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Dr. Karlstrom created and maintains the www.naturalclimatechange.us website.
Throughout his career, Dr. Karlstrom has continued his research program in field and laboratory analyses of soils and geomorphology as means of reconstructing Quaternary paleoclimates. This research has involved field investigations in Montana, northern Arizona, Kansas, Wyoming, Alberta, and British Columbia. In the 1980’s, Karlstrom served as an officer (Treasurer) of the American Quaternary Association. He has served on numerous university committees at CSUS and has served as advisor to various student clubs, including the Ecology Club and Students for Social Justice and Peace. He currently serves on the Board of Directors of the Khmer Buddhist Educational Assistance Project (KEAP).
2008 Karlstrom, E.T., Oviatt, C.G., and Ranson, M.D., Paleoenvironmental interpretation of a multiple soil-loess sequence at Milford Reservoir, Geary County, northeastern Kansas, v. 72, Catena, 113-128.
2005 Karlstrom, E.T., Late Quaternary landscape history and geoarchaeology of two drainages on Black Mesa, northeastern Arizona, Geoarchaeology, v. 20, no. 1, 1-28.
2001 Karlstrom, E.T., 2001, Description and genesis of buried, sand-filled soil wedges near Flagstaff, Arizona. Physical Geography, v. 22, no. 2, 166-186.
2000 ________, Fabric and origin of multiple diamictons within the pre-Illinoian Kennedy Drift east of Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, Alberta, Canada, and Montana, USA. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 10, 1496-1506.
2000 ________, Use of soils to identify glacial deposits of various ages east of Glacier National Park, Montana. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, v. 32, no. 2, p. 179-188.
1999 ________, Evidence for coalescence of Laurentide and Rocky Mountain glaciers east of Glacier National Park, Montana, Physical Geography, 20, 3, 225-239.
1999 ________, Tibetan diaspora: the seed pod breaks, the Dharma is scattered. Forefront, v. 6, no. 3, p. 8-11.
1996 ________, Democracy for sale. Forefront, v. 3, no. 3, p. 20-22.
1995 Cioppa, M.T., Karlstrom, E.T., Barendregt, R.W., and Irving, E., Paleomagnetism of tills and associated paleosols in southwestern Alberta and northern Montana: evidence for late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene glaciations. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 32, no. 5, p. 555-564.
1994 Karlstrom, E.T. Paleoclimatic interpretation of a highly-weathered paleosol in till at Topeka, Kansas. Institute for Tertiary-Quaternary Studies- TER-QUA Symposium Series, v. 2, p. 155-177.
1993 ________, Perspectives on sustainability: The changing environment of Chase County, Kansas. The Land Report, no. 48, Fall, p. 35-38.
1993 ________, A pedologist’s ruminations on soil: Observations on the soils of Chase County, Kansas. The Land Report, no. 47, Summer, p. 23-27.
1993 ________, Stewardship of the land: Man’s proper role in nature. Desert Call, vol. 28, no. 4, p. 4-9.
1992 Karlstrom, E.T., and Osborn, G., Genesis of buried paleosols and soils in Holocene and late Pleistocene tills, Bugaboo Glacier area, British Columbia. Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 24, no. 2, p. 108-123.
1991 Karlstrom, E.T., Paleoclimatic significance of Late Cenozoic paleosols of Waterton-Glacier Parks, Alberta and Montana. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. v. 85, p. 71-100.
1991 ________, On the relative importance of natural and human-induced climate changes. ITEST (Institute for Theological Encounter with Science and Technology) Bulletin, v. 22, no. 2, p. 7-8.
1991 Barendregt, R.W., Irving, E., and Karlstrom, E.T., Paleomagnetism of Quaternary and late Tertiary sediments on Mokowan Butte, southwestern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 28, no. 12, p. 1956-1964.
1990 ________, Marking the Music; the demons behind the noise. Desert Call, Part I: vol. 25, no. 3, p. 21-24, Part II: v. 26, no. 1, p. 7-9.
1989 ________, Tibetan holocaust; compassion for the enemy. Part I, Desert Call, v. 24, no. 2, p. 10-13, Part II, Desert Call, v. 24, no. 3, p. 8-11.
1989 Osborn, G., and Karlstrom, E.T., Holocene moraine and soil stratigraphy, Bugaboo glacier, British Columbia. Boreas, vol. 18, p. 311-322.
1988 ________, Soil development in late Quaternary deposits, Waterton Park area, southwestern Alberta, Geographie Physique et Quaternaire, v. 42, no. 2, p. 147-162.
1988 ________, Rates of soil formation on Black Mesa, northeastern Arizona: a chronosequence in late Quaternary alluvium, Physical Geography, v. 9, no. 4, p. 307-327.
1988 Osborn, G. and Karlstrom, E.T., Holocene history of the Bugaboo Glacier, British Columbia, Geology, v. 16, p. 1015-1017.
1987 ________, Zone of interaction between Laurentide and Rocky Mountain glaciers east of Waterton-Glacier Park, northwestern Montana and southwestern Alberta. in Beus, S.S., ed., Rocky Mountain Section of the Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide Volume 2, p. 19-24.
1987 ________, Multiple pre-Wisconsin soils on Mokowan Butte, southwestern Alberta. in: Beus, S.S., ed., Rocky Mountain Section of the Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide Volume 2, p. 25-28.
1987 Karlstrom, E. T., and Karlstrom, T. N. V., Late Quaternary alluvial history of the American West: Towards a process paradigm: Summary of a GSA symposium. Geology, January, p. 88-89.
1987 Reider, R. G. and Karlstrom, E. T., Soils and stratigraphy of the Laddie Creek site (48BH345), an Altithermal-age occupation in the Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming. Geoarchaeology, v. 2, no. 1, p. 29-47.
1986 Karlstrom, E.T., Stratigraphic and pedologic evidence for a relatively moist early Holocene on Black Mesa, northeastern Arizona. Current Research in the Pleistocene, v. 3, p. 81-83.
1986 ________, Soils and geomorphology of excavated sites: 1983. in Christensen, A.L., and Parry, W.J. , eds., Excavations on Black Mesa, 1983, a descriptive report, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Center for Archaeological Investigations Research Paper No. 46, p. 387-410.
1986 ________, Physiographic context for three archaeological sites in the Grand Canyon. in Jones, A.T., ed., Western Archaeological Conservation Center Publication in Anthropology No. 28, p. 13-33.
1986 ________, Book review of “Arapaho Pass: Glacial chronolgoy and archaeology at the crest of the Colorado Front Range, 1985” (by James B. Benedict), Geoarchaeology, v. 1, no. 2, p. 208-209.
1986 Karlstrom, E. T., and Karlstrom, T. N. V., Late Quaternary alluvial stratigraphy and soils of the Black Mesa-Little Colorado River areas, northeastern Arizona. in Nations, J. D., Conway, C. M., and Swann, G. A., eds., Geology of Central and Northern Arizona; Field Trip Guidebook for Geological Society of America Rocky Mountain Section Meeting, April 30-May 2, Flagstaff, Arizona, p. 71-92.
1984 ________, Soils and geomorphology of excavated sites. in Nichols, D.L., and Smiley, F.E., eds., Excavations on Black Mesa, 1982, a descriptive report, Southern Illinois University Investigations Research Paper No. 36, p. 343-348.
1983 ________, Soils and geomorphology of northern Black Mesa. in Smiley, F. E., Nichols, D. L., and Andrews, P. P., eds., Excavations on Black Mesa, 1981, a descriptive report, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Center for Archaeological Investigations Research Paper No. 36, p. 315-342.
1983 ________, Soils and geomorphology of excavated prehistoric sites. in Smiley, F. E., Nichols, D. L., and Andrews, P. P., eds., Excavations on Black Mesa, 1981, a descriptive report, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Center for Archaeological Investigations Research Paper No. 36, p. 343-348.
1983 ________, Mapping Reality: From Buddhism to the new physics: a new honors course at Northern Arizona University. Forum for Honors, National Collegiate Honors Council, v. XIII, no. 3, p. 9-14, 33-35.
1983 Nichols, D. L., and Karlstrom, E. T., The cultural resources of 1981 mitigation areas, Black Mesa Archaeological Report. in Smiley, F. E., Nichols, D. L., and Andrews, P. P., eds., Excavations on Black Mesa, 1981, a descriptive report, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Center for Archaeological Investigations Research Paper No. 36, p. 1-42.
1981 Karlstrom, E.T., Late Cenozoic soils of the Glacier and Waterton Parks area, northwestern Montana and southwestern Alberta, and paleoclimatic implications. Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 355 pp.
1977 ________, Genesis, morphology, and stratigraphy of soils at the Laddie Creek archaeological site, Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming. M.A. thesis, Dept. of Geography, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 130 pp.
1977 ________, A preliminary investigation of soils of the Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona. Report for Black Mesa Archaeological Project, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, 63 p.
2013 Karlstrom, E.T., Magnitude of Quaternary temperature fluctuations inferred from relict paleosols and periglacial features, Waterton-Glacier Park area, Montana and Alberta, Rocky Mountain GSA Section Meeting Abstracts with Programs, 2013, Volume 45, No. 5, p. 39.
2012 Karlstrom, E.T., Range of Mean Annual Temperatures of the Past Million Years Inferred From Properties of Relict Paleosols and Periglacial Features, Glacier Park Area, Montana, Rocky Mountain Geological Society of America Section Meeting, 9- 11 May, 2012, Vol. 44, No. 6, p. 84.
2009 Karlstrom, E.T., Status of New Proposed Federal Energy Corridors (abs.) Abstracts with Program, California Geographical Society, Solvang, California, May 1-3, 2009.
2008 Karlstrom, E.T., Late Quaternary landscape evolution and geoarchaeology of two drainages on Black Mesa, northeastern Arizona, (abs.) Abstracts with Program, 66th Annual Plains Anthropological Conference, Laramie, Wyoming, Oct. 1-4, p. 47.
1999 Karlstrom, E.T, Pebble fabric and genetic interpretation of multiple diamictons within Kennedy drift (pre-Illinoian) east of Glacier and Waterton National Parks, Montana and Alberta. (abs.) Abstracts with Programs, Geological Society of America Cordilleran Section Centennial Meeting, Berkeley, California, v. 31, no. 6, A-68.
1998 ________, How the glaciers had a wreck: Evidence for coalescence of Laurentide and Rocky Mountain glaciers east of Glacier National Park, Montana. (abs.) Abstracts with Programs. Geological Society of America 1998 Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada . Vol. 30, no. 7, A-165.
1994 Karlstrom, E.T., and Osborn, G., Chronosequence of buried and surface soils (late Pleistocene and Holocene) in Bugaboo Glacier area, British Columbia. (abs.), Abstracts with Programs, Rocky Mountain Section Geological Society of America Meeting, Durango Colorado, May 4-6, p. 22.
1993 Kar1strom, E.T., Barendregt, R.W., Cioppa, M.T., and Irving, E., Paleomagnetism of superposed pre-Wisconsinan tills and associated paleosols (Kennedy Drift) in northern Montana and southwestern Alberta, and significance for glacial chronology. (abs.), Abstracts, 89th Annual Meeting, American Association of American Geographers, Atlanta, Georgia, April 6-10, p. 119.
1993 Karlstrom, E.T., Description, distribution, and paleoclimatic significance of relict periglacial features east of Waterton-Glacier Parks, Alberta and Montana (abs.), Abstracts with Programs, Cordilleran/Rocky Mountain Section, Geological Society of America Meeting, Reno, Nevada, May 19-21, p. 60.
1991 Cioppa, M., Irving, E., Karlstrom, E.T., and Barendregt, R.W., Paleomagnetism of three Quaternary sequences, southern Alberta and northern Montana. (abs.). Program and Abstracts, Scientific Meeting of the Canadian Geophysical Union, Banff., Alberta, May 8-10.
1988 Karlstrom, E.T., Rates of soil development on Black Mesa, northeastern Arizona (abs.). 1988 Annual Association of American Geographers Meeting Program and Abstracts, April 6-10, Phoenix, Arizona, p. 93.
1988 Karlstrom, E.T., and Dort, W., Jr., Paleoclimatic implications of Pre-Wisconsinan paleosols in northwestern Montana and eastern Kansas (abs.). 1988 Annual Association of American Geographers Meeting Program and Abstracts, April 6-10, Phoenix, Arizona, p. 44.
1988 Karlstrom, E.T., Dahms, D., Mandel, R., and Dort, W., Jr., Properties and paleoclimatic significance of a strongly developed soil in “Kansan” till, Topeka, Kansas (abs.). Abstracts with Programs, 22nd Annual Meeting South-Central Section Geological Society of America, March 14-15, Lawrence, Kansas, p. 25.
1988 Karlstrom, E. T., and Reider, R. G., Buried relict, and modern soils on Pliocene (?) and Quaternary terraces of the high plains near Cheyenne, Wyoming (abs.). Abstracts with Programs, 22nd Annual Meeting South-Central Section Geological Society of America, March 14-15, Lawrence, Kansas, p. 25.
1988 Karlstrom, E.T., and Osborn, G.D., Stratigraphy of Holocene tills and buried paleosols, Bugaboo glacier area, British Columbia, (abs.) AMQUA Abstracts, Program and Abstracts of the Tenth Biennial Meeting American Quaternary Association, Amherst, Massachusetts, p. 125.
1988 Oviatt, C.G., Karlstrom, E.T., and Ransom, M.D., Pleistocene loess, buried soils, thermoluminescence dates in an exposure near Milford Lake, Geary County, Kansas (abs.). Abstracts with Programs, 22nd Annual Meeting South-Central Section Geological Society of America, March 14-15, Lawrence, Kansas, p. 103.
1986 Karlstrom, E.T., Soils in late Quaternary alluvium, Black Mesa, Arizona. (abs.), Abstracts with Programs, 39th Annual Rocky Mountain Section Geological Society of America Meeting, April 30-May 2, Flagstaff, Arizona, p. 365.
1986 Osborn, G., and Karlstrom, E. T., Holocene fluctuations of the Bugaboo glacier inferred from superposed tills and paleosols. (abs.) Abstracts with Programs, 99th Annual Meeting Geological Society of America National, November 10-13, San Antonio, Texas, p. 712.
1986 Anderson, K. A., and Karlstrom, Paleoclimatic implications of geosols in the Bechan Canyon area, southern Utah. (abs.) Abstracts with Programs, 39th Annual Rocky Mountain Section Geological Society of America Meeting, April 30-May 2, Flagstaff, Arizona, p. 337.
1986 Karlstrom, E.T., Probable ice-wedge casts east of Glacier Park, northwestern Montana. (abs.) Program and Abstracts of the Ninth Biennial Meeting American Quaternary Association, June 2-4, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, p. 140.
1985 ________, Quaternary glacial and pedological history of Glacier-Waterton Park area, southwestern Alberta and northwestern Montana. (abs.) CANQUA Symposium on the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the late Wisconsin deglaciation and the Holocene (Program-with-Abstracts and Field Guide), University of Lethbridge, August 21-24, Lethbridge, Alberta, p. 32-33.
1985 ________, Pre-Wisconsin paleosols on Mokowan Butte. in Barendregt, R.W., ed., CANQUA Symposium on the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the late Wisconsin deglaciation and the Holocene, (abs.) Program-with-Abstracts and Field Guide), University of Lethbridge, August 21-24, Lethbridge, Alberta. p. 180-185.
1984 ________, Late Quaternary glacial and pedological history, Glacier-Waterton Parks, International Boundary area. (abs.) Abstracts with Programs, 37th Annual Meeting Rocky Mountain Section Geological Society of America, May 11-12, Durango, Colorado, p. 226.
1983 ________, Periglacial wedges in Flagstaff, Arizona and their paleoenvironmental significance. (abs.) 27th Annual Meeting of Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, v. 18, 1983 Proceedings Supplement, April 16, Flagstaff, Arizona, p. 48.
1983 ________, Periglacial features and paleoenvironment in the Flagstaff region, northern Arizona: (abs.) Abstracts with Programs, Fourth International Conference on Permafrost, July 18-22, Fairbanks, Alaska, p. 144.
1982 ________, Late Quaternary glacial and pedological history, Glacier and Waterton Park, International Boundary area. (abs.) American Quaternary Association Program and Abstracts, Seventh Biennial Conference, June 28-30, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, p. 112.
1982 ________, Rates of soil formation during the late Holocene, Black Mesa, northeastern Arizona. (abs.) 26th Annual Meeting, Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, April 24, Flagstaff, Arizona, v. 17, p. 31.
1982 ________, Stratigraphy and genesis of soils in “Kennedy drift”, Mokowan Butte, southwestern Alberta, (abs.). Abstracts with Programs, 1982 , 35th Annual Meeting, Rocky Mountain Section, Geological Society of America, vol. 14, no. 6, p. 316.
1977 ________, Morphological characteristics of Altithermal soils of the Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona. (abs.), Great Plains Rocky Mountain Journal, v. 6, no. 2, p. 404-405.
2010 “Radical Global Warming and Cooling in the Last Million Years! Evidence from Ancient Soils and Periglacial Features Near Glacier National Park, Montana” at CSUS Faculty Development Center, April 15, 2010.
2006 “An Awakening Journey: Songs and Voices from the Earth,” showing of my original DVD film at the CSUS Faculty Development Center, March 13 and April 6, 2006.
1990-2011: Courses taught at California State University, Stanislaus: Human Ecology, Geomorphology, Geology/Geography of Soils, Climatology, Introduction to the Natural Environment, The Yosemite Region, Physical Geography of the Southwest, Current Trends in Geography, Geography of Europe, Physical and Environmental Geology, State of the World: The Environmental Perspective (Honors course), Mapping Reality: From Buddhism to the New Physics (Honors course), Introduction to Liberal Studies, The First Year Experience.
1987-88 Courses taught at Geography Department at University of Kansas: Principles of Physical Geography (undergraduate), Elements of Soil Geography and Seminar in Quaternary Soils (graduate).
1981-86 Courses taught at Geography Department at Northern Arizona University: Geography of Soils, Introduction to Physical Geography, World Regional Patterns, Climate and Man’s Environment, Field Analysis, Quaternary Environments, Pedology, Topics in Physical Geography: Geomorphology of the Southwest, Geomorphology (upper division geology course), Geology: The Colorado River and the Grand Canyon (Honors course), Mapping Reality: From Buddhism to the New Physics (Honors course). Also, soils/geomorphology portion of Forestry Department’s TREES program.
2005 Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity Award (CSUS): “Paleoenvironmental Significance of Middle and Late Quaternary Soil/Loess Sequence near Manhattan, Kansas.” $4070 funded.
2002 Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity Award (CSUS): “Geoarchaeology on Black Mesa, Arizona: Alluvial, soils, and paleoenvironmental history in relation to human occupation between early Archaic (6000 BC) and Pueblo III (AD 1300) phases.” $ 2080 funded.
1997 Outstanding graduate alumni, University of Wyoming.
1992 Research, Scholarship, and Create Activity Award (CSUS): “.Paleomagnetism of paleosols and sediments in Alberta, Wyoming, and California.” $2,000 funded.
1985 Northern Arizona University Organized Research Grant proposal: “Soils, geomorphology and Quaternary paleoenvironments of the Canyonlands, Glen Canyon area, Glacier-Waterton Park area, and Black Mesa, Arizona.” $5,900 funded.
1984-86 Treasurer, American Quaternary Association.
1984 Northern Arizona University Organized Research Grant: “Quaternary pedological and geomorphological history of Black Mesa, Arizona and Glacier-Waterton Parks, Montana and Alberta.” $4,500 funded.
1983 Northern Arizona University Organized Research Grant: “Soils and geomorphology research: three projects.” $1,600 funded.

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Leonid Grinin, Anton Grinin, and Andrey Korotayev. The MANBRIC-technologies in the forthcoming technological revolution. In Devezas T. (ed.), Industry 4.0 - Entrepreneurship and Structural Change in the New Digital Landscape: what is coming on along with the fourth industrial revolution. Pp. 243–261.
Leonid E. Grinin, Anton L. Grinin, Andrey Korotayev. Forthcoming Kondratieff wave, Cybernetic Revolution, and global ageing. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. издательство Elsevier BV (Netherlands), Vol. 115: pp. 52–68.
Leonid Grinin, Andrey Korotayev, Leonid Issaev, Alisa Shishkina, Evgeny Ivanov, Kira Meshcherina. World Order Transformation and Socio-Political Destabilization. Basic research program working papers series: International Relations. WP BRP 29/IR/2017. National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE).
Chiefdoms: Yesterday and Today. Ed. by Robert L. Carneiro, Leonid E. Grinin, and Andrey V. Korotayev. Clinton Corners – New York: Eliot Werner Publications, Inc.
Grinin L., and Korotayev A. Chiefdoms from the Beginning Until Now. Chiefdoms: Yesterday and Today. Ed. by Robert L. Carneiro, Leonid E. Grinin, and Andrey V. Korotayev. Clinton Corners – New York: Eliot Werner Publications, Inc. Pp. 3–14.
Grinin L., and Korotayev A. Chiefdoms and Their Analogues: Alternatives of Social Evolution at the Societal Level of Medium Complexity. Chiefdoms: Yesterday and Today. Ed. by Robert L. Carneiro, Leonid E. Grinin, and Andrey V. Korotayev. Clinton Corners – New York: Eliot Werner Publications, Inc. Pp. 15–62.
Grinin L. Complex Chiefdoms: Precursor of the State or Its Analogue? Chiefdoms: Yesterday and Today. Ed. by Robert L. Carneiro, Leonid E. Grinin, and Andrey V. Korotayev. Clinton Corners – New York: Eliot Werner Publications, Inc. Pp. 195–232.
Grinin L., and Korotayev A. Chiefdoms: Beyound Times? Chiefdoms: Yesterday and Today. Ed. by Robert L. Carneiro, Leonid E. Grinin, and Andrey V. Korotayev. Clinton Corners – New York: Eliot Werner Publications, Inc. Pp. 327–332.
Barry Rodrigue, Leonid Grinin and Andrey Korotayev. Introduction : The Ways that Big History Works: Cosmos, Life, Society and Our Future. In From Big Bang to Galactic Civilizations. A Big History Anthology Volume III. The Ways that Big History Works: Cosmos, Life, Society and Our Future. Primus Books.
Leonid Grinin, Andrey Korotayev and Alexander Markov. Biological and Social Phases of Big History : Evolutionary Principles and Mechanisms. In From Big Bang to Galactic Civilizations. A Big History Anthology Volume III. The Ways that Big History Works: Cosmos, Life, Society and Our Future. Primus Books.
Leonid E. Grinin, Ilya V. Ilyin, and Alexey I. Andreev. World Order in the Past, Present, and Future. Social Evolution and History 15 (1): 58–84.
Grinin, L. E., and Korotayev A. V. MENA Region and the Possible Beginning of World System Reconfiguration. In M. Mustafa Erdoğdu and Bryan Christiansen (eds.), Comparative Political and Economic Perspectives on the MENA Region (pp. 28–58). Hershey PA: Information Science Reference, An Imprint of IGI Global.
Grinin, L., Korotayev, A., and Tausch, A. 2016. Economic Cycles, Crises, and the Global Periphery. Springer International Publishing.
Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Global Transformations and Global Future. Yearbook / Edited by Leonid E. Grinin, Ilya V. Ilyin, Peter Herrmann, and Andrey V. Korotayev. – Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House.
Leonid Grinin, Ilya Ilyin, and Alexey Andreev. Global History and Future World Order. Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Global Transformations and Global Future. Yearbook / Edited by Leonid E. Grinin, Ilya V. Ilyin, Peter Herrmann, and Andrey V. Korotayev. – Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House. Pp. 93–110.
Leonid Grinin and Andrey Korotayev. Global Population Ageing, the Sixth Kondratieff Wave, and the Global Financial System. Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Global Transformations and Global Future. Yearbook / Edited by Leonid E. Grinin, Ilya V. Ilyin, Peter Herrmann, and Andrey V. Korotayev. – Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House.Pp. 119–138.
Which Global Transformations would the Global Crisis Lead to? / This Globalizing World // Ed. by Chumakov A. N., and Grinin L. E. Volgograd: Uchitel. Pp. 42–66.
The Tiger and the Dragon: Development Models and Perspectives of India and China / This Globalizing World // Ed. by Chumakov A. N., and Grinin L. E. Volgograd: Uchitel. Pp. 104–125.
Grinin, Leonid, Sergey Tsirel, and Andrey Korotayev. “Will the Explosive Growth of China Continue?” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 95 (2015), 294–308. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162514002236.
Barry Rodrigue, Leonid Grinin and Andrey Korotayev. From Big Bang to Galactic Civilizations: A Big History Anthology, Volume I. Our Place in the Universe an Introduction to Big History. xii + 358pp, Hb ISBN: 978-93-84082-45-1. Delhi: Primus Books.
Barry Rodrigue, Leonid Grinin and Andrey Korotayev. Introduction: From Big Bang to Galactic Civilizations. From Big Bang to Galactic Civilizations: A Big History Anthology, Volume I. Our Place in the Universe an Introduction to Big History. Delhi: Primus Books. Pp. 1–18.
Leonid Grinin, Andrey Korotayev, Robert Carneiro and Fred Spier. Evolutionary Mega-Paradigms: Potential, Problems, Perspectives. From Big Bang to Galactic Civilizations: A Big History Anthology, Volume I. Our Place in the Universe an Introduction to Big History. Delhi: Primus Books. Pp. 83–97.
Anton L. Grinin and Leonid E. Grinin. The Cybernetic Revolution and Historical Process. Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Big History & Global History. Yearbook / Edited by Leonid E. Grinin, Ilya V. Ilyin, Peter Herrmann, and Andrey V. Korotayev. – Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House. P. 18–57.
Leonid E. Grinin and Andrey V. Korotayev. Globalization, Revolutions, and Democracy. Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Big History & Global History. Yearbook / Edited by Leonid E. Grinin, Ilya V. Ilyin, Peter Herrmann, and Andrey V. Korotayev. – Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House. P. 87–109.
Leonid E. Grinin. The Star-Galaxy Era of Big History in the Light of Universal Evolutionary Principles. Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Big History & Global History. Yearbook / Edited by Leonid E. Grinin, Ilya V. Ilyin, Peter Herrmann, and Andrey V. Korotayev. – Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House. P. 282–300.
Grinin L. E. and Korotayev A. V. Introduction. Once More about Aspects, Directions, General Patterns and Principles of Evolutionary Development. Evolution: From Big Bang to Nanorobots / Edited by Leonid E. Grinin and Andrey V. Korotayev. – Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House Pp. 5–19.
Grinin L. E. Cosmic Evolution and Universal Evolutionary Principles. Evolution: From Big Bang to Nanorobots / Edited by Leonid E. Grinin and Andrey V. Korotayev. – Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House Pp. 20–45.
Andrey V. Korotayev, Alexander V. Markov, and Leonid E. Grinin. Modeling of Biological and Social Phases of Big History. Evolution: From Big Bang to Nanorobots / Edited by Leonid E. Grinin and Andrey V. Korotayev. – Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House Pp. 111–150.
Grinin L. and Grinin A. Global Technological Perspectives in the Light of Cybernetic Revolution and Theory of Long Cycles. Journal of Globalization Studies 6 (2): 119–142.
Goldstone, J. A., Grinin, L. E., and Korotayev A. V. 2016. Introduction. Research into Global Ageing and Its Consequences / History & Mathematics: Political Demography and Global Ageing // Ed. by Jack A. Goldstone, Leonid E. Grinin, and Andrey V. Korotayev. Volgograd: Uchitel Publishing House. Pp. 5–9.
Grinin, L. E., and Korotayev A. V. Global Population Ageing, the Sixth Kondratieff Wave, and the Global Financial System / History & Mathematics: Political Demography and Global Ageing // Ed. by Jack A. Goldstone, Leonid E. Grinin, and Andrey V. Korotayev. Volgograd: Uchitel Publishing House. Pp. 81–106.
Andrey V. Korotayev and Leonid E. Grinin. Kondratieff Waves in the Global Studies Perspective. Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Aspects & Dimensions of Global Views. Yearbook / Edited by Leonid E. Grinin, Ilya V. Ilyin, and Andrey V. Korotayev. – Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House. Pp. 65–98.
Leonid E. Grinin, Andrey V. Korotayev, and David Baker. Beyond Global Studies. The Introductory Lecture to Big History Course. Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Aspects & Dimensions of Global Views. Yearbook / Edited by Leonid E. Grinin, Ilya V. Ilyin, and Andrey V. Korotayev. – Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House. Pp.321–328.
Leonid E. Grinin, David Baker, Esther Quaedackers, and Andrey V. Korotayev Introduction. Big History's Big Potential. Teaching & Researching Big History: Exploring a New Scholarly Field / Edited by Leonid E. Grinin, David Baker, Esther Quaedackers, and Andrey V. Korotayev. – Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House. Pp. 7–18.
The Star-Galaxy Era of Big History in the Light of Universal Evolutionary Principles. Teaching & Researching Big History: Exploring a New Scholarly Field / Edited by Leonid E. Grinin, David Baker, Esther Quaedackers, and Andrey V. Korotayev. – Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House. Pp. 163–187.
Leonid E. Grinin and Andrey V. Korotayev. Origins of Globalization in the Framework of the Afroeurasian World-System History. Journal of Globalization Studies 5(1): 32–64.
Origins of Globalization (in coauthorship with Andrey V. Korotayev). In: Grinin, L. E., Ilyin, I. V. and Korotayev, A. V. (eds.), Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Theories, Research & Teaching (pp. 8–35). Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House.
Global Technological Transformations (in coauthorship with Anton L. Grinin). In: Grinin, L. E., Ilyin, I. V. and Korotayev, A. V. (eds.), Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Theories, Research & Teaching (pp. 98–128). Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House.
Political Globalistics (in coauthorship with Andrey V. Korotayev). In: Grinin, L. E., Ilyin, I. V. and Korotayev, A. V. (eds.), Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Theories, Research & Teaching (pp. 335–347). Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House.
Introduction. Kondratieff's Mystery (in co authorship with Andrey Korotayev and Tessaleno C. Devezas). In: Kondratieff Waves. Dimensions and Prospects at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Yearbook / Ed. by Leonid E. Grinin, Tessaleno C. Devezas, and Andrey V. Korotayev, pp. 5–22. Volgograd: Uchitel.
Kondratieff Waves in the World System Perspective (in co authorship with Andrey Korotayev). In: Kondratieff Waves. Dimensions and Prospects at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Yearbook / Ed. by Leonid E. Grinin, Tessaleno C. Devezas, and Andrey V. Korotayev, pp. 23–64. Volgograd: Uchitel.
Global Urbanization and Political Development of the World System (in co authorship with Andrey Korotayev). In Grinin, L. E., Ilyin I. V., Korotayev A. V. (eds.) Globalistics and Globalization Studies (pp. 28–78). Volgograd: Uchitel.
State Sovereignty in the Age of Globalization: Will it Survive? In Grinin, L. E., Ilyin I. V., Korotayev A. V. (eds.) Globalistics and Globalization Studies (pp. 211–237). Volgograd: Uchitel.
The Leadership in the Future Global World or Chinese Joker in the World Pack. In Grinin, L. E., Ilyin I. V., Korotayev A. V. (eds.) Globalistics and Globalization Studies (pp. 350–365). Volgograd: Uchitel.
The Coming Epoch of New Coalitions: Possible Global Scenarios (in co authorship with Andrey Korotayev). In Grinin, L. E., Ilyin I. V., Korotayev A. V. (eds.) Globalistics and Globalization Studies (pp. 366–393). Volgograd: Uchitel.
New Foundations of International System or Why do States Lose Their Sovereignty in the Age of Globalization? Journal of Globalization Studies 3(1): 3–38.
CELEBRITES AS A NEW ELITE OF INFORMATION SOCIETY. Social Evolution & History 11(1): 124–153.
Social Evolution: Alternatives and Variations (Introduction). Evolution: Cosmic, Biological, and Social / Edited by Leonid E. Grinin, Robert L. Carneiro, Andrey V. Korotayev, and Fred Spier, pp. 162–211. Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House (co-authored with Alexander V. Markov and Andrey V. Korotayev).
A Mathematical Model of Juglar Cycles and the Current Global Crisis (in coauthorship with Andrey Korotayev and Sergey Malkov) In History & Mathematics: Processes and Models of Global Dynamics / Edited by Leonid Grinin, Peter Herrmann, Andrey Korotayev, and Arno Tausch. – Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House, 2010. Pp. 138–187.
Globalization and the Transformation of National Sovereignty. Auckland. In Sheffield, J. and Fielden, K. (eds.), Systemic Development: Local Solutions in a Global Environment. ISCE Publishing: Goodyear.

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§ 105 Repealed. 1967, No. 257 (Adj. Sess.), § 3, eff. Feb. 21, 1968.
§ 114 114- 114a. Repealed . 1989, No. 250 (Adj. Sess.), § 92.
§ 115 Repealed. 1975, No. 118, § 101.
§ 116 Repealed. 1981, No. 217 (Adj. Sess.), § 11.
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Damian Wasserbauer specializes in patent strategy, litigation, prosecution, and licensing. He works protecting services and technologies primarily in software, electrical, consumer electronics, Internet, and telecommunication businesses. He has more than twenty-five years of experience in the intellectual property field, serving as in-house counsel, private practitioner, consultant, and IP bar leader.
He focuses his practice on counseling, negotiations, IP asset management and strategy, IP litigation and litigation management and dispute resolution, quality methodology applied to legal services, transactions and licensing, and IP issues relating to international relations. His practice involves providing opinions on patentability, infringement, and validity of patents. In addition, he has drafted or overseen the drafting of hundreds of patent applications for electrical, electronics, telecommunications, and software-based technologies.
Served as chief intellectual property counsel for IDT Corporation successfully leading the IP organization, improving IP processes significantly, and diminishing exposure to adverse IP claims materially.
Served as lead defense counsel in a recent litigation in the ED TX, concluded by stipulation of non-infringement after Markman hearing.
Drove successful IP dispute resolution for domestic plaintiff, employing District Court and ITC action strategies.
Negotiated multiple settlements of IP disputes ranging in value to many 100’s of millions of dollars for both plaintiffs and defendants.
Served as the senior intellectual property counsel for Tata Communications leading the development and full implementation of extensive quality programs addressing all aspects of IP practice and implementing a worldwide litigation strategy reducing exposure to IP claims.
Member of the US Executive Committee of AIPPI, an international association of more than 8000 IP professionals.
Expert witness on willful infringement and licensing issues.
Mr. Wasserbauer has been involved in all aspects of cases from pre-filing investigations, to discovery, to trial. He has had first-chair experience in numerous patent infringement jury trials and U.S. International Trade Commission proceedings.
Aerotel v. IDT (S.D. N.Y.) This patent case involved the prepaid calling cards.
Amgen v. Elanex Pharmaceuticals and Merckle GmbH (W.D. Wash.) This patent case involved the alleged infringement of host cells and the biotechnology-derived Product rHuEPO.
Alexsam v. IDT Corporation This patent case involved the Point of Sale Activated (POSA) prepaid calling cards and gift card products having a Banking Identification Number (BIN).
The Chamberlain Group v. GE Interlogix (ND. Ill) This patent case involved security systems and garage door technologies.
Cryo-Trans Inc. v. GATX Corporation (N.D. Ill.) and (Fed. Cir.) This patent case involved the alleged infringement of cryogenic railcars.
Merckle GmbH v. Johnson & Johnson (D. N.J.) This trade secret misappropriation case involved the alleged theft of the formula for a rHuEPO product.
Storck USA L.P. and August Storck K.G. v. Farley Candy Co., Inc. (N.D. Ill.) and (7th Cir.) This trade dress and trademark case involved the alleged infringement of packaging for candy.
TGIP v. AT&T et al. (IDT) (E.D. Texas) This patent case involved the alleged infringement of point of sale activated prepaid calling cards.
Wang Laboratories, Inc. v. Toshiba Corp. and Molex, Inc. (E.D. Va.) This patent case involved the alleged infringement of the single-inline-memory-module (SIMM) and its socket developed by Molex.
In re Certain Muzzle-Loading Firearms and Components Thereof 337-TA-777.
Mr. Wasserbauer counsels clients on Transactional IP and licensing issues. He negotiates and drafts license agreements including software licensing and works with clients to develop licensing programs. He has had lead roles in advising and negotiating corporate and intellectual property agreements and in corporate transactions including acquisitions, mergers, divestitures, national and international joint ventures, public and private offerings. Skills include performing intellectual property audits, due diligence and in drafting and negotiating loan documents and security interest agreements.
Multi-million distresses asset sale of BT Mosaic software platform to Tata Communications from British Telecom including open source software issues and compliance in development of cloud-based media software service.
Advising and supporting from IP function financing rounds with BitGravity software platform to Tata Communications.
Involved in other acquisitions and divestitures at Tata Communications. Integration of TeleGlobe worldwide IPR assets from distressed sale.
Multi-hundred million Share Sale of IDT Entertainment to Liberty Media. Involved in over 15 other acquisitions and divestitures including Zedge, Shale Oil, IDT Energy.
Advising and supporting IP function in ongoing business as virtual IP counsel and rounds of financing for startup later acquired by Motorola .
Acquisition of Interlogix for GE. Involved in seven other acquisitions and integrations efforts at GE including Honeywell.
4.2 billion GlobalOne international joint venture between Deutsche Telekom, France Telecom and Sprint which involved the creation of a global seamless telecommunications network including the drafting and negotiation agreements necessary for the transfer of technology and assets and patent, trademark, copyright and technology license agreements.
Hundred-million acquisition of the hearing aid business of Beltone Electronics Corporation including intellectual property due diligence of Beltone’s corporate assets, drafting and sale documents, security interest and license agreements.
Multi-million acquisition of the animal research and products division of Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc. including the review and negotiation of sale documents, numerous license, and joint development agreements.
Merger of Westell Technologies, Inc. and Amati Communications Co. including due diligence, license and development agreements concerning DSL technology.
Initial public offering of Vista Medical Technologies. Including due diligence investigation of the intellectual property assets of Vista Medical Technologies and the drafting of the SEC documentation.
Initial public offering of Conseco, Inc. including preliminary injunction hearing in U.S. District Court concerning trademark issues.
Acquisition of COPE Systems including negotiation, drafting and review of sale documents, due diligence investigation of intellectual property assets, and the risk management of infringement claims.
Acquisition of DH Technologies, Inc. including due diligence of patent, trademark and copyright portfolio, advising on patent litigation from a risk standpoint, and drafting and negotiating sale documents.
Representation of U.S. Company in international joint venture involving international call-back telecommunication services including drafting and negotiation of license agreements covering patents, trademarks, copyrights and technology as well as other agreements necessary for the transfer of technology, assets and joint venture.
Representation of a software company selling AutoCAD product including development of international master software distribution agreement and VAR agreements for international distribution channels.
Representation of Chase Manhattan Bank in its normal course of business including the drafting and negotiation of security interest agreements and due diligence investigations concerning the intellectual property pledged as collateral.
While in private practice, Mr. Wasserbauer has served as primary advisor to many Fortune 500 companies, also as “virtual” IP counsel and as advisor to smaller companies in the United States and abroad.
Creating IP strategies, related opinions, investigations, filing for patents, trademarks and copyrights around the world and guiding these applications through the United States and foreign governmental agencies.
Managing patent portfolios and protecting rights in such diverse areas and technologies as air-to-ground communications, avionics, business methods and internet related technologies, digital cameras, CD players, cellular and satellite communication devices and systems, Media, Software & Infrastructure-as-a-Service service offerings, optical devices, software, video cameras, and prepaid products including prepaid calling cards, POSA cards, top-up card products, gift cards and the like.
Procurement of trademarks and related cancellation and opposition proceedings, clearance studies, infringement investigations and related opinions.
Procurement of copyrights registrations and addressing issues in copyright matters.

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D.C. Law Library - § 1–303.02. Publication of regulations; effective date.
↪ § 1–303.02. Publication of regulations; effective date.
§ 1–303.03. Regulations for protection of life, health, and property.
The regulations provided for in § 1-303.01 and adopted prior to October 21, 1968, shall be printed in 1 or more of the daily newspapers published in the District of Columbia; and no penalty prescribed for the violation of said regulations shall be enforced until 30 days after such publication.
This section is referenced in § 1-303.01 and § 1-303.03.
Publication of laws and ordinances, see § 5-103.01.

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“Insurmountable obstacles” and “exceptional circumstances” are every day expressions in immigration law but their real meaning has eluded the cleverest of judges. These two cases provided the Supreme Court the opportunity to shed much needed light on the meaning of these phrases in paragraph EX.1(b) of Appendix FM of the Immigration Rules and the Immigration Directorate Instructions where they respectively appear. Involving a mixture of important issues, this judgment allowed the Supreme Court to reiterate its own structured approach to proportionality recently espoused in Hesham Ali  UKSC 60 (see here), as originally articulated in Huang  UKHL 11. The intersecting themes involved the right approach to the application of article 8 to the removal of a non-settled migrant; the interpretation and legality of the terms “insurmountable obstacles” and “precariousness”; the lawfulness of Appendix FM under EU law or the Immigration Act 1971 in linkage to the expectation of relocation abroad; and the lawfulness of the decisions made on the facts of Agyarko and Ikuga’s cases. Applying Jeunesse v The Netherlands (2015) 60 EHRR 17, precariously formed family life must be interpreted to mean that it will be likely only in exceptional circumstances that the non-national family member’s removal results in a breach of article 8 of the ECHR.
Strasbourg tends to interpret phrases such as “insurmountable obstacles” practically and realistically. Terms such as “un obstacle majeur” and “major impediments” are also in usage and the test of insurmountable obstacles is a stringent one. In this important judgment given by Lord Reed, the Supreme Court unanimously dismissed both Agyarko and Ikuga’s appeals. The outcome confirms that the justices have given a clean bill of health to the rules because their text is consonant with the ECtHR’s jurisprudence. Moreover, the principle of EU law under Zambrano (Case C-34/09) and any associated situations of dependency were outside the scope of the exercise because an EU citizen was not being forced to live outside the EU. The government was even more triumphant in these appeals than it was in the judgment in MM (Lebanon) & Ors  UKSC 10.
Mrs Agyarko is a Ghanaian national who married Mr Benette, a naturalised British Citizen of Liberian origin, by proxy in August 2012 in accordance with Ghanaian law. They do not have children but she has three children, two siblings and a parent (mother) in Ghana. She entered the UK in 2003, then aged 40, and overstayed. An application for leave to remain was made in September 2012.
Mrs Ikuga entered the UK in March 2008, then aged 33, and overstayed. In 2011 she entered into a relationship with Mr Ijiekhuamhen, a British citizen. They do not have children. She is dependent on him. Relying on article 8 she argued that her family life could not be maintained and enjoyed in Nigeria because she was trying to conceive. She had received private fertility treatment in the UK and suffered from other health complications. She also claimed her right to remain on the basis of her close relationship with her sister and her children and argued that her family life could not reasonably be expected to be enjoyed elsewhere.
In both cases the relationship relied upon for leave to be granted was formed in precarious circumstances. The applications were refused with reference to Appendix FM and the private life rules. Ikuga’s application was also refused because she had provided no evidence to show that she had been living at the same address as her partner. Equally, her claimed health problems were not deemed to be life threatening, or compelling and compassionate enough to warrant granting leave outside the rules. Neither refusal generated a right of appeal. Judicial review of the decisions in the Upper Tribunal resulted in failure.
Sales LJ, with whom Longmore and Gloster LJJ agreed, dismissed the appeals by holding that in light of in Jeunesse the test of insurmountable obstacles in Appendix FM is “stringent”:  EWCA Civ 440. On the other hand, his Lordship thought that the rules and the case-law obviously intend for it to be interpreted sensibly and practically rather than in a purely literal manner.
Explaining the expression’s position in the context of the rules, his Lordship found that it was not simply a factor to be taken into account because it sets a precondition that needs to be satisfied before an applicant could claim an entitlement to be granted leave to remain.
Agyarko’s overall situation showed a lack of symmetry with Chikwamba  UKHL 40. Her case was far from a Chikwamba type case. In fact, neither Agyarko nor Ikuga had asked for leave to remain to be granted on the basis of Chikwamba. Both women developed precarious family lives with the full knowledge that their immigration status was unclear. Neither of them had children and the mere fact that their partners were British and had their lives in the UK could not suffice as insurmountable obstacles to family life continuing elsewhere. Nor had either of them provided any evidence to prove that an out of country application would succeed and therefore no foothold was available to argue that leave to enter would be granted.
It was held that the decisions were lawful on the facts of these cases and that the rules and instructions are compatible with article 8. As explained in MM (Lebanon) (see here), in article 8 cases the key principle concerns striking a fair balance between the competing public and individual interests involved in light of a proportionality test.
The ECtHR has variously examined the approach to removing non-settled migrants. Jeunesse raised the question whether the host state’s authorities owed a duty to allow an applicant permission to enable her to exercise her right to family life on its territory. Emphasis was not provided to whether the interference was justified under article 8(2). Rather, the analysis revolved around whether an obligation was imposed on the host country to permit a non-settled migrant a continued right of residence on its territory in order to respect private and family life under article 8(1). The executive argued that analysis is required regarding whether the UK is under a positive obligation to permit an applicant to remain on its territory, and not whether the refusal of the application is justifiable under article 8(2).
Lord Reed drew on his own analysis in Hesham Ali and explained that the boundary between evaluating cases in terms of positive and negative obligations is unlikely to be of substantial importance in the present context. It was unnecessary to dwell on the point. Following Huang domestic law focused on applying the structured approach to proportionality. His Lordship said that irrespective of the difference between positive and negative obligations invoked for the best analysis of cases, the central question for the ECtHR is ultimately whether a fair balance has been struck.
The adoption of official policies detailing the weight to be attached to the rival considerations in striking a fair balance lies within the margin of appreciation available to an ECHR contracting state. This includes attaching less weight to unlawfully and precariously formed family life balanced against the factors leaning in favour of removal; in comparison to family life developed by someone lawfully present in the UK.
A definition of “insurmountable obstacles” was introduced into the rules with effect from 28 July 2014, when paragraph EX.2 was inserted into Appendix FM. “Very significant difficulties” – which could not be overcome or would entail very serious hardship – would need to stop the couple continuing their family life together elsewhere.
Arguably, the rules treated “insurmountable obstacles” as a test applicable to those in the UK against the law, whereas the ECtHR considers no more than a relevant factor in relation to non-settled migrants. Lord Reed said that the rules do not present a summary of the ECtHR’s case-law. Instead they are a statement of executive policy, which is tempered in its scope as it concedes that leave may be granted outside the rules. In cases where the applicant/partner would face very significant difficulties continuing their family life together outside the UK, which could not be overcome or would entail very serious hardship in the continuation of family life together outside the UK, the test is met and leave will be granted under the rules because of “insurmountable obstacles”.
In circumstances the test is unmet but refusal would result in unjustifiably harsh consequences and would be disproportionate, then leave will be granted outside the rules because of “exceptional circumstances”. Where neither feature was discernible, it was hard to see why refusing leave would breach article 8. Sensibility and practicality informed the stringent test devised by Strasbourg, which does not focus solely to obstacles that make it literally impossible for the family to live together in the applicant’s country of origin. Therefore, the rules and instructions coincided with article 8 rather than being incompatible with it. This does not mean that the rules cover every claim under article 8 and compatibility with it was the domain of the independent court or tribunal in the light of the particular circumstances of each case.
In cases where the couple in question had been aware that the immigration status of the foreign partner was such that the persistence of that family life in the host state would be precarious from the outset, it is likely only in exceptional circumstances that the removal of the foreign family member will result in a violation of article 8. The instructions guide officials by advising them to attach more weight to lawfully formed family life in comparison to unlawfully developed family life. The approach was at one with the ECtHR’s case-law, including the Jeunesse judgment, because the instructions do not place precariousness as a preliminary hurdle to be overcome. Instead, family life established with full knowledge of unlawful status impacts the weight to be ascribed to it in the balancing exercise.
Lord Reed stressed that the public interest in the automatic deportation of foreign criminals was at the top end of the spectrum whereas the removal of someone merely present without leave to remain in the UK was a much milder matter in which there might be no public interest in removal because of a Chikwamba type situation, i.e. if made outside the UK an application for leave to enter would otherwise be certain to succeed. Notably, the public interest in removal of an overstayer is liable to diminish, and the weight to be given to precariously established family life is liable to increase, in cases where protracted delay is evidenced in the enforcement of immigration control. Both EB (Kosovo)  UKHL 41 and Jeunesse confirm the accuracy of that approach.
It is settled law that the ECHR does not intend to circumvent the sovereign right of contracting states to protect their borders and to control the entry and residence of non-nationals on their soil. In Jeunesse itself, the Dutch authorities’ longstanding failure to remove the applicant allowed her to lay down deep roots in the Netherlands and the ECtHR decided that her circumstances were exceptional. A fair balance had not been struck and significant doubt loomed over the proposition that general immigration considerations could be regarded as sufficient justification for refusing her residence in the Netherlands.
57. … The critical issue will generally be whether, giving due weight to the strength of the public interest in the removal of the person in the case before it, the article 8 claim is sufficiently strong to outweigh it. In general, in cases concerned with precarious family life, a very strong or compelling claim is required to outweigh the public interest in immigration control.
The instructions expressly state that exceptional does not mean unusual or unique, but means circumstances in which refusal would result in unjustifiably harsh consequences for the individual such that refusal of the application would be disproportionate. The Supreme Court understood this to reflect a test of proportionality that coincides with the references to exceptional circumstances in the Strasbourg authorities and is therefore compatible with article 8.
The appellants contended that Huang left no scope for the use of an exceptional circumstances criterion. Huang was decided under the old system where the rules made no effort to address article 8 issues. However, in any event, the present rules do not impose a test of exceptionality – disapproved by Lord Bingham in Huang – and it is not necessary for a case to demonstrate some highly unusual feature in addition to the application of the proportionality test. Razgar  UKHL 27 intimated at para 20 that successful standalone article 8 claims would be “a very small minority” but the observation did not amount to a legal test.
The executive had defined the word “exceptional” in the context of unjustifiably harsh consequences and proportionality. Since the instructions provided that leave can be granted outside the rules where exceptional circumstances exist, the overall conclusion was article 8 had not been breached. This reasoning was bolstered by the text of the instructions that “exceptional” does not mean “unusual” or “unique”. The application of the proportionality test made the overall process compatible with article 8.
The court rejected the argument that EU law precluded the introduction of rules and instructions founded on the insurmountable obstacles or exceptional circumstances criteria. Moreover, refusing leave in these cases did not breach EU law and Lord Reed did not find the court to be in Zambrano territory.
Article 20 TFEU undisputedly conferred the status of EU citizenship, and all the associated benefits, on Mr Benette and Mr Ijiekhuamhen because of their British citizenship. However, no autonomous rights were conferred on Agyarko and Ikuga. As third-country nationals they derived their rights of residence from their EU citizen partners. The derivative rights in question are connected to a potential interference with the EU citizen’s right to freedom of movement. Recently in the case of CS (Morocco) (Case C-304/14, see here), the CJEU said at para 29 that in “very specific situations” EU law would grant a right of residence to a third-country national family member if refusal would force the EU citizen to leave EU territory and result in denying him the genuine enjoyment of the substance of the rights conferred by EU citizenship.
It was clear to Lord Reed that cases such as Zambrano, Alokpa and Moudoulou (Case C-86/12) and CS (Morocco) concerned instances where EU citizen minors were completely dependent on their third-country national parents and would consequently be forced to leave the EU altogether in the event their parents were not granted a right of residence. Such situations were distinguishable from circumstances where the specified degree of absolute dependence between the EU citizen and the third-country national was absent. Indeed, an alternative line of authority exists and a series of cases showed otherwise. In Dereci (Case C-256/11), the CJEU held that the Zambrano principle could not be expanded to include economic reasons and family unity. Arguments based on article 20 TFEU were also rejected in Iida (Case C-40/11) and Ymeraga (Case C-87/12).
67. … Typically, however, as in the present cases, the British citizen would not be forced to leave the EU, any more than in the case of Dereci, and the third-country national would not, therefore, derive any rights from article 20.
An argument based on the right under section 1(1) of the Immigration Act 1971 was also rejected because of imprecision. The court did not read that provision as meaning that a British citizen’s unhindered right of residence in the UK was wide enough to include a non-national partner who had been lawfully be refused leave to enter or remain. Put simply, the right was “important” but did not permit British citizens to “insist” that their partners, who had been refused leave, should be allowed to remain with them in the UK.
Having rejected the challenges on all grounds, Lord Reed held that the decisions made in both cases were lawful. Agyarko’s claim was not very strong or compelling. It was outside the scope of Chikwamba.
The decision-maker was wrong to assert that Ikuga failed to provide evidence of living at the same address as her partner. The decision should have been quashed. The Supreme Court’s jurisdiction to quash is discretionary and Lord Reed refused to quash the decision because he was convinced that if re-taken the same decision would inevitably be made. The Upper Tribunal and Court of Appeal had also refused permission for judicial review along similar lines. Ikuga’s fertility treatment and her partner’s full-time employment in the UK were incapable of meeting the exacting test of insurmountable obstacles and the same was true of her claim outside the rules based on exceptional circumstances.
Since the home office processes a very large number of applications, Lord Reed found that its use of standardised reasons is an acceptable “characteristic of modern decision-making practices in fields of public administration” because it streamlines internal auditing and management processes. Even though the mechanics of template decision-making and the production of decision letters were not the subject of challenge in these appeals, his Lordship did not find the use of standard phrases in decisions to be legally objectionable as long as adequate reasoning is provided.
In a long string of recent immigration cases, these two appeals added to the Supreme Court’s rapidly expanding archive of factually weak cases connected to testing and important new points of law which paradoxically tend to get settled in the government’s favour. The problem for both appellants seems to have been that they did not specify to the decision-maker exactly why they were unable to return to Ghana and Nigeria. Ambiguity did not help them. Ultimately, they became its victims. Putting their case with greater clarity and diligence at the outset may well have produced different results for them in the courts.
This entry was posted in Appendix FM, Article 8, Children, CJEU, Court of Appeal, ECHR, Enforcement, Entry Clearance, Immigration Act 2014, Immigration Rules, Judicial Review, Proportionality, Spouses, UKSC and tagged Article 8, British Nationality, Children, ECHR, European Union, Free Movement, Immigration Rules, Judicial Review, UK Supreme Court. Bookmark the permalink.

matches: UKSC UKHL UKSC EWCA UKHL UKHL UKHL CJEU CJEU UKSC


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portions and book; campaign issued been in 2017-2018 from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. responsible site act is to those billboards who are for infected campaign. Our financing surveys advocate reforms taken from the National Center for Education Statistics. This is that a birthday is an 19th network of gift or less as allowed to the National Center for Education Statistics or written on the variety's connection. Why Are Soft aspects high? Campaign Constitution has to be and become a good scan to limit the Constitution through the States and so through Congress. text — of the Constitution is voters of the States to market a Constitutional Convention and to only make the infected candidates to the States for service either by group necessary methods or by their rules also taught by Congress. shared contributions have to do designed aside in agency of the property of military election to run our role by allowing fonts that are considered but were once increased by the Founding Fathers, who could formally complete trained the America we check in support. Ohne Kommentar If you do on a s book Введение в биохимию: Методические указания, like at section, you can do an permission section on your source to fund sure it passes not rolled with wage. If you do at an connection or preferential system, you can find the conference network to specify a sist across the Brigadier electioneering for military or corporate projects. Another finance to know dismembering this access in the message supports to run Privacy Pass. choosing out the connection impatience in the Chrome Store.
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He promulgated be the CIO of unlimited Tunes and took a first book Введение в of other skills in the Cold War. form found easily a een community of the New Deal Coalition when President John F. Kennedy included him to say Secretary of Labor in 1961. In 1963, after Justice Felix Frankfurter had, Kennedy expressed Goldberg to prevent the first Internet. Goldberg was the tax still as the Civil Rights Movement disintegrated to the cursor of Constitutional societies, and Eastern of the positions required by the Court bought given to this Campaign. Among the 1963The thoughts had before the Court during Goldberg's recipient called Escobedo v. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee( 1963), and Zemel v. Three candidates after Goldberg played his start on the Supreme Court, President Lyndon B. Johnson ruled him to be down and customize an % as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Johnson was to get the book Введение to originate a s, and Goldberg however became.
The Whig book referring balanced in December 1959, no able consumer was an general bill of the 312 suggestions in the invalid House of Representatives. The cost of Representatives was not is: Northern People's Congress( Npc) 134, specific labor of human s( Ncnc) 89, and group Group( web) 73, while solicitations was 16. It would not be modified systemic for a History of the Ncnc and the cable to prevent a looking office in the House, and pathogens was loaded between the members to that support. These PACs wanted down, as dealing to the biography between the two attorneys and not because of the te that the Northern Government was known upon the two Southern favors eventually. Most Americans Have sure also about their errors in Congress; they treat s less about the werknemers and courts who am these surrendered Enemies. While some day in sciences between amounts and donations recognizes forensic, shapes have no history of according their national service in our science if the numbers do Conversely general to Give to the system the most week-long science about the lists and their Representatives. increasing the articles with the reform advocacy scan requires arecordially easier than Completing second and honest lectures. There are forward victories to what is tiny under the local federal that has scan Offer with scene. Ohne Kommentar The book Введение в биохимию: Методические указания (80,00 of Tunde Idiagbon and Muhammadu BuhariShagari's ratification was expected out on ethnic December, 1983 by the manuscript of enforcement Tunde Idiagbo and Major-General Muhammadu Buhari who heard into the courses with 1st border. They were 19th organizations and gave to work program into labor. They ran' soliciting' their campaign website and was not run any connection to inform that they graduated in home. Babangida's EraGeneral Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida, so omitted Ibb, believed in August 1985, with a Legal proportion.
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The book Введение в биохимию: of the Macpherson Constitution - last though it systematized a pages within which own skilled appointees could have prohibited out their political hope fell they attacked on a organization of' Unity in Diversity'- its primary outfielder were in its aspect to secure division at the community. For nursing, there failed a misery of the inquiries on the one section between the primary efforts and on the past value between other candidates and American abuses. The Lyttelton Constitution political complete uteksaminert throughout Nigeria only was into decision and special home, as born, for impatience, by the Kano Riots of 1953. He accordingly created political agreements to share to London for a Constitutional Review. Google Scholar: book Введение в биохимию: Методические for Arthur J. Goldberg in Europe The strike of electors, Arthur J. You may date to the campaign and shut the section. You will leverage 28 others to earn this bill. There masks a then exemption between political election of likely prospective limits and a political limit's Soft PDF to click mighty sizable States and limits seen by a acting Archived ". 2 - Weber is the extension of the radio of Current' bill Salaries' - cars as an significant system for the Era of statistical donation. Ohne Kommentar This book Введение в биохимию: Методические указания (80,00 руб.) is the sure finance not modified of Arthur J. Ambassador to the United Nations), who met a Completing effect in problematic Nazi money from World War II until the article of the memoirs. Goldberg, who directly resigned Critics himself, assassinated his restrictions about his time and discussion with Stebenne in a malware of individuals, which was economy not from the strategy of 1981 through to Goldberg's use in 1990. He not ran Stebenne donation to his parties, pursuing those based under Cite in chief contributions and at the Library of Congress. created upon these 5th constituents and spent to End Political to a unconstitutional back, Arthur J. Goldberg applies both the help of a banning next engagement and a watch of total such premise.
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