text:
The Complainant is Laduree International S.A., of Geneva, Switzerland, represented by Casalonga Avocats, France.
The Respondent is Pinnacle Communities, of Chatham, New Jersey, United States of America.
The disputed domain name <laduree.net> is registered with Network Solutions, LLC.
The Complaint was filed with the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center (the “Center”) on December 19, 2008. On December 22, 2008, the Center transmitted by email to Network Solutions, LLC a request for registrar verification in connection with the disputed domain name. On December 22, 2008, Network Solutions, LLC transmitted by email to the Center its verification response confirming that the Respondent is listed as the registrant and providing the contact details. The Center verified that the Complaint satisfied the formal requirements of the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the “Policy” or “UDRP”), the Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the “Rules”), and the WIPO Supplemental Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the “Supplemental Rules”).
In accordance with the Rules, paragraphs 2(a) and 4(a), the Center formally notified the Respondent of the Complaint, and the proceedings commenced on January 6, 2009. In accordance with the Rules, paragraph 5(a), the due date for Response was January 26, 2009. The Respondent did not submit any response. Accordingly, the Center notified the Respondent's default on January 27, 2009.
The Center appointed Luis Larramendi as the sole panelist in this matter on February 4, 2009. The Panel finds that it was properly constituted. The Panel has submitted the Statement of Acceptance and Declaration of Impartiality and Independence, as required by the Center to ensure compliance with the Rules, paragraph 7.
- The Complainant, Laduree International S.A., is a Swiss company with place of business in the city of Geneva.
- The Complainant owns various trademark registrations for LADUREE and LADURÉE, the oldest of which is International Registration No. 547741 with a priority date of January 18, 1990.
- The Respondent, Pinnacle Communities, is a company with place of business in Chatham, New Jersey, United States.
- The disputed domain name is currently inactive because on accessing the corresponding website users are met with the phrase “Under Construction! Thank you”. However, various actions taken by the owner of the disputed domain name when the site was active have been duly accredited in the evidence submitted by the Complainant.
- The evidence submitted serves to attest to the reputation of LADUREE in various jurisdictions all over the world, including the United States, country of residence of the Respondent.
- The Respondent was required by the Complainant to refrain from filing U.S. trademark application No. 77223434, and to refrain from making any use of the term “Laduree” and of the disputed domain name <laduree.net>.
- The Complainant is the owner of numerous trademark registrations in various jurisdictions for the terms LADUREE and LADURÉE, all of them prior to the registration date of the disputed domain name.
- In addition, both the Complainant and its affiliates Patisserie E. Laduree and Holder S.A.S. own domain names containing the term “Laduree” with generic and territorial extensions, the oldest being <laduree.com>, registered on September 12, 1997.
- The disputed domain name is identical to the Complainant's trademark registrations except for the element “.net” which cannot be considered distinctive.
- The Respondent has no relationship whatsoever with the Complainant, nor has the Respondent been licensed or authorised to effect any use of the term “Laduree”. In addition, the Respondent has no trademark registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “USPTO”), the Office of Harmonization for the Internal Market (the “OHIM”) or WIPO. Consequently it can be concluded that the Respondent has no legitimate rights whatsoever in the term LADUREE.
- Pursuant to the filing of U.S. trademark application No. 77223434 by one of the Respondent's associated companies, Pinnacle Company Inc., the Complainant sent a communication to the Respondent setting out its earlier rights in the term LADUREE and requesting cessation of all use of the term in question as a trademark, withdrawal of the application and cessation of use of the term in question via the domain name <laduree.net>.
- When Pinnacle Company Inc. did not proceed as requested, the Complainant filed opposition to the aforementioned U.S. trademark application, which was duly rejected by the USPTO following the applicant's failure to respond, which would not have occurred had there been a genuine intention to use the trademark LADUREE and the domain name <laduree.net> to market goods and services in good faith. The applicant's silence represents an acknowledgement of the absence of legitimate rights.
- The widespread activity of the Respondent and its related companies in the real estate sector, specifically in the sale of luxury properties, has always been conducted via the common trademark PINNACLEand never via the term “Laduree” or the domain name <laduree.net>.
- The Respondent registered the disputed domain name in full knowledge of the high purchasing power of the Complainant's clients and with a view to attracting said clients for commercial gain.
- The LADUREE mark can be considered reputed in view of its Internet presence and, above all, the number of searches for said term conducted in numerous developed countries. Statistics available from Google and the abundant presence of the Complainant's LADUREE mark in internationally prestigious media prove that this reputation cannot be disputed in the United States or in New Jersey (where the Respondent has its place of business).
- Bad faith in the registration of the disputed domain name is due, first of all, to the prior knowledge of the reputation of the LADUREE mark, and to the fact that the registration of the disputed domain name took place on the same day that the Complainant launched a new range of pastry products, and only a week after the Complainant filed trademark application No. 339695 LADUREE with the USPTO.
- All of this suggests that the Respondent has acted with the intention of taking advantage of the reputation of the Complainant's LADUREE mark, thus preventing its legitimate owner from using said term and protecting it via the corresponding domain name.
- The data, signs and manner of presenting the services of the Respondent via the disputed domain name testify to its intention to take advantage of the reputation of the Complainant's LADUREE mark by creating a likelihood of confusion among consumers with respect to the source, sponsorship, affiliation or promotion of the website in question.
- The Respondent even went so far as to acknowledge on its website that the choice of the name “Laduree” was inspired by that of the famous Ladurée store in Paris. The fact that the domain name has been used in bad faith is therefore evident.
On the basis of said allegations, the Complainant requests that the disputed domain name be transferred to Laduree International S.A.
However, on February 9, 2009 the Respondent sent a few lines via e-mail to the parties and to the Center affirming that it had ceased using the disputed domain name and that it was in the process of eliminating any reference to the LADUREE mark. Even so, no proof whatsoever of any of its affirmations, including the cancellation of the domain name, was submitted.
On February 10, 2009, the Panelist informed the Center that the content of said communication contained no proof indicating that the proceeding should be deemed concluded. Consequently the Panelist determined that the proceeding should continue and a decision issued within the given term.
In the instant case there is no doubt that the first requirement of paragraph 4 a) of the UDRP has been duly met.
The comparison between the disputed domain name and the LADUREE mark, protected via numerous registrations in the name of the Complainant, leads to the conclusion that they are identical. Evidently, pursuant to the criteria applied in countless decisions, the “.net” suffix cannot be taken into account since it is simply an indicator of a top-level generic domain name.
Given that identity, and the Complainant's trademark rights, the Panel considers that the Complainant has duly fulfilled the first requirement of paragraph 4(a) of the UDRP.
In view of the complete absence of a response to the Complaint from the Respondent, the Panel is unaware as to the reasons behind the registration of the disputed domain name, or whether the Respondent has any possible rights or legitimate interests therein.
- No evidence or arguments have been submitted, nor has the Panel been able to verify the existence of any trademark right or any other type of distinctive sign in the term “Laduree” in the name of the Respondent.
- Nor is there any proof on record that the Respondent has been licensed or authorised by the owner of the LADUREE mark to register or use the disputed domain name. In fact, in the Complaint, the Complainant expressly denies having provided any authorisation or consent whatsoever.
- The Panel also wishes to mention that after filing a U.S. trademark application for the term “Laduree” and receiving an opposition from the Complainant, the Respondent failed to submit any response, which can be regarded as an implicit acknowledgment of the absence of any argument to support its right or legitimate interest in obtaining rights in the trademark “Laduree”.
- Finally, reference is made to the criteria applied in numerous decisions issued by the Center stating that the absence of a response may be regarded as an acknowledgment of the absence of any right or legitimate interest in the disputed domain name, see Hipercor, S.A. v. Miguel Angel Gonzáles, WIPO Case No. D2000-0045 or Inversiones Telestrión C.A. v. SupervitualOffice Corp., WIPO Case No. DVE2008-0002.
Consequently, the Panel concludes that the second requirement of paragraph 4(a) of the UDRP has likewise been duly met.
The fact that the Respondent did not submit any response to the Complaint prevents the Panel from knowing whether there was any plausible reason for the registration of the disputed domain name.
- There is no evidence in the record of the proceedings that the Respondent registered the disputed domain name for the purpose of selling it to the Complainant, or to any of its competitors, for an amount exceeding the amount disbursed in the registration thereof.
- Similarly, the file contains no indication that the Respondent registered the disputed domain name with the sole purpose of preventing the legitimate owner of the earlier rights from reflecting said rights in a corresponding domain name or that, if this occurred, it was a genuine intention of the Respondent.
- Nor can the Panel conclude from the evidence before it that the Respondent registered the disputed domain name for the purpose of intentionally disrupting the business of a competitor.
- However, the Panel does indeed consider that the disputed domain name was registered by the Respondent in an attempt to attract, for commercial gain, internet users to <laduree.net> by creating confusion in respect of the business origin of the website in question.
- Respondent itself has acknowledged that the choice of the name “Laduree” was inspired by “the famous LADUREE tea and pastries cafeteria in Paris”.
- LADUREE is perhaps one of the most well-known cafeteria in Paris.
Evidently the Respondent's intention was to associate its business, whatever its nature, with the LADUREE establishments.
Consequently, the Panel has no choice but to conclude that the requirements set out in paragraph 4(b)(iv) of the UDRP have also been met.
What is more, the Panel considers that the registration and use in bad faith of the disputed domain name has also been proven to, given that the Respondent itself was fully aware of the existence of LADUREE establishments throughout the world, or at least the one located in Paris, and registered the disputed domain name with the hope and understanding that the fame and reputation of LADUREE would be to the benefit of its own website. It also happens that the clients of the Complainant, Laduree International S.A., can generally be regarded as “clients of high standing”, which is undoubtedly why the Respondent considered that these clients with a high purchasing power would be interested in the acquisition, rental, etc., of the real estate properties promoted via the website corresponding to the disputed domain name.
Consequently the Panel considers that there are sufficient grounds for concluding that bad faith was present in the registration of the disputed domain name given that the Respondent was previously aware of the reputation of the LADUREE mark. The rationale contained in the J.García Carrion, S.A. v. Ma José Catalán Frías, WIPO Case No. D2000-0239, which holds that “whosoever acts in bad faith in registering a domain name will use it in bad faith because bad faith is linked to the knowledge held when registering the domain name, namely, that the rights of a third party are being harmed without legitimate cause” is therefore also applicable here.
In conclusion, the Panel considers that the disputed domain name has been registered and used in bad faith by the Respondent and that the third requirement of paragraph 4(a) of the UDRP has also been fulfilled.
For all the foregoing reasons, in accordance with paragraphs 4(i) of the Policy and 15 of the Rules, the Panel orders that the domain name <laduree.net> be transferred to the Complainant.

matches:
application No. 77223434
application No. 77223434
application No. 339695
v.
v.
v.


text:
See the lesson plan designed for use with this timeline.
impossible to keep them all current. If you find a broken link, please let me know. You can reach me at esass@csbsju.edu.
1638 - Hartford Public High School opens in Hartford Connecticut. It is "the second oldest secondary school in the United States."
1642 - The Massachusetts Bay School Law is passed. It requires that parents ensure their children know the principles of religion and the capital laws of the commonwealth.
1692 - The Plymouth Colony merges with the Massachusetts Bay Colony. About 50 miles to the north, in Salem, the infamous Salem Witch Trials take place.
1727 - The Ursuline Academy of New Orleans is founded. A Catholic school for girls sponsored by Sisters of the Order of Saint Ursula, it is "the oldest continuously operating school for girls and the oldest Catholic school in the United States."
1734 – Christian Wolff describes the human mind as consisting of powers or faculties. Called Faculty Psychology, this doctrine holds that the mind can best be developed through "mental discipline" or tedious drill and repetition of basic skills and the eventual study of abstract subjects such as classical philosophy, literature, and languages. This viewpoint greatly influences American education throughout the 19th Century and beyond.
1752 - St. Matthew Lutheran School, one of the first Lutheran "parish schools" in North America, is founded in New York City by Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, after whom Muhlenberg College in Allentown Pennsylvania is named.
1778/1779 - Thomas Jefferson authors Bill 79: "A Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge," which provides "a comprehensive plan for public education . . ." It is presented in the Virginia House of Delegates several times before a revised bill titled, "An Act to Establish Public Education," is finally passed in 1796.
1785 - The University of Georgia becomes "America's first state-chartered university."
1787 - The Constitutional Convention assembles in Philadelphia. Later that year, the constitution is endorsed by the Confederation Congress (the body that governed from 1781 until the ratification of the U.S. Constitution) and sent to state legislatures for ratification. The document does not include the words education or school.
1787 - The Young Ladies Academy opens in Philadelphia and becomes the first academy for girls in the original 13 colonies/states.
1789 - On December 11, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is chartered by the North Carolina General Assembly. It is the only public university to award degrees in the 18th century.
1801 - James Pillans invents the modern blackboard.
1821 - Boston English High School, one of the first public high schools in the U.S., opens.
1837 - Louisville, Kentucky appoints the first school superintendent.
1849 - In the case of Roberts v. City of Boston, the Massachusetts Supreme Court rules that the Boston Public Schools can deny enrolment of African American children to segregated, "whites-only" schools. The case is later cited as a precedent for the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) ruling.
1854 -The Boston Public Library opens to the public. It is the first "free municipal library" in the U.S.
1855 - The University of Iowa is then first state university "to admit men and women on an equal basis."
1861 - Matthew Vassar founds Vassar College, "A pioneer in women's education and liberal arts education in the United States . . ."
1889 - Jane Addams and her college friend Ellen Gates Starr found Hull House in a Chicago, Illinois neighborhood of recent European immigrants. It is the first settlement house in the U.S. Included among its many services are a kindergarten and a night school for adults. Hull House continues to this day to offer educational services to children and families. In 1931, Addams becomes the second woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
1897 - The National Congress of Mothers is founded by Alice McLellan Birney and Phoebe Apperson Hearst. It becomes the National Parent Teacher Association (PTA).
1902: A youth program begun in Ohio "is considered the birth of 4-H." With the passage of the Smith-Lever Act in 1914, 4-H becomes a national program for positive youth development.
1909 - Ellen Swallow Richards, chemist, prominent water scientist, and the first woman to attend MIT, is instrumental in founding the American Home Economics Association, now the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences.
1909 - In order to improve high school graduation rates, the Columbus Ohio School Board authorizes the creation of junior high schools. Indianola Junior High School opens that fall and becomes the first junior high school in the U.S.
1914 - The Smith-Lever Act establishes a system of cooperative extension services connected to land grant universities, provides federal funds for extension activities, and nationalizes 4-H.
1916 - Louis M. Terman and his team of Stanford University graduate students complete an American version of the Binet-Simon Scale. The Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon Scale becomes a widely-used individual intelligence test, and along with it, the concept of the intelligence quotient (or IQ) is born. The Fifth Edition of the Stanford-Binet Scales is among the most popular individual intelligence tests today.
1918 - The Seven Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education are submitted by the Commission of the Reorganization of Secondary Education.
1921 - Louis Terman launches a longitudinal study of "intellectually superior" children at Stanford University. The study continues for more than 75 years!
1925 - Tennessee vs. John Scopes ("the Monkey Trial") captures national attention as John Scopes, a high school biology teacher, is charged with the heinous crime of teaching evolution, which is in violation of the Butler Act, The trial ends in Scopes' conviction. The evolution versus creationism controversy persists to this day.
1938 - After earlier failed attempts to regulate child labor, the Fair Labor Standards Act is signed in to law by president Franklin D. Roosevelt. Among its many provisions (which include setting a minimum wage of 25 cents per hour!), the act sets a minimum age for working in non-agricultural jobs and limits the number of hours and types of employment for older children.
1938 - Laszlo Biro and his brother Georg patent the ballpoint pen.
1944 - The G.I. Bil of Rights officially known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, is signed by FDR on June 22. Some 7.8 million World War II veterans take advantage of the GI Bill during the seven years benefits are offered. More than two-million attend colleges or universities, nearly doubling the college population. About 238,000 become teachers. Because the law provides the same opportunity to every veteran, regardless of background, the long-standing tradition that a college education was only for the wealthy is broken.
1946 - At one minute after midnight on January 1st, Kathleen Casey-Kirschling is born, the first of nearly 78-million baby boomers, beginning a generation that results in unprecedented school population growth and massive social change. She becomes a teacher!
1955 - Rosa Parks, a Montgomery, Alabama seamstress, refuses to give up her seat on the bus to a Caucasian passenger and is subsequently arrested and fined. The Montgomery bus boycott follows, giving impetus to the Civil Rights Movement. A year later, in the case of Browder v. Gale, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that segregated seating on buses is unconstitutional.
1956 – The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Cassification of Educational Goals; Handbook I: Cognitive Domain is published. Often referred to simply as “Bloom’s Taxonomy” because of its primary author, Benjamin S. Bloom, the document actually has four coauthors (M.D. Engelhart, E.J. Furst, W.H. Hill, and David Krathwohl). Still widely used today, Bloom’s Taxonomy divides the cognitive domain into six levels: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.. Handbook II: Affective Domain, edited by Krathwohl, Bloom, and Masia, is published in 1964. Taxonomies for the psychomotor domain have been published by other writers.
1969 - A.S. Neil's controversial book, Summerhill: A Radical Approach to Child Rearing, is published.
1962 - First published in 1934, Lev Vygotsky's book, Thought and Language is introduced to the English-speaking world. Though he lives to only 38, Vygotsky's ideas regarding the social nature of learning provide important foundational principles for contemporary social constructivist theories. He is perhaps best known for his concept of "Zone of Proximal Development."
1963 - In response to the large number of Cuban immigrant children arriving in Miami after the Cuban Revolution, Coral Way Elementary School starts the first bilingual and bicultural public school in the United States.
1965 - President Johnson signs the Manpower Training Act into law on April 16.
1968 - Dr. Martin Luther King, Nobel Prize winner and leader of the American Civil Rights Movement, is assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4th. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday, observed on the third Monday of January, celebrates his life and legacy.
1968 - The "Monkey Trial" revisited! In the case of Epperson et al. v. Arkansas, the U.S. supreme Court finds the state of Arkansas' law prohibiting the teaching of evolution in a public school or university is unconstitutional.
1968 - Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm, an African American educator, becomes the first African American woman to serve in the U.S. Congress.
1968 - The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) is introduced for selection and classification of recruits. By 1976, the ASVAB is used by all services. A practice test is available online.
1969 - Based on the ideas of Charles Bowser, then Deputy Mayor of Philadelphia, Edison High School in Philadelphia becomes the first "Career Academy." By 1991, there are career academy programs in 16 Philadelphia high schools.
1969 - In the Case of Tinker v. des Moines, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that students' First Amendment rights were violated when they were suspended for wearing black arm bands to protest the Vietnam War.
1972 - Dartmouth becomes the last of the Ivy League schools to begin admitting women.
1974 - In the case of Milliken v. Bradley, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that outside suburbs were not responsible for segregation within the Detroit city schools, and the District Court could not "redraw the lines . . .to achieve racial balance." Therefore busing of students from Detroit to suburban schools was not required by law.
1975 - Newsweek's December 8 cover story, "Why Johnny Can't Write," heats up the debate about national literacy and gives impetus to the back-to-the-basics movement.
1977 - In the case of Abood v. Detroit Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that public-sector unions (including teachers unions) can require non-members to pay "agency fees," which fund collective bargaining and various other union activities, from non-members. The ruling is overturned in the 2019 case of Janus v. AFSCME.
1978 - The Tribally Controlled Community College Act is signed into law on October 17 by President Jimmy Carter. It provides Federal assistance to tribally controlled community colleges.
1980 - The Refugee Act of 1980 is signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on March 18th. Building on the Immigration Act of 1965, it reforms immigration law to admit refugees for humanitarian reasons and results in the resettlement of more than three-million refugees in the United States including many children who bring special needs and issues to their classrooms.
1982 - Madeline C. Hunter's book, Mastery Teaching, is published. Her teaching model becomes widely used as teachers throughout the country attend her workshops and become "Hunterized."
1983 - Columbia College begins admitting women. Though Columbia University had been awarding graduate and professional degrees to women for many years, this change of allowing women to enroll in Columbia College as undergraduates makes it the last Ivy League school to become completely coeducational.
1985 - In the Case of New Jersey v. TLO, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that reasonable searches of students on school grounds do not violate their Fourth Amendment rights.
1986 - Reports by the Holmes Group and Carnegie Forum on Education recommend changes in teacher education and the teaching profession.
1987 - In response to the report of the National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk, the National Board of Professional Teaching Standards is formed and National Board Certification, based in these standards, is established as a means of "recognizing accomplished teaching."
1988 - In the case of Honig v. Doe, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the state of California could not indefinitely suspend a student for behavior that was related to his/her disability.
1989 - The case of Sheff v. O'Neill, a lawsuit aimed at correcting racial inequities in the Hartford, Connecticut Public Schools, begins. It becomes a a "landmark desegregation case case" and is eventually decided by the Connecticut Supreme Court in 1996, which rules in favor the the plaintiffs and requires the state to take action to integrate the Hartford schools.
1990 - The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) becomes law. Essentially a civil rights law, it prohibits discrimination against those with disabilities in all areas, including education.
1990- The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1990, the first comprehensive reform since 1965, is enacted on 29 November and increases annual immigration to 700,000 adding to the diversity of our nation and its schools. Specific aspects of the law provide for family-sponsored visas; employment-based visas for priority workers, skilled workers, and "advanced professionals"; and 55,000 diversity visas allocated to natives of a country that has sent fewer than 50,000 immigrants to the United States over the previous five years."
1994 – The controversial Sandia Report is finally published. Commissioned in 1989 as a scientific study of public education, its findings are contrary to expectations in that it finds improvement in mostl aspects of U.S. public education. Results of the study are withheld by the Bush administration and others in government who advocate for vouchers and school choice.
1994 - CompuHigh Whitmorte is founded. It claims to be the first online high school.
1996 - James Banks' book, Multicultural Education: Transformative Knowledge and Action, makes an important contribution to the growing body of scholarship regarding multiculturalism in education.
1996 - Educators come together to form the National Career Academy Coalition.
1998 - The Higher Education Act is amended and reauthorized requiring institutions and states to produce "report cards" about teacher education.
2001 - Nineteen al-Qaeda terrorists hijack four commercial jet airliners on the morning of September 11. They crash two into the twin towers of the World Trade Center and another into the Pentagon. The fourth plane crashes in a rural area of Pennsylvania as passengers try to retake it from the hijackers. A total of 2976 victims as well as the 19 terrorists are killed. The attacks have a devastating effect on both U.S. and world stock markets, result in the passage of the Patriot Act and formation of the Department of Homeland Security, provide the impetus for two wars, and take a lasting toll on Americans' sense of safety and well-being.
2003 - The International Association for K-12 Online Learning (iNACOL), a non-profit organization dedicated to enhancing K-12 online education, is "launched as a formal corporate entity."
2006 - The Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act of 2006 is reauthorized and signed into law on August 12. It is the fourth version of this law which was originally passed in 1984.
2010 - With the U.S. economy mired in the "great recession" and unemployment remaining high, states have massive budget deficits. Many teachers face layoffs..
2011 - Sylvia Mendez, whose parents were lead plaintiffs in the historic civil rights case, Mendez vs. Westminster and the California Board of Education, is awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on February 16th..
2011 - In spite of workers' protests and Democratic legislators leaving the state to delay the vote, the Wisconsin legislature passes a bill removing most collective-bargaining rights from many public employees, including teachers. Governor Scott Walker signs the bill into law on March 11. After legal challenges are exhausted, it is finally implemented in June. A similar measure passes in Ohio but is later repealed through a state referendum.
2011 - Alabama becomes the first state "to require public schools to check the immigration status" of students. Though the law does not require schools to prohibit the enrollment nor report the names of undocumented children, opponents nevertheless contend it is unconstitutional based on the Plyler v. Doe ruling.
2012 - President Barack Obama announces on February 9 that the applications of ten states seeking waivers from some of the requirements of the No Child Left Behind law were approved. New Mexico's application is approved a few days later, bringing the number of states receiving waivers to 11. An additional 26 states apply for waivers in late February.
2012 - As of December, 33 states and Washington, D.C. have been granted waivers from some No Child Left Behind requirements.
2013 - On May 22, the Chicago Board of Education votes to close 50 schools, the largest mass closing in U.S. history. Mayor Rahm Emanuel and CPS officials claim the closures are not only necessary to reduce costs, but will also improve educational quality. However, Chicago teachers and other opponents say the closures disproportionately affect low-income and minority students, but their efforts to stop the closings, which included tthree lawsuits, were unsuccessful. Other cities, including Detroit, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C., have also recently closed large numbers of public schools.
2013 - On Friday, June 14 the Chicago Public Schools announce that they will be laying off 663 employees, including 420 teachers. A month later, they lay off another 2100 employees including more than 1000 teachers! CPS blames the layoffs on "the state's failure to enact pension reform."
2013 - In the case of Fisher v. University of Texas, the U.S. Supreme Court rules on June 25 that affirmative action is constitutional only if it is “narrowly tailored.” The Court then sends the case back to the lower courts to determine if the University of Texas policy meets this standard.
2013 - William Glasser, author of more than two dozen books including Choice Theory and Schools Without Failure, dies at age 88.
2013 - On October 21, a 13-year-old student arrives on the campus of Sparks, Nevada middle school armed with a handgun. He wounds two 12-year old boys and kills a teacher who was trying to protect other students before he turns the gun on himself and takes his own life.
2013 - The most recent results of the Program for International Student Assessment, released December 2, 2013, show that the achievement of U.S. teenagers continues to lag behind that of their counterparts in other developed countries, particularly those in Asia.
2013 - In yet another school shooting tragedy, high school senior Karl Pierson enters Arapohoe High School (Centennial, Colorado) on December 13 armed with a shotgun, machete, and Molotov Cocktails. His goal apparently was to take revenge on the school librarian and debate coach who had disciplined him earlier in the school year. Instead, before taking his own life, he critically wounds a female classmate. She dies eight days later.
2014 - President Barack Obama signs the 1.1-trillion dollar bipartisan budget bill on January 17. The bill restores some, but not all, of the cuts to federal education programs that resulted from sequestration. It is the first budget to be agreed to by our divided government since 2009!
2014 - On March 24, Indiana Governor Mike Pence signs legislation withdrawing the state from the Core Standards. Indiana becomes the first state to do so. However, aspects of the Common Core may still be included in Indiana's "new" standards.
2014 - The Civil Rights Project report, Brown at 60: Great Progress, a Long Retreat, and an Uncertain Future, is published on May 15. It shows what many teachers already know: a decline in non-Hispanic Caucasian students, a large increase in Latino students, and the growth of segregation, both by race and poverty, particularly among Latinos in central cities and suburbs of the largest metropolitan areas.
2014 - Based on a report from a group called Every Town for Gun Safety, a CNN article published on June 12 states that there have been 74 school shootings in the last 18 months, 15 of which have been "Newtown-like incidents." What the heck is going on?
2014 - In the case of Vergara v. California, the Superior Court of the State of California rules that laws regarding teacher tenure, seniority rights and dismissal are unconstitutional. California is not the only state where attempts are being made to weaken or eliminate teacher tenure protections.
2014 - As schools open this fall, a demographic milestone is reached: minority students enrolled in K-12 public school classrooms outnumber non-Hispanic Caucasians.
2014 - More teacher layoffs in Chicago! CPS announces on June 26 that its latest round of layoffs will total than 1000 employees, including approximately 550 teachers.
2014 - The Minnesota State High School League votes on December 4 to adopt a policy allowing transgender students to join female sports teams. Minnesota is the 33rd state to have a formal transgender student policy.
2015 - On January 9, President Barack Obama announces a plan to allow two years of free community college for all American students. However, with Republicans in control of both the House and Senate, there seems little hope that this proposal will be implemented any time soon.
2015 - New York parents opt 150,000 kids out of standardized tests as the revolt against high-stakes testing grows.
2015 - Another senseless, mass school shooting occurs on October 1 when Chris Harper Mercer kills nine and wounds several others at Umpqua Community College in Roseburg, Oregon. As always seems to be the case, the slaughter ends when the shooter takes his own life. Are these tragedies really becoming "routine" as President Obama says?
2015 - President Obama joins the "too-much-testing" movement as his new plan calls for limiting "standardized testing to no more than 2% of class time."
2015 - On December 9, the U.S. Senate votes 85-12 to approve the Every Student Succeeds Act, and President Obama signs it into law on December 10. This latest version of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) replaces No Child Left Behind and allows more state control in judging school quality.
2016 - More than 60 schools in Detroit are forced to close on Monday, January 11th due to a teacher "sick out" called to protest conditions in the Detroit Public Schools, which are "drowning under 3.5 billion of debt."
2016 - On May 13, the federal government tells school districts "to allow transgender students to use the bathroom that matches their gender identity." Though the directive is not a law, districts that do not comply could face lawsuits or lose federal aid.
2016 - On August 21, a federal judge in Texas signs a temporary injunction allowing schools to opt out of the above transgender bathroom directive.
2016 - California Proposition 58 is approved by voters and implements the California Multilingual Education Act.
2016 - Donald Trump defeats Hillary Clinton and is elected President of the United States. One can only wonder what this means for American education.
2016 - President-elect Donald Trump names billionaire and school-choice advocate Betsy DeVos Secretary of Education.
2017 - In the Case of Endrew F v Douglas County School District, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously rules that schools must offer "an individualized education program reasonably calculated to enable a child to make progress appropriate in light of the child's circumstances."
2017 - On February 7, Vice President Mike Pence casts the deciding vote, breaking a 50-50 tie in the Senate, to confirm Betsy DeVos as Secretary of Education. Many educators criticize her lack of academic credentials and experience.
2017 - February 22: President Donald Trump rescinds the Obama administration's controversial transgender bathroom directive. The issue may eventually be decided by the courts.
2017 - July 6: Eighteen states and the District of Columbia sue Betsy DeVos and the U.S. Department of Education over delays in implementing regulations protecting student loan recipients.
2017 - President Donald Trump signs the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act into law on December 22nd. The bill lowers corporate taxes as well as those for most individuals. Educational implications include maintaining the $250 limit on deductions teachers can take for school supplies and expanding the use of 529 savings plans for K-12 private and homeschool costs. The final bill does not include provisions to tax graduate student tuition benefits nor those provided to college and university employees. However, some education advocates believe the tax bill may hurt public school funding and reduce donations to colleges and universities.
2018 - Nicholas Cruz is charged with 17 counts of murder in yet another horrific school massacre. This attack, that occurred February 14th in Parkland, Florida, brings the total number of school shooting incidents for this year to 18. Eight have resulted in injury or death, including the Marshall County High School (Kentucky) shooting that left two dead and many others injured. Is there no end to these senseless tragedies?
2018 - In the wake of the Parkland, Florida massacre, Marjory Stoneman Douglas students become passionate advocates for gun control and school safety. Their activism soon spreads across the nation. In a meeting with students, parents, and teachers affected by gun violence, President Trump promises more rigorous background checks and better mental health screenings for gun buyers. He later suggests training and arming teachers in order to improve school safety. Both the AFT and NEA reject this idea.
2018 - Schools are closed throughout West Virginia on February 22nd as teachers walk out to protest their pay and benefits. West Virginia teacher salaries are among the lowest in the nation.
2018 - The West Virginia teacher strike ends as Governor Jim Justice signs legislation on March 6th giving teachers, as well as all other state employees, a 5% pay increase. Which state will be next?
2018 - In response to the Parkland, Florida school shootings, Florida Governor Rick Scott signs legislation on March 9 that, among other things, raises the minimum age to purchase a firearm to 21 and imposes a three-day waiting period for firearm purchases. The bill also allows some school personnel to carry firearms. The state is promptly sued by the NRA!
2018 - Thousands of students across the nation walk out of classrooms on March 14 demanding changes in gun laws.
2018 -March 24: Hundreds of thousands of students from across the nation join the March for Our Lives protest in Washington , DC as well as many other cities.
2018 - March 30: Following the successful outcome of the West Virginia teachers strike, teachers from Kentucky, Arizona, and Oklahoma begin to take action to improve their pay and benefits.
2018 - April 13: Though schools will remain closed for at least one more day in Oklahoma's largest cities, many are set to reopen as the Oklahoma Education Association calls for teachers to end their strike. Teachers will receive an increase in pay; however, many remain concerned about education funding cuts that have forced about one-fifth of the state's school districts to reduce to four-day school weeks. Elsewhere, as the the Kentucky Education Association encourages teachers to protest at the state capital.
2018 - Students from across the nation protest gun violence on April 20th (National Walkout Day), which marks the 19th anniversary of the Columbine High School shooting tragedy.
2018 - May 19: Ten are killed and 10 more wounded at Santa Fe High School (Texas) in the latest senseless school shooting incident.
2018 - June 27: In the case of Janus v. AFSCME, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that it is a violation of the First Amendment for public-sector unions (including teachers unions) to collect "agency fees" from non-members. Agency fees cover the costs of representing non-members in contractual and other negotiations. Twenty-two states currently require the payment of those fees. The Janus ruling overturns the 1977 Abood v. Detroit Board of Education ruling.
2018 - Hundreds of educators and former educators run for office in the mid-term elections. Winners include Minnesota Governor-Elect Tom Walz, Wisconsin Governor-Elect Tony Evers, and 2016 National Teacher of the Year, Jahana Hayes, from Connecticut, who was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.
2018 - A federal judge orders the U.S. Department of Education to forgive the student loan debt of about 15,000 students who attended for-profit schools that are no longer in business.
2019 - On January 14, more than 30,000 public school teachers in the Los Angeles go on strike over class size, pay, and lack of support staff.
2019 - Los Angeles teachers return to work after a deal is reached ending their six-day strike.
Helton, Gene. (No Date). Curriculum Development in 20th Century United States. Retrieved January 2, 2005 from http://www.personal.kent.edu/~whelton/index.html. The link is no longer active.
Lloyd, J. W. (2005). Chronology of Some Important Events in the History of Learning Disabilities. Retrieved June 22, 2009 from http://faculty.virginia.edu/johnlloyd/edis511/classes/LD_Times.html.
Rippa, S. Alexander (1971). Education in a Free Society, (2nd. Edition ). New York: David McKay Company.
Thayer, V. T. (1965). Formative Ideas in American Education . New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company.
Please consider this timeline to be a work in progress. If you see an error or have a suggestion for an important event that should be added, send it to me at esass@csbsju.edu. I will review your idea, and if I think it has merit, I will add it to the timeline.
Permission is granted to anyone wishing to use this page or the related lesson plan for instructional purposes as long as you credit the author (me!) and the web page source. My name is Edmund Sass, Ed.D., Professor Emeritus of Education, College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University. Please understand, however, that the content of this page is my intellectual property and cannot be duplicated or displayed on another web site or in a publication without my permission.

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We collect your Personal Information in the manner described in the “Personal Information We Collect” section above.
We use your Personal Information for the purposes described in the “How We Use Your Personal Information” section above. However, use of your Personal Information will be limited (i) to entering into or fulfilling contracts with you, (ii) to the legitimate purposes described in the “How We Use Your Personal Information” that are not overridden by your rights, and (iii) to comply with our legal obligations.
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Your Personal Information will only be retained for as long as necessary to achieve the purposes for which it was collected.
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The data processing is based on the legal provisions in Art. 6 (1) (f) GDPR (legitimate interest).
With respect to Facebook, Inc., located at ., 1601 S. California Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA (“Facebook”), in addition to web beacons and pixels, we also use “Custom Audience Pixel” analysis software to optimize our advertising campaigns. This software enables online behavior to be observed in terms of time, geographic location, purchase behavior and use of this Site. This information is collected via web beacons and/or cookies. The information received from the web beacons and/or cookies is anonymous and will not be linked to personal data. This information will not be shared with third parties for their own use. Further information can be found at: https://en-gb.facebook.com/business/learn/facebook-ads-pixel.
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The data processing is based on the legal provisions in provisions in Art. 6 (1) (f) GDPR (legitimate interest).
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You have the right to information and data portability, free of charge, on the personal data stored by us, as well as a right to have this data corrected, deleted or if necessary, restrict their use. For questions on the collection, processing or use of your personal data, the exercise of the above-mentioned rights as well as withdrawal of consent granted or objection to a particular use of data, please contact us directly via email at privacy@walkwest.com. In case you believe that the usage of your data infringes your data protection rights, you can complaint at the responsible data protection authority.
Pursuant to Art. 17 GDPR, you can request the immediate deletion of your personal data stored by us. We are obliged to delete personal data including if (i) it is no longer necessary for the purposes for which it is being processed, (ii) there is no legal basis for the processing, (iii) you have objected to the processing and if there are no overriding legitimate reasons for the processing, (iv) the personal data was being processed unlawfully or (v) the deletion is necessary to fulfil a legal obligation.
Pursuant to Art. 18 GDPR, you have the right to demand the restriction of the processing of your personal data where one of the following applies: (i) the accuracy of the data is disputed by you, (ii) the processing is unlawful, yet you reject its deletion, (iii) we no longer need the data, but you still need the data to assert, exercise or defend legal claims, or (iii) you have objected to processing pursuant to Art. 21 GDPR.
Pursuant to Art. 20 GDPR you have the right to receive your personal data provided and processed automatically by us on the basis of your consent (or for contract fulfilment) in a structured, current and machine-readable format and to request transmission to another data controller.
Pursuant to Art. 7 (3) GDPR, you can revoke your consent provided to us at any time. As a result, we are no longer allowed to continue processing data based on this consent in the future.
Pursuant to Art. 21 GDPR, you have the right, for reasons arising from your particular situation, to object at any time to the processing of personal data concerning you, which may be processed on the basis of Art. 6 (1) (e) or (f) GDPR; the same applies to profiling based on these provisions. We will no longer process your personal data after your objection, unless we can prove compelling grounds for processing that outweigh your interests, rights and freedoms, or the processing serves to assert, exercise or defend legal claims. If an objection relates to the processing of personal data for direct marketing purposes, it will no longer be processed for these purposes.
Pursuant to Art. 77 GDPR any data subject has the right to lodge a complaint with a data protection supervisory authority in the country of such individual’s habitual residence or place of work, or of the believed breach of the GDPR. A list of the data protection supervisory authorities can be found at http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/article29/item-detail.cfm?item_id=612080.

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We collect and use our users’ personal data only to the extent that is required to provide a functional website and our content and services. Our users’ personal data are lawfully collected and processed only after obtaining the consent of the respective user. Exceptions apply to cases where obtaining prior consent is not possible due to factual reasons and data processing is permitted by legal stipulations.
In cases where we obtain the data subjects’ consent to process personal data, Art. 6(1)(a) of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) serves as the legal basis.
For processing personal data that are required for performing a contract into which the data subject has entered, Art. 6(1)(b) of the GDPR serves as the legal basis. This also includes processing operations required to implement pre-contractual measures.
In cases where processing personal data is necessary to fulfill our company’s legal obligations, Art. 6(1)(c) of the GDPR serves as the legal basis.
If vital interests of the data subject or another natural person require personal data processing, Art. 6(1)(d) of the GDPR serves as the legal basis.
In cases where data processing is necessary to protect legitimate interests of our company or a third party and where the interests as well as the fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject do not outweigh the mentioned interests, Art. 6(1)(f) of the GDPR serves as the legal basis.
The data subjects’ personal data will be erased or made unavailable as soon as the purpose of the storage expires. Personal data may be retained if required by European or national legislation in the form of EU regulations, laws, or other provisions the controller is subject to. Data will also be erased or made unavailable if the storage period stated in the above-mentioned rules expires unless continuing the retention of the data is required for the conclusion or fulfillment of a contract.
Whenever a user visits our website, our system automatically collects data and information on the system of the calling computer.
The data are also stored in our system’s log files. This does not apply to the user’s IP addresses and other data that would make it possible to connect the stored data with a user. This kind of data and other personal data of the user are not stored.
Art. 6(1)(f) of the GDPR is the legal basis for the temporary retention of data.
The temporary retention of a user’s IP address by the system is required to deliver the website to the user’s computer. For this purpose, it is necessary to retain the user’s IP address throughout the entire session.
This purpose constitutes our legitimate interest in data processing pursuant to Art. 6(1)(f) of the GDPR.
The data will be erased as soon as they are no longer required to fulfill the purpose for which they were collected. This means that data collected for providing the website will be erased when the respective session expires.
Collecting data for providing the website and retaining them in log files is obligatory for operating the website. Therefore, the user does not have the option to object to this procedure.
Art. 6(1)(f) of the GDPR serves as the legal basis for personal data processing using technically necessary cookies.
Art. 6(1)(a) of the GDPR serves as the legal basis for personal data processing using cookies for analysis purposes if the respective user’s consent has been obtained.
We use analytical cookies to improve the quality of our website and its content. Analytical cookies tell us how the website is used, allowing us to continuously improve our services.
These purposes constitute our legitimate interest in personal data processing pursuant to Art. 6(1)(f) of the GDPR.
To be able to process the data, we obtain your consent during the subscription process and refer to the present privacy statement.
Data collected for the purpose of providing the newsletter will not be disclosed to third parties. The data will be used exclusively for providing the newsletter.
Art. 6(1)(a) of the GDPR serves as the legal basis for data processing following the subscription to the newsletter if the respective user’s consent has been obtained.
We collect the user’s email address to deliver the newsletter.
Other personal data collected in the course of the subscription process are used to avoid the misuse of our services or the respective email address.
The data will be erased as soon as they are no longer required to fulfill the purpose for which they were collected. This means the user’s email address will be retained for the duration of an active subscription to the newsletter.
The user may cancel his or her subscription to the newsletter at any time. Every newsletter contains a link for this purpose.
The link also offers the possibility to withdraw the consent to the retention of the personal data collected during the subscription process.
The data collected in this context will not be shared with third parties. They will be used exclusively for handling communication with you.
Art. 6(1)(a) of the GDPR serves as the legal basis for data processing with the user’s consent.
Art. 6(1)(f) of the GDPR serves as the legal basis for processing data transmitted by a sent email. If it is the intent of the communication via email to enter into a contract, Art.6 (1)(b) of the GDPR will additionally apply.
The reception of an email constitutes a legitimate interest in processing data for us.
The data will be erased as soon as they are no longer required to fulfill the purpose for which they were collected. This means that personal data transmitted via email will be deleted after the conversation with the user has ended. The conversation will be considered ended when the circumstances suggest that the respective matter has been fully resolved.
The user may at any point withdraw his or her consent to the processing of the personal data. A user may at any time object to the retention of his or her personal data by sending us an email. In such a case, the conversation cannot be continued.
All personal data collected when the conversation was initiated will be erased in such a case.
The data are disclosed to above-mentioned parties to fulfill a contract into which the user has entered or to implement pre-contractual measures. Therefore, Art. 6(1)(b) of the GDPR serves as the legal basis for data processing.
The collected data are necessary to fulfill a contract. The data collected are also required to identify the user and ensure an orderly delivery of the requested goods.
The data will be erased as soon as they are no longer required to fulfill the purpose for which they were collected.
This means that data collected in the registration process required for fulfilling a contract or implementing pre-contractual measures will be erased as soon as the data are no longer needed for performing the contract. It may be necessary to retain personal data even after the conclusion of a contract in order to fulfill contractual and legal obligations.
As a user you have the right to terminate your registration at any time. You may at any time request rectification of your personal data.
Data necessary to fulfill a contract or implement pre-contractual measures may only be erased if the erasure does not violate contractual or legal obligations.
Our website uses social plug-ins. The social plug-ins on our website are deactivated by default. Data will only be transmitted to the respective social network by clicking and thus activating the social plug-in. The activation of the social plug-in ends when your cookies are deactivated or deleted.
Following activation, a direct connection to the server of the respective social network is established. The content of a button will then be transmitted directly from the respective social network to your browser, which in return incorporates the content into the website.
After activating a button, the respective social network will be able to collect data, regardless of whether or not you interact with the button. If you are logged in to a social network, it is able to link your visit of our website to your account. If you are registered to a social network and do not want the data collected when visiting our website to be added to your account data, you have to log out of the respective network before activating the buttons.
The scope of data collected by social networks through their buttons is beyond our sphere of influence. For information on the purpose and scope of the data collected, processed, and used by social networks as well as on your respective rights and options regarding your privacy settings, please refer to the privacy statements of the respective social networks.
Our website features plug-ins of the social network Facebook, Inc., 1601 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. Facebook plug-ins on our website are marked with the Facebook logo or the Like button. An overview of all Facebook plug-ins can be found here: http://developers.facebook.com/docs/plugins/.
When activating the plug-in, a direct connection between your browser and the Facebook server will be established. As a result, Facebook will receive the information that you have visited our website using your IP address. By clicking Facebook’s Like button while logged in to your Facebook account, you will be able to link content of our website to your Facebook profile. This enables Facebook to link the visit of our website to your account. We draw your attention to the fact that we as the operator of the website have no knowledge of which data are transmitted to Facebook and how they are used. For further information regarding this topic, please refer to Facebook’s data policy: https://www.facebook.com/policy.
If you do not want Facebook to link the visit of our website to your account, please log out of your Facebook account before visiting our website.
You can share information worldwide with the Google +1 button. Via the Google +1 button, you and other users receive personalized content from Google and its partners. Google saves the information that you marked content with +1 as well as information about the website you were viewing when you clicked the +1 button. Content marked by you with +1 may appear to others as a notice together with your account name and photo used for Google services, such as in search results or your Google profile, or elsewhere on websites and in advertisements on the internet.
Google records information about your +1 activities to improve Google services for you and other users. To be able to use the Google +1 button, you require a public Google profile visible worldwide which at least includes your account name. This name will be used across all Google services. In some cases, this name may replace another name you used when sharing content via your Google account. The identity of your Google profile may be displayed to others who know your email address or other identifying information about you.
Our website features plug-ins of Twitter, Inc., 1355 Market St, Suite 900, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA. When you use Twitter and the Retweet function, websites visited by you will be added to your Twitter account and disclosed to other users. Data will also be transmitted to Twitter.
You can change your privacy settings within your account settings: http://twitter.com/account/settings.
The user may withdraw his or her consent at any time. The user has the option of deactivating the social plug-ins and deleting his or her cookies.
We use said functions to analyze website usage and for remarketing purposes. These purposes constitute our legitimate interest pursuant to Art. 6(1)(f) of the GDPR.
You can prevent your browser from installing and saving cookies by changing the respective browser settings. However, we would like to point out that you might not be able to fully use all functions of this website in such a case.
You can, moreover, prevent the collection of data generated by cookies and related to your usage of this website (incl. your IP address) and the processing of said data by Google by downloading and installing the browser plug-in available on the following website: https://tools.google.com/dlpage/gaoptout?hl=en.
As an alternative to the browser plug-in, you can click this link to prevent future detection by Google Analytics on this website. When you click this link, an opt-out cookie will be placed on your terminal device. If you delete your cookies, you will have to click the link again.
With your consent, our website uses the conversion tracking pixel service of Facebook, Inc., 1601 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. It allows us to track actions of our users after they have been redirected to our website by clicking a Facebook ad. This way, we are able to record the effectiveness of Facebook ads for statistic and market research purposes. The data collected remain anonymous. This means that we do not have access to the individual users’ personal data. Instead, collected data are retained and processed by Facebook. We are advising you on this matter according to the information currently at our disposal. Facebook can connect these data with data of your Facebook account. Facebook uses the data for its own advertising purposes pursuant to its data policy: https://www.facebook.com/about/privacy/.
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Noroozi Pesyan, N., Khalafy, J., Akbari Dilmaghani,, K., Rastgar,, S., Malekpoor,, Z., Mohammadzadeh, M. (2009). Tautomeric behaviors of 5-arylazobarbituric acids in different concentrations. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Research, 2(2), 133-144.
Nader Noroozi Pesyan; Jabbar Khalafy; Karim Akbari Dilmaghani,; Saeed Rastgar,; Zahra Malekpoor,; Mina Mohammadzadeh. "Tautomeric behaviors of 5-arylazobarbituric acids in different concentrations". Journal of the Iranian Chemical Research, 2, 2, 2009, 133-144.
Noroozi Pesyan, N., Khalafy, J., Akbari Dilmaghani,, K., Rastgar,, S., Malekpoor,, Z., Mohammadzadeh, M. (2009). 'Tautomeric behaviors of 5-arylazobarbituric acids in different concentrations', Journal of the Iranian Chemical Research, 2(2), pp. 133-144.
Noroozi Pesyan, N., Khalafy, J., Akbari Dilmaghani,, K., Rastgar,, S., Malekpoor,, Z., Mohammadzadeh, M. Tautomeric behaviors of 5-arylazobarbituric acids in different concentrations. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Research, 2009; 2(2): 133-144.
broadened and its chemical shift appeared at down field due to intramolecular hydrogen bond.
6 shows two tautomers in NMR time scale at low concentration in DMSO-d6.
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