
NUR FADHILAH IDRIS. (2011). Pencemaran bau dari aktiviti pemprosesan getah mentah. Buletin Sains, Bil 1/2011, pp 33-35.
NUR FADHILAH, ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR. (2011). Identification of sulphur compound as malodour pollutants from raw natural rubber drying activity by thermal desorption-gas chromatography. Regional Symposium of analytical Sciences (SKAM 24) 21-23 November 2011, Langkawi, Kedah.
CHRISTINE LEE SUE CHEN & ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR. Value Addition of Quebrachitol and Its Derivatives. January 2011. Technical paper. Malaysian Rubber Board.
CHRISTINE LEE SUE CHEN & ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR. Chemical Synthesis of Inositol Derivatives from Quebrachitol Extracted from Natural Rubber Serum. The 24th Regional Symposium of Malaysia Analytical Sciences (SKAM 24). 21-23 November 2011, Langkawi, Kedah.
AHMAD KHAIRUL MUHAMMAD & ZAIROSSANI MOHD. NOR (2010). RRIM Rapid DRC dan Faedah kepada Pekebun Kecil - Maklumbalas Pihak Pengguna. Buletin Sains & Teknologi LGM, Bil.1/2010.
DEVARAJ, V. AHMAD FAUZI ISMAIL & ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR (2010). Fouling characteristics and cleaning strategies of a PVDF tubular ultrafiltration membrane in a skim natural rubber latex concentration process, a book chapter for "Sustainable Membrane Technology for Energy, Water and Environment"; Editors: Ahmad Fauzi Ismail and Takeshi Matsuura Publisher: John Wiley and Sons.
NOR HIDAYATY KAMARULZAMAN, NUR FADHILAH IDRIS & ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR (2010). Analisis Efluen dalam Industri Pemprosesan Getah, Buletin Sains & Teknologi.
NOR HIDAYATY KAMARULZAMAN, ZAID ISA & ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR (2010). Pengukuran Kepekatan Bau, Buletin Sains & Teknologi, Jilid 6, Bil. 2/2009.
NUR FADHILAH, K. NOR HIDAYATY AND M.N. ZAIROSSANI, Identification Of Emitted Air Pollutants From Natural Rubber Processing Via Thermal Desorber-Gas Chromatography, 6th I-CIPEC W2W 2010.
ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR (2010). Sustainability of Natural Rubber Industry. Paper submitted for publication in MRTD, September 2010.
AIMI IZYANA ISMAIL & ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR (2010). Potential Use of Protein Powder from Natural Rubber Serum as an Ingredient for Commercial Animal Feed, Poster presented at ICAN 2010, Johor Baru, September 2010.
DEVARAJ, V., ZAIROSSANI, M. N., ZAID, I. AND ZIN, M. K (2010). Evaluation of Refuse Derived Fuel from Latex Products Manufacturing Sludge. Paper presented at the PRIM International Conference 2010 to be March 2010 in Kuala Lumpur.
NIK INTAN NIK ISMAIL AND DEVARAJ V., (2010) "Some properties of natural rubber skim latex concentrate/Clay nanocomposites prepared from wet masterbatch method" Proceedings of the 7th International Material Technology Conference and Exhibition (IMTC 2010), Kuching Sarawak East Malaysia 13-17 June 2010.
PRETIBAA SUBHRAMANIYUN & ZAIROSSANI MOHD. NOR (2010). Optimized Operational Parameters of Membrane Bioreactor for Treatment of Natural Rubber Processing Wastewater. International Conference on Environment (ICENV 2010), Penang, 13-15 December 2010.
ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR & AHMAD KHAIRUL MUHAMMAD (2010). RRIM Rapid DRCTM for Dry Rubber Content Determination of Cuplumps. Paper presented at National SMR Seminar – New Dimensions, Kuala Lumpur, 20 July 2010.
ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR, ZAMERI MOHAMED AND K. VIVAYGANATHAN (2010). Estimating Carbon Footprint of Glove Industry through Life Cycle Assessment. Paper presented at the Fifth International Glove Conference (MARGMA), Kuala Lumpur, 28-30 September 2010.
ZAIROSSANI MOHD. NOR & AHMAD KHAIRUL MUHAMMAD (2010). RRIM Rapid DRC for Dry Rubber Content of Coagulated Rubbers. Seminar on SMR 2010 - New Dimensions, Kuala Lumpur, 20 July 2010.
ZAMERI MOHAMED & ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR (2010). Estimating Environmental Impact of Block Rubber Processing in Malaysia using Life Cycle Assessment. Paper presented at National SMR Seminar – New Dimensions, Kuala Lumpur, 20 July 2010.
ZAMERI MOHAMED & ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR (2010). Evaluation of Latex Coagulants and Their Effects on Rubber Quality. Paper presented at National SMR Seminar – New Dimensions, Kuala Lumpur, 20 July 2010.
ZAMERI MOHAMED & ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR (2010). Life Cycle Assessment of Block Rubber Processing. Seminar on SMR 2010 - New Dimensions, Kuala Lumpur, 20 July 2010.
ZAMERI MOHAMED, MUHAMMAD AKBAR ABD GHAFAR & ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR (2010). The effect of latex coagulants to the raw rubber properties of SMR. Seminar on SMR 2010 - New Dimensions. , Kuala Lumpur, 20 July 2010.
AIMI IZYANA ISMAIL (2010). Pilot Scale Production of Protein Powder from Natural Rubber Serum, UPPC Internal Reports 2010.
AZHAR AHMAD, ZAIROSSANI MOHD. NOR, ZAMERI MOHAMED & AHMAD KHAIRUL MUHAMMAD. Standard Operating Procedure on DRC Sampling at Borders and Entry Ports. A report prepared for Kastam Diraja Malaysia, 2010.
FATIMAH RUBAIZAH MOHD. RASDI (2010). Effects of Processing Oils on Raw Rubber Properties of Ekoprena, UPPC Internal Report 2010.
NUR FADHILAH IDRIS (2010). Characterisation of Air Pollutants from SMR Dryers by an Improved Analytical Techniques using Gas Chromatography, UPPC Internal Report 2010.
ZAMERI MOHAMED (2010). Evaluation of Lat-Frez as a Latex Coagulant for Cuplumps Production, UPPC Internal Report 2010.
Organised Seminar on Standard Malaysian Rubber-New Dimensions held in Ballroom 1 & 2, Hotel Nikko, 20th July 2010.
ZAID ISA, PRETIBAA SUBHRAMANIYUN & ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR (2008). Pengurusan Efluen Dari Kilang-Kilang Pemprosesan Getah. Sains & Teknologi LGM, 4 (2/2008), 34 – 38.
ZAIROSSANI MOHD. NOR (2009). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Carbon Footprinting (CFP) in Rubber Processing. An invited paper presented at the International Rubber Study Group (IRSG) World Rubber Summit 2009, Singapore, 22-24 March 2009.
ZAIROSSANI MOHD. NOR & ZAMERI MOHAMED (2009). Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): Potential Revenue for Rubber industry. Paper presented at National Rubber Economic Conference 2009, Kuala Lumpur, June 2009.
DEVARAJ VEERASAMY, PRETIBAA SUBHRAMANIYUN & ZAIROSSANI MOHD. NOR (2009). Membrane separation as a cleaner processing technology for natural raw rubber processing. Journal of Applied Membrane Science and Technology, 4 (2009), 13-22.
D. VEERASAMY, A. F. ISMAIL & Z. M. NOR (2009). Fouling characteristics and cleaning strategies of a PVDF tubular ultrafiltration membrane in a skim natural rubber latex concentration processes. Paper presented at the 7th International Membrane Science and Technology Conference (MST 2009) in Kuala Lumpur from 12-15 May 2009.
ZAIROSSANI MOHD. NOR (2009). Approaches towards Sustainability in Midstream and Downstream Rubber Industry: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Labeling. Paper presented at Seminar on Sustainability of Rubber Industry held in conjunction with MICCOS 2009, Selangor, 15 August 2009.
DEVARAJ, V., ZAIROSSANI, M. N., ZAID, I. & ZIN, M. K (2009). Evaluation of Refuse Derived Fuel from Latex Products Manufacturing Sludge. Paper submitted and accepted for oral presentation at the PRIM International Conference 2010 to be March 2010 in Kuala Lumpur.
ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR & ZAMERI MOHAMED (2009). Sustainability of Rubber Industry: Life Cycle Assessment & Carbon Footprint. Paper presented at the IRRDB Seminar on Effects of Climate Change on Natural Rubber Productivity, Kuala Lumpur (December 2009).
Organised Seminar on Sustainability of Rubber Industry held in conjunction with MICCOS 2009, Selangor, 15 August 2009.
Zairossani, M. N., Ahmad Khairul, M. and Zameri, M. (2008) Microwave Rapid Method for Determining Dry Rubber Content of Coagulated Rubber. Malaysian Rubber Technology Developments ( MRTD), Vol. 8(2), 3.
S. Pretibaa* , V. Devaraj, M.N. Zairossani. (2008) "Treatment of Effluent from Rubber Products Manufacturing Industry Using Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)". IRC 2008 International Rubber Conference 2008, 20-23 October 2008, Kuala Lumpur Conventional Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
D. Veerasamy , A. F. Ismail, Z. M. Nor ‘Fouling characteristics and cleaning strategies in a PVDF tubular ultrafiltration membrane in skim natural rubber latex recovery process’ (Submitted to Journal of Separation and Purification Technology on 19/12/2008).
Zameri Mohamed and Zairossani Mohd Nor.2008. Life Cycle Analysis for Block Rubber Processing. Paper presented at the IRRDB Expert Meeting, 25-26 August 2008, Kuala Lumpur.
Zameri Mohamed and Zairossani Mohd Nor.2008 Life Cycle Assessment and its Application in Rubber Industry. Malaysian Rubber Technology Developments Volume 8(1), 24-29.
Zaid Isa, Nor Hidayaty Kamarulzaman and Zairossani Mohd Nor (2008). Malodour Assessment and Control from Standard Malaysian Rubber Processing Factories. Proc. Internl. Rubb. Conf., Kuala Lumpur, October 2008.
Zaid Isa (2008). Pollution control in rubber industry. IRC 2008 Pre-Conference Short Course, Kuala Lumpur, October 2008.
Anitha,S., Devaraj,V., Zairossani, M.N. (2006) In-situ ultrasonic enhancement of flux during natural rubber skim latex recovery by ultrafiltration. Symposium of Malaysian Chemical Engineers 2006 (SOMChe), 19-21 December.
V. Devaraj, I. Ahmad Fauzi and M. N. Zairossani ‘ATR/FTIR spectrometry study on fouling of a PVDF tubular ultrafiltration membrane in natural rubber skim latex recovery, Proceedings of The Regional Membrane Science and Technology Conference 13-15 August 2008 Phuket, Thailand.
Devaraj, V., ‘Fouling Studies on Skim Latex Recovery Using Integrated Ultrafiltration Membrane System’ PhD in Chemical Engineering, Research Report presented at the Evaluation Seminar at Fakulti Kejuruteraan Kimia and Kejuruteraan Sumber Asli Seminar Hall, 9-5-2008, UTM Skudai Johore.
ZAIROSSANI MOHD NOR AND FATIMAH RUBAIZAH, M. R. (2007) Ekoprena sebagai Bahan Mesra Alam bagi Penghasilan Produk Getah. Buletin Sains dan Teknologi LGM, Bil 2/2007, 13-14.
ZAIROSSANI, M. N. (2007) Ekoprena the ‘Green’ Material. Malaysian Rubber Technology Developments ( MRTD), Vol. 7(1), 7.
ZAIROSSANI, M. N., AHMAD KHAIRUL, M., ZAMERI, M. AND ZAINUL ABDIN, M. (2007) Rapid Method for Determining Dry Rubber Content of Cuplumps. Buletin Sains & Teknologi LGM, Bil 1/2007, 8-14.
ANITHA, S., DEVARAJ, V., ZAIROSSANI, M. N., AND ZAID, I. (2007) Overview of Waste Management in the Malaysian Raw Rubber Processing Industry. IRRDB International Natural Rubber Conference, 12-13 November, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
ARIF, S.A.M. AND ZAIROSSANI, M.N. (2007) Biotechnology in Rubber Research and Development. 1) Conference on Plantation Commodities (3-4 July,) 2) The Rubber Planters Conference (5 July), Kuala Lumpur.
DEVARAJ, V., ANITHA, S., ZAIROSSANI, M. N., ZAID, I. AND MOHD ZIN, A. K. (2007) High Performance Membrane Bioreactor to Enhance Wastewater Treatment and Recycling in Rubber Products Manufacturing Industry. MINDS ITEX-2007, 18-20 May, Kuala Lumpur.
DEVARAJ, V., AHMAD, F. I., AND ZAIROSSANI, M.N. (2007) Fouling Characteristics and Autopsy of a PVDF Tubular Ultrafiltration Membrane in Natural Rubber Skim Latex (waste latex) Recovery. The 6th UNESCO International Membrane Science and Technology Conference, 5-9 November, Australia.
DEVARAJ, V., ANITHA, S. AND ZAIROSSANI, M.N. (2007) Evaluation studies on the use of in-situ Ultrasonication to Reduce Fouling during Natural Rubber Skim Latex (waste latex) Recovery by Ultrafiltration. The 6th UNESCO International Membrane Science and Technology Conference, 5-9 November, Australia.
KUSWORO, T. D., AHMAD, F. I., MUSTAFA, A. AND DEVARAJ, V. (2007) Gas Separation Performance of PI/PES Polymer Blending Hollow Fiber Mixed Matrix Membrane with Modified Zeolite 4A using Dynasylan Ameo. The 6th UNESCO International Membrane Science and Technology Conference, 5-9 November, Sydney, Australia.
ZAIROSSANI, M. N. AND AHMAD KHAIRUL, M. (2007) Production High Quality Raw Rubber Materials. Seminar on Productivity Improvement for State Level, 26 July, Perak.
ZAIROSSANI, M. N. AND ZAID, I. (2007) Waste Disposal Methods and Potentials of Sludge frrom Rubber Product Manufacturing Industry. Seminar on Management of Vulcanized Rubber Waste and Rejects, 9 August, Selangor , 3 September, Johor and 27 September, Kedah.
ZAIROSSANI, M. N., AHMAD KHAIRUL, M. AND ZAMERI, M. (2007) Determination of Cuplump Dry Rubber Content. Rubber Planters’ Conference 2007, 5 July, Kuala Lumpur.
DEVARAJ, V. AND ZAIROSSANI, M.N. (2007) Method for Natural Latex Concentration, Malaysian Rubber Board Patent submitted (Application No: PI 20071273).
A.G Tan and Zameri Mohamed (2006). A more reliable method of determining Malaysian NR Output. Paper presented at the Seminar on Raw Rubber Processing-Issues and Challenges Kuala Lumpur, 11 September 2006.
Devaraj, V., Zairossani, M. N., Anitha, S., Vivayganathan, K. and Amir Hashim, M. Y. (2006), Alternative and Environment-friendly Skim Latex Processing for Value-added Products Recovery, MRB Latex Seminar, 18th May 2006, Nikko Hotel, Kuala Lumpur.
M.R. Fatimah Rubaizah, S.Anitha, M.N Zairossani. (2006) "Teknologi Terkini Penyediaan, Penganalisaan dan Pemprosesan Getah Mentah untuk Industri Getah.", Seminar Pengembangan Dan Pembangunan (BPP) 2006, LGM, Sugai Buloh.
Mohd. Zin Abdul Karim (2005). The Influence or Rubber Processing Factory Effluent on Chemical, Physical and Microbiological Properties of Soil, J. Rubb. Res.8(4), 241-246.
Ng K.P., Amir-Hashim M.Y. and Zaid Isa, Environmentally-Friendly Zinc-free Activator For Natural Rubber Latex Products, Feature article, Utusan Malaysia (Aug. 23) and Exhibition, Seminar – Raw Rubber Processing, Hotel Nikko, Kuala Lumpur (Sept 11).
S. Anitha *, V. Devaraj, M.N Zairossani. (2006). "In-Situ Ultrasonic Enhancement of Flux During Natural Rubber Skim Latex Recovery by Ultrafication", Symposium of Malaysian Chemical Engineers v2006 (SOMChe), 19-21 Dec 2006, Uitm, Shah Alam, 621-626.
Yusof Aziz, K.P Ng, Zaid Isa, Faridah H. A. H. and Amir Hashim M.Y. (2006). Zinc oxide-free Activator for Rubber Latex Compounding. Malaysian Rubber Technology Dev. 6, 34-39.
Zaid Isa (2006). Current Status of Effluent Treatment Systems for Raw Rubber Processing. Paper presented at the Seminar on Raw Rubber Processing- Issues and Challenges, Kuala Lumpur, 11 September 2006.
Zaid Isa and Mohamad Zin Abd Karim (2006). Environmental Quality Regulations for Rubber Processing Industry. Malaysia Rubber Technology Dev. 6, 31-33.
Zaid Isa and Zairossani Mohd Noor (2006). Testing Services Provided by the Pollution And Control Laboratory, RRIM MRB, Malaysian Rubber Technology Dev. 6, 28-30.
Zaid Isa, Mohamad Zin Abd Karim and Zairossani Mohd Nor (2006). Aerobic treatment for Rubber Processing Effluent. Paper presented at the International Rubber Conference, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 13-14 November 2006.
Zairossani M.S , Ahmad Khairul M, ZAINUL ABIDIN B.M, Zameri M. Development of Rapid Method of determination of DRC of Cup Lump. Seminar on Rubber Processing. 11 September 2006, Kuala Lumpur.
Zairossani Mohd Nor, Zaid Isa and Mohamad Zin Abd Karim (2006). Rubber Glove Effluent Treatment by Sequencing Batch Reactor. Malaysian Rubber Technology Dev. 22-24.
Zameri Mohamed (2006). Quality of Raw Material Paper presented at the Seminar on Raw Rubber Processing – Issues and Challenges, Kuala Lumpur, 11 September 2006.
The Pollution Control Laboratory provides services for environmental samples such as water, wastewater, sludge, air and gases to MRB and clients in rubber and other related industries. It was established in 1978 to support R & D activities of the MRB in effluent treatment and management.
Among the facilities available are atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), Ultra Violet (UV) spectrophotometer, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Analyzer, gas chromatograph and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS).
For air and gases testing, the laboratory has IQ 1000 gas analyzer for analysis of gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide, Fuji gas analyzer for analysis of carbon monoxide and Dynascent digital olfactometer for determination of odour concentration in air samples and of the products. At present, PCL is the only laboratory in Malaysia that provides odour concentration determination by olfactometer.
The Processing and Pollution Research Unit provides advisory and consultancy services in the area of environmental management for rubber processing and rubber product manufacturing industries such as solving the operational problems of wastewater treatment plants, designing wastewater treatment plants and in the testing of the above mentioned parameters.


1 Tex. Penal Code Ann. arts. 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1196 (West 1961), transferred to Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. arts. 4512.1, 4512.2, 4512.3, 4512.4, 4512.6 (West 1976). See Tex. Acts 1973, ch. 399, § 5 & Disp. Table at 996e.
2 410 U.S. 113 (1973). Prior to Roe, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals rejected a constitutional challenge to the statutes. See Thompson v. State, 493 S.W.2d 913 (Tex. Crim. App. 1971), vacated and remanded, 410 U.S. 950 (1973), on remand, 493 S.W.2d 793 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973).
3 The statutes struck down in Roe have not been reprinted in the current volumes of either the Texas Revised Civil Statutes Annotated or the Texas Penal Code. The statutes, however, have not been expressly repealed.
4 See McCorvey v. Hill, 385 F.3d 846 (5th Cir. 2004), cert. denied, Feb. 22, 2005, Docket No 04-967.
5 Apart from the pre-Roe statutes, it is unlikely that the Texas post-viability statute, see Tex. Health & Safety Code § 170.002 (West 2001), would effectively prohibit post-viability abortions because it allows abortions for mental, as well as physical, health reasons. As the experience in California demonstrated, mental health exceptions were widely abused. See People v. Barksdale, 503 P.2d 257, 265 (Cal. 1972) (noting that more than 60,000 abortions were reported in 1970, more than 98% of which were performed for alleged reasons of mental health). such abortions to be performed to preserve the pregnant woman’s life or health, health not being defined in the statute. In interpreting the undefined health exception in the pre-Roe District of Columbia abortion statute, the Supreme Court held that “the general usage and modern understanding of the word ‘health’ . . . includes psychological as well as physical well-being.” United States v. Vuitch, 402 U.S. 62, 72 (1971). See also Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179, 192 (1973) (in determining whether an abortion is medically necessary, “all factors– physical, emotional, psychological, familial, and the woman’s age–relevant to the well-being of the patient” may be considered). There would be few, if any, abortions that could not be justified on psychological or emotional grounds.


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