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Lamichhane, J. R., Bischoff-Schaefer, M., Bluemel, S., Dachbrodt-Saaydeh, S., Dreux, L., Jansen, J.-P., Kiss, J., Köhl, J., Kudsk, P., Malausa, T., Messéan, A., Nicot, P. C., Ricci, P., Thibierge, J. and Villeneuve, F. (2016). Identifying obstacles and ranking common biological control research priorities for Europe to manage most economically important pests in arable, vegetable and perennial crops. Pest Management Science (online September 2016).
Lamichhane J.R., Devos Y., Beckie H.J., Owen M.D.K., Tilliee P., Messéan A., Kudsk P. Integrated weed management systems with herbicide-tolerant crops in the European Union: lessons learnt from home and abroad. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, May 2016.
Jay Ram Lamichhane, Jean-Noël Aubertot, Graham Begg, Andrew Nicholas E. Birch, Piet Boonekamp, Silke Dachbrodt-Saaydeh, Jens Grønbech Hansen, Mogens Støvring Hovmøller, Jens Erik Jensen, Lise Nistrup Jørgensen, Jozsef Kiss, Per Kudsk, Anna-Camilla Moonen, Jean-Yves Rasplus, Maurizio Sattin, Jean-Claude Streito, Antoine Messéan. Networking of integrated pest management: A powerful approach to address common challenges in agriculture, Crop Protection, Volume 89, November 2016.
Lamichhane, J.R., Dachbrodt-Saaydeh, S., Kudsk, P., Messéan, A. Towards a reduced reliance on conventional pesticides in European agriculture. Plant Disease, January 2016.
Barzman M., Lamichhane J.R., Booij K., Boonekamp P., Desneux N., Huber L., Kudsk P., Langrell S.R.H., Ratnadass A., Ricci P., Sarah J.-L. and Messean A. Research and Development Priorities in the Face of Climate Change and Rapidly Evolving Pests. In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews (2015), Volume 17.
Lamichhane J.R., Arendse W., Dachbrodt-Saaydeh S., Kudsk P., Roman J.C., van Bijsterveldt-Gels J.E.M., Wick M. and Antoine Messéan A. Challenges and opportunities for integrated pest management in Europe: A telling example of minor uses. Crop Protection, Volume 74, August 2015.
Lamichhane J.R., Barzman M., Booij K., Boonekamp P., Desneux N., Huber L., Kudsk P., Langrell S.R.H., Ratnadass A., Ricci P., Sarah J.-L. and Messéan A. Robust cropping systems to tackle pests under climate change. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, March 2015.
Barzman M.S., Bertschinger L., Dachbrodt-Saaydeh S., Graf, B. , Jensen J.E. , Joergensen L. , Kudsk P. , Messéan A. , Moonen A.C. , Ratnadass A. , Sarah J.L. and Sattin M . Chap. 17 Integrated Pest Management Policy, Research and Implementation: European Initiatives. In: Integrated Pest Management - Experiences with Implementation, Global Overview, Vol.4. R. Peshin & D. Pimentel, Eds. Springer.
Ratnadass A. and Barzman M.S. Ecological intensification for crop protection: just another name for IPM or a genuinely new paradigm? 2014. In: Agroecology and Global Change. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews vol. 14 (2014), H. Ozier-Lafontaine and M. Lesieur-Jannoyer, volume editors, E. Lichtfouse, series editor. Springer.
de Vallavieille-Pope C., Ali S., Leconte M., Enjalbert J, Delos M., Rouzet J., 2012. Virulence dynamics and regional structuring of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in France between 1984 and 2009. Plant Disease 96:131-140.
Marette, S., Messean A., Millet G., 2012. Consumers’ willingness to pay for eco-friendly apples under different labels: Evidences from a lab experiment. Food Policy 37: 151–161 .
Mouron, P., Aubert, U., Heijne, B., Naef, A., Strassemeyer, J., Hayer, F., Gaillard, G., Mack, G., Hernandez, J., Avilla, J., Solé, J., Sauphanor, B., Alaphilippe, A., Patocchi,, A., Samietz, J., Höhn, H., Bravin, E., Lavigne, C., Bohanec, M., Bigler, F., 2012. A Multi-attribute Decision Method for Assessing the Overall Sustainability of Crop Protection Strategies: A Case Study Based on Apple Production in Europe. In: Marta-Costa, A.A., Silva, E. (Eds.), Methods and Procedures for Building Sustainable Farming Systems, Springer, pp. 123-137.
Mouron, P., Heijne, B., Naef, A., Strassemeyer, J., Hayer, F., Avilla, J., Alaphilippe, A., Höhn, h., Hernandez, J., Gaillard, G., Mack, G., Solé, J., Sauphanor, B., Samietz, J., Patocchi, A., Bravin, E., Lavigne, C., Bohanec, M., Aubert, U., Bigler F., 2012. Sustainability assessment of crop protection systems: SustainOS methodology and its application for apple orchards. Agricultural Systems 113 (2012) 1-15.
Pelzer E., Fortino G., Bockstaller C., Angevin F., Lamine C., Moonen C., Vasileiadis V., Guerin V., Guichard L., Reau R., Messean A., 2012. Assessing innovative cropping systems with DEXiPM, a qualitative multi-criteria assessment tool derived from DEXi. Ecological Indicators 18: 171-182.
Barzman M.S., and Dachbrodt-Saaydeh S., 2011. Comparative analysis of pesticide action plans in five European countries. Pest Management Science Vol. 67 (12): 1481–1485.
Balestrini R., Bianciotto V., Bonfante P., 2011. 24.4 Mycorrhizae. In: Huang, P.M., Li, Y., Sumner, M.E. (eds.), Handbook of Soil Sciences, Properties and Processes. Second edition. 24 : 29-39. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL .
Bianciotto V., Lumini E., Orgiazzi A., Borriello R., Bonfante P. 2011. Metagenomics applied to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. In: Marco, D. (ed.), Metagenomics: Current Innovations and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press, Norwich, UK 159-176.
Borowiec N., Fleisch A., Kreiter P., Tabone E., Malausa T., Fauvergue X., Quilici S., Ris N., Malausa J.C., 2011. Lutte biologique classique et insectes phytophages. Phytoma, la Défense des Végétaux 647: 16-20.
Djian-Caporalino C., Molinari S., Palloix A., Ciancio A., Fazari A., Marteu N., Ris N. & Castagnone-Sereno P., 2011. The reproductive potential of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is affected by selection for virulence against major resistance genes from tomato and pepper. Eur J Plant Pathol 131 (3): 431-440.
Köhl J., Postma J., Ruocco M., Nicot P.C., Blum B., 2011. Stepwise screening of microorganisms for commercial use in biological control of plant-pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Biological Control Vol. 57 (1), 1-12.
Le Van A, Durel C.E., Le Cam B., Caffier V., 2011. The threat of wild habitat to scab resistant apple cultivars. Plant Pathology 60: 621-630.
Lumini E., Vallino M., Alguacil M.M., Romani M., Bianciotto V., 2011. Different farming and water regimes in Italian rice fields affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal soil communities. Ecological Applications 21(5) 1696–1707.
Meissle, M., Romeis J., and Bigler F., 2011. Bt maize and integrated pest management - a European perspective. Pest Management Science 67:1049–1058.
Meissle, M., Romeis J., and Bigler F., 2011. Bt maize and IPM in Europe. Outlooks on Pest Management 22: 257-261.
Nicot P.C. (Editor) - Contributors: Alabouvette C., Bardin M., Blum B., Delval P., Giorgini M., Heilig U., Köhl J., Lanzuise S., Lorito M., Malausa J.C., Nicot P.C., Ris N., Ruocco M., Vinale F., Woo S., 2011. Classical and augmentative biological control against diseases and pests: critical status analysis and review of factors influencing their success. IOBC/WPRS.
Vasileiadis, V.P., Sattin, M., Otto, S., Veres, A., Pálinkás, Z., Pons, X., Kudsk, P., van der Weide, R., Czembor, E., Moonen, C., and Kiss, J., 2011. Crop protection in European maize-based cropping systems: current practices and recommendations for innovative Integrated Pest Management. Agricultural Systems 104, 533-540.
Zijlstra C., Lund I., Justesen A., Nicolaisen M., Bianciotto V., Posta K., Balestrini R., Przetakiewicz A., Czembor E., van de Zande J., 2011. Prospects of future crop protection using innovative diagnostic tools and precision spray techniques. Pest Management Science Vol. 67 (6), 616–625.
Zijlstra C., 2011. Een visie op high-tech-gewasbescherming in de toekomst. Gewasbescherming 41 (6): 244-249.
Alaphilippe A., Lavigne C., Toubon J.F. ; Sauphanor B. ; Ricci B. ; Strassemeyer J., 2010. Environmental risk assessment of plant protection scenarios at a landscape scale in the Rhone Valley with the GIS-based indicator SYNOPS. 11th ESA Congress 29th August-3rd September 2010, Montpellier. Proceedings: 887-888.
Balestrini R., Magurno F., Walker C., Lumini E., Bianciotto V., 2010. Cohorts of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in Vitis vinifera, a typical Mediterranean fruit crop. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2(4) 594-604.
Buurma, J. S., Lamine, C., Haynes, I., 2010. Transition to Consumer - Driven Value Chains in The Netherlands. 28th International Horticultural Congress. 22-27 August 2010.
Djian-Caporalino, C., Palloix, A., Fazari, A., Marteu, N., Bongiovanni, M., Sage-Palloix, A.M., Nemouchi, G. & Castagnone-Sereno, P., 2010. Durable management of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. in pepper (Capsicum annuum ) using resistant genotypes. XIVth EUCARPIA Meeting on Genetics and Breeding of Capsicum & Eggplant 30th August-1st September 2010. pp. 125-126.
Djian-Caporalino, C., Védie, H. & Arrufat, A. (2009). Luttes alternatives contre les nématodes à galles. Dossier « Moyens alternatifs ». Phytoma - La Défense des Végétaux 624-625, 21-25.
Holst, N., 2010. WeedML: a Tool for Collaborative Weed Demographic Modeling. Weed Science, in press.
Jørgensen, L.N., Hovmøller, M.S., Hansen, J.G., Lassen, P., Clark, B., Bayles, R., Rodemann, B., Jahn, M., Flath, K., Goral, T., Czembor, J., Cheyron, P., Maumene, C., Nielsen, G.C., 2010. EuroWheat.org : A support to integrated disease management in wheat. Outlooks on Pest Management Vol 21, No 4: 173-176.
Read the abstract online on the Outlooks on Pest Management website.
Jørgensen, L.N.; Hovmøller, M.S.; Hansen, J.G.; Lassen, P.; Clark, B.; Bayles, R.; Rodemann, B.; Jahn, M.; Flath, K.; Goral, T.; Czembor, J.; Cheyron, P.; Maumene, C.; Pope, C.; Nielsen, G.C. EuroWheat.org: Eine neue Internetplattform zur Verbreitung aktuellen Wissens zur integrierten Krankheitsbekämpfung in Winterweizen in Europa 341 57. Deutsche pflanzenschutztagung 'Gesunde Pflanze - gesunder Mensch' p.341.
Jørgensen, L.N., Rodeman, B., Bayles, R. (2010) EuroWheat: Supporting IPM in Wheat, including Information on Fusarium Head Blight. Poster for the 11th European Fusarium Seminar, Fusarium - Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, Pathogenicity and Host Resistance, Radzikow, Poland, 20-24 September 2010.
Labussière, E., Barzman, M., Ricci, P., 2010. European crop protection in 2030. A foresight study. INRA publication.
Lamine, C., Meynard, JM., Bui, S., Messéan, A., 2010. Réductions d’intrants : des changements techniques, et après ? Effets de verrouillage et voies d’évolution à l’échelle du système agri-alimentaire. Innovations Agronomiques (2010). 8:121-134.
Read the paper on the INRA website.
Lamine, C., Tétart, G., Chateauraynaud, F. 2010. Le bio comme reconfigurateur des controverses sur les pesticides et les OGM (1995-2008). Colloque « Pesticides » de la SFER, March 2010.
Read the paper online (in French).
Lê Van, A., De Gracia, M., Lasserre, P., Caffier, V., Le Cam, B., Durel, C-E., 2010. Evaluation of selection pressures exerted by apple major resistance genes and QTLs on Venturia inaequalis core collections. « 8èmes Rencontres de Phytopathologie - Mycologie de la Société Française de Phytopathologie (Journées Jean Chevaugeon 2010) », 25-29 janvier 2010, Aussois, France, oral communication.
Lê Van, A., Caffier, V., Le Cam B., Lasserre, P., Durel, C-E., 2010. Selection pressures exerted by apple scab resistance QTL on Venturia inaequalis co-inoculated strains. 10th European Conference on Fungal Genetics, Amsterdam, oral communication.
Lô-Pelzer, E., 2010. DEXiPM, a model for qualitative multi-criteria assessment of the sustainability of pest management cropping systems based on integrated crop management. Submitted to Agricultural Systems. AGRO2010, The International Scientific Week around Agronomy, Montpellier, August 29 to September 03, 2010. 323.
View the presentation on the Agropolis website.
Lumini E., Orgiazzi A., Borriello R., Bonfante P., Bianciotto, V. , 2010. Disclosing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal biodiversity in soil through a land-use gradient using a pyrosequencing approach. Environmental Microbiology 12(8) 2165–2179.
Meissle M., Mouron P., Musa T., Bigler F., Pons X., Vasileiadis V.P., Otto S., Antichi D., Kiss J., Pálink ás Z., Dorner Z., van der Weide R., Groten J., Czembor E., Adamczyk J., Thibord J-B., Melander B., Cordsen Nielsen G., Poulsen R.T., Zimmermann O., Verschwele A., Oldenburg E., 2010. Pests, pesticide use and alternative options in European maize production: current status and future prospects, Journal of Applied Entomology 134: 357-375.
Read the paper online on the Journal of Applied Entomology website.
Moonen C., Bohan, D., Petit S., Chauvel B., Eggenschwiler L., Otto S., Golla B., 2010. Parameter harmonisation for calculating landscape configuration effects on weed communities. In: Holland J., van Helden M., Rossing W., Poehling M., van der Werf W., Ferguson A., Lavigne C. (Eds.), Landscape management for functional biodiversity. IOBC wprs Bulletin, Cambridge, pp. 83-86.
Motisi, N., Doré, T., Lucas, P, Montfort, F., 2010. Dealing with the variability in biofumigation efficacy through an epidemiological framework. Soil Biology and Biochemistry.
Read the paper online on the Science Direct website.
Mouron, P., Aubert, U., Heijne, B., Naef, A., Strassemeyer, J., Hayer, F., Gaillard, G., Mack, G., Hernandez, J., Avilla, J., Solé, J., Saupanor, B., Alaphilippe, A., Patocchi, A., Samietz, J., Höhn, H., Bravin, E., Lavigne, C., Bohanec, M. and Bigler, F., 2010. A multicriteria decision method assessing the overall sustainability of new crop protection strategies: the case of apple growing in Europe. IFSA congress 4-7 July 2010. pp. 931-941.
Read the paper online on the IFSA website.
Petit S., Lavigne C., Ferguson A., Tixier P., Bohan D., Denholm I., Otto S., Alomar O., Veres A., Eggenschwiler L., Bocci G., Moonen C., Golla B., 2010. Conservation biological control at the landscape level: measuring and modelling In: Holland J., van Helden M., Rossing W., Poehling M., van der Werf W., Ferguson A., Lavigne C. (Eds.), Landscape management for functional biodiversity. IOBC wprs Bulletin, Cambridge, pp. 87-93.
Ricci, P., 2010 – Economiser en pesticides: contrainte ou opportunité ? Innovations Agronomiques. 8: 1-13.
Read the paper online on the INRA website.
Sasvari, Z. and Posta, K., 2010. Effect of different plant densities on the diversity of AMF community in a long-term maize monocrop system. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 2010. 8(1): 123-130.
Read the paper online on the INIA website.
Storkey, J., Moss, S.R., Cussans, J.W. (2010) Using assembly theory to explain changes in a weed flora in response to agricultural intensification. Weed Science (2010). 58(1): 39-46.
Read the abstract online on the BioOne website.
Arnó, J., Gabarra, R., Estopà, M., Gorman, K., Peterschmitt, M., Bonato, O., Vosman, B., Hommes, M. Albajes R., 2009. Implementation of IPM programs on European greenhouse tomato production areas: Tools and constraints. Edicions de la Universitat de Lleida.
Aubertot, JN., Soudais, J., Czembor, J., Domeradzka, O. 2009. Evaluation of the predictive quality of WHEATPEST for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Poland.
Balestrini, R., Magurno, F., Walker, C., Lumini, E., Bianciotto, V. Cohort of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Vitis vinifera , a typical mediterrean fruit crop (submitted).
Borriello R., Bianciotto V., Morton J., , Magurno F., Charlesworth, D., Bergero R. The mitochondrial COI gene from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: evaluation of barcoding applications (submitted).
Borriello, R., Lumini, E., Bonfante, P., Bianciotto, V. Effects of different management practices on fungal biodiversity in agricultural soils. European Geosciences Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, April 2009.
Read the abstract online on the Copernicus website.
Borriello, R., Lumini, E., Bonfante, P., Bianciotto, V. Diversity and structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities under different agricultural managements of maize fields (in preparation).
Côte, F.-X., Abadie, C., Achard, R., Cattan, P., Chabrier, C., Dorel, M., de Lapeyre de Bellaire, L., Risède, J.M., Salmon F., Tixier P. 2009. Integrated pest management approaches developed in the French West Indies to reduce pesticide use in banana production systems. Acta Horticulturae 828. 375-382.
Read the abstract on the Acta Horticulturae website.
Czembor, E. and Ochodzki, P. Resistance of flint and dent maize forms for colonization by Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins contamination. Maydica, Volume 54, 2009.
Read the paper online on the Maydica website.
Dedryver, F., Paillard S., Mallard, S., Robert O., Trottet, M., Nègre, S., Verplancke, G., Thomas, G., Chalhoub, B. and Jahier, J. The combination of resistance factors effective at different plant stages may explain the durability of resistance to stripe rust in the bread wheat cultivar Renan. ITMI/COST Tritigen 2009, August 31-September 4, 2009.
See the poster online on the INRA website.
Read the abstract online on the Tritigen website.
Delmotte, S., Gary C, Ripoche, A., Barbier, J.M., Wery, J. 2009. Contextualization of on farm ex ante evaluation of the sustainability of innovative cropping systems in viticulture, using a multiple criteria assessment tool (DEXi). In: M. van Ittersum, J. Wolf, G. van Laar (eds) Proceedings of AgSAP Conference 2009 - Integrated Assessment of Agriculture and Sustainable Development, Setting the Agenda for Science and Policy, Egmond aan Zee (The Netherlands), pages 180-181.
Click here to read the abstract online.
Djian-Caporalino, C., Palloix, A., Fazari, A., Marteu, N., Bongiovanni, M. and Castagnone-Sereno, P. Assessing the durability of resistance to root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp . in pepper ( Capsicum annuum ) genotypes. 2nd International Congress of Tropical Nematology, 4-9 October 2009, Maceio, Alagoas State, Brazil.
Djian-Caporalino, C., Védie, H. (GRAB), and Arrufat, A. (CIVAMBio). De nouvelles pistes pour gérer les nématodes à galles. PHM, Revue Horticole juillet 2009, n°515, 34-37.
Available on subscription from the Revue Horticole website.
Evans, N. The ENDURE project - diversifying crop protection in Europe. British Crop Production Council 2009 Congress, Glasgow, Scotland.
Ferreira, C.F., Van der Lee, T.A.J., Zapater, M.F., Carlier, J., Goodwin, S.B., Souza, Jr., and Kema, G.H.J., 2009. A genetic linkage map of Mycosphaerella fijiensis , using SSR and DArT markers. Genetics Society of America, Fungal Genetics Conference, Pacific Grove, March 17-22, 513.
Read the abstract online on the USDA Agricultural Research Service website.
Hayer, F., Baumgartner, DU., Bockstaller, C., Gaillard, G., Kägi, T., Mamy, L., Nemecek, T., Strassemeyer, J., 2009. Multicriteria comparison of ecotoxicity methods focused on pesticides. Life Cycle Assessment IX – Toward the global life cycle economy, 29 Sept.-2 Oct. 2009, Boston, USA (Oral communication).
Heijne, B., 2009. Toepassing geïntegreerde maatregelen geïnventariseerd (Inventory of applied integrated control methods). Fruitteelt 99(3), 10-11.
Jørgensen, L.N., April 2009. Danmark har et lavt pesticidforbrug. Landbrugsavisen 10.
Jørgensen, L.N. EuroWheat - bringing information on disease management together across borders. British Crop Production Council 2009 Congress, Glasgow, Scotland.
Latxague, E., Barzman, M., Bui, S., Abrassart, C., Ricci, P., 2009. ENDURE Foresight Study: A Tool for Exploring Crop Protection in Europe in 2030 and Its Implications for Research. In: Feldmann F, Alford D V, Furk C: Crop Plant Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Factors, 554-558 DeutschePhytomedizinische Gesellschaft, Braunschweig, Germany.
Read the paper online on the Symposium website.
Lumini, E., Orgiazzi, A., Borriello, R., Bonfante, P., Bianciotto, V. A pyrosequencing analysis of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) communities in five Sardinian soils across a land-use gradient. FEMS 2009, 3rd Congress of European Microbiologists, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Lumini, E., Orgiazzi, A., Borriello, R., Bonfante, P., Bianciotto, V. Disclosing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal biodiversity in soil through a land-use gradient using a pyrosequencing approach. Environmental Microbiology (available on early view 17/11/2009).
Read the paper online on the Environmental Microbiology website.
Meissle, M., Mouron, P., Musa, T., Bigler, F., Pons, X., Vasileiadis, V.P., Otto, S., Antichi, D., Kiss, J., Pálinkás, Z., Dorner, Z., van der Weide, R., Groten, J., Czembor, E., Adamczyk, J., Thibord, J.-B., Melander, B., Cordsen Nielsen, G., Poulsen, R.T., Zimmermann, O., Verschwele, A., Oldenburg, E.. Pests, pesticide use and alternative options in European maize production: current status and future prospects, Journal of Applied Entomology, 2009.
Milus E.A., Kristensen K. and Hovmøller M.S., January 2009. Evidence for Increased Aggressiveness in a recent Widespread Strain of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici causing stripe rust on wheat. Phytopathology, Volume 99, Number 1, pages 89-94.
Read the paper online on the Phytopathology website.
Motisi, N., Montfort, F., Faloya, V., Lucas, P., Doré, T.. Growing Brassica juncea as a cover crop, then incorporating its residues provide complementary control of Rhizoctonia root rot of sugar beet. Field Crops Research, 2009.
Read the paper online on the Field Crops Research website.
Read the paper online on the Agricultural and Forest Entomology website.
Risède J-M., Chabrier Ch., Dorel M., Lakhia K., Jenny C., and Quénéhervé P., 2009. Recent and up-coming strategies to counter plant-parasitic nematodes in banana cropping systems of the French West Indies. Acta Horticulturae, 828:117-127.
Sapoukhina N., Durel Ch.-E., Le Cam B., March 2009. Spatial deployment of gene-for-gene resistance governs evolution and spread of pathogen populations. Theoretical Ecology, March 2009.
Read the paper online on the Theoretical Ecology website.
Sasso R., Iodice L., Woodcock C. M., Pickett, J. A. & Guerrieri E., 2009. Electrophysiological and behavioural responses of Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to tomato plant volatiles. Chemoecology 19: 195-201.
Stergiopoulos, I., Van den Berg, H., Okmen, B., Beenen, H., Kema, G.H.J., and De Wit, P.J.G.M., 2009. Homologues of the Cladosporium fulvum effector proteins are present in Mycosphaerella species. Genetics Society of America, Fungal Genetics Conference, Pacific Grove, March 17-22, 539.
Read the abstract online on the 25th Fungal Genetics Conference website.
Thyssen, I.. Architecture of information systems for automated arable farming. JIAC Conference 2009, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 6-8 July 2009. (Wageningen Academic Publishers, JIAC Conference 2009, 2009-07-06/2009-07-08).
Order the book of abstracts from the Wageningen Academic Publishers website.
Vinatier F., Tixier Ph., Le Page Ch., Duyck P-F, and Lescourret, F., 2009. COSMOS, a spatially explicit model to simulate the epidemiology of Cosmopolites sordidus in banana fields. Ecological Modelling, 18: 2244-2254.
Read the paper online on the Ecological Modelling website.
Zande, J. 2009. Plant-specific and canopy density spraying to control fungal diseases in bed-grown crops. JIAC Conference 2009, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 6-8 July 2009. (Wageningen Academic Publishers, JIAC Conference 2009, 2009-07-06/2009-07-08).
Casado, D.; Avilla, J.; Patocchi, A.; Samietz, J.; Paaske, K.; Lavigne, C.; Sauphanor, B.; Parisi, L.; Heijne, B. 2008. State of the art of control strategies of codling moth, apple scab and brown spot in Europe. Poster. IOBC Conference on Integrated Fruit Growing, 28-30 October 2008, Avignon, France.
Chabrier Ch. and Quénéhervé P., 2008. Preventing nematodes from spreading: a case study with Radopholus similis in a banana field. Crop Protection, Volume 27, pages 1237-1243.
De Lapeyre de Bellaire L., Risède J-M, 2008. A laboratory method to evaluate Pseudocercospora musae’s sensitivity to fungicides. Fruits, Volume 63 (1), pages 53-56.
Click here to read the full paper (pdf).
Deike S., Pallutt B., Melander B., Strassemeyer J., Christen O., 2008: Long-term productivity and environmental effects of arable farming as affected by crop rotation, soil tillage intensity and strategy of pesticide use: A case-study of two long-term field experiments in Germany and Denmark. European Journal of Agronomy, Volume 29, Issue 4, November 2008, pages 191–199.
Read the paper online on the European Journal of Agronomy website.
Delmotte S., 2008. Evaluation contextualisée de la durabilité pour la conception de systèmes de culture viticoles à l’échelle de la parcelle. Mémoire de fin d’études de Montpellier SupAgro, 80 p.
Didelot F., Brun L., Parisi L., 2007. Effects of cultivar mixtures on scab control in apple orchards. Plant Pathology, Volume 56, pages 1014-1022.
Read the paper online on the Plant Pathology website.
Gouache D., Jorgensen L.N., Jahn M., Clark B., Antichi D., Góral T., Schepers H., Lucas P., Rolland B., Hornok, L. Septembre 2008. Limiter les maladies sans avoir recours aux fongicides? Perspectives Agricoles No. 348, September 2008, pages 52-54.
Click here to read the French summary (full article available on subscription).
Heijne, B., November 2008. Toepassing van geïntegreerde bestrijding van fruitmot, schurft en zwartvruchtrot in Europa Poster. Fruit Knowledge Day, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Hovmøller M.S., Yahyaoui A.H., Milus E.A. and Justesen A.F., 2008. Rapid global spread of two aggressive strains of a wheat rust fungus. Molecular Ecology, Volume 17, Issue 17, July 2008 pages 3818-3826.
Read the paper online on the Molecular Ecology website.
Jørgensen, L.N., Nielsen, G.C., Ørum, J.E., Jensen, J.E., and Pinnschmidt, H.O., 2008. Integrating Disease Control in Winter Wheat – Optimising Fungicide Input. Outlooks on Pest Management, Volume 19, Number 5, October 2008, pages 206-213.
Jørgensen L.N., Nielsen G.C., Ørum J.E., and Noe E., December 2008. Controlling cereal disease with reduced agrochemical inputs – a challenge for both growers and advisers. Cereal Pathosystems, British Society for Plant Pathology Presidential Meeting, London, December 2008, pages 23-34.
Click here to read the full paper online.
Lamine C., Meynard J-M., Perrot N., Bellon S., 2008. Analyse des formes de transition vers des agricultures plus écologiques : les cas de l’Agriculture Biologique et de la Protection intégrée, Innovations Agronomiques, 29.
Melander B., Bàrberi P., and Munier-Jolain N., 2008. Comparison of integrated weed management strategies in silage maize. Proceedings 5th International Weed Science Congress, Vancouver (CA), 23-27 June, 12-13.
Prete G., 2008. Surveiller en éradiquant : l'importance des « médiateurs de la surveillance et des réseaux informels dans la surveillance des risques sanitaires et environnementaux, Sociologie du Travail.
Salvioli A., Lumini E., Anca I.A., Bianciotto V., Bonfante P., 2008. Simultaneous detection and quantification of the unculturable microbe Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum inside its fungal host Gigaspora margarita . New Phytologist, Volume 180, Issue 1, July 2008, pages 248-57.
Read the paper online on the New Phytologist website.
Durel C.-E., Laurens F., Caffier V., Le Cam B., Sapoukhina N., 2007. Researches to improve pomefruit resistance to apple scab ( Apports de l'innovation variétale pour la résistance à la tavelure chez le pommier) . Carrefours des Innovations Agronomiques (2007) 1, pages 47-61.
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Gardarin A., Dürr C., Colbach N., June 2007. Analysis of the relationships between emergence processes and life history traits of weed species of North-Western Europe, 14th EWRS Symposium, Hammar, Norway.
Heijne B., 2007. Endure: Best Practices in Europa. Fruitteelt 97(48),12-13.
Jørgensen, L.N., Noe, E., Nielsen, G.C., Jensen, J.E., Ørum, J.E., Pinnschmidt, H. 2008, Problems with disseminating information on disease control in cereals to farmers. European Journal of Plant Pathology, Volume 121, December 2007, pages 303-312.
Read the paper online on the European Journal of Plant Pathology website.
Willocquet, L., Aubertot, J.N., Lebard, S., Robert, C., Lannou, C., Mille B., Czembor, J., Savary, S., 2008. WHEATPEST, Simulating multiple pest damage in varying winter wheat production situations, Field Crops Research, Volume 107, Issue 1, 11 April 2008, pages 12-28.


Mr. Chairman, I would like to thank the staff, particularly in the Office of Complex Financial Institutions and the Legal Division, for its work in preparing this request for comment.
Today's action requesting comments on the Single Point of Entry strategy represents the latest effort on the path towards planning for a Title II resolution, which the FDIC may utilize only if a Title I bankruptcy would result in serious adverse consequences to U.S. financial stability. There are a number of key issues that require further consideration and analysis, including but not limited to a minimum long-term debt requirement, competitive equality, cross‑border contracts, and ring-fencing.1 Along with this brief statement, I am submitting for the record an Appendix highlighting each of these issues in more detail.
(4) Ex-ante and ex-post ring-fencing in host jurisdictions should be considered in the context of any resolution regime.
I look forward to reviewing comments on these and other issues. Thank you.
The cornerstone of the SPE strategy is a holding company creditor-funded recapitalization of troubled operating subsidiaries. The approach would require sufficient long‑term unsecured debt issued at the holding company level to recapitalize the newly formed holding company following its exit from the receivership and bridge entities.2 Key policymakers at the Federal Reserve have commented that the Board of Governors is considering a proposal that would require LCFIs to maintain a minimum amount of long-term unsecured debt at the holding company level.3 The calibration of a debt requirement, both with respect to its size and how it is apportioned across and within organizations, is critically important to the SPE model. Further, a key premise upon which the effectiveness of a long-term debt requirement is based is that creditors of the holding company will monitor and discipline the entire organization.
A primary consideration is how to establish the level of long-term debt that will be required. Given some of the historical shortcomings of an ex-ante risk-weighted approach, the ex-post framework for recapitalizing failed entities might not be served well by basing debt requirements solely on a risk-weighted asset basis. A long-term debt requirement could be implemented using both total assets and risk-weighted assets.
In addition to the amount of debt required, the use of the debt is important to the SPE strategy. Without sufficient intra-company debt to recapitalize a failed subsidiary, the desired orderliness of a Title II SPE approach might not be achievable. In order to effectuate an SPE resolution, policymakers might need to consider requiring that the debt be apportioned, or pre-positioned, in a particular way among subsidiaries.
One of the central advantages of the SPE strategy is that it would provide for the continuing operation and viability of operating subsidiaries by focusing the resolution at the holding company level. However, this approach could also impact the competitive landscape. For example, creditors of these subsidiaries could perceive that they would not take a loss upon distress at an LCFI and therefore would require a lower return on transactions or investments. Similarly, clients and counterparties might transact with LCFI subsidiaries based on where they perceive greater safety and stability because of government policy to prevent operational disruption and distress. To be clear, in the event sufficient debt is not required, the market equilibrium could shift in favor of LCFI subsidiaries. The converse could be true if too much debt is required at LCFIs, contingent on appropriate market discipline. To remedy this competitive dynamic would require either: (1) market participants transacting under the assumption that all firms would be subject to the normal bankruptcy process, or (2) regulators calibrating the long-term debt requirement at LCFIs with sufficient accuracy to eliminate non-market advantages and incentives at their operating subsidiaries.
Derivatives contracts typically contain provisions that allow a party to terminate the contract if its counterparty fails or defaults. A non-defaulting party could have an incentive to exercise its termination rights when its position with respect to a particular transaction is "in the money." The failure of a financial institution with a large derivatives business could trigger a wave of derivative terminations that is disruptive. This risk is magnified if the derivatives contracts contain cross-default provisions, which allow a non-defaulting party to terminate a contract if an affiliate of its counterparty defaults or fails.4 Cross-default provisions thus have the potential to create significant instability in derivatives markets if non-defaulting parties exercise their right to terminate their positions with all affiliates of a single defaulting party.
The statute and the Final Rule take measures to address the risks posed by cross-default provisions in effecting a Title II resolution strategy. However, Title II, like any U.S. statute or rule, applies to contracts that are governed by U.S. law. Title II defines a "financial company" as being "incorporated or organized under any provision of Federal law or the laws of any State."8 Thus, the suspension of early termination remedies afforded by the Act and the Final Rule likely does not apply to contracts that are governed by foreign law. It is a longstanding principle of American law that when "a statute gives no clear indication of an extraterritorial application, it has none."9 In Title II, the Congress directs the FDIC to coordinate with foreign financial authorities regarding the orderly liquidation of any CFC that has assets or operations outside the U.S. and stops short of applying Title II extraterritorially to foreign subsidiaries or affiliates of U.S. institutions.10 Mutual recognition agreements or adoption of a treaty to address this limitation, however, would require further legislative and executive action.
A contractual solution, however, poses challenges because while ISDA can formulate a master agreement, the practice of negotiating individual contracts occurs bilaterally between counterparties. Instead, if regulators were to require contractual changes prospectively, then new provisions would need to include both a suspension of early termination rights triggered by cross-default clauses as well as contractual recognition of home‑country resolution and insolvency proceedings, which in the U.S. would include the Bankruptcy Code and OLA.
A challenge to cross-border resolution arises as a result of the changing incentives faced by regulators upon the prospect of and during an international financial crisis. Recent stress in the global financial markets has resurfaced questions and considerations for how host-country regulators would respond to a situation in which depositors, other creditors, and clients from their country face risk of significant losses caused by the distress of a foreign financial institution. A rational actor standard as well as recent history suggest that host-country authorities have incentives to engage in ring-fencing, both ex-ante and ex-post distress in financial markets. Also, existing statutes and proposed regulations provide for various forms of ring-fencing, such as ex-ante capital and liquidity requirements and ex-post ring-fencing of assets in a crisis scenario.
Developments around the world support these observations. In the wake of the crisis, multiple governments have considered many measures aimed at minimizing the distress of and simplifying the resolution of the operations of foreign bank parents including: increased requirements for liquidity to cover local operations of domestic and foreign banks and nonbanks, limits on intragroup exposures of domestic banks to foreign subsidiaries, and requirements to prioritize or segregate home country retail operations.18 Most recently, in November 2013, the Reserve Bank of India also took steps towards a subsidiarization model for foreign banking organizations that commenced business in India after August 2010.
1 See Daniel K. Tarullo, Governor of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, "Dodd-Frank Implementation" Before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs (July 11, 2013) available at http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/testimony/tarullo20130711a.htm ("[s]uccessful execution by the FDIC of its preferred SPE approach in OLA depends on the availability of a sufficient combined amount of equity and loss-absorbing debt at the parent holding company of the failed firm. Accordingly, in consultation with the FDIC, the Federal Reserve is working on a regulatory proposal that requires the largest, most complex U.S. banking firms to maintain a minimum amount of outstanding long-term unsecured debt on top of their regulatory capital requirements.").
2 See id. See also Jerome H. Powell, Governor of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, "Ending Too Big to Fail" (March 4, 2013) available at http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/powell20130304a.htm; Daniel K. Tarullo, Governor of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, "Industry Structure and Systemic Risk Regulation" (December 4, 2012) available at http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/tarullo20121204a.htm.
(2) a default by such party, such Credit Support Provider or such Specified Entity (individually or collectively) in making one or more payments under such agreements or instruments on the due date for payment (after giving effect to any applicable notice requirement or grace period) in an aggregate amount, either alone or together with the amount, if any, referred to in clause (1) above, of not less than the applicable Threshold Amount." ISDA Master Agreement at § 5(a)(vi).
4 12 U.S.C. § 5390(c)(13)(C).
6 Enforcement of Subsidiary and Affiliate Contracts by the FDIC as Receiver of a Covered Financial Company, Final Rule, 77 Fed. Reg. 63205, 63211 (October 16, 2012).
7 12 U.S.C. § 5381(a)(11).
8 Morrison v. National Australia Bank Ltd., 130 S.Ct. 2869, 2878 (2010).
9 12 U.S.C. § 5390(a)(1)(N).
10 Letter from Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Bank of England, German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority, and Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority to Stephen O'Connor, Chairman, International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (November 5, 2013) available at http://www.fdic.gov/news/news/press/2013/pr13099a.pdf at 1.
11 See 12 U.S.C. § 3102(j).
13 Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Enhanced Prudential Standards and Early Remediation Requirements for Foreign Banking Organizations and Foreign Nonbank Financial Companies, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 77 FR 76628 (December 28, 2012).
16 Andrew Bailey, "Regulating International Banks," Remarks to the British Bankers Association Annual Banking Conference (October 17, 2013) available at http://www.bis.org/review/r131018f.pdf?frames=0.
17 See, e.g., Independent Commission on Banking, Final Report Recommendations (September 2011), available at http://bankingcommission.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/ICBFinal-Report.pdf; Eugenio Cerutti, Anna Ilyina, Yulia Makarova, and Christian Schmieder, International Monetary Fund, "Bankers without Borders? Implications of Ring-Fencing for European Cross-Border Banks (November 2010) at 5 n.5 (citing the head of Turkey's bank regulatory agency as saying, "it is our natural right to expect those profits generated in this country to be invested and used in credit extension again in this country."); State Secretariat for International Financial Matters SIF, Final report of the 'too big to fail' commission of experts: Final report of the Commission of Experts for limiting the economic risks posed by large companies (September 30, 2010), available at www.sif.admin.ch/dokumentation/00514/00519/00592/index.html?lang=en; Financial Services Authority, Strengthening Liquidity Standards (October 2009), available at www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/policy/ps09_16.pdf; Financial Services Authority, The Turner Review: A regulatory response to the global banking crisis (March 2009), available at www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/other/turner_review.pdf; Financial Services Authority, A regulatory response to the global banking crisis (March 2009) available at http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/discussion/dp09_02.pdf;. Dr eljko Rohatinski, Governor of the Croatian National Bank, Recent economic and financial developments in Croatia (February 18, 2009) available at http://www.bis.org/review/r090326d.pdf ("the CNB would not look favorably upon attempts to withdraw capital, deposits, or pay out total accumulated profits, because that would destabilize the domestic banking system. In such a case, the CNB would be forced to undertake protective measures, regardless of thus connected risks.").
18 Reserve Bank of India, "Scheme for Setting up of Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries by foreign banks in India," (November 6, 2013) available at http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=29922.


4.16.040 Placement of litter receptacles.
4.16.080 Sweeping litter into gutter prohibited.
4.16.090 Merchants’ duty to keep sidewalks free of litter.
4.16.100 Owner to maintain premises free of litter.
4.16.110 Throwing or distributing commercial handbills in public places.
4.16.120 Placing commercial and noncommercial handbills on vehicles.
4.16.130 Depositing commercial and noncommercial handbills on uninhabited or vacant property.
4.16.140 Prohibiting distribution of handbills where properly posted.
4.16.150 Distributing commercial and noncommercial handbills at inhabited private residence.
4.16.160 Litter thrown by persons in vehicles or dumped or strewn from vehicles.
4.16.180 Enforcement officers and procedures.
This ordinance shall be known and may be commonly referred to and cited as the “Ordinance.” (Res. 120-G § 1, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
As used in this litter control ordinance, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the following terms have the following meanings. All words used in the present tense include the future and past tense; all words in the plural number include the singular number, and all words in the singular number include the plural number. The word “shall” is always mandatory and not merely directory.
(1) “County” means the county of Chelan, Washington.
(3) “Highway” for the purpose of this ordinance is synonymous with and includes street, road and alley.
(4) “Litter” means all solid wastes including but not limited to containers, packages, wrapping, printed matter or other material thrown or deposited as herein prohibited, but not including the wastes of the primary processes of mining, logging, sawmilling, farming or manufacturing.
(5) “Litter receptacle” means those containers meeting minimum requirements of state regulations of the State Department of Ecology.
(6) “Newspaper” is any newspaper of general circulation as defined by general law, any newspaper duly entered with the Post Office Department of the United States, in accordance with federal statute or regulation, and any newspaper filed and recorded with any recording officer as provided by general law; and in addition thereto, shall mean and include any periodical or current magazine regularly published with not less than four issues per year, and sold to the public.
(7) “Noncommercial handbill” is any printed or written matter, any sample, or device, dodger, circular, leaflet, pamphlet, newspaper, magazine, paper, booklet, or any other printed or otherwise reproduced original or copies of any matter of literature not included in the aforesaid definitions of a commercial handbill or newspaper.
(8) “Park” is a park, reservation, playground, beach, recreation center or any other area in the county, devoted to active or passive outdoor recreation.
(9) “Person” is any individual political subdivision, government agency, municipality, industry, public or private corporation, copartnership, association, firm, or other entity, whatsoever.
(10) “Private residence” shall mean any privately owned yard, grounds, walk, driveway, dwelling, house, building or other structure, including appurtenant porches, steps or vestibules, used or designed either wholly or in part for private residential purposes, whether single-family, duplex or multiple, and whether inhabited or temporarily or continuously uninhabited or vacant.
(11) “Public place” means any area that is used or held out for use by the public whether owned or operated by public or private interests.
(12) “Road” for the purpose of this ordinance is synonymous with and includes street, highway and alley.
(13) “Solid waste” means all putrescible and nonputrescible solid and semisolid wastes including garbage, rubbish, ashes, industrial wastes, swill, demolition and construction wastes, abandoned vehicles or parts thereof, and discarded commodities.
(14) “State regulations” means the regulations duly promulgated and adopted by the state department of ecology pursuant to Chapter 34.04 RCW and codified or prepared for codification as part of the Washington Administrative Code, copies of the applicable portions of which are on file in the office of the clerk of the board of county commissioners and by this reference are incorporated herein as if set forth in full.
(15) “Street” for the purpose of this ordinance is synonymous with and includes road, highway and alley.
(16) “Vehicle” includes every device capable of being moved upon a public street and in, upon, or by which any person or property is or may be transported or drawn upon a public street, excepting devices moved by human or animal power or used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. (Res. 120-G § 2, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
(3) When such person is the owner or does have control or custody of the property, or has prior consent of the owner or tenant in lawful possession of such property, or unless the act is done under the personal direction of said owner or tenant and provided said litter will not cause a public nuisance or be in violation of any other state or local laws, rules or regulations. (Res. 120-G § 3, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
(1) Litter receptacles shall be placed in all parks, trailer parks in respect to the service of transient habitation, gasoline service stations, tavern parking lots, shopping centers, grocery store parking lots, marinas, boat launching areas, beaches, bathing areas and other such public places in numbers appropriate to need as specified by state regulations.
(2) It shall be the responsibility of any person owning or operating any establishment or public place in which litter receptacles are required by this section to procure and place and maintain such litter receptacles at their own expense on the premises in accord with such state regulations. (Res. 120-G § 4, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
(1) Persons placing litter in litter receptacles shall do so in such manner as to prevent it from being carried or deposited by the elements upon any street, sidewalk or other public place or upon any private residence or other private property.
(2) Litter receptacles placed on sidewalks and other public places shall be used only for such litter material as persons may have for disposal while passing along the street or other public places and in no event shall be used for the disposal of other solid waste accumulated in residences or places of business. (Res. 120-G § 5, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
It shall be unlawful for any person to wilfully damage or deface any litter receptacle of another person. (Res. 120-G § 6, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
It shall be the responsibility of the local municipality, other agency or person owning or maintaining the same for the removal of litter from litter receptacles placed in parks, beaches, campgrounds, and other public places. (Res. 120-G § 7, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
No person shall sweep into or deposit in any gutter, street, alley or other public place the accumulation of litter from any building or lot or from any public or private sidewalk or driveway. Persons owning or occupying property shall keep the sidewalks in front of their premises free of litter. (Res. 120-G § 8, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
No person owning or occupying a place of business shall sweep into or deposit in any gutter, street or other public place the accumulation of litter from any building or lot or from any public or private sidewalk or driveway. Persons owning or occupying places of business within the county shall keep the sidewalks in front of their business premises free of litter. (Res. 120-G § 9, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
The owner or person in control of any private residence or other private property shall at all times maintain the premises free of litter. (Res. 120-G § 10, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
No person shall throw or deposit any commercial or noncommercial handbill in or upon any sidewalk, street or other public place. Nor shall any person hand out or distribute or sell any commercial handbill in any public place. Provided, however, that it shall not be unlawful on any sidewalk, street, or other public place for any person to hand out or distribute, without charge to the receiver thereof, any noncommercial handbill to any person willing to accept it. (Res. 120-G § 11, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
No person shall throw or deposit any commercial or noncommercial handbill in or upon any vehicles. Provided, however, that it shall not be unlawful in any public place for a person to hand out or distribute without charge to the receiver thereof, a noncommercial handbill to any occupant of a vehicle who is willing to accept it. (Res. 120-G § 12, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
No person shall throw or deposit any commercial or noncommercial handbill in or upon private residence or other private property which is temporarily or continuously uninhabited or vacant. (Res. 120-G § 13, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
No person shall throw, deposit or distribute any commercial or noncommercial handbill upon any private residence or other property, if requested by anyone thereon not to do so, or if there is placed on said residence or property in the words: “No Trespassing,” “No Peddlers or Agents,” “No Advertisement,” or any similar notice, indicating in any manner that the occupants of said residence or property do not desire to be molested or have their right of privacy disturbed, or to have any such handbills left upon such premises. (Res. 120-G § 14, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
(1) No person shall throw, deposit or distribute any commercial or noncommercial handbill in or upon private residence which is inhabited, except by handing or transmitting any such handbill directly to the owner, occupant, or other person then present in or upon such private residence. Provided, however, that in case of inhabited private residence which is not posted, as provided in this ordinance such person unless requested by anyone upon such residence not to do so, may place or deposit any such handbill in or upon such inhabited private residence, if such handbill is so placed or deposited as to secure or prevent such handbill from being blown or drifted about such residence or sidewalks, streets, or other public places, and except that mailboxes may not be so used when so prohibited by federal postal law or regulations.
(2) Exemption for Mail and Newspapers. The provisions of this section shall not apply to the distribution of mail by the United States, nor to newspapers (as defined herein) except that newspapers shall be placed on private residences or other private property in such a manner as to prevent their being carried or deposited by the elements upon any street, sidewalk or other public place or upon private residences or other private property. (Res. 120-G § 15, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
No person, while a driver or passenger in a vehicle or at any other time, shall throw, dump or otherwise deposit or dispose of litter or garbage on any street, road, or other public place or upon any private residence or private property except approved disposal at an approved land fill. (Res. 120-G § 16, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136— 140).
(1) No vehicle shall be driven or moved on any public road or street unless such vehicle is so constructed or loaded as to prevent any of its load from dropping, shifting, leaking or otherwise escaping therefrom, except that sand or gravel may be dropped for the purpose of securing traction, or water or other substance may be sprinkled on a roadway surface in the cleaning or maintaining of such roadway by public authority having jurisdiction for the same or by persons under contract or other authorization by such public authority.
(2) Any person owning or operating a vehicle from which any glass or other objects of its load have fallen or escaped, which would constitute an obstruction or injure a vehicle or otherwise endanger travel upon such public street shall immediately cause said public street to be cleaned of all such glass or other objects and shall pay any cost therefor. (Res. 120-G § 17, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
Enforcement of this ordinance may be by any deputy sheriff or other law enforcement officer, fire department and building department personnel, jurisdictional health department personnel, and those public employees charged with the responsibility of operating and maintaining all public places within the provisions of this ordinance. All such enforcement officers are hereby empowered to issue citations to persons violating the provisions of this ordinance. Said enforcement officers may serve and execute all warrants, citations, and other processes issued by the courts. In addition, mailing by certified mail of such warrant, citation, or other process to the last known place of residence of the offender shall be deemed as personal service upon the person charged. Nothing herein shall be construed to prohibit citizens’ complaints or arrests as may be otherwise permitted under applicable state regulations, state statute, ordinance, or court rule. (Res. 120-G § 18, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
The purpose of this ordinance is to accomplish litter control in the county and pursuant to the general laws of the state of Washington to adopt basically uniform and coordinated litter control local legislation throughout the state. This ordinance is intended to place upon all persons within the county, in a cooperative and coordinated statewide effort, the duty of contributing to the public cleanliness of the county and appearance in order to promote the public health, safety and welfare and to protect the economic interests of the people of the county against unsanitary and unsightly conditions. It is further the intent of this ordinance to protect the people against the health and safety menace and the expense incident to the littering of the streets and public places by the promiscuous and uncontrolled distribution of advertising matter and commercial and noncommercial handbills. (Res. 120-G § 19, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
If any section, subsection, sentence, clause, phrase, words or word of this ordinance is for any reason found to be unconstitutional or otherwise invalid, such unconstitutionality or invalidity shall not affect the constitutionality or validity of the remaining portions of this ordinance, it being hereby expressly declared that each section, subsection, sentence, clause, phrase, words or word would have been prepared, proposed, adopted, approved and ratified, irrespective of the fact that any one or more section, subsection, sentence, clause, phrase, words or word be declared or otherwise found unconstitutional or invalid for any reason. (Res. 120-G § 20, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
In the event any other county ordinance, whether or not codified, is in conflict with any of the terms of this chapter the more stringent shall be construed as applicable. (Res. 120-G § 21, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).
Every violation of this chapter shall constitute a misdemeanor and shall be punished by a sentence of not more than ninety days in the county jail or a fine of not more than two hundred fifty dollars. (Res. 120-G § 22, March 5, 1974 at Vol. E pages 136—140).