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A. Trokiner, A. Yakubovskii, S. Verkhovskii, A. Gerashenko, and D. Khomskii. O-17 nmr as a conclusive probe of charge-ordering models in half-doped manganites. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 74(092403), 2006.
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Y. Kasahara, Y. Nakajima, K. Izawa, Y. Matsuda, K. Behnia, H. Shishido, R. Settai, and Y. Onuki. Anomalous quasiparticle transport in the superconducting state of cecoin5. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 72(21) :214515, 2005.
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Bontemps N. Lobo R.P.S.M. Greene R.L. Zimmers, A. Reflectivity of optimally doped and underdoped pr2-x cexcuo4. PHYSICA C, 408-410 :748–749, 2005.
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M. Aprili, T. Kontos, W. Guichard, J. Lesueur, and P. Gandit. Ferromagnetic pi-junctions. PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 408-10 :606–609, 2004.
K. Behnia, C. Capan, and R. Bel. Nernst effect in underdoped cuprates. PHYSICA C SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 408-10 :326–327, 2004.
K. Behnia, D. Jaccard, and J. Flouquet. On the thermoelectricity of correlated electrons in the zero-temperature limit. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER, 16(28) :5187–5198, 2004.
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R. Bel, K. Behnia, C. Proust, P. van der Linden, D. Maude, and S. I. Vedeneev. Test of the wiedemann-franz law in an optimally doped cuprate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 92(17) :177003, 2004.
R. Bel, K. Behnia, C. Proust, P. van der Linden, D. Maude, and S. I. Vedeneev. Transport of charge and entropy in the normal state of an optimally doped cuprate at t=0 limit. PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 408-10 :703–704, 2004.
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M. Cazayous, A. Sacuto, G. Horowitz, P. Lang, A. Zimmers, and R. P. S. M. Lobo. Iodine insertion in pentacene thin films investigated by infrared and raman spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 70(8) :081309(R), 2004.
L. H. Greene, P. J. Hentges, H. Aubin, M. Aprili, E. Badica, M. Covington, M. M. Pafford, G. Westwood, W. G. Klemperer, S. Jian, and D. G. Hinks. Detection and control of broken symmetries with andreev bound state tunneling spectroscopy : effects of atomic-scale disorder. PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 408-10 :804–806, 2004.
G. Horowitz, P. Lang, M. Mottaghi, and H. Aubin. Extracting parameters from the currentvoltage characteristics of field-effect transistors. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, 14(11) :1069– 1074, 2004.
W. Kalb, P. Lang, M. Mottaghi, H. Aubin, G. Horowitz, and M.Wuttig. Structure-performance relationship in pentacene/al2o3 thin-film transistors. SYNTHETIC METALS, 146(3) :279–282, 2004.
T. Kontos, M. Aprili, J. Lesueur, X. Grison, and L. Dumoulin. Superconducting proximity effect at the paramagnetic-ferromagnetic transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 93(13), 2004.
S. Marchand, A. Trokiner, A. Yakubobskii, A. Knizhnik, and Y Eckstein. 43ca nmr study of the doping influence of the calcium content in the high-temperature superconductor (caxla1x)(ba1.75 xla0.25+x)cu3oy4. PHYSICA C 408-410, 826-827 (2004), 408-410 :826–827, 2004.
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A. W. Metz, J. R. Ireland, J. G. Zheng, R. P. S. M. Lobo, Y. Yang, J. Ni, C. L. Stern, V. P. Dravid, N. Bontemps, C. R. Kannewurf, K. R. Poeppelmeier, and T. J. Marks. Transparent conducting oxides : Texture and microstructure effects on charge carrier mobility in mocvdderived cdo thin films grown with a thermally stable, low-melting precursor. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 126(27) :8477–8492, 2004.
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A. F. Santander-Syro, R. P. S. M. Lobo, N. Bontemps, Z. Konstantinovic, Z. Z. Li, and H. Raffy. Energy scales of the excitations associated with superconductivity : an analysis of the infraredvisible in-plane response of bi2sr2cacu2o8+delta. PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS,408-10 :721–724, 2004.
A. F. Santander-Syro, R. P. S. M. Lobo, N. Bontemps, W. Lopera, D. Girata, Z. Konstantinovic, Z. Z. Li, and H. Raffy. In-plane electrodynamics of the superconductivity in bi2sr2cacu2o8+delta : Energy scales and spectral weight distribution. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 70(13) :134514, 2004.
A. Trokiner, A. Bessiere, R. Thouvenot, D. Hau, J. Marko, W. Nardello, C. Pierlot, and J. M. Aubry. Solid state and solution ca-43 nmr of calcium peroxides involved in the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide by calcium hydroxide. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE, 25(4) :209–215, 2004.
A. Trokiner, Y. Piskunov, A. Gerashenko, A. Pogudin, K. Mikhalev, A. Yakubovsky, and S. Verkhovskii. Distribution of electron density in bapb1-xbixo3 evidenced by pb-207 and o-17 nmr. PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 408-10 :824–825, 2004.
P.J.E.M. Van Der Liden and K. Behnia. Measuring thermal conductivity in extreme conditions : Sub-kelvin temperatures and high (27t) magnetic fields. REV. SCIENT. INSTRUM., 75(273), 2004.
T Miki, T Ogawa, T Isobe, and H Sfihi. Low-temperature synthesis of nanosize Zn2SiO4 : Mn2+ phosphor from the precursor sol in supercritical ethanol and its photoluminescent properties. JOURNAL OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 31(1-3) :73–77, 2004.
Pjem van der Linden and K. Behnia. Measuring thermal conductivity in extreme conditions : Sub-kelvin temperatures and high (27 t) magnetic fields. REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS,75(1) :273–275, 2004.
A. Zimmers, R. P. S. M. Lobo, N. Bontemps, C. P. Hill, and R. L. Greene. Reflectivity of optimally doped and underdoped pr2-xcexcuo4-delta. PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 408-10 :748–749, 2004.
A. Zimmers, R. P. S. M. Lobo, N. Bontemps, C. C. Homes, M. C. Barr, Y. Dagan, and R. L. Greene. Infrared signature of the superconducting state in pr2-xcexcuo4. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 70(13) :132502, 2004.
R. Bel, K. Behnia, and H. Berger. Ambipolar nernst effect in nbse2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 91(6) :066602, 2003.
C. Capan, K. Behnia, Z. Z. Li, H. Raffy, and C. Marin. Anomalous dissipation in the mixed state of underdoped cuprates close to the superconductor-insulator boundary. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 67(10) :100507, 2003.
J. Dumont, M. Moragues, B. Leridon, J. Lesueur, and J. P. Contour. New insight on spin polarized current injection in high-t-c cuprate/manganite devices. EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B, 35(3) :331–337, 2003.
L. H. Greene, P. Hentges, H. Aubin, M. Aprili, E. Badica, M. Covington, M. M. Pafford, G. Westwood, W. G. Klemperer, S. Jian, and D. G. Hinks. Planar tunneling spectroscopy of high-temperature superconductors : Andreev bound states and broken symmetries. PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 387(1-2) :162–168, 2003.
W. Guichard, M. Aprili, O. Bourgeois, T. Kontos, J. Lesueur, and P. Gandit. Phase sensitive experiments in ferromagnetic-based josephson junctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 90(16), 2003.
P. J. Hentges, G. Westwood, H. Aubin, W. G. Klemperer, and L. H. Greene. Solution-growth of ultra-thin, insulating layers of zirconia for passivation and tunnel junction fabrication on ybco thin films. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, 13(2) :801–804, 2003. Part 1.
S. J. Kim, X. Grison, G. Passerieux, J. Ayache, J. Lesueur, and F. Lalu. High-quality 100 and 110 yba2cu3o7-delta films for josephson tunnelling. JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH, 249(1-2) :186– 190, 2003.
T. Kontos, M. Aprili, J. Lesueur, F. Genet, R. Boursier, and X. Grison. Inhomogeneous superconductivity in a ferromagnet. PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER, 329 :1265–1266, 2003. Part 2.
B. Leridon, A. Defossez, J. Dumont, J. Lesueur, and J. P. Contour. Comment on "conductivity of underdoped yba2cu3o7-delta : Evidence for incoherent pair correlations in the pseudogap regime" - reply. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 90(179704), 2003.
S. Nakamae, K. Behnia, N. Mangkorntong, M. Nohara, H. Takagi, S. J. C. Yates, and N. E. Hussey. The ground state of heavily-overdoped non-superconducting la2-xsrxcuo4. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 68(10) :100502, 2003.
P. Padhan, R. C. Budhani, and R. P. S. M. Lobo. Overdamped interlayer exchange coupling and disorder-dominated magnetoresistance in la0.7ca0.3mno3/lanio3 superlattices. EUROPHYSICS LETTERS, 63(5) :771–777, 2003.
N. K. Pandey, R. P. S. M. Lobo, and R. C. Budhani. Electric-field-tuned metallic fraction and dynamic percolation in a charge-ordered manganite. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 67(5) :054413, 2003.
F. Sakran, A. Copty, M. Golosovsky, N. Bontemps, D. Davidov, and A. Frenkel. Electron spin resonance microscopic surface imaging using a microwave scanning probe. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, 82(9) :1479–1481, 2003.
A. F. Santander-Syro, R. P. S. M. Lobo, N. Bontemps, Z. Konstantinovic, Z. Z. Li, and H. Raffy. Pairing in cuprates from high-energy electronic states. EUROPHYSICS LETTERS, 62(4) :568–574, 2003.
S. Sauvage, P. Boucaud, F. Bras, G. Fishman, R. P. S. M. Lobo, F. Glotin, R. Prazeres, J. M. Ortega, and J. M. Gerard. Polaron relaxation in inas/gaas self-assembled quantum dots. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC RESEARCH, 238(2) :254–257, 2003.
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matches: V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V.


text:
n. - A covering for the head.
n. - Anything regarded as extended over the head, as the arch or concave of the sky, the roof of a house, the arch over a door.
n. - An ecclesiastical vestment or cloak, semicircular in form, reaching from the shoulders nearly to the feet, and open in front except at the top, where it is united by a band or clasp. It is worn in processions and on some other occasions.
n. - An ancient tribute due to the lord of the soil, out of the lead mines in Derbyshire, England.
n. - The top part of a flask or mold; the outer part of a loam mold.
v. t. - To bargain for; to buy.
v. t. - To make return for; to requite; to repay.
v. t. - To match one's self against; to meet; to encounter.
v. i. - To form a cope or arch; to bend or arch; to bow.
v. t. - To pare the beak or talons of (a hawk).
v. i. - To exchange or barter.
v. i. - To encounter; to meet; to have to do with.
v. i. - To enter into or maintain a hostile contest; to struggle; to combat; especially, to strive or contend on equal terms or with success; to match; to equal; -- usually followed by with.
No direct anagrams for cope found in our database.

matches: v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v.


text:
GVST Srl with registered office in Viale dei Romagnoli, 1053, 00119 Rome, Fiscal Code and VAT Number 10509000153 (hereinafter “Holder”), informs you pursuant to art. 13 D.Lgs. 30.6.2003 n. 196 (hereinafter, “Privacy Code”) and art. 13 EU Regulation n. 2016/679 (hereinafter, “GDPR”) that your personal and identifying data (for example, name, surname, company name, address, telephone, e-mail, (hereinafter, “personal data” or even “data” ) by you freely communicated or acquired as a result of the activity carried out by the Data Controller.
Your personal data, freely communicated and acquired by us as a result of the activity carried out by GVSTSrl will be treated in a lawful and correct manner for the following purposes: registration of participants in the sporting event, payment of registration fees, administrative activities related to registration , management of any complaints and / or disputes, communications relating to the conduct of the event, newsletter and communication of new initiatives of the Owner and marketing.
The data processed (which may be of a common or identifying nature) are updated, relevant, complete and not excessive with respect to the purposes listed above for which they are collected and subsequently processed. Sensitive or judicial data will not be processed.
The processing of your personal data is carried out in compliance with the principles of confidentiality, integrity and availability, by means of the operations indicated in art. 4 of the Privacy Code and art. 4 n. 2) GDPR and more precisely: collection, registration, organization, storage, consultation, processing, modification, selection, extraction, comparison, use, interconnection, blocking, communication, cancellation and destruction of data.
Your personal data are subjected to both paper and electronic processing, neither automated processing nor profiling processes will be used.
The Data Controller will process the personal data for the time necessary to fulfill the legater to its activity and for the Marketing Purposes no later than 10 years from the termination of the relationship.
The legal basis for the processing of your personal data is based on your request for registration on the site.
The lawfulness of the processing is based on the express consent expressed by the interested party, documented in written form.
The provision of data for information, communication and marketing purposes pursuant to art. 1 B) above is optional. You can therefore decide not to give any data or to subsequently deny the possibility of processing data already provided: in this case, you will not be able to receive newsletters, commercial communications and advertising material concerning the Services offered by the Data Controller. However, you will continue to be entitled to the Services referred to in art. 1 A) above.
Your personal data will be processed by the Data Controller and by the Data Processor appointed by him.
Your data may be disclosed as a result of inspections or checks (if required), to all inspection bodies responsible for checks and checks regarding the regularity of the legal obligations.
Your data may also be disclosed to companies / professional firms that provide assistance, advice or collaboration to the data controller, in accounting, administrative, tax, legal, tax and financial matters, to public administrations for the performance of the institutional functions in limits established by law or by regulations and to third party service providers to whom the communication is necessary for the performance of the services object of the Service.
The data controller is GVSTSrl , with registered office in Viale dei Romagnoli, 1053, 00119 Rome, Fiscal Code and VAT Number 10509000153, in the person of the Legal Representative Mr. Andrea Vernengo.
Contact details of the Data Controller, mail: andrea@gvst.it – tel. 06 2246561.
to object, in whole or in part: a) for legitimate reasons, to the processing of personal data concerning you, even if pertinent to the purpose of the collection; b) to the processing of personal data concerning you for the purpose of sending advertising or direct sales material or for carrying out market research or commercial communication, through the use of automated call systems without the intervention of an operator by e-mail and / or through traditional marketing methods by telephone and / or paper mail. It should be noted that the right of opposition of the interested party, set out in point b) above, for direct marketing purposes through automated methods extends to traditional ones and that in any case the possibility remains for the data subject to exercise the right to object even only partially. Therefore, the interested party can decide to receive only communications using traditional methods or only automated communications or none of the two types of communication.
– an e-mail to info@gvst.it .

matches:
art. 13
art. 13
art. 4
art. 4
art. 1
art. 1


Victoria Marie Miller, petitioner, Respondent, vs. George Ernest Miller, Appellant. C0-97-1061, Court of Appeals Unpublished, February 3, 1998.
Appellant George Ernest Miller challenges (1) the amount and duration of his maintenance obligation; (2) the requirement he secure maintenance; (3) the finding he dissipated marital assets; (4) the valuations of his medical practice and profit sharing plan; and (5) the awards to respondent Victoria Marie Miller of certain property, maintenance arrears, and attorney fees. Because the district court's findings are not clearly erroneous and its rulings within its discretion, we affirm.
Absent an abuse of its "wide discretion" in awarding maintenance, "the trial court's determination is final." Erlandson v. Erlandson, 318 N.W.2d 36, 38 (Minn. 1982). An abuse of discretion occurs if the district court makes "a clearly erroneous conclusion that is against logic and the facts on record." Rutten v. Rutten, 347 N.W.2d 47, 50 (Minn. 1984). While Minn. Stat. § 518.552 (1996) lists factors to be considered in setting the amount and duration of maintenance, no single factor is dispositive and the issue is basically the recipient's need balanced against the obligor's financial condition. Erlandson, 318 N.W.2d at 39-40. If uncertainty exists about the need for permanent maintenance, the district court shall award permanent maintenance and leave the award open for future modification. Minn. Stat. § 518.552, subd. 3 (1996).
Appellant claims the district court erred by setting maintenance without requiring respondent to use income from her property award to support herself, as case law requires. E.g., Fink v. Fink, 366 N.W.2d 340, 342 (Minn. App. 1985). The district court found "many" assets awarded respondent are "not income-producing" and that she should not have to liquidate them. This is consistent with case law. See Dougherty v. Dougherty, 443 N.W.2d 193, 195 (Minn. App. 1989)(stating maintenance recipients not required to invade principal of property award to pay expenses). Because appellant has not shown respondent could earn more than nominal income on the liquid portion of her property award, we will not reverse on this basis. See Minn. R. Civ. P. 61 (harmless error to be ignored). Similarly, because respondent's need for maintenance is a function of her marital standard of living, Minn. Stat. § 518.552, subd. 2(c) (1996), and because the marital standard of living included certain real property, the district court did not abuse its discretion by not requiring respondent to sell that real property.
Appellant claims the district court should have imputed more income to respondent than it did. The cases on which appellant relies are distinguishable from this case. Also, on this issue, the district court found the testimony of appellant and his expert not credible, or inconsistent with the marital standard of living, or both. We defer to the district court's view of the testimony. See Sefkow v. Sefkow, 427 N.W.2d 203, 210 (Minn. 1988) (appellate courts defer to district court credibility determinations).
Appellant challenges the findings of both parties' monthly expenses. Because the district court apparently found respondent's claimed expenses credible but appellant's claimed expenses not credible, we defer to those findings under Sefkow. Appellant states it is unclear on which finding of his income his maintenance obligation was based. Because we affirm the finding of appellant's expenses and because even the lower finding of his income is substantial, we will not reverse on this basis. Minn. R. Civ. P. 61.
Appellant challenges the requirement that he secure his maintenance obligation with insurance. Appellant claims O'Brien v. O'Brien, 343 N.W.2d 850 (Minn. 1984) and Maeder v. Maeder, 480 N.W.2d 677 (Minn. App. 1992), review denied (Minn. Mar. 19, 1992), allow the securing of maintenance with insurance "only in exceptional cases." After O'Brien, the maintenance statute was amended to require that doubts about a maintenance recipient's ability to become self-supporting be resolved in favor of awarding permanent maintenance. Minn. Stat. § 518.552, subd. 3. Case law under the current standard for permanent maintenance eliminates the "exceptional case" requirement for insuring maintenance and states that whether to secure maintenance is discretionary with the district court. Maeder, 480 N.W.2d at 680; Katter v. Katter, 457 N.W.2d 750, 754 (Minn. App. 1990); Zagar v. Zagar, 396 N.W.2d 98, 102 (Minn. App 1986). Here, securing respondent's maintenance award is supported by her inability to become self-supporting, limited education, limited work experience, and age. Cf. Arundel v. Arundel, 281 N.W.2d 663, 667 (Minn. 1979) (securing maintenance under "exceptional case" standard justified by length of marriage, recipient's age, and lack of job skills).
Appellant claims the transfer could not have been made in contemplation of dissolution as required by Minn. Stat. § 518.58, subd. 1a, because it occurred two and-a-half years before the parties separated. In a series of findings, the district court functionally found the transfers in question were a strategic decision made by appellant in contemplation of the dissolution that was certain to occur should respondent learn the truth about his extramarital relationship and children. This record supports the finding that husband breached his fiduciary duty to respondent. See Lossing v. Lossing, 403 N.W.2d 688, 690 (Minn. App. 1987) (requiring record be viewed in light most favorable to findings).
Appellant claims that under Minn. Stat. § 518.58, subd. 1 (1996), which requires marital property to be divided "without regard to marital misconduct," whether respondent knew about his nonmarital children is irrelevant to the property division. Even if appellant correctly reads this provision of the property-division statute to conflict with the provision making him liable for breaching his fiduciary duty, the latter provision is more specific. It is implicated only if he breaches his fiduciary duty, rather than in all property divisions like the general property-division provision. Such a conflict between general and specific statutory provisions is resolved in favor of the specific provision. Minn. Stat. § 645.26, subd. 1 (1996).
Appellant claims the transfer was not a "dissipation" of assets. By statute, he is liable if he "transferred, encumbered, concealed, or disposed of marital assets except in the usual course of business or for the necessities of life[.]" Minn. Stat. § 518.58, subd. 1a. Appellant makes no claim the transfer occurred in the usual course of his medical practice. Nor can it be said the transfer was to pay for the necessities of life. Because Estate of Jeruzal v. Jeruzal, 269 Minn. 183, 130 N.W.2d 473 (1964) is distinguishable, appellant's reliance on it is misplaced.
Appellant claims respondent is not entitled to a share of assets acquired after the date she would have sought to dissolve the marriage if she had known of his infidelity. But marital property is defined, in part, as property acquired "any time during the existence of the marriage relation[.]" Minn. Stat. § 518.54, subd. 5 (1996). Here, assets were acquired during the marriage but after appellant began his extra-marital relationship.
Appellant claims the finding of the amount of additional assets that would have been available for distribution but for the transfer is speculative and ignores the taxes that would have been paid on the income from the transferred assets. Respondent's expert testified that the income projections for the funds in question were based on actual rates of return. Further, even if the effective tax rate is as appellant claims, the district court overstated the amount in question by less than the difference in the parties' estimated values of appellant's medical practice, an amount the district court did not find significant.
Appellant claims the district court's division of the parties' profit-sharing plans is unfair because respondent's income will exceed his after the parties retire. Had the transfer to the irrevocable trust not occurred or had appellant not established trusts for his nonmarital children, or both, he would have additional assets for retirement purposes.
Appellant claims the findings do not support the valuation of his medical practice. Asset valuations are findings of fact and will be affirmed if within the limits of credible estimates made by competent witnesses. Hertz v. Hertz, 304 Minn. 144, 145, 229 N.W.2d 42, 44 (1975). The district court's findings show it considered the similarities and differences between the experts' valuations and reached an independent valuation of the practice. Because the valuation is between those of the experts, we affirm under Hertz.
Appellant complains about the method respondent's expert used to value the medical practice. To the extent appellant's complaints were not brought up in district court, they need not be reviewed. Thiele v. Stich, 425 N.W.2d 580, 582 (Minn. 1988). To the extent appellant's objections were raised in district court, they are functionally a request that this court find respondent's expert to be not credible or that this court re-evaluate the weight to be given the testimony of respondent's expert, or both. Such requests are improper. See Sefkow, 427 N.W.2d at 210 (appellate courts defer to district court credibility determinations); J.L.B. v. T.E.B., 474 N.W.2d 599, 603 (Minn. App. 1991) (appellate courts defer to district court determinations of weight to be given evidence), review denied (Minn. Oct 11, 1991). Further, while respondent's expert admitted estimating appellant's reasonable compensation based on compensation for a specialty other than the one husband practices, the expert stated he adjusted the compensation figure to account for differences between the two specialties.
Appellant claims the district court erred by ignoring the parties' stipulation on the valuation of his profit-sharing plan. Where, as here, parties stipulate to the value of a contested asset and the party possessing the information on which the stipulation is to be based later admits, against his interest, the asset has a greater value, the district court may adopt that greater value.
Appellant claims the district court erred in awarding respondent certain stock as nonmarital property. Whether property is nonmarital is a legal question, but appellate courts defer to the district court's underlying findings of fact. Olsen v. Olsen, 562 N.W.2d 797, 800 (Minn. 1997). Property acquired by either party during a marriage is presumptively marital, but that presumption may be rebutted by a preponderance of the evidence showing the property to be nonmarital. Id. Appellant claims respondent's failure to document the nonmarital nature of the stock means the stock is marital. We disagree. The district court found respondent's testimony credible on this issue. See Doering v. Doering, 385 N.W.2d 387, 390-91 (Minn. App. 1986) (affirming nonmarital classification of property based on credibility of witness testimony). The deference given district court credibility determinations also addresses appellant's claim he was not given enough time to prepare to address the origin of the stocks. Appellant claims that because marital funds were used to pay income tax on the stock's dividends, the stock is marital. This claim fails to distinguish between the stock and the income the stock generates. See Swick v. Swick, 467 N.W.2d 328, 331 (Minn. App. 1991) (stating income from nonmarital asset is marital property), review denied (Minn. May 16, 1991).
The district court awarded respondent temporary maintenance arrears. Appellant claims he underpaid his temporary maintenance obligation because he made various other payments on respondent's behalf. The district court partially accepted this argument and gave appellant credit for certain payments. Given the lack of specificity of appellant's claim on this issue on appeal and the impropriety of this court conducting de novo review of what is essentially a factual issue, we cannot say the district court clearly erred in addressing this issue. See Kucera v. Kucera, 275 Minn. 252, 254, 146 N.W.2d 181, 183 (1966) (stating "[i]t is not within the province of [appellate courts] to determine issues of fact on appeal").
The judgment requires appellant to pay attorney and expert witness fees. Appellant claims the findings do not support the awards. Fee awards are discretionary with the district court, and the district court must make findings to support its awards. Kronick v. Kronick, 482 N.W.2d 533, 536 (Minn. App. 1992); see Minn. Stat. § 518.14, subd. 1 (1996) (giving standard for fee awards). The district court found appellant's positions on certain issues "greatly exacerbated" respondent's litigation costs and precluded the settlement of "a matter which should have been settled[.]" Because Minn. Stat. § 518.14, subd. 1, allows a fee awards against a party who "unreasonably contributes to the length or expense of the proceeding[,]" the findings satisfy the threshold for a conduct-based fee award. Any claim appellant lacks the funds to pay fees are unpersuasive. See Dabrowski v. Dabrowski, 477 N.W.2d 761, 766 (Minn. App. 1991) (stating conduct-based fee awards under Minn. Stat. § 518.14 may be awarded "regardless of the relative financial resources of the parties").
[*] Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI.


text:
The Complainant is Piaggio & C. S.p.A. a joint stock Company incorporated in Pontedera (PI), Italy, with business office in viale Rinaldo Piaggio 23, Pontedera, (PI); Italy, represented by Ing. Barzanò & Zanardo Milano S.p.A.
The Respondent is Mr. Pierpaolo Breda with address in Via Michetti 4, Scafa (PE), Italy.
The domain name at issue is <vespavintage.com> and the registrar with which the domain name is registered is Network Solutions, Inc. (hereinafter "Network Solutions"), 505 Huntmar Park Drive, Herndon, Virginia 20170-5139, USA.
The Complaint was submitted via e-mail on August 29, 2001, and in hard copy on August 30, 2001, to the World Intellectual Property Organization Arbitration and Mediation Center (hereinafter the "WIPO Center").
On September 3, 2001, the WIPO Center requested the Registrar, Network Solutions, pursuant to Paragraphs 2(a) and 4 of the Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (hereinafter the "Rules"): (1) to confirm that a copy of the Complaint had been sent by the Complainant; (2) to confirm that the domain name at issue was registered with it, (3) to confirm that the person identified as the Respondent is the current registrant of the domain name; (4) to provide the full contact details (i.e., postal address(es), telephone number(s), facsimile number(s), e-mail address(es) available in the registrar's Whois database for the registrant of the disputed domain name, the technical contact, the administrative contact and the billing contact); (5) to confirm that the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (hereinafter the "Policy") applies to the domain name, and (6) to indicate the current status of the domain name.
On September 4, 2001, Network Solutions replied that: (1) it was the Registrar of the domain name registration; (2) Pierpaolo Breda was the current registrant of the <vespavintage.com> domain name registration. Network Solutions also provided the full contact details as requested, and confirmed that the 5.0. Service Agreement was in effect, that the language of the Service Agreement in English, and that the domain name registration <vespavintage.com> status is "Active".
In accordance with Paragraph 2(a) of the Rules, the Complaint was properly notified on September 4, 2001 (which is also the date of commencement of the administrative proceeding) to the Respondent who did not file any Response and was notified of his default on September 27, 2001. On September 28, 2001, the Respondent�s authorised representative sent an e-mail to the WIPO Center informing that the Respondent did not accept the UDRP procedure and asked for additional two weeks time to "demonstrate [his] reasons". The message went on to say that "at the present time a member of Parliament (Mr. Passigli) have brought a Bill before Parliament (C6910) which will regulate those kind of controversy". On September 28, 2001, the WIPO Center acknowledged receipt of the e-mail and informed the authorised representative that the Administrative Panel who will render a decision in this case was going to be appointed. On October 3, 2001, the Parties were informed that in accordance with Paragraph 6(f) of the Rules an Administrative Panel consisting of a single member had been appointed. The sole Panelist submitted a Statement of Acceptance and Declaration of Impartiality and Independence and the date scheduled for the issuance of the Panel�s decision was set for October 17, 2001.
Therefore, since the Complainant has asserted in the case at hand the occurrence of all the above indicated circumstances, the Panel rejects the Respondent�s denial of application of the UDRP as inadmissible.
With reference to the Respondent�s request of an extension of time to "demonstrate [his] reasons", Paragraph 5 of the Rules states that the Respondent must submit a Response to the Provider within twenty (20) days of the date of commencement of the administrative proceeding, which was the 4th of September. This term is unextendable save for exceptional circumstances (cfr. Paragraph 14(a) of the Rules which states that "In the event that a Party, in the absence of exceptional circumstances, does not comply with any of the time periods established by these Rules or the Panel, the Panel shall proceed to a decision on the Complaint"). Respondent failed to show any exceptional circumstance but simply requested an extension of time. The Panel does not consider such request an "exceptional circumstance." Since the Respondent did not file his Response within 20 days of the date of commencement of the administrative proceeding, i.e., within September 24, 2001, the Panel finds, in accordance with the WIPO Center, that the Respondent shall be considered in default.
"Piaggio & C. S.p.A., previously Piaggio Veicoli Europei S.p.A., is very well-known throughout the world as an international leading company in the motor vehicles industry, in particular as far as motor scooters are concerned.
The Complainant has been using the trademark VESPA for more than fifty years in respect of vehicles as well as other products and services.
In 1946, the Complainant started manufacturing a revolutionary motor vehicle marked VESPA: since then more than 15.000.000 of such motor vehicles have been sold throughout the world, in about 110 countries.
The trademark VESPA, intended to be used in respect not only of vehicles but also other products / services, was initially registered in Italy on June 8, 1946, and then regularly renewed. The Complainant has been systematically protecting its trademark VESPA in several commercial fields, by registering it not only in Italy, but also in many other countries, namely, for instance, U.S., Canada, European Union, Brazil, Argentina, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, India, Zimbabwe, etc. (�). The extraordinary sales success of VESPA products throughout the world has determined the huge renown of trademark VESPA, which is still increasing: the trademark VESPA should therefore be considered as renowned in accordance with art. 6.bis of the Paris Convention. The trademark VESPA is still nowadays one of the most important, if not "the most important", among the Complainant's trademarks.
All over Europe, but also in Asia, Africa and America (both North and South) the denomination VESPA immediately recall[sic] the Complainant's motor vehicle as well as the other products / services bearing the same trade / service mark. Complainant has been very carefully looking after VESPA concept as identification of its vehicle and accessories thereof. Everywhere in the world there are VESPA's fans who consider their passion a real "myth". There are thousands of fan club spread all over the world and periodical international meetings are organized by VESPA's fans (the so-called "vespisti"). Thousands of "vespisti" took part in one of these meetings, organized by the Complainant itself in Rome in 1996, for VESPA fiftieth anniversary.
On this occasion the Italian Mail issued a special memorial stamp to celebrate the anniversary. The Complainant has recently completely renewed the vehicle marked VESPA and this latter trademark is subject of huge advertising investments amounting to several billions of Italian Lira per year.
Complainant also named VESPA VINTAGE a section of the website www.vespa.com dedicated to the famous motor scooter VESPA. According to the Complainant, "this latter wording, identical to the disputed domain name, is subject matter of four trademark applications filed by Complainant in the U.S. and Canada. All the above applications, as well as the use of the trademark VESPA VINTAGE have been prior to the registration of the disputed domain name, registered by Respondent on April 1, 2000."
The Panel notes, from the documentation attached to the Complaint, that the Internet section dedicated to the VESPA scooter is called VINTAGE VESPA and not VESPA VINTAGE as mentioned in the Complaint. Also the U.S. and Canadian applications, mentioned in the Complaint, refer to the trademark VINTAGE VESPA and not VESPA VINTAGE. The Panel also notes that, in section [12.2] of the Complaint, the Complainant makes correct reference to the trademark VINTAGE VESPA. Accordingly, the Panel takes the view that the inversion of the terms VINTAGE and VESPA in section [12.1] of the Complaint is simply due to an overlook.
All the aforementioned statements are uncontested and most of them are supported by ample documents. As far as the renown of trademark VESPA is concerned, the Panel finds it is admitted by the same Respondent since, in the initial correspondence between the Respondent�s first attorney and the Complainant�s representatives, (as it results from Exhibits 17 and 19), in several instances, the Respondent�s authorised representative refers to VESPA as a well-known trademark.
In the light of the foregoing, the Panel takes the view that Complainant�s statements are a fair representation of Complainant�s activities.
- The trademark VINTAGE VESPA of the Complainant is identical to the domain name VESPAVINTAGE.COM of the Respondent.
- Since the word VINTAGE is used in both the Complainant�s trademark and, we assume, the Respondent�s domain name as an adjective of the word VESPA to mean "high quality of a past time", the distinctive part of both the trademark and the domain name at issue has to be VESPA: in fact a trademark VINTAGE and a domain name <vintage.com> on their own would be too generic and not very likely to attract consumers. The disputed domain name is therefore to be considered also as confusingly similar to the trademark VESPA of the Complainant.
- Even if the Respondent had chosen the domain name regardless of the Complainant's trademark rights - which in our opinion is very much unlikely because of the above as well as following reasons - <vespavintage.com> is in apparent and direct conflict with the Complainant's prior rights in the registered and well-known trademark VESPA / VINTAGE VESPA.
- The domain name VESPAVINTAGE.COM is therefore likely to create confusion among the Internet consumers and deceives its purpose of being a business identifier.
- The Respondent is not commonly known by the domain name at issue.
- On July 3, 2001, the Respondent himself replied stating that (i) he was willing to sell the domain name <vespavintage.com>; (ii) the consideration value of the domain name at issue had to be calculated in connection with the turnover of the motor scooters vintage field, being VESPA a "symbol" of the latter; (iii) such consideration would refund the Respondent of the lack of earnings, since the Respondent intended to use the domain name at issue for commercial purposes; (iv) the consideration requested to sell the domain name <vespavintage.com> is USD 80,000 and the negotiations had to be handled by the Respondent himself.
In view of the above, the Complainant states that "the Respondent seems to have acquired the domain name <vespavintage.com> primarily for the purpose of selling it to the Complainant who is the owner of the corresponding trademark, for valuable consideration far in excess of the out-of-pocket costs directly related to the domain name." In case the Complainant did not accept to purchase the disputed domain name by paying the consideration requested, "the Respondent seemed to be ready to use the domain name <vespavintage.com> with the attempt to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users to the corresponding web site, by creating a likelihood of confusion with and taking unfair advantage of the renown of the Complainant�s trademark VESPA / VINTAGE VESPA."
The Respondent did not submit any Response, as indicated above, and therefore is to be considered in default.
According to Paragraph 4(a) of the Policy, in an administrative proceeding, the Complainant must prove that each of the following three elements are present: (1) that the domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the Complainant has rights; and (2) that the Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the domain name; and (3) that the domain name was registered and is being used in bad faith.
1) The Panel believes that the domain name at issue <vespavintage.com> is confusingly similar to a trademark in which the Complainant has rights. The Complainant asserts that "The trademark VINTAGE VESPA of the Complainant is identical to the domain name VESPAVINTAGE.COM of the Respondent". The Panel does not share this view. "Identical" means "similar or alike in every way; the very same" (Random House Webster�s Dictionary, Third Edition). Accordingly, "identity" is a concept which does not apply in the case at stake since the terms VINTAGE and VESPA adopted in the Complainant�s trademark and in the domain nameVESPAVINTAGE.COM are reversed. The Panel might have found that the Complainant�s trademark VINTAGE VESPA and the disputed domain name were confusingly similar, but the Complainant failed to introduce this argument in the Complaint. Since it is not the role of the Panel to conduct independent investigations outside the materials submitted in the records (see Benefitslink.com, Inc. v. Mike Haynes NAF, Case FA0007000095164), the Panel can only conclude that the Complainant�s trademark and the disputed domain name are not identical.
"Since the word VINTAGE is used in both the Complainant�s trademark and, we assume, the Respondent�s domain name as an adjective of the word VESPA to mean "high quality of a past time", the distinctive part of both the trademark and the domain name at issue has to be VESPA: in fact a trademark VINTAGE and a domain name <vintage.com> on their own would be too generic and not very likely to attract consumers. The disputed domain name is therefore to be considered also as confusingly similar to the trademark VESPA of the Complainant. Even if the Respondent had chosen the domain name regardless of the Complainant�s trademarks rights � which in our opinion is very much unlikely because of the above as well as of following reasons � VESPAVINTAGE.COM is in apparent and direct conflict with the Complainant�s prior rights in the registered and well-known trademark VESPA / VINTAGE VESPA. The domain name VESPAVINTAGE.COM is therefore likely to create confusion among Internet consumers and deceives its purpose of being a business identifier."
This Panel shares the Complainant�s view.
The word VINTAGE is undoubtedly used as an adjective of the word VESPA meaning: "the best of a past time" ((Random House Webster�s Dictionary, Third Edition) while the distinctive part of both the trademark and the domain name at issue is VESPA. The fact that the term VINTAGE is adopted as an adjective to define a certain kind of scooter VESPA is also indirectly confirmed by the Respondent himself, in a letter Enclosed as Exhibit 21 of the Complaint, sent by the Respondent to the Complainant�s representatives and referring to the "vintage field of the entire field of scooters" (see point 3 below, for further details).
Therefore, the Panel finds that <vespavintage.com>, by making an unauthorised use of a sign, VESPA, upon which the Complainant has rights, is in apparent and direct conflict with the Complainant�s prior trademark rights and is likely to create confusion among Internet users.
It is a consolidated principle that the burden of proof lies on the Complainant. However, satisfying the burden of proving a lack of the Respondent�s rights or legitimate interests in respect of the domain name according to Rule 4 (a) of the Policy is quite onerous, since proving a negative circumstance is always more difficult than establishing a positive one. Accordingly, and in line with other prior decisions, the Panel holds that it is sufficient that Complainant shows a prima facie evidence in order to shift the burden of proof on Respondent (Anti Flirt S.A. and Mr. Jacques Amsellem v. WCVC, WIPO Case No. D2000-1553, Intocast AG. v. Lee Daeyoon, WIPO Case No. D2000-1467).
The Complainant alleged several circumstances that, in the Panel�s view, render it appropriate this shifting of the burden of proof. In particular, the Complainant states that: (i) "the Complainant is the sole and exclusive owner of the trademarks VINTAGE VESPA and VESPA;" (ii) "there is no relation between the Complainant and the Respondent and the latter is not a licensee of the former, nor has the Respondent obtained an authorization to use the Complainant's trademarks;" (iii) "the disputed domain name was registered, namely April 1, 2000, the Respondent has never used it;" and (iv) "the Respondent is not commonly known by the domain name at issue."
Since the Respondent failed to file a Response, the Panel cannot but determine that Complainant�s allegations are credible and that Respondent has not proved his entitlement or the existence of legitimate interests in respect of the disputed domain name.
As far as the first issue is concerned, the Panel finds that Complainant has given enough and supported evidence of the fact that the domain name <vespavintage.com> was registered in bad faith. The Complainant alleges that the Respondent "seems to have acquired the domain name (�) primarily for the purpose of selling it to the Complainant who is the owner of the corresponding trademark, for valuable consideration far in excess of the our-of-pocket costs directly related to the domain name." Furthermore, the Complainant alleges that "should the Complainant not accept to purchase the disputed domain name by paying the consideration requested, the Respondent seems to be ready to use the domain name VESPAVINTAGE.COM with the attempt to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users to the corresponding web site, by creating a likelihood of confusion with and taking advantage of the renown of the Complainant�s trademark VESPA and VINTAGE VESPA".
This Panel believes, in accordance with the Complainant, that the disputed domain name was registered "for the purpose of selling (�) the domain name registration to the complainant (�) for valuable consideration in excess of the Respondent�s documented out-of-pocket costs directly related to the domain name" as mentioned in Paragraph 4(b)(i) of the Policy. Indeed, the Complainant enclosed copy of the correspondence between the Complainant�s representatives and the Respondent�s attorney, as well as a letter of the Respondent himself (Exhibits 16-21 of the Complaint) whereby it results that the Respondent�s refused to transfer the domain name to the Complainant in exchange of the refund of the expenses incurred by the Respondent for the registration of the domain name, or even of the supply of a VESPA vehicle to the Respondent. The Respondent was only willing to assign the disputed domain name for a compensation of 80,000 USD. Such amount was calculated taking into account "the volume of sales of the vintage field of the entire field of scooters, which is in continuous growing, of which VESPA represents the symbol" (Exhibit 21 of the Complaint). By doing so, the Respondent has demonstrated to be aware of the existence of the "vintage field", of the fact that, within this field, the scooter VESPA is a symbol, and that the domain name <vespavintage.com> has a specific value which is to be calculated on the basis of the volume of sales of the vintage field within the field of scooters.
In the absence of any Response, and taking into account the fact that according to the materials filed by the Complainant, the trademark VESPA is a well-known trademark in Italy and abroad, and the Respondent does not appear to have rights or legitimate interests in respect of the domain name <vespavintage.com>, this Panel finds the above evidence sufficient to conclude that the domain name <vespavintage.com> was registered in bad faith in accordance with Paragraph 4(b)(i) of the Policy.
The Complainant alleges that the Respondent never used the domain name <vespavintage.com> since its registration date (April 1, 2000). Passive holding of domain names is considered as a use, and a use in bad faith if the Respondent has acted in bad faith in the light of the specific circumstances of the case (WIPO Case No. D2000-0003 Telstra Corporation Ltd. v. Nuclear Marshmallow, WIPO Case No. D2001-0800, Telstra Corporation Limited v. Jinseok Yang / JYT112).
This Panel agrees with this view and holds that even the second issue is to be solved positively.
However, the Panel, in accordance with the powers conferred by Paragraph 14 of the Rules, has noted that Respondent, in his letter of July 3, 2001 (Enclosure 21 of the Complaint) - where the Respondent asks for a consideration of USD 80,000 for the transfer of the domain name - stated that "In addition, this amount compensate me for the loss of profit as I have the intention to exploit the captioned site for commercial purposes (emphasis added). Since the Respondent�s statement did not necessarily imply that the domain name <vespavintage.com> was not actually used, but simply that on July 3, 2001, the corresponding website was not exploited for commercial purposes, this Panel deemed appropriate to verify that the disputed domain name was not used.
This Panel finds that contrary to the Complainant�s statement by typing the address www.vespavintage.com one reaches a web page displaying the logo of "Domains Are Free". At the center of this page, before a list of other general information on the Technology Industry, is the script "welcome to www.vespavintage.com". The aforementioned page is a promotional page probably offered by the provider "Domains are Free" to its clients who registered domain names.
This Panel believes that even the mere presentation of a promotional page of the provider with whom a domain name has been registered amounts to a use of the domain name. Indeed, in the case at issue, on the one side the promotional page makes explicit reference to the disputed domain name by displaying the wording "Welcome to www.vespavintage.com". On the other side, even assuming that the Respondent was obliged to accept the promotional page, he still performed a positive action by choosing to apply for the registration of the disputed domain name through a provider which required the displaying of its promotional page in case the registered domain name did not lead to a different web site.
Furthermore, this Panel believes that such use may be considered as a use in bad faith under Paragraph 4(a)(iii) of the Policy. In fact, in the Panel�s view, the actual use of the domain name in a way which is inconsistent with the name of the domain itself, the fact that the VESPA trademark is a well-known trademark in Italy and abroad, and that the Respondent has not rights or legitimate interests in the disputed domain name, combined with the offering for sale of the domain to the Complainant for an amount of USD 80,000 calculated on the basis of the volume of sales of the "vintage field in the scooters field", and with the statement that this amount would have compensated the Respondent for the loss of profit arising from the non-commercial exploitation of a web site corresponding to the domain name <vespavintage.com> amounts to a use in bad faith.
In light of the foregoing, the Panel finds that Respondent�s disputed domain name <vespavintage.com> is identical to Complainant�s trademark, that Respondent has no legitimate rights or interests in the disputed domain name, and that Respondent has registered and made use of the domain name in bad faith. Accordingly, pursuant to Paragraphs 4(i) of the Policy and 15 of the Rules, the Panel orders that the disputed domain name <vespavintage.com> be transferred to the Complainant.

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What is an Article 440 Motion?
Under the Criminal Procedure Law there exist post sentence/post judgment remedies and motions used to challenge the legality of a conviction or sentence. These post sentence motions are authorized under Criminal Procedure Law §440. They are made after conviction and judgment is entered.
A motion made under Article 440 is different than an appeal in many respects. The 440 motion is made to the trial court and not to an appellate court. The 440 motion informs the trial court of facts not contained in the trial record and can be used to expand the record as the basis for an appeal where certain facts are not contained in the record.
What are the reasons or circumstances under which an Article 440 motion can be made?
There are two pertinent sections under Article 440. They are §440.10 and §440.20.
Under Section 440.10 you may challenge the conviction and move to vacate that conviction for the reasons listed in the statute. They are: 1) the trial court lacked jurisdiction; 2) the judge or prosecutor used fraud, false statements or undue pressure to secure your conviction; 3) the prosecutor introduced evidence at trial he/she knew to be false; 4) evidence obtained in violation of your U.S. or N.Y. State Constitutional rights was introduced at trial; 5) you could not understand or participate in trial because of a mental disability; 6) the record failed to include some improper conduct at trial such as the failure to produce exculpatory material; 7) new evidence has been found that would effect the result in your case that could not have been discovered before; 8. you were convicted in violation of your constitutional rights (including U.S. and N.Y. State Constitutional rights).
Under Section 440.20 you may challenge the legality of your sentence on the ground that it was unauthorized, illegally imposed or invalid as a matter of law.
Under either Section 440.10 and 440.20 the trial court must or may deny the motion for a multitude of reasons. It is important to consult with an attorney to determine if you or your client had a viable argument under Criminal Procedure Law §440.
Important Note For Immigration Attorneys and Detainees (please see recent Blog on this subject) It is important to note that many times when a client is being subjected to deportation because of a prior criminal conviction, the 440 motion may provide relief from deportation when a conviction can be vacated. If you or your client are in this position please contact my office to discuss the possibility of pursuing the possibility of vacating a conviction under Criminal Procedure Law §440. Please see the recent page regarding Padilla v. Kentucky and Article 440 for more information on vacating a conviction under Criminal Procedure Law §440.
FOR A LEGAL CONSULTATION WITH OUR POST-CONVICTION ATTORNEYS, PLEASE COMPLETE THIS FORM.


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Freedom of speech is a Fundamental Right that is found in the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights. It was never elevated as a right by the Court, because freedom of speech already existed in the Constitution. Freedom of speech is an interesting right to examine because it has different levels of scrutiny. Obscenity, defamation, fraud, and incitement are “outside the reach of the First Amendment.” Political speech is subject to “strict scrutiny”; commercial speech and adult store material are subject to “intermediate scrutiny” (although, this should not be the case for commercial speech); and “time, place, and manner regulations on speech need only be reasonable and justified without reference to the content of the regulated speech” (Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 1989). The bottom line, most speech is protected via “strict scrutiny” but there can be varying levels.
Abortion is a Fundamental Right (Roe v. Wade, 1973), but government abortion legislation is held to a very low burden of proof: “undue burden”. Abortion laws are legal if the Court determines “they do not pose any ‘undue burden’ on the right to abort a non-viable fetus” (Gonzales v. Carhart, 2007 – Partial Birth Abortion Case). The Court has also upheld many abortion laws even though they had the “effect of increasing the cost or decreasing the availability” of abortions. No other Fundamental Right faces such a low standard of burden of proof for government regulations and it is simple to understand why: 1. every abortion is tragic whether to it is to save the life of a mother or because the baby is unwanted, abortion is tragic; and 2. Abortion rights are not unlimited, for instance, it faces many restrictions with regards to the “viability” of the baby.
Many argue that when the Court elevated the “right to keep and bear arms for self-defense” (Heller v. DC, 2008 and McDonald v. Chicago, 2010) they erred because there are two sides of gun rights (lawful and unlawful). However, the same can be said about free speech explained earlier. In its majority decision, the Court, in Heller and McDonald failed to set forth guidelines for evaluating regulatory gun laws. However, the Court maintained that the right is not unlimited, such as regulations for owning a gun could include restrictions based on mental acuity or criminal record. Hence, the initial task of evaluating and interpreting regulatory gun laws fell on the Circuit courts. There were two interesting cases in 2011 decided by the Ninth Circuit (Nordyke v. King) and the Seventh Circuit (Ezell v. Chicago). In Nordyke, the Court held that an Alameda County law prohibiting gun shows on government property was Constitutional. In Ezell, the Court held that a Chicago law prohibiting target ranges within city limits was unconstitutional.
The difference between the two cases is that in Nordyke the Liberal Court used more lenient abortion standards (undue burden) to uphold the law. In Ezell, the Court used First Amendment standards of stricter scrutiny to strike down the law. For instance, in United States v. Skoien (2010), the Seventh Circuit applied intermediate scrutiny to this case to uphold a law that “prohibits the possession of firearms by persons convicted of domestic-violence misdemeanor.” The Court reasoned that Skoien was not a “law abiding citizen” nor was “self-defense” the main component of the case. Conversely, in Ezell, he was a “law abiding” citizen and his case was paramount in self-defense. A similar standard should have been used in Nordyke (a law abiding citizen) to strike down the discriminatory Alameda law which solely targeted gun shows without a compelling data to show that it made Alameda County any safer to regulate gun shows. After all, people cannot defend themselves if they cannot purchase a gun, and people cannot defend themselves properly without getting the gun that best suits their needs.
Abortion and guns are not the same. Less than 0.1% of guns are used in a crime where something tragic occurs. The same can be said about the First Amendment, less than 0.1% acts of Free Speech violates the law. However, more than 5% of abortions break the law, and every single abortion, legal or not, is not only tragic, but is also a violation of our moral and ethical code. Over half of the country would consider an abortion murder. In 2016, 3962 people died from guns (about 15% were self-defense) compare that with 1 million “legal” abortions.