Advent Valuation Advisors, LLC, takes great pleasure in announcing that Lorraine Barton, CPA/ABV/CFF, CIRA, CVA, MAFF, MBA, has been admitted to the partnership.
Lorraine joined Advent, an affiliate of accounting and advisory firm RBT CPAs, LLP, in 2015. She has an extensive and varied accounting, valuation and litigation-support background in private industry and public accounting.
Lorraine has provided bankruptcy-support services since 2002 and business valuation services since 2004. She previously served as interim chief financial officer of a $125 million credit card processing company operating in Chapter 11 bankruptcy, helping to facilitate the sale of the business and saving more than 100 jobs.
At Advent, she and her team provide valuation and litigation-support services to closely held businesses and their advisors for purposes including mergers and acquisitions, buy-sell agreements, divorce, estate and gift-tax planning and corporate reorganizations.
Lorraine has completed a 40-hour divorce mediation training program that meets the requirements of the New York Association of Collaborative Professionals. She and the firm have wide-ranging experience in matrimonial finance, including asset tracing, lifestyle analysis and forensic examination.
Lorraine lives in Fishkill and has two sons. She is a graduate of Leadership Orange and serves on the NYSSCPA Business Valuation Committee.
She is also a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), the National Association of Certified Valuators and Analysts (NACVA), the Association of Insolvency and Restructuring Advisors (AIRA) and the Hudson Valley Collaborative Divorce & Dispute Resolution Association (HVCDDRA).
On March 27, 2018 the New York Court of Appeals applied effective discounts and deductions amounting to 81.22%, or $3,938,928 on a 3.08% minority partnership interest in a partnership wrongful dissolution matter. The partnership, Poughkeepsie Galleria Company, owns, operates and manages a shopping mall, the Poughkeepsie Galleria Mall. We were not provided with any of the valuation reports related to the matter, and you know what they say about assuming. The standard of value utilized by the Court was going concern value, with a reduction for goodwill and discounts for a minority interest and lack of marketability.
In Congel v. Malfitano, the Court of Appeals applied the following deductions and discounts: 15% for goodwill, 35% for DLOM, and 66% for DLOC; resulting in effective deductions of 81.22%. No details were provided regarding how the business value (before deductions) was derived. The Plaintiffs’ valuation expert testified that the value of the Partnership included goodwill of 44%, and that a marketability discount of 35% and a minority discount of 66% applied to the matter. The Defendant’s valuation expert testified that the Partnership, a real estate holding company, did not possess goodwill, that a minority discount was not applicable when determining fair value, and that a 25% marketability discount applied to the matter.
New York Business Corporate Law §623(h)(4), which pertains to the procedure to enforce a shareholder’s right to receive payment for shares (for corporations and not partnerships), states “if the corporation fails to make such offer within such period of fifteen days, or if it makes the offer and any dissenting shareholder or shareholders fail to agree with it within the period of thirty days thereafter upon the price to be paid for their shares…The court shall determine the fair value of the shares without a jury and without referral to an appraiser or referee. Upon application by the corporation or by any shareholder who is a party to the proceeding, the court may, in its discretion, permit pretrial disclosure, including, but not limited to, disclosure of any expert’s reports relating to the fair value of the shares whether or not intended for use at the trial in the proceeding”.
The Appellate Division relied on Anastos v. Sable for guidance on its decision. Anastos v. Sable is a Massachusetts wrongful dissolution of a partnership by a minority shareholder case. The related Company was a real estate holding company located in a jurisdiction possessing a similar regulation excluding the value of the goodwill of the business in the settlement. In the Anastos v. Sable matter, the value of the net assets of the partnership were $2,494,005, indicating utilization of a cost approach in valuing the entity. The judge applied a discount of 40% to obtain what was termed “a minority interest going concern value” for a 33.33% partnership interest, with no mention made of a deduction for goodwill.
Lynda J. Oswald, in her article “Goodwill and Going-Concern Value: Emerging Factors in the Just Compensation Equation” sheds light on the goodwill and going concern topic. Her article originated from eminent domain proceedings and the related recovery of business losses. Oswald identifies goodwill and going concern value as closely-related, but separate, components of business value. With goodwill relating to the value which inheres in the fixed and favorable consideration of customers, rising from an established, well-known, well-conducted business that create an expectancy of earnings in excess of the normal returns on the tangible assets, and going-concern value created by such factors as avoidance of start-up costs, increased operating efficiency, and increased marketing and administration efficiencies. Goodwill reflects the existence or expectation of excess earnings, while going-concern value reflects the ability of an ongoing business to realize a higher rate of return than a newly established one. The Appellate Division decision appears to relate strongly to these concepts.
In addition to the legal foundation previous mentioned, my research on this topic identified that the SBA requires (in specified cases) going concern special purpose property appraisals be obtained from experienced and qualified appraisers. Special purpose properties are limited market properties with unique physical designs, special construction materials, or layouts that restrict their utility to the specific use for which the property was built. Their appraisals allocate separate values to the individual components of the transaction including land, building, equipment and intangible assets. Paul R. Hyde, EA, MCBA, ASA, ASA, MAI has written similarly on the topic in his article “Valuing Real Property Going Concerns”, and Mark T. Kenney, MAI, SRPA, MRICS, MBA in his article “Shopping Mall Valuation: Is There Intangible Value to Extract?” discusses the issue of intangible assets related to shopping mall real estate. If you haven’t guessed it by now, going concern special purpose property and real property going concern appraisals are a complex area of valuation, requiring real estate appraisal as well as business valuation competencies.
Without copies of the Congel v. Malfitano valuation reports, we are unable to determine with certainty whether they were going concern special purpose property or real property going concern appraisals. Based upon the history of the matter, my hypothesis is they were not. The Congel v. Malfitano decision underscores the importance of fully understanding the purpose of a valuation assignment and the applicable laws relating to the matter, as well as in seeking guidance on the appropriate appraisal for your case.
This article was intended to provide commentary on a controversial, recently decided valuation matter and does not constitute legal advice. If you have any questions or comments relating to this topic, please contact me at eonischuk@adventvalue.com.
 Lynda J. Oswald, Goodwill and Going-Concern Value: Emerging Factors in the Just Compensation Equation, 32 B.C.L. Rev. 283 (1991), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol32/iss2/1.
 SOP 50 10 5(H), SBA, https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/sops/SOP_50_10_5_H_FINAL_FINAL_CLEAN_ 5-1-15.pdf.
 Paul R. Hyde, EA, MCBA, ASA, ASA, MAI, Valuing Real Property Going Concerns, American Society of Appraisers, http://www.appraisers.org/docs/default-source/discipline_rp/hyde-valuing-real-property-going-concerns.pdf?sfvrsn=0.
 Mark T. Kenney, MAI, SRPA, MRICS, MBA, Shopping Mall Valuation: Is There Intangible Value to Extract?, American Society of Appraisers, http://www.appraisers.org/docs/default-source/discipline_rp/shopping-mall-valuation-is-there-intangible-value-to-extract-.pdf?sfvrsn=0.


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We present the latest release of the Lagrangian transport model FLEXPART, which simulates the transport, diffusion, dry and wet deposition, radioactive decay and first order chemical reactions of atmospheric tracers. The model has been recently updated, both technical and in the representation of physico-chemical processes. We describe the changes, document the most recent input and output files, provide working examples and introduce testing capabilities.
We present BC inversions at high northern latitudes in 2013–2015. The emissions were high close to the gas flaring regions in Russia and in western Canada. The posterior emissions of BC at latitudes > 50° N were estimated as 560 ± 171 kt yr-1, smaller than in bottom-up inventories. Posterior concentrations over the Arctic compared with independent observations from flight and ship campaigns showed small biases. Seasonal maxima were estimated in summer months due to biomass burning, mainly in Europe.
We simulate CH4 and CO2 using a zoomed global transport model with a horizontal resolution of ~50 km over South and East Asia, as well as a standard model version for comparison. Model performance is evaluated for both gases and versions at multiple timescales against a new collection of surface stations over this key GHG-emitting region. The evaluation at different timescales and comparisons between gases and model versions have implications for possible model improvements and inversions.
We present EC measurements from an uncertain region in terms of emissions (Russia). Its origin is quantified with a Lagrangian model that uses a recently developed feature that allows backward estimation of the specific source locations that contribute to the deposited mass. In NW European Russia transportation and domestic combustion from Finland was important. A systematic underestimation was found in W Siberia at places where gas flaring was important, implying miscalculation or sources.
We extend the backward modelling technique in the existing model FLEXPART to substances deposited at the Earth’s surface by wet scavenging and dry deposition. This means that for existing measurements of a substance in snow, ice cores or rain samples the source regions can be determined. This will help the interpretation of the measurement as well as gaining information of emission strength at the source of the deposited substance.
This is the first paper that attempts to assess the source term of the Chernobyl accident using not only activity concentrations but also deposition measurements. This is done by using the FLEXPART model combined with a Bayesian inversion algorithm. Our results show that the altitude of the injection during the first days of the accident might have reached up to 3 km, in contrast to what has been already reported (2.2 km maximum), in order the model to better match observations.
We developed the most comprehensive dataset of daily BC emissions from forest, grassland, shrubland, and savanna fires over northern Eurasia at a 500 m × 500 m resolution from 2002 to 2015. We examined the daily, seasonal, and interannual variability of BC emissions from fires in different ecosystems in the geopolitical regions of Russia, eastern Asia, central and western Asia, and Europe. The results are essential for modeling the transport and deposition of fire-emitted BC to the Arctic.
Processes affecting aerosol removal from the atmosphere are not fully understood. In this study we investigate to what extent atmospheric transport models can reproduce observed loss of aerosols. We compare measurements of radioactive isotopes, that attached to ambient sulfate aerosols during the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident, to 19 models using identical emissions. Results indicate aerosol removal that is too fast in most models, and apply to aerosols that have undergone long-range transport.
Natural and human-ignited fires affect all major biomes, and satellite observations provide evidence for rapid changes in global fire activity. The Global Fire Atlas of individual fire size, duration, speed, and direction is the first global data product on individual fire behavior. Moving towards a global understanding of individual fire behavior is a critical next step in fire research, required to understand how global fire regimes are changing in response to land management and climate.
Carbonaceous aerosols from natural sources were abundant regardless of season. Residential wood burning (RWB) emissions were occasionally equally as large as or larger than of fossil-fuel sources, depending on season and region. RWB emissions are poorly constrained; thus emissions inventories need improvement. Harmonizing emission factors between countries is likely the most important step to improve model calculations for biomass burning emissions and European PM2.5 concentrations in general.
This article presents the updated MAPIR algorithm, which uses infrared satellite data to obtain the global 3-D distribution of mineral aerosols. A description of the method together with its technical improvements is given. Additionally, a 10-year data set was generated and used to validate this new algorithm against AERONET, CALIOP, CATS and two ground-based lidar stations. We have shown that the new MAPIR algorithm provides reliable aerosol optical depth, dust layer mean altitude and profiles.
We measured atmospheric mixing ratios of methane over the Arctic Ocean around Svalbard and compared observed variations to inventories for anthropogenic, wetland, and biomass burning methane emissions and an atmospheric transport model. With knowledge of where variations were expected due to the aforementioned land-based emissions, we were able to identify and quantify a methane source from the ocean north of Svalbard, likely from sub-sea hydrocarbon seeps and/or gas hydrate decomposition.
This study presents an artificial release experiment aimed to improve the understanding of turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. A new set of image processing methods was developed to analyse the turbulent dispersion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) puffs. For this a tomographic setup of six SO2 cameras was used to image artificially released SO2 gas.
A Lagrangian particle dispersion model is used to simulate global fields of methane, constrained by observations through nudging. We show that this rather simple and computationally inexpensive method can give results similar to or as good as a computationally expensive Eulerian chemistry transport model with a data assimilation scheme. The three-dimensional methane fields are of interest to applications such as inverse modelling and satellite retrievals.
We use satellite data and model output to estimate how airborne particles (aerosols) affect cloud ice particles and droplets over the Arctic Ocean. Aerosols from sources like smoke and pollution can change cloud cover, precipitation frequency, and the portion of liquid- vs. ice-containing clouds, which in turn can impact the surface energy budget. By improving our understanding these aerosol–cloud interactions, this work can help climate predictions for the rapidly changing Arctic.
The aerosol layer height is one of four aerosol parameters which is needed to enhance our understanding of aerosols' role in the climate system. Both active and passive measurement methods may be used to estimate the aerosol layer height. Aerosol height estimates made from passive infrared and solar satellite sensors measurements are compared with satellite-borne lidar estimates. There is considerable variation between the retrieved dust heights and how they compare with the lidar.
We provide the scientific community with a SOFT-IO tool based on the coupling of Lagrangian modeling with emission inventories and aircraft CO measurements, which is able to calculate the contribution of the sources and geographical origins of CO measurements, with good performances. Calculated CO added-value products will help scientists in interpreting large IAGOS CO data set. SOFT-IO could further be applied to other CO data sets or used to help validate emission inventories.
In the fall of 2011, iodine-131 (131I) was detected at several radionuclide monitoring stations in central Europe. We estimate the source location and emission variation using only the available 131I measurements. Subsequently, we use the IAEA report about the source term for validation of our results. We find that our algorithm could successfully locate the actual release site. The findings are also in agreement with the values reported by the IAEA.
Observation of ice nuclei active at −8 °C show that rainfall drives their abundance throughout all seasons and that they are equally distributed amongst coarse and fine fraction of PM10. Concurrent measurements of fungal spore markers suggest that some fraction of INP-8 may consist of fungal spores during the warm part of the year. Snow cover suppresses the aerosolisation of ice nuclei. Changes in snow cover and rainfall may affect atmospheric concentrations of ice nuclei in future.
How much dust do Icelandic sources emit and where is this dust deposited? We modelled dust emission and transport from Icelandic sources over 27 years with FLEXPART. Results show that Icelandic dust sources can have emission rates similar to parts of the Sahara and considerable amounts of dust are deposited in the ocean and on glaciers.
An inversion method is tested in a forecasting setting for constraining ash dispersion by satellite observations. The sensitivity of a priori and satellite uncertainties is tested for the a posteriori term. The a posteriori is also tested with four different assumptions affecting the retrieved ash satellite data. In forecasting mode, the a posteriori changes after only 12 h of satellite observations and produces better forecasts than a priori.
We present the first use of spectrometer measurements from a drone to assess reflectance and albedo over the Greenland Ice Sheet. In order to measure albedo – a critical parameter in the earth's energy balance – a drone was flown along 200 km transects coincident with Terra and Aqua satellites flying MODIS. We present a direct comparison of UAV-measured reflectance with satellite data over Greenland and provide a new method to study cryospheric surfaces using UAV with spectral instruments.
Clouds have a major but uncertain effect on Arctic surface temperatures. Here, we used remote sensing observations to better understand aerosol effects on one type of Arctic cloud. By modifying a variety of cloud properties, aerosols in this type of cloud indirectly reduced the net warming effect of these clouds on the surface by ~ 10 % of the clean-background cloud effect, not including changes in cloud fraction. This work will improve our ability to predict future Arctic surface temperatures.
Ash deposits can be remobilized for years following a volcanic eruption, and the resulting resuspended ash clouds can pose a significant hazard to local populations and airports. The aim of this work is to improve our ability to forecast resuspended ash storms. We use satellite imagery to constrain the emission rate of resuspended particles in an atmospheric dispersion model used to forecast resuspension events in Iceland.
This work includes a study on the effects of dust deposition on the mass balance of Brúarjökull, an outlet glacier of Vatnajökull, Iceland's largest ice cap. A model was used to simulate dust deposition on the glacier, and these periods of dust were compared to albedo measurements at two weather stations on Brúarjökull to evaluate the dust impact. We determine the influence of dust events on the snow albedo and the surface energy balance.
Methane (CH4) fluxes were estimated for the high northern latitudes for 2005–2013 based on observations of atmospheric CH4 mixing ratios. Methane fluxes were found to be higher than prior estimates in northern Eurasia and Canada, especially in the Western Siberian Lowlands and the Canadian province Alberta. Significant inter-annual variations in the fluxes were found as well as a small positive trend. In Canada, the trend may be related to an increase in soil temperature over the study period.
Estimation of pollutant releases into the atmosphere is an important problem in the environmental sciences. We formulate a probabilistic model, where a full Bayesian estimation allows estimation of all tuning parameters from the measurements. The proposed algorithm is tested and compared with the state-of-the-art method on data from the European Tracer Experiment (ETEX), where advantages of the new method are demonstrated.
Increasing wildfire activities in the mountainous western US may present a challenge for the region to attain a recently revised ozone air quality standard in summer. We quantify the wildfire influence on the ozone variability, trends, and number of high ozone days over this region in summers 1989–2010 using a Lagrangian dispersion model and statistical regression models.
FLEXPART is a community model used by many scientists. Here, an alternative FLEXPART model version has been developed, tailored to use with the output data generated by the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM1-M). The model provides an advanced tool to analyse and diagnose atmospheric transport properties of the climate model NorESM. To validate the model, several tests were performed that offered the possibility to investigate some aspects of offline global dispersion modelling.
During volcanic eruptions the presence of ice clouds may affect the volcanic ash signal in infrared satellite measurements. By comparison of measured infrared spectra with spectra from a radiative transfer model including both ash and ice clouds, it is shown that during the Mt Kelud February 2014 eruption, both ash and ice clouds were present simultaneously. The presence of ice clouds lowers the estimated amount of volcanic ash in the atmosphere.
We analyze interactions of Arctic clouds with pollution plumes that have been transported long distances from midlatitudes. Constraining for meteorological state, we find that pollution decreases cloud-droplet effective radius and increases cloud optical depth. The impact is highest when the atmosphere is particularly humid and/or stable suggesting that aerosol–cloud interactions depend on the Arctic's climate.
This is the first study reporting top-down estimates of benzene and toluene emissions in southern China using atmospheric measurement data from a rural site in the area, an atmospheric transport model and an inverse modeling method. This study shows in detail the temporal and spatial differences between the inversion estimate and four different bottom-up emission inventories (RCP, REAS, MEIC; Yin et al., 2015). We propose that more observations are urgently needed in future.
The magnitude and makeup of error in cryospheric radiation observations due to small sensor misalignment in in situ measurements of solar irradiance is evaluated. It is shown that relatively minor sensor misalignments give significant errors in irradiance and hence albedo measurements. The total measurement error introduced by sensor tilt is dominated by the direct component. Significant measurement error can also persist in integrated daily irradiance and albedo.
Landscape fire plume height controls fire emissions release in the atmosphere, in particular their transport that may also affect the longevity, chemical conversion, and fate of the plumes chemical constituents. Here, we review how such landscape-scale fire smoke plume injection heights are represented in large-scale atmospheric transport models aiming to represent the impacts of wildfire emissions on component of the Earth system.
This paper presents a summary of the findings of the ECLIPSE EU project. The project has investigated the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived climate pollutants (especially methane, ozone, aerosols) and has designed a global mitigation strategy that maximizes co-benefits between air quality and climate policy. Transient climate model simulations allowed quantifying the impacts on temperature (e.g., reduction in global warming by 0.22K for the decade 2041-2050) and precipitation.
A detailed characterization of air quality in the Paris (France) agglomeration, a megacity, during two summer and winter intensive campaigns and from additional 1-year observations, revealed that about 70% of the fine particulate matter (PM) at urban background is transported into the megacity from upwind regions. Unexpectedly, a major part of organic PM is of modern origin (woodburning and cooking activities, secondary formation from biogenic VOC).
The concentrations of sulfate, black carbon and other aerosols in the Arctic are characterized by high values in late winter and spring (so-called Arctic Haze) and low values in summer. Models have long been struggling to capture this seasonality. In this study, we evaluate sulfate and BC concentrations from different updated models and emissions against a comprehensive pan-Arctic measurement data set. We find that the models improved but still struggle to get the maximum concentrations.
Water and ice clouds affect detection and retrieval of volcanic ash clouds by satellite instruments. Synthetic infrared satellite images were generated for the Eyjafjallajokull 2010 and Grimsvotn 2011 eruptions by combining weather forecast, ash transport and radiative transfer modelling. Clouds decreased the number of pixels identified as ash and generally increased the retrieved ash-mass loading compared to the cloudless case; however, large differences were seen between scenes.
The transport of Biomass Burning emissions in Chemical Transport Model rely on parametrization of plumes injection height. Using fire observation selected to ensure match-up of fire-atmosphere-plume dynamics; a popular plume rise model was improved and optimized. The resulting model shows response to the effect of atmospheric stability consistent with previous findings and is able to predict higher injection height than any other tested parametrizations, giving a closer match with observation.
How stratospheric are deep stratospheric intrusions?
The influence of cruise ship emissions on air pollution in Svalbard – a harbinger of a more polluted Arctic?
We have modelled biomass burning haze concentrations in Singapore between 2010 and 2015. The major contributing haze source regions at two monitoring stations located in the western and eastern part of Singapore, less than 30 km apart, show significant variation on seasonal and annual timescales, as well as between the stations. Our results show that haze concentrations in Singapore are driven by a combination of local and regional weather, climate, and the location of regional burning.
The model is able to represent LWP but not the LCF. AOD is consistent over the continent but also over ocean (ACAOD). Differences are observed in SSA due to the absence of internal mixing in ALADIN-Climate. A significant regional gradient of the forcing at TOA is observed. An intense positive forcing is simulated over Gabon. Results highlight the significant effect of enhanced moisture on BBA extinction. The surface dimming modifies the energy budget.
In this study, an Earth system model has been used to investigate climate feedbacks associated with increasing BVOC emissions due to higher CO2 concentrations and temperatures. Higher BVOC emissions associated with a changed climate are found to induce an important negative climate feedback through increased aerosol formation and resulting changes in cloud properties. This feedback is found to have the potential to offset about 13 % of the radiative forcing associated with a doubling of CO2.
In this study, we found that a cold front can transport air pollutants from the polluted North China Plain to the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), thereby deteriorating air quality over the YRD. Before the cold frontal passage, a warm and polluted air mass over YRD climbed to the free troposphere (1.0–2.0 km) along the frontal surface. After the cold frontal passage, high pressure behind the frontal zone resulted in a synoptic subsidence that trapped PM2.5 in the surface.
A global chemical-transport model is used to determine the impact of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) on the aerosol size distribution and associated radiative effects, testing varying assumptions of MSA’s effective volatility and nucleating ability. We find that MSA mass best matches the ATom airborne measurements when volatility varies as a function of temperature, relative humidity, and available gas-phase bases, and the MSA radiative forcing is on the order of -50 mW m-2 over the Southern Ocean.
The main uncertainties regarding the estimation of changes in the Earth’s energy budget are related to the role of atmospheric aerosols. Our study evaluates the representation of aerosol optical properties by different atmospheric chemistry models against remote-sensing observations in order to reduce this uncertainty. Results show that the representation of aerosol optical properties is strongly dependent on the used model.
Black carbon (BC) possesses complex minor structures besides the overall aggregate geometry, thus altering their optical properties. This study introduces volume variation to quantify and unify different minor structures and develops an empirical relation to account for their effects on BC optical properties. We find the effects of minor structures are mainly contributed by their influence on particle volume/mass, and a relative difference of 5 % is noticed after removing volume differences.
Long-term aerosol measurements from the IMPROVE network were used to investigate the simulation of mass scattering efficiency in the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. The simulation of mass scattering efficiency was developed to better represent observations by refining the representation of aerosol size and hygroscopicity. Simulated average mass scattering efficiency over North America increased by 16 %, with larger increases in northern regions and reductions in the southwest.
The present study provided information on specific glaciers over the Hindu Kush Himalayan region identified as being vulnerable to BC-induced impacts (affected by high BC-induced snow albedo reduction in addition to being sensitive to BC-induced impacts), thus impacting the downstream hydrology. The source-specific contribution to atmospheric BC aerosols by emission sources led to identifying the potential emission source, which was distinctive over south and north to 30° N.
Black carbon (BC) particles exert a potentially large warming influence on the Earth system. We evaluate regional climate responses, non-linearity, and short-term transient responses to BC emission perturbations. We found that climate responses do not scale linearity with emissions and BC impacts temperature much faster than greenhouse gas forcing. Removing present-day BC emissions results in discernible surface temperature changes for only limited regions of the globe.
We use a global climate model to study how anthropogenic emissions of short-lived atmospheric particles in different parts of the world influence the global temperature distribution. We find that the global mean temperature change per unit emission is similar for all emission regions, and the largest temperature response is found in the Arctic no matter where the emissions occur. However, for European emissions, the temperature change per unit emission is found to depend on emission strength.
Using MERRA-2 reanalysis daily data from 2001 to 2015, we found that during strong South Asian summer monsoon years, the Asian monsoon anticyclone is more expansive and shifted northward. All the CO, carbonaceous aerosols and dust are found to be more abundant in the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL). ATAL trends are associated with increasing strength of the AMA, with earlier and enhanced vertical transport of ATAL constituents by enhanced overshooting convection over the transport regions.
Asian dust is one of the important components in modern and past climate change via its effects, including snow-darkening and direct radiation. We employed model experiments to evaluate these effects on Indian monsoon and found that the monsoon onset responds significantly to both. Snow-darkening effect weakens the monsoon, but direct radiative effect intensifies it. Besides the previous Tibetan Plateau studies proposed, our work highlights the importance of temperature change over dust sources.
In this study, we fully describe black carbon wet removal coupled with all cloud processes from a cloud microphysics scheme in a climate model and conduct sensitivity simulations that turn off each cloud process one at a time. We find that convective scavenging, aerosol activation, ice nucleation, evaporation of rain–snow, and below-cloud scavenging dominate wet deposition of BC. In addition, the range of direct radiative forcing derived from sensitivity simulations is large, 0.09–0.33 W m−2.
Timescales for secondary organic aerosols to reach equilibrium were estimated under various temperatures and relative humidities. Equilibration timescales in the free troposphere can be longer than hours or days even at moderate or relatively high relative humidity. These results provide critical insights into thermodynamic or kinetic treatments of SOA partitioning for accurate predictions of gas- and particle-phase concentrations of semi-volatile compounds in chemical transport models.
Assumptions (ideality and thermodynamic equilibrium) commonly made in 3-dimensional air quality models were reconsidered to evaluate their impacts on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Non-ideality (short-, medium- and long-range interactions of organics and inorganics) influences SOA concentrations by about 30 % over Europe. If SOA are highly viscous rather than inviscid, hydrophobic SOA concentrations increase by 6 % but can increase by an order of magnitude for volatile compounds.
Diffuse light can increase the efficiency of vegetation photosynthesis. Diffuse light results from scattering by either clouds or aerosols in the atmosphere. During the dry season biomass burning (BB) on the edges of the Amazon rainforest contributes significantly to the aerosol burden over the entire region. We show that despite a modest effect of change in light conditions, the overall impact of BB aerosols on the vegetation is still important when indirect climate feedbacks are considered.
Atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols are able to absorb solar radiation and they continue to contribute some of the largest uncertainties in projected climate change. One important detail is how the chemical species are arranged inside each particle, i.e. the knowledge of their mixing state. We use an ensemble of regional model simulations to test different mixing state assumptions and found that a combination of internal and external mixing may better reproduce sunphotometer observations.
In climate models, organic carbon (OC) in wildfire smoke has been treated as an atmospheric cooling component by reflecting sunlight back to space. This study incorporates the observationally identified absorbing brown carbon component of OC into the Community Earth System Model, improving the agreement between the model and observations and effectively increasing absorption of solar radiation. This change contributes to altered atmospheric dynamics and changes in cloud cover in the model.
The explosive growth (EG) of PM2.5 resulted in a PM2.5 maximum, which was generally underestimated by atmospheric chemical models due to the deficient description of the local turbulence intermittent . The aerosol–radiation feedback (AF) and decrease in turbulence diffusion (DTD) may reduce the underestimation of PM2.5 EG by 20–25% and 14–20%, respectively. The modeled EG stage PM2.5 error was decreased from −40 to −51% to −11 to 2% by the combined effects of AF and DTD in Jing–Jin–Ji.
The impact of desert dust on cloud formation is investigated for a major Saharan dust event over Europe by interactive regional dust modeling. Dust particles are very efficient ice-nucleating particles promoting the formation of ice crystals in clouds. The simulations show that the observed extensive cirrus development was likely related to the above-average dust load. The interactive dust–cloud feedback in the model significantly improves the agreement with aircraft and satellite observations.
The most important number for future climate projections is Earth's climate sensitivity (CS), or how much warming will result from increased carbon dioxide. We cannot know the true CS, and estimates of CS from climate models have a wide range. This study identifies the major factors that control this range, and we show that the choice of methods used in creating a climate model are three times more important than fine-tuning the details of the model after it is created.
Aerosol nucleation exerts important influences on the climate, hydrological cycle, and air quality. We have developed an advanced physical–chemical model that describes ion-induced and neutral nucleation involving ammonia, sulfuric acid, and water vapors. The model is shown to reproduce laboratory measurements taken under a wide range of conditions, offers physiochemical insights into the ternary nucleation process, and provides an accurate approach to calculate ternary rate in the atmosphere.
An EnKF system was developed to simultaneously assimilate multiple surface measurements, including PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO, via the joint adjustment of ICs and source emissions. Large improvements were achieved in the first 24 h forecast for PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and CO during an extreme haze episode that occurred in early October 2014 over the North China Plain, but no improvements were achieved for NO2 and O3.
The surface tension of aqueous NaCl (σ) is investigated by molecular dynamics simulations from dilute to highly supersaturated solutions. The linear approximation of concentration dependence of σ at molality scale can be extended to the supersaturated NaCl solution until the solute mass fraction (xNaCl) of ~0.39. After that, the σ remains almost unchanged until an xNaCl of ~0.47. Then the σ gradually regains the growing momentum with a tendency to approach the surface tension of molten NaCl.
This work develops a model for ice formation mediated by particles immersed within droplets. Ice nucleation is not only enhanced by the modification of the thermodynamic properties of the vicinal water but is also inhibited by decreased water mobility near the particle. The ice nucleation rate is thus determined by competing kinetic and thermodynamic factors during ice formation. A new regime where ice nucleation is mediated mainly by kinetics instead of thermodynamics is discovered.
The absorption enhancement of black carbon with brown coatings is investigated. In addition, the ratio of the absorption of BC coated by brown carbon (BrC) to an external mixture of BrC and BC (Eabs_internal) is also investigated. The lensing effect and sunglasses effect are clearly defined. The applicability of the core–shell sphere model was investigated. The effects of the size distribution, fractal dimension, and wavelength dependency are also explored.
International shipping emissions (ISE) can influence the global radiation budget. Using an Earth system model, we derive a significant global cloud radiative effect (CRE) of ISE (−0.153 W m−2) when using current emissions. This CRE would become weaker (−0.001 W m−2) if a more stringent regulation were adopted. The CRE would achieve a significant enhancement when a lower DMS emission is prescribed. These findings suggest a reevaluation of the ISE-induced CRE with consideration of DMS variability.
This paper discusses the importance of aerosol water for aerosol optical depth calculations using a long-term evaluation of the global chemistry climate and Earth system model EMAC through a comparison of EQSAM4clim and ISORROPIA II with observations at climate timescales. Sensitivity studies with different levels of chemical aging and associated water uptake demonstrate the importance of aerosol water for climate modeling studies.
We investigate the vertical distribution, transport characteristics, source contribution and meteorological feedback of dust, biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion aerosols for a unique pollution episode that occurred in late March 2015 in eastern Asia, based on various measurement data and modeling methods. We found that cold front played an important role in the long-range transport of different pollutants and caused a three-layer vertical structure of pollutants over eastern China.
Light-absorbing impurities enhance snowmelt by boosting the absorption of solar energy. It is therefore important for coupled aerosol–climate and ice sheet models to include this effect, and yet most do not. We conduct several thousand simulations and develop a kernel and linear equations relating melt runoff on the Greenland Ice Sheet to the timing and amount of black carbon within precipitation and dry deposition, which can be used to extend the utility of state-of-the-art aerosol models.
Anthropogenic emissions of aerosol particles likely cool the climate system. We investigate the uncertainty in the strength of the cooling effect by exploring the representation of aerosols in a global climate model. We conclude that the specific representation of aerosols in global climate models has important implications for climate modelling. Important factors include the representation of aerosol mixing state, size distribution, and optical properties.
How important for clouds is the ability of biological particles to glaciate droplets at little supercooling? In a case study, the regional atmospheric model COSMO–ART is used. Perturbed and control runs are compared. The number of ice particles that are nucleated by biological particles is highest at around −10 °C. No significant influence on the average state of the cloud ice phase was found. However, the number of ice crystals is slightly enhanced in the absence of other ice nucleators.
Particles in the atmosphere, such as pollution, desert dust, and volcanic ash, have an impact on meteorology. They interact with incoming radiation resulting in a cooling effect of the atmosphere. Today, the use of meteorology and chemistry models help us to understand these processes, but there are a lot of uncertainties. The goal of this work is to evaluate how these interactions are represented in the models by comparing them to satellite data to see how close they are to reality.
We present a new description for the continuous transition of soluble atmospheric particulate from dry to completely dissolved particles. The theoretical development is motivated by observations that suggest particle surfaces begin to dissolve even at very low relative humidities. The results extend the understanding of the potential phase behavior of atmospheric particles with a wide range of implications.
Water uptake can significantly increase the size and therefore alters the optical properties of aerosols. Our model study reveals that the high moisture and aerosol burden in the southern West African monsoon layer makes it favorable to quantify properties that determine the aerosol liquid water content and its impact on the aerosol optical depth and radiative transfer. Especially in moist tropical environments the relative humidity impact on AOD has to be considered in atmospheric models.
Economic loss from disease-induced working time loss reached CNY 398 billion in China 2012. Most is from Eastern and Mid-South China. Mid-South, North, and Eastern China showed most indirect loss. Indirect loss in North, Northwest, and Southwest China is from manufacturing and energy from other regions, while loss in Eastern, Mid-South, and Northeast China is from coal and mining, implying the role of distance in regional links and varied regional loss due to different economic dependencies.
Can semi-volatile organic aerosols lead to fewer cloud particles?
PMCAMx-UF, a 3-D chemical transport model focusing on the simulation of ultrafine particles, has been extended with the addition of the volatility basis set (VBS) approach for the simulation of organic aerosol. The model was applied in Europe and its predictions were evaluated against field observations collected during the PEGASOS 2012 campaign. The condensation of organics led to an increase (50–120 %) in the larger particles but the total number concentration decreased by 10–30 %.
New particle formation involving sulfuric acid, bases and organic compounds is an important source of atmospheric aerosol particles. We investigate the capability of nano-Köhler theory to describe this process by simulating the dynamics of atmospheric molecular clusters. We find that nano-Köhler-type behavior occurs in our simulations when the saturation ratio of the organic vapor and the ratio between organic and inorganic vapor concentrations are in a suitable range.
Atmospheric aerosol particles may undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) when exposed to varying relative humidity, with an aqueous organic phase enclosing an aqueous inorganic phase below a threshold of relative humidity. Brown carbon (BrC) compounds will redistribute to the organic phase upon LLPS. We use numerical modeling to study the shortwave radiative impact of LLPS containing BrC and conclude that it is not significant for atmospheric aerosol.
We estimate the uncertainty in an aerosol–climate model that has been tuned to match several common types of observations. We used a large set of model simulations and built emulators so that we could generate 4 million “variants” of our climate model. Even after using nine aerosol and cloud observations to constrain the model, the uncertainty remains large. We conclude that estimates of aerosol forcing from multi-model studies are likely to be more uncertain than currently estimated.
This study evaluates impacts of surface seawater dimethylsulfide on Arctic sulfate aerosol budget, changes in cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), and cloud radiative forcing under current and future sea ice conditions using an atmospheric global climate model. In the future, sulfate wet removal efficiency is increased by enhanced precipitation, however, simulated aerosol nucleation rates are higher, which result in an overall increase in CDNC and negative cloud radiative forcing.
In this work, we investigated the role of emission reductions on aerosol acidity and particulate nitrate. We found that models exhibit positive biases in pH predictions, attributed to very high levels of crustal elements (Mg, Ca, K) in model simulations, which in turn led to an increasing aerosol pH trend over the past decade and allowed nitrate to become an important component of aerosol, which is inconsistent with the measurements, highlighting the importance of accurate pH prediction.
This study extends our previous investigation in dust–radiation interactions to investigate SRF and its feedbacks on the regional climate and the dust cycle over east Asia by use of the CAM4-BAM. Our results show that SRF increases the east Asian dust emissions significantly by 13.7 % in the spring, in contrast to −7.6 % of decreased dust emissions by DRF. Hence, a significant feature of SRF on the Tibetan Plateau can create a positive feedback loop to enhance the dust cycle over east Asia.
How reliable are CMIP5 models in simulating dust optical depth?
Biases in dust modeling may result in biases in simulating energy budget and regional climate. Output of seven Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models is examined. Seasonal cycle and spatial pattern of dust optical depth (DOD) in very dusty regions are largely captured by multi-model mean. But observed connections between DOD and local controlling factors such as bareness are not well represented. Future projections by CMIP5 models and a regression model are also analyzed.
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Data protection | DICO e.V.
Thank you for your interest in our company. Data protection is of particular importance to the management of the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V.. Use of the Internet pages of the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. is generally possible without the disclosure of any personal data. However, if a data subject wishes to make use of special services of our company via our website, it may be necessary to process personal data. If the processing of personal data is necessary and there is no legal basis for such processing, we generally obtain the consent of the data subject.
The processing of personal data, such as the name, address, e-mail address or telephone number of a person concerned, is always carried out in accordance with the Basic Data Protection Ordinance and in accordance with the country-specific data protection regulations applicable to the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. (German Institute for Compliance). By means of this data protection declaration, our company would like to inform the public about the type, scope and purpose of the personal data collected, used and processed by us. Furthermore, data subjects will be informed of their rights by means of this data protection declaration.
The Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V., as the person responsible for processing, has implemented numerous technical and organisational measures to ensure that the personal data processed via this website is protected as completely as possible. Nevertheless, Internet-based data transmissions can have security gaps, so that absolute protection cannot be guaranteed. For this reason, every person concerned is free to transmit personal data to us by alternative means, for example by telephone.
The data protection declaration of the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. is based on the terms used by the European Directive and Ordinance Giver when the Basic Data Protection Ordinance (DS-GVO) was issued. Our data protection declaration should be easy to read and understand both for the public and for our customers and business partners. To ensure this, we would like to explain the terms used in advance.
Personal data are all information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (hereinafter „data subject“). Identifiable is a natural person who can be identified directly or indirectly, in particular by assignment to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or one or more special characteristics that express the physical, physiological, genetic, psychological, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural person.
German Institute for Compliance e.V.
The website of the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. collects a series of general data and information each time a person or an automated system accesses the website. This general data and information is stored in the log files of the server. We may record (1) the browser types and versions used, (2) the operating system used by the accessing system, (3) the website from which an accessing system reaches our website (so-called referrer), (4) the subwebsites which are accessed via an accessing system on our website, (5) the date and time of access to the Website, (6) an Internet Protocol address (IP address), (7) the Internet service providers of the accessing system, and (8) other similar data and information used for security purposes in the event of attacks on our information technology systems.
When using this general data and information, the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. does not draw any conclusions about the person concerned. Rather, this information is required to (1) correctly deliver the contents of our website, (2) optimize the contents of our website and the advertising for it, (3) ensure the permanent functionality of our information technology systems and the technology of our website, and (4) provide law enforcement authorities with the information necessary for criminal prosecution in the event of a cyber attack. These anonymously collected data and information are therefore evaluated by the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. on the one hand statistically and on the other hand with the aim of increasing data protection and data security in our company in order to ultimately achieve an optimal level of protection for the data processed by us.
You can revoke your consent to the storage of the data, the e-mail address and its use for sending the newsletter at any time. The revocation can take place via a link in the newsletters themselves or by notification to the above contact possibilities.
The newsletter is sent via „MailChimp“, a newsletter distribution platform of the US provider Rocket Science Group, LLC, 675 Ponce De Leon Ave NE #5000, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA.
The e-mail addresses of our newsletter recipients, as well as their further data described in the context of these notes, are stored on the servers of MailChimp in the USA. MailChimp uses this information to send and evaluate the newsletter on our behalf. Furthermore, MailChimp can use this data according to its own information to optimize or improve its own services, e.g. to technically optimize the sending and presentation of the newsletter or for economic purposes, in order to determine from which countries the recipients come. However, MailChimp does not use the data of our newsletter recipients to write them down itself or passes the data on to third parties.
We trust in the reliability and IT and data security of MailChimp. MailChimp is certified under the US-EU data protection agreement „Privacy Shield“ and thus commits itself to comply with EU data protection regulations. Furthermore, we have concluded a data processing agreement with MailChimp. This is a contract in which MailChimp undertakes to protect the data of our users, to process them on our behalf in accordance with their data protection regulations and in particular not to pass them on to third parties. The data protection regulations of MailChimp can be viewed here.
You can cancel the receipt of our newsletter at any time, i.e. revoke your consent. At the same time your consents to its dispatch via MailChimp and the statistical analyses expire. A separate cancellation of the dispatch via MailChimp or the statistical evaluation is unfortunately not possible. You will find a link to cancel the newsletter at the end of each newsletter.
The newsletters contain a so-called „web-beacon“, i.e. a pixel-sized file that is retrieved from the MailChimp server when the newsletter is opened. Within the scope of this retrieval, technical information, such as information about the browser and your system, as well as your IP address and time of retrieval are initially collected. This information is used to technically improve the services based on the technical data or the target groups and their reading behaviour based on their retrieval locations (which can be determined using the IP address) or access times.
Due to legal regulations, the website of the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. contains information that enables rapid electronic contact with our company and direct communication with us, which also includes a general address for so-called electronic mail (e-mail address). If a data subject contacts the data controller via e-mail or a contact form, the personal data transmitted by the data subject will be stored automatically. Such personal data voluntarily provided by a data subject to the controller will be stored for the purpose of processing or contacting the data subject. This personal data is not passed on to third parties.
The Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. offers users the opportunity to leave individual comments on individual blog posts on a blog located on the website of the person responsible for the processing. A blog is a portal on a website, usually open to the public, in which one or more people who are called bloggers or web bloggers can post articles or write down thoughts in so-called blog posts. The blog posts can usually be commented by third parties.
If a person leaves a comment in the blog published on this website, not only the comments left by the person concerned but also details of the time of entering the comment and the user name (pseudonym) chosen by the person concerned are stored and published. Furthermore, the IP address assigned to the person concerned by the Internet service provider (ISP) is logged. This IP address is stored for security reasons and in the event that the person concerned violates the rights of third parties or posts illegal content by submitting a comment. The storage of this personal data is therefore in the personal interest of the data controller, so that he or she can exculpate himself or herself in the event of a violation of the law. The personal data collected will not be disclosed to third parties, unless such disclosure is required by law or serves the legal defence of the data controller.
The comments posted on the blog of the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. can be subscribed to by third parties. In particular, it is possible for a commentator to subscribe to the comments that follow his comment on a particular blog post.
If one of the above-mentioned reasons applies and a data subject wishes to have personal data stored at Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. deleted, he or she may contact our data protection officer or another employee of the data controller at any time. The data protection officer of the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. or another employee will arrange for the request for deletion to be complied with immediately.
If the personal data was made public by the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. and if our company, as the person responsible, is obliged to delete the personal data in accordance with Art. 17 Para. 1 DS-GVO, the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. will take the following action to inform other data processors processing the published personal data, taking into account available technology and implementation costs, that the data subject has requested the deletion of all links to such personal data or of copies or replications of such personal data from those other data processors, where processing is not necessary. The data protection officer of the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. or another employee will take the necessary steps in individual cases.
If one of the above conditions is met and a data subject wishes to request the restriction of personal data stored by the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V., he can contact our data protection officer or another employee of the data controller at any time. The data protection officer of the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. or another employee will arrange for the processing to be restricted.
To assert the right to data transferability, the person concerned can contact the data protection officer appointed by the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. or another employee at any time.
The Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. will no longer process personal data in the event of an objection, unless we can prove compelling reasons worthy of protection for the processing, which outweigh the interests, rights and freedoms of the person concerned, or the processing serves to assert, exercise or defend legal claims.
If the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. processes personal data in order to conduct direct advertising, the person concerned has the right to object at any time to the processing of personal data for the purpose of such advertising. This also applies to profiling insofar as it is connected with such direct advertising. If the person concerned objects to the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. processing for direct advertising purposes, the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. will no longer process the personal data for these purposes.
In addition, the data subject has the right to object to the processing of personal data concerning him/her which is carried out at the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. for scientific or historical research purposes or for statistical purposes pursuant to Art. 89 para. 1 DS-GVO for reasons arising from his or her particular situation, unless such processing is necessary to fulfil a task in the public interest.
To exercise the right of objection, the person concerned can contact the data protection officer of the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. or another employee directly. The data subject shall also be free to exercise his right of opposition in relation to the use of information society services by means of automated procedures using technical specifications, notwithstanding Directive 2002/58/EC.
If the decision (1) is necessary for the conclusion or fulfilment of a contract between the data subject and the data controller or (2) is made with the express consent of the data subject, the Deutsches Institut für Compliance e.V. takes appropriate measures to protect the rights and freedoms as well as the legitimate interests of the data subject, including at least the right to obtain the intervention of a data controller, to state his own position and to contest the decision.
The controller has integrated components of LinkedIn Corporation on this website. LinkedIn is an Internet-based social network that enables users to connect to existing business contacts and make new business contacts. More than 400 million registered users in more than 200 countries use LinkedIn. This makes LinkedIn currently the largest platform for business contacts and one of the most visited websites in the world.
Each time our website is accessed and equipped with a LinkedIn component (LinkedIn plug-in), this component causes the browser used by the person concerned to download a corresponding representation of the LinkedIn component. Further information on the LinkedIn plug-ins can be found at https://developer.linkedin.com/plugins In the course of this technical procedure, LinkedIn is informed which specific subpage of our website is visited by the person concerned.
If the person concerned is simultaneously logged in to LinkedIn, every time the person concerned visits our website and for the entire duration of the respective stay on our website, LinkedIn recognizes which specific subpage of our website the person concerned visits. This information is collected by the LinkedIn component and assigned by LinkedIn to the respective LinkedIn account of the person concerned. If the person concerned clicks a LinkedIn button integrated on our website, LinkedIn assigns this information to the personal LinkedIn user account of the person concerned and stores this personal data.
LinkedIn receives information via the LinkedIn component that the person concerned has visited our website whenever the person concerned is logged in to LinkedIn at the same time as accessing our website; this happens regardless of whether the person concerned clicks on the LinkedIn component or not. If such a transmission of this information to LinkedIn is not desired by the person concerned, he can prevent the transmission by logging out of his LinkedIn account before calling up our website.
The controller has integrated components from Xing on this website. Xing is an Internet-based social network that enables users to connect to existing business contacts and make new business contacts. Individual users can create a personal profile of themselves at Xing. For example, companies can create company profiles or publish job offers on Xing.
Each time one of the individual pages of this website is called up, which is operated by the controller and on which a Xing component (Xing plug-in) has been integrated, the Internet browser on the information technology system of the person concerned is automatically prompted by the respective Xing component to download a representation of the corresponding Xing component from Xing. More information about the Xing plug-ins can be found at https://dev.xing.com/plugins As part of this technical process, Xing is informed about which specific subpage of our website is visited by the person concerned.
If the person concerned is logged in to Xing at the same time, Xing recognizes with every visit to our website by the person concerned and for the entire duration of the respective stay on our website which specific subpage of our website the person concerned visits. This information is collected by the Xing component and assigned to the respective Xing account of the person concerned by Xing. If the person concerned presses one of the Xing buttons integrated on our website, for example the „Share“ button, Xing assigns this information to the personal Xing user account of the person concerned and stores this personal data.
Xing receives information via the Xing component that the person concerned has visited our website whenever the person concerned is logged in to Xing at the same time as accessing our website; this happens regardless of whether the person concerned clicks on the Xing component or not. If such a transmission of this information to Xing is not desired by the person concerned, he can prevent the transmission by logging out of his Xing account before calling up our website.
The data protection regulations published by Xing, which can be accessed at https://www.xing.com/privacy, provide information on the collection, processing and use of personal data by Xing. Xing has also published privacy notices for the XING share button at https://www.xing.com/app/share?op=data_protection.
Art. 6 I lit. a DS-GMO serves our company as a legal basis for processing operations for which we obtain consent for a specific processing purpose. If the processing of personal data is necessary for the performance of a contract to which the data subject is a party, as is the case for example with processing operations necessary for the delivery of goods or the provision of other services or consideration, the processing is based on Art. 6 I lit. b DS-GMO. The same applies to such processing processes that are necessary to carry out pre-contractual measures, for example in cases of enquiries about our products or services. If our company is subject to a legal obligation which requires the processing of personal data, for example to fulfil tax obligations, the processing is based on Art. 6 I lit. c DS-GMO. In rare cases, the processing of personal data may become necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or another natural person. This would be the case, for example, if a visitor were injured in our company and his name, age, health insurance data or other vital information had to be passed on to a doctor, a hospital or other third parties. The processing would then be based on Art. 6 I lit. d DS-GMO. Ultimately, processing operations could be based on Art. 6 I lit. f DS-GMO. Processing operations which are not covered by any of the aforementioned legal bases are based on this legal basis if processing is necessary to safeguard a legitimate interest of our company or a third party, provided that the interests, fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject do not prevail. Such processing procedures are permitted to us in particular because they have been specifically mentioned by the European legislator. In this respect, it took the view that a legitimate interest could be assumed if the person concerned is a customer of the person responsible (recital 47, second sentence, DS-GMO).
If the processing of personal data is based on Article 6 I lit. f DS-GMO, it is in our legitimate interest to conduct our business for the well-being of all our employees and our shareholders.
This data protection declaration was generated by the data protection declaration generator of the German Association for Data Protection, the sample data protection declaration, which, in cooperation with RC GmbH, recycles used mobile phones and creates the warning specialists of the law firm of WILDE BEUGER SOLMECKE | Rechtsanwälte.

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