text:
R. A. HARPER, P H . D., Sc. D., Chairman D. T. MACDOUGAL, P H . D„ LL. D.
RAYMOND F. BACON, P H . D., S c D. HENRY H. RUSBY, M. D., S c D.
NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, P H . D„ EDMUND W. SINNOTT, P H . D.
N. L. BRITTON, PH. D., S C D., LL. D.
K = The Keeu/ atia Centre * v „.
exempt in the case of the other two continents, on the other hand.
the vitality to re- assert itself.
ica. The same irregularity also is true of the altitudinal distribution.
developments invading its favorite haunts.
Then Iris versicolor in the east and /. Shrevei in the west appear.
unlikely to be destroyed by urban and agricultural progress.
restricted geographic distribution and but little altitudinal range.
Six species in addition to /. virginica are concerned in this area.
most extensive down, they are Iris tripetala, I. hexagona, I.
savannarum, I. Albispiritus, I. rivularis, and /. Kimballiae.
in its range, growing in colonies often many acres in extent.
1 See " Altitudinal Distribution of Eastern American Iris," Jour. N.
Y. Bot. Gard. 32: 49- 66. 1931.
danger of extermination for a long time to come, except locally.
rocky shores of the northeast or the sandy flats of the southeast.
Plain, where we find their descendants as we know them today.
to biologic and specific developments, tells quite a different story.
years after it was discovered.
had been wiped out during the past half century!
studies, contains the following important and interesting paragraphs.
2 See Jour. N. V. Bot. Gard. 32: 175- 184. 1931.
destroys many fine colonies of various colors."
of several species of Iris for study and distribution.
that prevailed in the spring and summer.
during the corresponding season last year.
leveled off, and the iris growth wiped out!
3 See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 32: 177. 1931.
soil that was deposited in its channel through the ages.
a field or a ditch where a road follows closely its former course.
new pink iris, and several new species of red- flowered irises.
the building of a new railroad embankment.
thrived there in countless numbers remain in the landscape.
plant life than drainage and agriculture!
wonderful local natural iris development to be?
and horticultural development, has been made.
native irises are to be preserved.
other gardens, in all the richness of coloring of the flowers themselves.
I am often asked if photographs in color may be made on paper.
Garden, Saturday afternoon, September 26, 1931.
patent- office stage and not yet on the market.
plate is reflected in a mirror, this being a very satisfactory way.
results beautiful. Any camera which takes plates may be used.
The method of making Autochromes and Agfas is much alike.
allow development to proceed more easily.
from the original negative, also black and white prints.
photography may be used, scientifically, artistically, historically.
It is a fascinating hobby.
illustrations can be supplied in black and white.
after the copyright has expired.
photostat reproductions on order from institutions and individuals.
course and membership for one year.
also made to the rock garden and to the sunken garden of Mrs.
a quantity of bloom late in the season on the first of November.
given by the members of the Garden staff.
of the Garden for practical instruction.
Curator of Iris and Narcissus Collections.
Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of Laboratories.
Michie, Nursery Manager for T. A. Havemeyer.
Jan. 23. " Roses," Dr. B. O. Dodge, Plant Pathologist.
Feb. 13. " Annuals," Mr. Kenneth R. Boynton, Head Gardener.
distinguished alumni who were honored at the same time was Dr.
widely famous Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew were being closed.
about 80 volumes pertaining to botany and horticulture.
the snow fall counted as .012 inches.
Books presented by Dr. C. E.
Britton, Dr. and Mrs. N. L.
Blakiston's Sons & Co., P.
Lowe, Mr. & Mrs. Frank E.
Gilbert, Prof. & Mrs. Alfred H.
Peckham, Ethel Anson S. ( Mrs.
Will our chestnut tree return?
Swift, Marjorie E. " C r a z e d"
Gager. viii + 4 7 8 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908.
or a n y designated beneficiary during his or her lifetime.
BRONX PARK, N EW YORK, N. Y.
Description-Table Of Contents Vanishing Iris; Color Photography in the Garden; Photostat Service at The New York Botanical Garden; Special Courses in Botany and Gardening for Members; Public Lectures and Demonstrations, December, January, and February, 1931-32; Notes, News, and Comment; Index To Volume XXXII.
Transcript VOL. XXXII DECEMBER, 1931 No. 384 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VANISHING IRIS JOHN K. SMALL COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE GARDEN SARAH V. COOMBS PHOTOSTAT SERVICE A T THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN E. D. MERRILL SPECIAL COURSES IN BOTANY AND GARDENING FOR MEMBERS FORMAN T. MCLEAN PUBLIC LECTURES AND DEMONSTRATIONS, DECEMBER, JANUARY, AND FEBRUARY, 1931- 32 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT INDEX TO VOLUME XXXII PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY Entered at the post- office in Lancaster, Pa., as second- class matter. Annual subscription $ 1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS HENRY W. DE FOREST, President CLARENCE LEWIS HENRY DE FOREST BALDWIN, Vice President ADOLPH LEWISOHN F. K. STURGIS, Vice President HENRY LOCKHART, JR. JOHN L. MERRILL, Treasurer D. T. MACDOUGAL E. D. MERRILL, Secretary KENNETH K. MACKENZIE RAYMOND F. BACON H. DE LA MONTAGNE, JR. CHARLES P. BERKEY J. PIERPONT MORGAN MARSTON T. BOGERT LEWIS RUTHEREURD MORRIS GEORGE S. BREWSTER H. HOBART PORTER N. L. BRITTON HENRY H. RUSBY NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER GEORGE J. RYAN CHILDS FRICK EDMUND W. SINNOTT R. A. HARPER SAM F. TRELEASE WILLIAM H. WEBSTER JAMES J. WALKER, Mayor of the City of New York WALTER R. HERRICK, President of the Department of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. HARPER, P H . D., Sc. D., Chairman D. T. MACDOUGAL, P H . D„ LL. D. RAYMOND F. BACON, P H . D., S c D. HENRY H. RUSBY, M. D., S c D. CHARLES P. BERKEY, P H . D., SC. D. r-„ ™ ™ T T>.,.„ T T n MARSTON T. BOGERT, S C D, LL. D. GEORGE J ' R Y A N - L L ' D ' NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, P H . D„ EDMUND W. SINNOTT, P H . D. LL. D., LITT. D. SAM F. TRELEASE, P H . D. DIRECTOR EMERITUS N. L. BRITTON, PH. D., S C D., LL. D. GARDEN STAFF E. D. MERRILL, S C D Director- in- Chief MARSHALL A. HOWE, P H . D., S C D Assistant Director JOHN K. SMALL, P H . D , SC. D Head Curator of the Museums A. B. STOUT, P H . D Director of the Laboratories H. A. GLEASON, P H . D Curator FRED J. SEAVER, P H . D., SC. D Curator ARTHUR HOLLICK, P H . D Paleobotanist BERNARD O. DODGE, P H . D Plant Pathologist FORMAN T. MCLEAN, M. F., P H . D Supervisor of Public Education JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D Bibliographer PERCY WILSON Associate Curator PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator SARAH H. HARLOW, A. M Librarian H. H. RUSBY, M. D Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections ELIZABETH G. BRITTON Honorary Curator of Mosses MARY E. EATON Artist ROBERT S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant E. J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator ALBERT C. SMITH, A. B Assistant Curator CLYDE CHANDLER, A. M Technical Assistant MARJORIE E. SWIFT, A. M Assistant Pathologist ROSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant KENNETH R. BOYNTON, B. S Head Gardener G. L. WITTROCK, A. M Docent H. M. DENSLOW, A. M., D. D Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium ROBERT HAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes E. B. SOUTHWICK, P H . D Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds ETHEL ANSON S. PECKHAM. Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections JOHN R. BRINLEY, C. E Landscape Engineer WALTER S. GROESBECK Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR J. CORBETT Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VOL. XXXII DECEMBER, 1931 Xo. 384 VANISHING IRIS Iris is without much doubt an ancient type of vegetation. Fossil specimens, fragments of narrow, parallel- veined leaves from as far back as the Upper Cretaceous strata, have been referred to Iris by paleobotanists. Such specimens have been found in collections from deposits as far north as the Arctic regions- The specialized structure of the flower, too, indicates a long history of morphological development What the pre- glacial development and distribution of the species of Iris were can never be known. But the present geographic distribution of the species in the regions once either covered by or exempt from the ice-sheets is instructive and interesting. The cases of minor import where a few species are restricted to one or more continents, though not very helpful in regard to the present geographic distribution, may be mentioned as follows: One species in Asia and North America; two species in Africa; three species in Europe and Africa; three species in Europe, Asia, and Africa; seven species in Europe and Asia. On the other hand, the relative number of species now confined to Asia, North America, and Europe seems to indicate something very definite about the ancient history of Iris, Today Iris is circumboreal and circumtemperate, extending in latitude from near the Arctic Circle to near the northern Tropic, but with very unequal continental distribution. If we are correct in assuming that in pre- glacial times it was numerically quite evenly distributed around the Northern Hemisphere, it is interesting to consider the present distribution in relation to distribution of ice sheets in the glacial periods. Referring to the present specific continental distribution, in round numbers, we find a hundred species confined to Asia, fifteen species confined to Europe, 277 278 and sixty ( counting the present known undescribed Mississippi Delta species) in North America. Reference to a map charting the extent of the ice- sheets in the glacial periods will show that Asia was practically exempt from the ice sheets that devastated great parts of the other two continents. North America had more unglaciated area than had Europe, and in addition this undevas-tated land lay nearer the warm or tropical regions. The present discrepancy in the number of species on these continents may be the result of the freedom of the whole Asiatic area from the ice- Maj w e maximum extension of the Ice Sheets in the Glacial Period / % J. ^ Ihe VOramercut veair* K = The Keeu/ atia Centre * v „. L s= The Labrador or LaureMide Centra X— v> Arrows Indicate the direction of Ice- floa r FIGURE I. Map showing the extent of glaciation— unshaded areas at top — during the ice- ages. Today iris occupies the regions shaded and unshaded from about the middle of the map, above the captions, up to the Arctic Circle.—( Map and caption from the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ed. 11. By permission.) sheet, on the one hand, and the relatively larger and smaller areas exempt in the case of the other two continents, on the other hand. The rigors of the ice- ages were great, and Iris may not have had the vitality to re- assert itself. The genus Iris, both as regards species and groups of species, is very unevenly distributed geographically in eastern North Amer- 279 ica. The same irregularity also is true of the altitudinal distribution. 1 In the extreme northeast the genus first appears as the species Iris Hookeri. The range of this species extends from Labrador and Newfoundland to the coast of Maine. Its largely maritime habitats are only slowly eroded and there is little danger of urban developments invading its favorite haunts. Then Iris versicolor in the east and /. Shrevei in the west appear. They have wide geographic distributions and to a large extent they inhabit places least likely to be disturbed by agricultural and urban developments. Likewise, the habitats of Iris prismatica, which occur in the Atlantic Coastal Plain, the Piedmont, and the lower parts of the Blue Ridge provinces are such as are unlikely to be destroyed by urban and agricultural progress. However, although much growth and many colonies of the three species mentioned in this paragraph have been exterminated, there need be no fear of any serious depletion of their ranks for a long time to come. Another widely distributed species, Iris virginica, which replaces /. versicolor in the south, occurs in all the southeastern States east of the Mississippi River. It inhabits the three plant provinces mentioned above, and some of those lying west of the Blue Ridge. Its habitats too are in places least likely to be disturbed by the advance of civilization, as well as being in a region of relatively sparse population. Southeastward the several additional irises each have a more restricted geographic distribution and but little altitudinal range. Six species in addition to /. virginica are concerned in this area. In the order of the extent of their geographic ranges, from the most extensive down, they are Iris tripetala, I. hexagona, I. savannarum, I. Albispiritus, I. rivularis, and /. Kimballiae. Among these, Iris savannarum is the most abundant quantitatively in its range, growing in colonies often many acres in extent. Iris tripetala and /. hexagona occur in smaller colonies throughout their geographic ranges, which are nearly similar. Iris Albispiritus, I. rivularis, and I. Kimballiae occur in smaller colonies within their more restricted geographic ranges. However, grow- 1 See " Altitudinal Distribution of Eastern American Iris," Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 32: 49- 66. 1931. 280 ing in regions of sparse population and relatively slow political development, an existence for the future is indicated. Their partial or total extermination is possible only by the sinking of the Coastal Plain a few feet, a catastrophe which their ancestral relatives seem to have experienced in the relatively recent geologic past. All things considered, the irises of the Blue Ridge, the Piedmont, and the Atlantic and eastern Gulf Coastal Plains are in little danger of extermination for a long time to come, except locally. Those occupying wide geographic ranges, even in regions of rapid political developments, are safe through their abundance and more or less out- of- the- way habitats, while those of more restricted geographic ranges occupy regions of less rapid invasions of civilization and habitats of slow erosion, whether these be the rocky shores of the northeast or the sandy flats of the southeast. Although there has been comparatively little destruction among the irises thus far considered, either specifically or quantitatively, through artificial methods, there may have been in the more recent geologic past considerable natural destruction. Had there been no destruction, all the species mentioned above should have geographic ranges extending from the mountains, their one- time refuge, to the sea- coast, and thus altitudinal ranges also. But this is not the case. Only Iris versicolor, I. virginica, and /. prismatica have maintained a foothold in the three plant provinces, the Blue Ridge, the Piedmont, and the Coastal Plain. The ancestors or rearguard of the other species succumbed in the mountains or in the Piedmont, or in both, as the species migrated into the Coastal Plain, where we find their descendants as we know them today. Although comparatively little actual destruction among the irises in the regions extending from the Blue Ridge eastward and southward has taken place before the eyes of man, the fate of another iris center, minor in regard to area, but major in regard to biologic and specific developments, tells quite a different story. In the first iris area described on the preceding pages ( the northeast), the topography of the region as regards the natural iris developments and political developments may be considered " fifty- fifty," so to speak. In the second area ( the southeast), the natural topography seems to be ninety per cent in favor of 28l FIGURE 2. A clump of white- flowered iris (/. elephantina) in the colony where it was discovered in 1926. The locality was a swamp about fifteen miles east of New Orleans. The colony was totally destroyed within two years after it was discovered. 282 iris and ten per cent in favor of civilization inroads which may mean destruction. In an article under the caption " Salvaging the Native American Irises," 2 in which our positive activities in the iris fields during the spring of 1931 are recorded, reference was made to the various causes leading to the destruction of large and small colonies, and perhaps species and varieties of native irises. In these notes an estimate was given to the effect that at that time about eighty per cent of the iris fields of the lower Mississippi Delta had been wiped out during the past half century! A letter recently received from R. A. Bazet, Clerk of Court, Parish of Terrebonne, a naturalist and associate in our iris studies, contains the following important and interesting paragraphs. These points were referred to in a general way in the article entitled " Salvaging the Native American Irises." 2 " I. That innumerable iris fields have been destroyed by the entrance of salt water by means of the opening of artificial waterways to obtain more direct water routes to the Gulf is evident. I know this to be a fact In several instances, two of which may be mentioned. One conspicuous case resulted from the opening of the Pointe au Barre Canal in the southern part of Terrebonne Parish, where formerly great iris fields ( consisting almost exclusively of Iris giganticaerulea) existed. These have been wiped out by the almost constant presence of salt water. Later on, the excavation of the Minor Canal from Bayou Black to Lake Ducad in Terrebonne Parish had the same effect on the iris growth in certain parts of the low marsh- land through which this canal was cut. " II. The drainage of swamps and prairies results in a twofold program of destruction of iris growth. First, the drainage itself creates a condition which, in periods of drought particularly, would not be considered ideal for a moisture- loving plant; and secondly, the areas have been rendered susceptible to repeated brush and forest fires which have taken a heavy toll. I have seen many cases where the humus had burned to a depth of two or three feet, destroying not only the smaller vegetation, but forest trees as well. It is not uncommon to see large trees with roots exposed to the extent of several feet as a result of the burning of the humus deposit upon which they stand. No iris could exist under such conditions. " III. With reference to the destruction of iris by the dredging of bayous, I might add that by the older method of perform- 2 See Jour. N. V. Bot. Gard. 32: 175- 184. 1931. 283 ing this work the dipper dredge was used, the dredged material being merely thrown upon the bank of the stream, forming a levee, beneath which was buried not only the plant forms which existed along the water's edge, but also such as may have existed in the stream itself. The modern method, in my opinion, is even more destructive in that not only is the growth in the stream destroyed, but large areas in the swamps, beyond the natural levee of the bayou, are covered to a uniform depth of several feet of soil in some cases. I have seen the discharge pipe of a suction dredge extend over a mile in order to reach some low spot in the swamp which the owner had designated as a dumping ground in his permit to the Federal Government for the privilege of filling on his property. This dredging is constantly going on in one place or another because all of our navigable streams ( bayous) have to be dredged at least once every ten years in order to maintain the required depth." A recent letter of George Thomas, of the New Orleans Parking Commission, whose observations on the irises about that city extend over nearly half a century, says: " During the past twenty- five years, I have witnessed the most frightful destruction amongst the irises within the city limits of New Orleans and adjoining parishes, even worse than that of the Frenchmen Street location. At the junction of Washington and Carrollton Avenues, there was a patch of several acres, which when in bloom appeared to be a solid mass of iris; today not one remains. At the site of Newcomb College there was a fine stand of Iris fulva. This has disappeared entirely. Suburban Acres on the way to Kenner at one time was a fine hunting ground for the vinicolor types, but very few can be found there now, and the natural growth of the city, with its paved streets and subsurfaced drainage replacing mud streets with open ditches, of necessity destroys many fine colonies of various colors." During further studies in the Louisiana iris fields, carried on in the first two weeks of August, 1931, with less than three months intervening between the observations recorded in the article referred to above, the progress of further destruction was quite evident. The field- work referred to in this note was carried out mainly for the collection of miscellaneous iris seeds and the rootstocks of several species of Iris for study and distribution. Conditions found in the iris fields were quite different from those that obtained there at the same time last year, and the har- vest of iris seeds was not as extensive, both as regards quantity and kinds. These discrepancies were due apparently both to lack of pollination in some cases and local adverse weather conditions that prevailed in the spring and summer. The relation between meteorologic conditions and locality resulted in a more uneven maturity of capsules than obtained there during the corresponding season last year. This quest for seeds led us to nearly all the localities in the lower Mississippi Delta, south of Lake Pontchartrain and adjacent territory covered during our activities in the preceding spring. However, we were able to compare the changes that had taken place during the short periods that had elapsed between our periods of field- work. Two conspicuous examples may be recorded : One of the two now remaining exceptionally fertile and spectacular iris fields in and near New Orleans lies in the Gentilly section of the city. This area is the remaining damp spot of the onetime Bayou Sauvage. Here is where our attention was first attracted to these Delta iris fields ( in 1925) and where year after year new species, new forms, and new hybrids have yielded recruits to our collections through our field- work. On the other hand, during the past half- decade alone fully seventy- five per cent of the iris growth that existed there in 1925 has been completely destroyed, chiefly through draining, filling in of low places, and building operations! Aside from minor areas, one locality alone, of about ten acres, where many choice kinds of iris grew in abundance up to last spring, has been filled with soil, leveled off, and the iris growth wiped out! The other field was described in the notes referred to above. 3 These were in reference to the Bayou Lafourche. Here, for miles between Golden Meadows and Cut- off all the irises on the bayou banks and in the ditches between the roadway and the farms had been destroyed through the building of a new road within the past two months ( June and July, 1931). Referring to this region Mr. Bazet writes that: " The building of levees along the Mississippi and certain of its tributaries, and the damming of the Bayou Lafourche at Donald-sonville, with a tributary thereto— even to the extent of rendering 3 See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 32: 177. 1931. 285 286 their former beds susceptible to cultivation— have to an indeterminable extent been responsible for the vanishment of some of our greatest iris fields." These are examples of destruction taking place before one's very eyes, so to speak. An example of an earlier case of devastation may be of interest. This is the case of the Bayou Chacahoula in Terrebonne Parish. Evidence indicates that this was a very fertile iris field years ago. It was not a deep bayou, so drainage and agriculture, through its gradually leveling methods, mainly for the growing of sugar- cane and corn, has obliterated the former course of the bayou as far as prominent topography is concerned, but its former course may be followed by the black soil that was deposited in its channel through the ages. Along its course, here and there, may be found a depression in a field or a ditch where a road follows closely its former course. In these damp depressions exist the remnants of the former apparently rich iris fields. Here, within a short distance, may be found Iris violipurpurea, I. chrysaeola, a form of /. vinicolor, a new pink iris, and several new species of red- flowered irises. Iris fulva, too, in many forms and in great quantities, is a conspicuous feature in the shallow ditches. Between Raceland and Luling only recently has the type locality of Iris miraculosa been buried under a mass of soil ten to fifteen feet deep, as a result of the building of a new railroad embankment. Returning to within the city limits of New Orleans, the present condition of the well- known Frenchmen Street iris fields attracts one's attention. The marsh along which and through which Frenchmen Street was built was a celebrated Iris field, for many years a favorite place for the citizens interested in iris to observe and gather specimens or bouquets. Manufacturing plants finally began to use the marsh as a dumping ground for refuse, and today most of the former iris growth has been buried, and only a few isolated patches of the plants of the several species that once thrived there in countless numbers remain in the landscape. Referring back to Gentilly, we may confidently prophesy that the destruction of the iris fields of the remnants of the Bayou Sauvage which lies in this urban and suburban part of New Orleans will be more complete than those of the Bayou Chacahoula, for drainage and building operations are even more destructive to plant life than drainage and agriculture! 287 In the course of the progress of the local civilization in southern Louisiana, the numerous bayous, an outstanding feature of the landscape, are either drained and filled or dredged and thus deepened into narrow waterways. In the first case the iris ground is buried in the bayou channel, in the other it is buried by the " fill " that is dredged out of the channel. The question which naturally presents itself is this: What is the future of this most wonderful local natural iris development to be? There is a nursery plantation of the species at The New York Botanical Garden. There are minor plantations on the reservations of Colonel and Mrs. Robins on Chinsegut Hill near Brooks-ville, Florida; of Mr. Henry Lockhart, Jr., on the eastern shore in Maryland; of Mr. Clarence Lewis, at Skyland Farms, near Mahwah, New Jersey; and of Mr. Henry W. de Forest at Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Still smaller plantations are located in many private reservations in other states. Specimens are now growing in England, in France, in Asia, in Australia, and in other parts of the Old World. Thus a beginning toward the preservation of the Mississippi Delta irises, for both botanical investigation and horticultural development, has been made. The past destruction and present lack of interest in preserving our native irises can be considered only with regret. Will the future show any different attitude in regard to them— that is, those which may have survived the past, present, and apparently to be continued devastation? Will any effort or plan to preserve these irises other than those indicated in a preceding paragraph be made ? It seems logical that the municipality of New Orleans should become the savior of its native endemic irises. The city limits of New Orleans and the metropolitan region are the biological and almost geographical center of this iris development. The municipality is situated at the headwaters of the bayous that once harbored one of the most spectacular iris developments known. In the proper area or areas in this reservation should be gathered together as complete a representation of the iris growth from within the city limits and the outlying regions, as has survived the wholesale destruction. Immediate action is necessary if these native irises are to be preserved. 288 Temporary enthusiasm and individual desultory attempts to establish small iris gardens will be futile so far as preserving iris for the future goes. It will be necessary to have concerted action, with the appointment, at least temporarily, of some official in charge of gathering the plants and of developing this iris reservation with the same attitude as should be used in establishing any great public institution. In this plantation, or plantations, the various species, varieties, and color- forms of these native irises should not be represented by a few plants of each, but the representation should be generous — large colonies— a reproduction of the natural growth as it existed or may still exist, consisting of hundreds or thousands of plants. No growth lends itself more easily to transplanting, and when once established the plantations would care for themselves in an environment which their ancestors occupied before man came on the scene and destroyed what nature had planted and developed through ages. JOHN K. SMALL. COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE GARDEN1 The transitory quality of a garden is its greatest charm. Yet who, possessing one, has not at times longed to preserve its beauty? If only the spring sun would not flatten out the daffodils ! If the frost would spare the dahlias! Color photography makes possible a record of the seasons, a history of one's own or other gardens, in all the richness of coloring of the flowers themselves. I am often asked if photographs in color may be made on paper. The answer is yes and no. Fine pictures are made, but there is to date nothing that approaches the ease in accomplishment of the snap- shot in black and white. There are some interesting new processes revealed by recent patents, which will simplify the work: two- color dye- print methods, producing fair results by a single exposure; color- prints on a metal base; a new German 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden, Saturday afternoon, September 26, 1931. 289 process; a new English one, and others, most of them still in the patent- office stage and not yet on the market. Color- prints may be made by contact with a transparency in certain ways and with some good results, but for an original photograph on paper, Captain Owen Wheeler says in his book on " Colour Photography": " In order to obtain a faithful reproduction of yellows, reds, and blues in the original, three separate negatives must be taken behind filters of the colours to which yellow, red, and blue are complementary." This necessitates a specially made camera, a repeating back, a long holder with three plates or some device to produce the three negatives quickly in succession, without too long an exposure. The prints taken from these negatives must be dyed in the complementary colors, superimposed in exact register and fastened together. It is a long and fussy process with results somewhat uncertain even to an expert, though fine when successful. The color photography which appeals most to amateurs is the making of transparencies on glass. These may be shown in various ways— as lantern slides like those to be seen today, or framed in a north window, where light but not too much sun will reach them, or viewed in a folding case called a diascope where the plate is reflected in a mirror, this being a very satisfactory way. There are three well- known processes of making color- transparencies— a French one, the Lumiere Autochromes, a German one, employing the Agfa plates, and the Finlay Color Photographic Process, which is English. All three are simple and the results beautiful. Any camera which takes plates may be used. The method of making Autochromes and Agfas is much alike. In the Autochromes the color element is supplied by starch grains dyed in red, green, and violet- blue, mixed together and placed in a thin layer on the plate, which is then varnished. Next, the sensitive film is laid over it. In the Agfa plates, the color is produced by emulsified solutions of blue, green and red dyes so constituted that the microscopic droplets do not come together. The plate is coated with a thin layer of these mixed but separate solutions, then varnished, and the sensitive film is superimposed. The picture is taken in both cases with the glass side toward the lens, so that the light will strike the color element before acting on the film. A ray- filter must be used " to compensate for the difference 290 between the actinic and the visual values of the colors in the light," according to the Agfa pamphlet. Exposure is much longer than with an ordinary snapshot and a tripod is necessary. Helpful charts are published by the makers of the plates, and a small mechanical aid known as an actinometer is useful. But above all, experience is the best guide in this all- important matter. Development is done in total darkness or by a dim green light. If the Autochrome plate is first desensitized in a liquid prepared for that purpose, a candle may soon be lighted some distance away to allow development to proceed more easily. After developing and washing, the plate is placed in a tray containing sulphuric acid and water and bichromate or permanganate of potash and brought into the light, where it " reverses," the reduced silver of the image being dissolved out. Light may still be used, as the plate, now a positive, after brief washing, is redeveloped in the original bath. It is then washed, dried, varnished, and bound up with a piece of clear glass for protection. The finished picture is a brilliant, beautiful transparency in natural colors, with great depth and richness. The Finlay Color Photographic Process supplies the color element by a separate screen with the three primary colors in a crisscross pattern. This " taking screen " is placed in the holder with the panchromatic plate, the screen turned toward the lens. A ray-filter is used and exposure takes place which with these plates is claimed to be decidedly shorter than with the two other well-known makes. The plate is developed and fixed. From it a positive is made and fixed, which looks like an ordinary black and white picture, but which under a microscope is seen to have the criss- cross markings of the taking screen. A permanent screen, called the " viewing screen," is held to the light in close register with the plate, the two are moved across each other until, when the color- markings fall together, the colors come out suddenly and excitingly. The plates are then bound together and the work is finished. By this process one may make as many copies as desired from the original negative, also black and white prints. With the Autochromes and Agfa plates, there is only the one plate. The Finlay colors, however, are not always as brilliant and the process is not so easy. But with all these three methods, wonderfully fine results may be obtained. One may reproduce 291 tulips, roses, dahlias, in fact, any flowers, in all the gorgeousness of nature. There are a hundred and one ways in which color photography may be used, scientifically, artistically, historically. It is a fascinating hobby. Eighty lantern slides were shown, mostly gardens and flowers, with a few taken in Sicily to suggest what one may do when traveling. SARAH V. COOMBS. PHOTOSTAT SERVICE AT THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN On the basis of a special grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York to The New York Botanical Garden, this institution has purchased and installed a modern photostat, which is now in operation. Our request to the Carnegie Corporation for funds to finance this important accession was based on the desirability of making available to those botanists and botanical institutions in a position to take advantage of the opportunity, the great wealth of botanical information available in the particularly rich library of The New York Botanical Garden. The photostat is to be operated on a self- sustaining basis, the charge for prints being placed at a figure that is estimated to cover the cost of operations, material, and replacements. The maximum size of prints that can be supplied from the photostat at The New York Botanical Garden is 14 x 18 inches, so that reproductions from folio volumes will of necessity have to be reduced. Negatives ( white on black) and positives ( black on white) can be supplied as desired, but the cost of the latter will be twice that of the former, as the positive has to be made from a negative print. Normally, negatives, that is, reproduction of white on black, will suffice for all ordinary purposes. With the use of a color screen excellent reproductions of colored plates and illustrations can be supplied in black and white. It is expected that this service will prove to be of distinct value to research men in the botanical field, particularly those working in the smaller institutions, where complete libraries are not avail- 292 able. It very frequently happens that a description, a discussion, or an illustration published in some rare volume is essential to the solution of some particular problem. Through the photostat exact reproductions of any printed page or illustration can now be supplied. The library of The New York Botanical Garden is a very rich assemblage of botanical literature, containing as it does in excess of 42,000 bound volumes on botany and allied subjects, with an even greater number of pamphlets. It is particularly rich in the older botanical literature of all countries, in rare books, and in sets of periodicals, especially in the field of taxonomy, but other fields of botanical publication are well represented. Some of the publications available here are not to be found in other libraries in America, while of others only very few copies are available in the United States. This is particularly true in reference to works issued shortly after the invention of printing, and for the larger, more modern expensive volumes, many of which were issued in very limited editions. Some of these volumes are so rare that under no circumstances will an institution, fortunate in the possession of them, permit their removal from its library. Under ordinary conditions the individual wishing to consult such a publication must journey to the nearest institution possessing the volume to which he wishes to refer; the photostat will enable him to secure the data he needs at a nominal cost without the time and expense involved in making a special trip. Fortunately, no copyright is involved for the great mass of botanical literature, for photostat reproductions from copyrighted works can be made only after the copyright has expired. The New York Botanical Garden is now in a position to supply photostat reproductions on order from institutions and individuals. In placing orders individuals are requested to supply full and complete bibliographic data covering each order to guide us in the proper selection of the work desired, and to guard against possible errors. Rates for photostat work will be supplied on request. E. D. MERRILL. 293 SPECIAL COURSES IN BOTANY AND GARDENING FOR MEMBERS The three popular courses in botany and gardening offered for the first time last year and continued this year have found such favor that there has been a demand from the garden clubs for other special courses. These have been made essentially courses for members of The New York Botanical Garden, each person taking one being either already a member or taking out a membership in connection with the course, that is, ten dollars covers the course and membership for one year. The Scarsdale Garden Club was the first one to undertake a special course of this sort and their members, to the number of twenty- one, are now coming to the Garden every Tuesday morning for special instruction and practical gardening. They have already taken up Rose Culture, Disease and Insect Control, Bulb Culture under Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham; and Mrs. H. E. Manville very kindly invited the class to visit her garden and greenhouses at Pleasantville for the session on Conservatory and Sunroom Plants. Her head gardener, Mr. T. H. Everett, gave the talk and instruction. Mrs. Manville arranged very pleasantly for the accommodation of the members, the assembled lecture being in the interesting and picturesque log cabin set amid forests of trees and shrubbery. Her beautifully maintained greenhouses proved to be fully stocked with fine specimen plants. Visits were also made to the rock garden and to the sunken garden of Mrs. Manville, both of which proved to be interesting, both for their artistic beauty and for their collection of unusual plants. The rock garden in particular was a surprise, because it showed such a quantity of bloom late in the season on the first of November. The session on Flowering Shrubs is at the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, where the Director, Dr. William Crocker, has arranged to have the members shown the research work and have Mr. Beale give the instruction in the culture and tending of shrubs in the extensive planting of the Boyce Thompson Arboretum. The remaining five sessions, ending December 15, will be at The New York Botanical Garden, the work being given by the members of the Garden staff. The Greenwich Garden Club is planning for a similar special course of studies at the Botanical Garden and opportunity is 294 given Tor other members of the Botanical Garden, either as individuals or as organized groups, to take advantage of the facilities of the Garden for practical instruction. FORMAN T. MCLEAN, Supervisor of Public Education. PUBLIC LECTURES AND DEMONSTRATIONS, DECEMBER, JANUARY, AND FEBRUARY, 1931- 32 Free lectures and demonstrations will be given in the Central Display Greenhouse, Conservatory Range 2, on Saturday afternoons at 3 : 30 P. M., as follows: Dec. 5. " Flowering Bulbs," Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham, Honorary Curator of Iris and Narcissus Collections. Dec. 12. " Broad- leaved Evergreens," Mr. Henry Hicks, Nurseryman and Rhododendron Specialist. Dec. 19. " Summer- flowering Bulbs and Lilies," Dr. Forman T. McLean, Supervisor of Public Education, and Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of Laboratories. Jan. 9. " Outdoor and Indoor Ferns," Dr. Ralph C. Benedict, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Jan. 16. " Planting and Growing Conifers," Mr. Alexander Michie, Nursery Manager for T. A. Havemeyer. Jan. 23. " Roses," Dr. B. O. Dodge, Plant Pathologist. Jan. 30. " Begonias," Mr. T. H. Everett, Head Gardener at the Manville Estate, Pleasantville. Feb. 6. " Flowering Shrubs," Mr. J. H. Beale, Boyce Thompson Institute, Yonkers. Feb. 13. " Annuals," Mr. Kenneth R. Boynton, Head Gardener. Feb. 20. " Water Lilies and Their Care," Mr. H. W. Becker, Foreman of Greenhouses. Feb. 27. " Dahlias and Chrysanthemums," Dr. M. A. Howe, Assistant Director, and Mr. Kenneth R. Boynton, Head Gardener. How TO REACH THE CONSERVATORY Conservatory Range 2 is situated at the eastern side of the Botanical Garden, north of the Allerton Avenue Entrance. It is 295 most conveniently reached from the Allerton Avenue Station of the White Plains extension of the Subway from East 180th Street. Visitors coming by train to the Botanical Garden Station should inquire at the Museum Building. In connection with the free lectures, announced above, there is also a course of practical work and instruction, beginning at 2 P. M. and continuing until 3: 30. This course is open to annual and other members of the Garden without charge. For those who are not already members, a charge of ten dollars is made, which enrolls them as annual members and thus entitles them to the course of study. This type of practical instruction has proved particularly popular with home gardeners who seem to prefer to learn about gardening methods by doing rather than depending on books alone for information. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Dr. Fred J. Seaver, Curator of the collections of fungi of The New York Botanical Garden and editor of Mycologia, received on October 24 the honorary degree of Doctor of Science from Morningside College, Sioux Cit)', Iowa, from which he was graduated with the degree of B. S. in 1902. The occasion was t' e inauguration of a new president of the college. Among the other distinguished alumni who were honored at the same time was Dr. Alexander G. Ruthven, zoologist, now President of the University of Michigan. The Royal Botanic Society Gardens, maintained for ninety- two years in Regents Park, London, by the Royal Botanic Society, were closed in October and most of the plants were sold. The publication of news items to this effect in the United States has led occasionally to the wholly erroneous belief that the more widely famous Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew were being closed. The general and local collections of herbarium specimens of The New York Botanical Garden have been distinctly enriched by extensive gifts of critically selected, well- prepared, and authentically named herbarium specimens presented by Dr. Charles E. Moldenke, of Plainfield, N. J., and his son, Harold Moldenke, the latter a registered student at the Garden. These important 296 gifts exceed 2200 numbers. In addition to the botanical material, Dr. Charles E. Moldenke has recently presented to the library about 80 volumes pertaining to botany and horticulture. Mr. Kenneth K. Mackenzie, a member of the Board of Managers of The New York Botanical Garden, has presented his private herbarium to the Garden. It is estimated to contain approximately 40,000 specimens and it includes a large quantity of most important material, largely from North America, but representing also various other regions. This is the largest single accession received by the Garden in recent years. It is supplementary to Mr. Mackenzie's previous gift of his local material and undistributed duplicates. Mr. Raymond V V. Miller, brother of the late Waldron De- Witt Miller, Associate Curator of Birds, American Museum of Natural History, has presented to The New York Botanical Garden the latter's private herbarium, consisting largely of plants collected in New Jersey. The collection contains between 2500 and 3000 specimens and forms an important accession to the local herbarium of the Garden, i. e., these plants growing within 100 miles of the City of New York. This is the fourth important accession received for the local herbarium during the past year or so, the others being the Ferguson herbarium of Long Island plants, the Mackenzie herbarium of local plants particularly rich in New Jersey plants, and the important series of plants from New Jersey collected and presented by Harold Moldenke, as mentioned above. With the distribution of the verv extensive Bick-nell herbarium, received some years ago, the local herbarium has been more than doubled in size, and consequently in importance within the last two years. Meteorology for November. The maximum temperatures recorded at The New York Botanical Garden for each week or part of a week were: 65" on the 4th; 750 on the 10th and the 13th; 740 on the 22nd; and 76° on the 23rd. The minimum temperatures recorded were: 260 on the 8th; 42 ° on the 14th; 470 on the 20th; and 280 on the 28th. The first killing frost was on the morning of the 7th; the first snow of the season (% of an inch) fell on the 27th. The total precipitation for the month was .262 inches, including the snow fall counted as .012 inches. INDEX TO VOLUME 32 Abstracts of Lectures 7, 13, 15, 43, 67, 73, 94, 96, 113, 135, 141, 14s, 161, 238, 288 Accessions ( see New York Botanical Garden, The) Aconites and other drug plants 15 Aconitum 22; Anthora 16 Actinostrobus 23 Adams, Edward D., In memoriam 173, 174 Adams, C. M., Jones' Some familiar wild flowers 17 Addisonia 28, 148 Additions to the collections of Dahlias ( 1931) 228 Alexander, Edward J. 51, 169, 183, 184 Alpine plants, Correvon's Rock garden and 17 Alpines by Mrs. McCully, A new book on 97 Alsine media 21 Altitudinal distribution of Eastern American Iris 49 Alyssum saxatile 138 Amelanchier 103, 105 American irises, Salvaging the native 175 Andrews, A. Le Roy 20, 247 Anthony, H. E. 109, no Asparagopsis hamifera 22 Aspergillus 149, 150, 153, 154; glaucus 153, 154; repens 154 Asplenium Ruta- muraria 166 Bacigalupi, Rima 169 Backus, Myron P. 247 Bacon, Mrs. Robert 172 Badiera 191 Bague, Jaime 185 Bananas, One hundred kinds of 13 Barbour, William R. 188 Barnhart, John Hendley, 3, 5, 34- 41, 165, 169, 200, 213, 215, 218, 229 Per Axel Rydberg, 229 Barrett, O. W. 20 Bartlett- Norcross Greenland Expedition, The 273 Bartlett, Robert 273 Barton- Wright's Recent advances in plant physiology 70 297 Bartram, Edwin B. 20 Bartram's Ixia coelestina rediscovered 155 Bazet, R. A. 282, 284 Beadle, C. D. 51 Beale, J. H. 293, 294 Beatonia 159 Becker, H. W. 294 Begonia argentea guttata 115; glaucophylla 115; Haageana 115; heracleifolia 115; foliosa 115; manicata aureomaculata 115; nitida 114; odorata alba 114; rosea gigantea 114; Schmidtiana 114; semperfiorens 114; Templinii 114 Begonias as house plants 113 Benedict, Ralph C. 294 Berkey, Charles P. 185 " Big tree " on exhibit in the museum of The New York Botanical Garden, Section of 240 Big trees of California, The 238 Bird, Jorge 191 Birds and their foods, Relation of civilization to 161 Blizzard, A. M. 247 Block collection of walking sticks, The Rudolph 253 Block, Rudolph 254, 255, 257, 258 Bonisteel, William J. 15, 153, 200 Aconites and other drug plants 15 Books presented by Dr. C. E. Moldenke, September, 1931 27$ Botanical crossroads, historic and prehistoric 92 Botanical exploration of the Island of Hainan 45 Botanical Society of America 19, 20, 72 Botany and gardening for members, Special courses in 293 Botany at The New York Botanical Garden, Popular courses in 243 Bowman, Paul W. 247 Boynton, Kenneth R. 165, 200, 294 Brahea 38; armata 41; dulcis 36; filamentosa 37 Brassica campestris 89; oleracea 89; pekinensis 89 Bregger, Thomas 190 Brenchley, Winifred E. 170 Brett, George P. 134 Brittle- thatch — Thrinax microcarpa, The 1 Britton, N. L. 19, 185 Recent scientific observations in Porto Rico 185 Britton, Mrs. N. L. 19, 185, 186 Brittonia 47 Brodiaea coccinea 44 Brunfelsia undulata 190 Bulb- growing, General principles of 67 Buller, A. H. Reginald 99 Burnham, S. H. 20, 169 Bush, B. F. 51 Buxton, Bessie W. [ Mrs. H. H.] 115. J64 Begonias as house plants 113 Byrnesia Weinbergii 189 Cacti, Higgins's Our native 223 Cactus?, The largest 193 California wild flowers 43 California, The big trees of 238 Calophyllum 189 Carica Papaya 190 Carnegie Corporation of New York 291 Cassiope tetragona 272, Castalia 118, 121; ampla 117, " 8 ; elegans 117- 119, 121; flava 117- 119; lekophylla 117, " 8 , 121; mexicana 117, n 8 ; minor 117, 118; odorata 18, 116- 118; reni-formis 118; tetragona 117, 118; tuberosa 117, 118 Catopsis 243 Cedrella velutina 22 Celestial lilies 260 Ceramium rubrum 22 Ceratiola 47 Chamaecrista obtusifolia 24 Chamaecyparis thyoides 108 Chamaeiris Campbelli 138 Chamacrops humilis 203 Chamaesyce serpens 191 Chardon, Carlos E. 185, 191 Chestnut tree return?, Will our n Chipp, T. F. 170, 226 Chrysler, M. A. 20, 99 Chun, Woon Young 45 Clinton, G. P. 101 Clute, Willard N. 247 Collection of walking sticks, The Rudolph Block 253 Collectors ( see also Distributors, Donors, and Exchanges) Bartlett, H. H. 22, 23 Benson, Lyman 23 Britton, Dr. and Mrs. N. L. 2.4 Chiao, C. Y. 22 Elmer, A. D. E. 124 Heller, A. A. 48 Herter, Guillermo 48 Imler, Ralph 21 Jones, Marcus E. 22 Killip, E. P. 48 Klug, Guillermo 23, 24 Masamume, G. 22 Mexia, Mrs. Ynes 21 Pittier, Henri 24 Purpus, C. A. 21, 23 Rydberg, P. A. 21 Schipp, W. A. 48 Seaver, Fred J. 23 Shope, Paul F. 23 Smith, A. C. 48 Valeur, E. J. 24 Warburg, Otto 23 Wenzel, C. A. 22 White, C. T. 23 Wilder, G. 22 Colon, Edmondo 185 Color photography in the garden 288 Cook, Mel T. 99, 190 Coombs, Sarah V. [ Mrs. J. W.] 200 Color photography in the garden 288 Comment, Notes, News, and 19, 46, 71, 98, 122, 147, 168, 200, 226, 246, 274, 295 Conard, Henry S. 247 Conference notes for February and March 243 Conservatory Range No. 2 294 Cordova, Ramon Gandia 186, 188 Correvon's Rock garden and alpine plants 17 Coryell, H. N. 186 Courses in botany and gardening for members, Special 293 Courses in botany at The New York Botanical Garden, Popular 243 " Crazed" crockery and other strange habitats of moulds 149 Creighton, Harriet B. 169 Crocker, William 293 Crocus speciosus 138 Crotalaria 190 299 Cryptostegia grandiflora 203 Cupressus disticha 127, 129; disticha imbricaria 127 Curtiss, A. H. 264 Cuttings, Observations on root growth from 96 Cypress, southern remnant of a northern fossil type, The 125 Dactylis glomerata 245 Daffodil Day 122 Dahlia collection 201 Dahlias ( 1931), Additions to the collections of 228 Danforth, Stuart T. 192 Daphne cneorum 246 Davey, James A. G. 20 Daylilies, Notes on new hybrid 25 de Forest, Henry W. 46, 172, 227, 287 de Forest, Robert W., In me-moriam 173, 174 Dendropogon 243 Destructive red- cedar rust disease, A 101 De Winkeler, John B. 184 Dexter, Mrs. Rachel 191 Diaphoranthema 243 Dichondra carolinensis 48 Diels, L. 170, 226 Distributors ( see also Collectors, Donors, and Exchanges) Brenckle, J. F. 21 Domin, K. 24 Krajina, V. 24 Pittier, Henri 23 Rosenstock 124 Univcrskv of Minnesota 21 Dodge, B. O. 20, 99, 101, 105, 149, 164, 165, 205, 294 A destructive red- cedar rust disease 101 Gladiolus badly infested with thrips 205 Donors ( see also Collectors, Distributors, and Exchanges) Ailing, C. Louis 201, 228 Bailey, John W. 203 Barnhart, J. H. 249, 251, 252 Bartram, Edwin B. 124, 202, 203 Bequaert, Joseph 204 Berry, E. W. 204 Best, George Newton, 202 Blakiston's Sons & Co., P. 249 Broadway, W. E. 204 Broomall, J. J. 201, 228 Burpee Co., W. Atlee 201, 22S Buswell, W. M. 123, 203 Carnegie Institution 124 Chautauqua Dahlia Fields 201, 228 Chiao, C. Y. 123 Chun, W. Y. 202 Conklin, George H. 22 Cooper, Wm. C. 203 Dahliadel Nurseries 201, 228 Danker, Fred A. 201, 228 Darnell, W. L. W. 201, 228 Davy, J. Burtt 124 Demetrio, C H. 204 Denslow, H. M. 21, 22 Drushel, J. A. 123 Dupret, H. 204 Ellender, Mrs. A. H. 203 Emonds, George 228 Farnum, George L. 201, 228 Fassett, N. C. 204 Fisher & Masson 201, 228 Franklin, Miss Marian S. 47 Fraser's Nurseries and Dahlia Gardens 201, 228 Gerdau Co., Otto 203 Golden Rule Dahlia Farm 201, 228 Graham, E. H. 202 Harlow, Sarah H. 250 Herrera, F. L. 124, 203 Howe, Marshall A. 228 Jacot, A. P. 124 Johansen, Donald A. 22 Kelly, J. P. 24 Kemp, J. A. 201, 228 Kennedy & Sons, W. W. 201, 228 Kingman, C. C. 204 Leon, Brother 204 Liu, J. C. 203 Locust Valley Dahlia Farm 201, 228 Lowe, Mr. & Mrs. Frank E. 124 Lyndora Gardens 201, 228 MacFadden, F. A. 204 Mackenzie, Kenneth K. 296 Macmillan Co., The 250, 251 Marshall, George 124 Mastick, Mrs. S. C. 201, 228 Merrill, E. D. 21- 24, 47, 48, 123, 124, 202, 203, 250 Meussdorffer Dahlia Gardens, Alice 201, 228 Michell, Henry F. 201, 228 Miller, Raymond, V. V. 296 300 Moldenke, C. E. 275, 296 Moldenke, Harold 296 Mosier, Chas. A. 47 Oberer, Mrs. William 22 Osterhout, Geo. E. 48 Palmer, E. J. 202 Patchin, Miss 124 Peacock Dahlia Farms, Inc. 201, 228 Peckham, Mrs. Wheeler H. 252 Pittier, Henri 202, 204 Rapp, Severin 24 Rau, Eugene A. 203 Record, S. J. 23 Redfern, Curtis M. 201, 228 Ruschmohr Dahlia Growers 201, 228 Ruth, Albert 24 Sherwin, Mrs. Carl 228 Smith, James 201, 228 Stumpp and Walter Co. 201, 228 Success Dahlia Gardens 201, 228 Sunny Slope Dahlia Terraces 201, 228 Tate, H. H. 203 Timm, C. R. 22 Tolar, Mrs. John R. 47 Waite's Gardens, Inc. 201, 228 Welch, Robert S. 23 White, Cyril T. 249 Wilson, Percy 250 Wittrock, G. L. ' 250 Wood, D. D. 123 Yates, H. S. 123 Douglass, H. Beaman 200 Draper, Mrs. John W. 172 Dressel, Karl 247 Drug plants, Aconites and other 15 Drugs and medicines, Vegetable 234 Dryas 273 Eames, E. H. 20 Eastern American iris, Altitudinal distribution of 49 Eaton, Mary E. 155 Ecological relations of plant communities 145 Eggleston, W. W. 247 Ehlers, J. H. 51 Embeck, John R. 186 Emergency employment at the Garden 18 Empusa Muscae 10 Eucalyptus Globulus 23 Euonymus radicans coloratus 246 Euphrasia 22 Eustylis 261, 268 Euthrinax 5 Equisetum 218 Evans, Alexander W. 169 Everett, T. H. 293, 294 Exchanges ( see also Collectors, Distributors, and Donors) Arnold Arboretum 23, 24, 48 Bartram, Edwin B. 124 Beals, Mrs. A. Tennyson 228 Berlin Botanic Garden 23, 24, 124 Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg 22 Botaniska Tradgirden of Goteborg 22 Brinkman, A. H. 23 British Museum 123 Bureau of Plant Industry 24 Buswell, W. M. 203 California Academy of Sciences 24 Ching, R. C. 21 Cody, M. D. 21 Deam, Charles C. 23, 48 Degener, Otto 23 Demetrio, C. H, 123, 124 Edinburgh Botanic Garden 123 Field Museum of Natural History 23, 24, 48, 124, 202, 203, 204 Fitzpatrick, H, M. 21 Forest Research Institute and College, Dehra Dun 24, 202 Fujioka, M. 203 Garwich, W. C. 228 Grout, A. J. 124, 202, 204 Hahn, J. 228 Halsey, George 228 Harper, R. M. 48 Harvard University 23 Herrera, F. L. 124 Hochrcutiner, B. P, G. 22 Holzinger, J. M. 202 Jack, J, G. 203 Kewamura, Seiichi 21 Krylov, Porphyry 21 Leon, Brother 123, 124, 204 Li, F. C. 22 Loomis, Mrs. Nina H. 22 Madras Herbarium 203 Mcintosh, A. C. 124 3 0 i Missouri Botanical Garden 24 Mnlvania, Maurice 24 Mum ford, E. P. 123 National University-, Nanking 123 OTCeeffe, E. 201, 228 Parker, R- N. 22, 4& Parrella, Albert 201, 228 Pittier, Henri 123 Rhoads, William 22 Riksmiaseum, Stockholm, 23, 24, 48, 123 Ratter, Leo 228 Robinson, Anna E- 228 Roig, J. T. 203 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 23, 203 Sasaki, Shunichi 48 Singapore Botanical Garden 47, 123, 124 Spingler, Mrs. E. 228 Stanford University 21, 203 Tanaka, Tyozaburo 23, 124 Tang:, T. 22 U. S. Department of Agriculture 24 U. S. National Museum 23, 24, 48, 202, 203 University of California 23, 22, 24, 47, 48, 323 University of Middle Asia 48 University of Tomsk 24, 124, 202 Vienna Museum of Natural History 123 Wang, F. T. 22 Wells, B. W. 23 Yale University 23 Expedition, The Bartlett- Nor-cross Greenland 273 Expedition to Venezuela, Scientific 108 Extension students accorded privileges of Garden membership 18 Fabriliu5, N. 247 Fairchild, Arthur S. 188 Fairchild, David 20 Fanleaf- palm— Washingtonia filifera. The 33 Farr, Bertrand 33 Felt, E. P., Insects in relation to plant life 7 Fernald, M. L. 51 Ferry- Morse Seed Company 78 Fish- poison plants naay produce ideal insecticide 197 Flowers, Jones' Some farniliaT wild 17 Fossil type, The cypress, southern remnant of a northern 125 Foster, Adriance 5. 247 Free, Montagne, Herbaceous perennials 94 Fromine, F. D. 170 Fusicladanm tremnlae 243 Galloway, J. J. 186 Garcia, R. Fernandez 190, 191 Garden, Color photography in the 268 Garden membership, intension students accorded privileges of 18 Garrett, A. O. 72 Geilinger" 5 Der Kilimanjaro, sein Land und seine Menschen General principles of bulb- growing 67 Gilbert, Prof. & Mrs. Alfred H. 247 Gladiolus 47 Gladiolus badh" infested with thrips 205 Glance at current literature, A 166, 394, 224, 244, 270 Gleason, H. A. 10S. 162, 165 Scientific expedition to A ene-zuela 108 Three recent books on plant geography- 162 Glyptostrobus 125 Goodspeed, T. HT 227, 247 Greenland expedition, The Bari-lett- Norcross 273 Guterman, ~ E. F. 170 Guzmannia 243 Gymnosporangium 101, 105, 108; clavipes IOI; germinale 101; Juniperi- virginiae 107; Nidus-avis 103, 105, 107, 108 Hagelstein, Robert 71, 200 Hainan, Botanical exploration of the Island of 45 Hall, H. M. 19,99 Hamilton, G C. 206 Hansen, E. E. 246 Harbison, T- G. 51 Harper, R. A. 105 Harris, J. Arthur 99, 100 302 Harris, J. W. 191 Havemeyer, T. A. 294 Havers, E. A. 200, 247 Hemerocallis 25, 122, 148; aurantiaca 28, 30; aurantiaca major 28; flava 30; fulva rosea 25; multiflora 25; Thunbergii 28 Herbaceous perennials 94 Herbertia 268 Herr, E. A. 210 Hervey, Alphcus Baker 100 Hibiscus 189 Hicks, Henry 294 Higgins' Our native cacti 223 Hitchcock, A. S. 170, 201, 226 Hoffman, William E. 170 Hollick, Arthur 20, 47, 164, 169, 200, 238 The big trees of California 238 Hopkins, J. Gardner 165 Home, Charles E. 187, 188 Home, Mrs. Charles E. 187 Howe, Marshall A. 45, 164, 165, 200, 209, 294 Botanical exploration of the Island of Hainan 45 Humbert, Henri 274 Hybrid daylilies, Notes on new 25 Hybrids, Plant 73 In memoriam: Robert W. de Forest, Edward D. Adams, and Mortimer L. Schiff 173 Insecticide, Fish- poison plants may produce ideal 197 Insects in relation to plant life 7 Iris 277, 278, 283; Albispiritus 62, 64, 197, 279; bracteata 180; californica 180; Carolina 59; chrys-aeola 286; cristata 59, 6o, 66; Douglasiana 180; elephantina 281; flexicaulis 62, 179, 184; foliosa 50, 62, 179, 180, 182; fulva 65, 66, 182, 183, 283, 286; giganticaerulea 176, 181- 184, 282; Hartwegi 180; hexagona 62, 63, 279; Hookeri 52, 53, 55, 56, 61, 279; Kimballiae 64, 279; lacustris 55, 56, 59; longipetala 180; macrosiphon 180; miraculosa 286; missouriensis 180; prismatica 54- 56, 59, 6o, 66, 279, 280; Purdyi 180; rcgalis 57; reticulata 141; rivularis 62, 279; savannarum 62, 64, 279; setosa 180; Shrcvci 59, 279; tenax 180; tenuis 180; tripetala 61, 279; verna 59, 60, 66, 180; versicolor 53, 55- 57, 59, 66, 180, 279, 280; vinicolor 58, 183, 283, 285, 286; violipurpurea 286; virginica 59, 62, 64, 66, 176, 180, 279, 280 Iris, Altitudinal distribution of Eastern American 49 Iris, Vanishing 277 Irises, Salvaging the native American 175 Isoetes 218 Ixia 155, 159, 261, 264, 265; acuta 262; coelestina 155- 159, 161, 260- 262, 269 Ixia coelestina rediscovered, Bartram's 155 Jack, John E. 99 Jepson, W. L. 274 Johnston, Ivan M. 20, 99 Johnston, John F., General principles of bulb- growing 67 Jones' Some familiar wild flowers Juniperus virginiana 101 Kauffman, C. H. 201 Keefe, Anselm M. 247 Keng, Y. L. 201 Kern, F. D. 72 Keur, John Y. 243 Killip, E. P. 20, 99, 170 Knappen, Phoebe M. 99 Kramer, William P. 188 Krukoff, B. A. 227 Landron, Jorge 185 Lange, Jacob E. 246, 247 Largest Cactus? The 193 Lecomte, Henri 274 Lectures and demonstrations, December, January, and February, 1931- 32, Public 294 Lectures during September, October, and November, Public 200 Lectures at the Garden, Public 164 Ledingham, G. A. 99 Leonard, Mortimer D. 192 Lewis, Clarence 26, 287 Library accessions, December I, 1930- February 28, 1931 249 Library of The New York Botanical Garden 292 Lilies, Celestial 260 Lilium Hnmboldtii 44 Limonium angustatum 203 3° 3 Lincoln, Frederick Walker 274 Linford, M. B. 247 Literature, A glance at current 166, 194, 224, 244, 270 Lloyd, F. E. 170 Lobelia 163 Lockhart, Jr., Henry 287 Loding, P. H. 247 Lord, E. L. 265 Lord, Prof, and Mrs. E. L. 155 Lord, Richard 265, 266 Lord, Richard P. 265 Lowe, Rachel L. 184 Lutz, F. E. 192 Lycopodium cernuum 47 MacDougal, D. T. 170, 184 Mackenzie, Kenneth K. 296 Malus 105 Mann, Paul B. 162, 165 Relation of civilization to birds and their foods 161 Mansfield, William 169 Manville, Mrs. H. E. 293 Marica 159 Marquand, Mrs. Allan 99 Mason, E. W. 246 Matsubara, Matsuta 170 McClelland, T. B. 190 McFarland, Frank T. 247 McKee, Arthur A. 266 McLean, Forman T. 13, 17, 47, 90, 164, 165, 172, 209, 223, 244. 293 Barton- Wright's Recent advances in plant physiology 70 Correvon's Rock garden and alpine plants 17 Higgins's Our native cacti 223 One hundred kinds of bananas 13 Special courses in botany and gardening for members 293 Medicines, Vegetable drugs and 234 Merrill, Elmer D. 19, 20, 43, 45, 46, 71, 72, 98, 147, 165, 168, 169, 170, 171, 200, 226, 240, 291 Photostat service at The New York Botanical Garden 291 Section of " big tree" on exhibit in the museum of The York Botanical Garden 240 Meteorology for the year ( 1930) 21; for January ( 1931) 47; for February ( 193O 72; for March 1931) 100; for April ( 1931) 122; for May ( i93T) 148; for June ( 1931) 172; for July ( 1931) 202; for August ( 1931) 227; for September ( I931) 249; for October ( 1931) 274; for November ( 1931) 296 Meyerhoff, Howard A. 185- 187, Michie, Alexander 294 Miller, Raymond V. V. 296 Mirabilis 85 Moldenke, Charles E. 296 Moldenke, Harold 296 Moldenke, Books presented bv Dr. C. E. 27s Moulds, " Crazed" crockery and other strange habitats of 149 Murrill, W. A. n Museum of The New York Botanical Garden, Section of " big tree" on exhibit in the 240 Mycologia 72, 295 Myrtillocactus 193 Native cacti, Higgins's Our 223 Nemastylis 155, 159, 161, 260- 262, 264- 266, 268, 269; acuta 262, 268; coelestina 260, 261; floridana 266, 267, 268; geminiflora 260, 262, 268 Nematostylis 260 Neowashingtonia 40 New book on alpines by Mrs. McCully, A 97 New York Botanical Garden, Photostat service at the 291 New York Botanical Garden, Popular courses in botany at the 243 New York Botanical Garden, Section of " big tree" on exhibit in the museum of The 240 New York Botanical Garden, The ( see also Collectors, Donors, Distributors, and Exchanges) 7, 13, 15, 18, 20, 32, 33, 43- 45- 47, So, 57, 58, 67, 73- 73, 94, 96, 98, 100, 108, 113, 322, 135, 141, 145, 148, 149, 161, 164, 166, 168- 174, 176, 194, 200- 202, 205, 226, 227, 229, 231, 232, 236, 238, 240- 242, 244, 246- 249, 253, 257, 270- 274, 287, 288, 291- 296 Accessions 21, 47, 123, 202, 228 Herbarium and Museums 21, 47, 123, 202 Library 249, 275 304 Museums and Herbarium, 21, 47, 123, 202 Addisonia 28, 148 Brittonia 47 Conference notes for February and March 243 Courses in botany at the 243, 293 Dahlia collection 201 Exhibits Daffodil 122 Iris 169 Narcissus 169 Peony 169 Rock Garden 169 Rose Garden 169 Lectures, Public 164, 200, 294 Meteorology 20, 47, 72, 100, 122, 148, 172, 202, 227, 249, 296 Mycologia 72, 295 North American Flora, 226, 232 Notes, News and Comment 19, 46, 71, 98, 122, 147, 168, 200, 226, 246, 274, 295 Nichols, G. E. 51, 56 Nicotiana 89, 227 Noble, David 186 Norcross Greenland expedition, The Bartlett-, 273 North American Flora, 226, 232 Norton, J. B. S. 20 Notes on new hybrid daylilies 25 Notes for February and March, Conference 243 Notes, News, and Comment 19, 46, 71, 98, 122, IJ7, 168, 200, 226, 246, 274, 295 Observations on root growth from cuttings 96 Oenothera 48 O'Leary, K. O. 170 One hundred kinds of bananas 13 Onoclea sensibilis 245 Osterhout, G. E. 247 Overholts, L. O. 19, 99 Palm-— Washingtonia filifera, The fanleaf- 33 Palmer, E. J. 51 Parker, Charles S. 20, 170 Paullinia cupana 153 Peckham, Ethel Anson S. ( Mrs. Wheeler H.) 33, 51, 122, 135, 164, 169, 172, 183, 184, 200, 294 Rock- gardening without a rockery 135 Pcdiccllaria pentaphylla 24 Pellaea atropurpurea 166 Penicillium 149, 150, 152- 154; Camemberti 152; Gorgonzola 152; meleagrinum 153; oxalicum 150; Roquefort 152 Pennell, Francis W. 168, 169 Pennock, F. M. 190 Peperomia 210, 212, 215, 216, 218, 220; cumulicola 216, 219, 221; floridana 211, 215, 217, 220, 222; humilis 215, 218, 219, 221; mag-noliaefolia 215; obtusifolia 214, 216, 217, 222; spathulifolia 216, 217, 219, 222 Pepper- plants of c o n t i n e n t a l United States, The wild 210 Perennials, Herbaceous 94 Pharus 218 Phlox amoena 138; subulata 138 Photostat service at The New York Botanical Garden 291 Physiology, Barton- Wright's Recent advances in plant 70 Piper 212, 215 Plant communities, Ecological relations of 145 Plant geography, Three recent books on 162 Plant hybrids 73 Plant life around New York as studied by the Torrey Botanical Club 141 Plant life, Insects in relation to 7 Plant physiology, B a r t o n - Wright's Recent advances in 70 Plants, Aconites and other drug 15 Plants, Begonias as house 113 Plants, Correvon's Rock garden and alpine 17 Plants may produce ideal insecticide, Fish- poison 197 Piatt, Raye R. 109 Pleea 264, tenuifolia 264 Pleurothallis 187 Poa trivialis 245 Polygala bermudiana 24 Popular courses in botany at The New York Botanical Garden 243 Populus balsamifera virginiana 243; grandidentata 243 Porto Rico, Recent scientific observations in 185 Pritchardia filamentosa 37; filifera 37, 38 Prosser, Seward 18 Prunus pennsylvanica 18; virginiana 18 305 Public lectures and demonstrations, December, January, and February, 1931- 32 294 Public lectures at the Garden 164 Public lectures during September, October, and November 200 Purdy, Carl 20, 45 California wild flowers 43 Pyxidanthera brevifolia 23 Quercus virginiana 220 Quin, John T. 186 Raines, M. A. 20 Rankin, H. A. 155 Raphanobrassica 89 Raphanus sativus 89 Recent scientific observations in Porto Rico 185 Record, Samuel J. The Rudolph Block collection of walking sticks 253 Red- cedar rust disease, A destructive 101 Relation of civilization to birds and their foods 161 Rhinanthus 22 Riccia 22; fluitans 22; Sullivantii 22 Rice, Myron A. 99 Robins, Col. & Mrs. [ Raymond] 287 Robinson, C. B. 246 Rock garden and alpine plants, Correvon's 17 Rock- gardening without a rockery 135 Rogers, C. H. 247 Roosevelt, Gov. Theodore 185 Roosevelt, Mrs. Franklin D. 172 Root growth from cuttings, Observations on 96 Rubel's Ergebnisse der Internat i o n a 1 e n Pflanzengeograph-ischen Excursion durch die Tschechoslowakei und Polen 1928; Pflanzengesellschaften der Erde 162, 163 Rudolph Block collection of walking sticks, The 253 Rumbold, Dr. Caroline 99 Rusby, H. H. 11, 193, 234 The largest cactus? 193 Vegetable drugs and medicines 234 Will our chestnut tree return? 11 Rust disease, A destructive red-cedar 101 Rydberg, Per Axel 229 Sabal Palmetto 6 Salpingostylis 266, 268; coelestina 160, 161 Salvaging the native American irises 175 Sandwith, N. Y. 111 Saururus cernuus 222 Savulescus Tr. 99 Schiff, Mortimer L., In memo-riam 173, 175 Schreiner, Ernst J. 46, 243 Schwarz, H. F. 192 Scientific expedition to Venezuela 108 Scientific observations in Porto Rico, Recent 185 Scilla campanulata 141 Scopulariopsis 150 Seaver, F. J. 20, 72, 164, 168, 200, 246, 248, 295 Section of " big tree'' on exhibit in the Museum of The New York Botanical Garden 240 Sedum dasyphyllum 246; lydium 246; Sieboldii 13S, 246 Sempervivum 139, 246; sarmen-tosum 246 Senecio 163 Sequoia 238; gigantea 238, 240, 242; sempervirens 238 Serenoa repens 6 Sexton, Waldo E. 266 Shope, Paul F. 20, 72 Small, John K. 1, a, 49, 92, 117, 125, 155, 169, 175, 197, 210, 243, 260, 288 Altitudinal distribution of eastern American iris 49 Bartram's Ixia coelestina rediscovered 155 Botanical crossroads, historic and prehistoric 92 Salvaging the native American irises 175 The brittle- thatch — Thrinax microcarpa 1 The cypress, southern remnant of a northern fossil type 125 The fanleaf- palm — Washingtonia filifera 33 The water- lilies of the United States 117 The wild pepper- plants of continental United States 210 Vanishing iris 277 Smith, A. C. i n , 272 306 Smith, Gilbert M. 20 Smithsonian Institution 254 Solanum elaeagnifolium 24 Solidago 123; verna 24 Special courses in botany and gardening for members 293 State, George L. 247 Stegnosperma halimifolia 187 Stevenson, John A. 99, 170 Steward, A. N. 227 Stout, A. B. 19, 25, 73, 122, 164, 165, 196, 200, 243, 294 Conference notes for February and March 243 Notes on new hybrid day-lilies 25 Plant hybrids 73 Strong, Forest C. 247 Sturm, E. L. 247 Swift, Marjorie E. " C r a z e d" crockery and other strange habitats of moulds 149 Swingle, Walter T. 87, 170 Tate, G. H. H. 109- 111 Taxodium 125, 127; ascendens 127- 129, 131; distichum 126, 127, 129; mucronatum 127, 130, 131 Thalia 117 Thorn, Charles 149, 153 Thomas, George 184, 247 Thorp, James 185- 187 Thorp, Mrs. James 185 Three recent books on plant geography 162 Thrinax I, 5, 6; argentea 5; keyensis 1, 5, 6; microcarpa 5, 6; parviflora I, 6 Thrinax microcarpa, The brittle-thatch— 1 Thurston, H. W. 72 Tillandsia 243 Topping, D. Le Roy 20 Toro, Rafael Andres 188 Torrey Botanical Club, Plant life around New York as studied by the 141 Torrey, Raymond H. 165 Plant life around New York as studied by the Torrey Botanical Club 141 Trees of California, The big 238 Trelease, William 170 Trichoglossum tetrasporum 21 Trillium grandiflorum 18 Turner, Mrs. Harold Mc L. 33, 169 United States, The water- lilies of the 117 United States, The wild pepper-plants of continental 210 Urban, Ignatz 71 Valerianella 24 Van Dyke, John C. 189 Vanishing Iris 277 Varrelman, F. A. 71, 164, 248 Vavilov, N. I. 20, 99 Vegetable drugs and medicines 234 Venezuela, Scientific expedition to 108 Verbascum Blattaria 80, 81 Veronica 22 Victorin, Marie 170 Walcott, G. N. 192 Warea 213 Washingtonia 38, 40, 41, 43; filamentosa 38; filifera 38, 43 Washingtonia filifera, The fanleaf- palm— 33 Water- lilies of the United States, The 117 Waterman, W. G., Ecological relations of plant communities 145 Webber, H. J. 87 Webster, William H. 172 Weigel, C. A. 209 Wherry, Edgar T. 51, 52, 99, 169 Whetzel, H. H. 169, 247 White, Tohn R. 240 White, R. P. 208 Whitney, Elsie G. 169 Wild flowers, California 43 Wild flowers, Jones' Some familiar 17 Wild pepper- plants of continental United States, The 210 Will our chestnut tree return? II Williams, H. F. 247 Wolffiella 117 Woods, Albert F. 20 Woodward, Carol H., A glance at current literature 166, 194, 224, 244, 270 A new hook on alpines by Mrs. McCully 97 Woodwardia areolata 166 Yamanouchi, Shigeo 99, 247 Yokohama Nursery Company, The 19 Zimmerman, P. W., Observations on root growth from cuttings 96 Zundell, George L. 169 PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and non- technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. Now in its thirty- second volume. Mycologia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $ 5.00 a year; single copies not for sale. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its twenty-third volume. Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty- two in each volume. Subscription price, $ 10.00 a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its sixteenth volume. Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying results of investigations. Free to all members of the Garden; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Now in its fourteenth volume. North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be completed in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more parts. 66 parts now issued. Subscription price, $ 1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $ 2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.] Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, vols. I- VI, $ 1.50 per volume; to others, $ 3.00. Vol. VII, $ 2.50 to members; to others, $ 5.00. Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900. Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903. Vol. I I I . Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischer-villc, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey, xiii + 138 pp., with 29 plates. 1909. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 4 7 8 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant Geography, by Norman Taylor, vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915. Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anniversary of The New York Botanical Garden, viii + 594 pp., with 43 plates and many text figures. 1916. Vol. VII. Includes New Myxophyceae from Porto Rico, by N. L. Gardner; The Flower Behavior of Avocados, by A. B. Stout; Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Plants Collected on the Mulford Biological Exploration of the Amazon Valley, 1921- 1922, by H. H. Rusby; and The Flora of the Saint Eugene Silts, Kootenay Valley, British Columbia, by Arthur Hollick. viii + 464 pp., with 47 plates, 10 charts, and 11 text- figures. 1927. Brittonia. A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, $ 5.00 per volume. Now in its first volume. Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5.00 per volume. In the thirteenth volume. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: Four hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part of the City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one of the features of the tract. Plantations of thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and flowering plants. Gardens, including a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock- loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens. Greenhouses, containing thousands of interesting plants from America and foreign countries. Flower shows throughout the year— in the spring, summer, and autumn displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, lilacs, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water- lilies, gladioli, dahlias, and chrysanthemums; in the winter displays of greenhouse- blooming plants. A museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plants. An herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of American and foreign species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central and South America, for the study and collection of the characteristic flora. Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A library of botanical literature, comprising more than 41,000 books and numerous pamphlets. Public lectures on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific, and partly of popular, interest. The education of school children and the public through the above features and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural, and forestal subjects. The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, private benefactions, and membership fees. It possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are: Benefactor single contribution $ 25,000 Patron single contribution 5,000 Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 Member for Life single contribution 250 Fellowship Member annual fee 100 Sustaining Member annual fee 25 Annual Member annual fee 10 Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is an approved form of bequest: / hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of . Conditional bequests may be made with income payable to donor or a n y designated beneficiary during his or her lifetime. All requests for further information should be sent to T H E N E W YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BRONX PARK, N EW YORK, N. Y.

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The global econoamy is trending towards an era of protectionism as can be seen from policies such as “Make America Great Again” and “Make in India”, thereby increasing the significance on exports and the manufacturing sector. As a corollary effect, the importance of Intellectual Property (IP) protection also increases due to the need to extend such to exports for its proper commercialization. On April 28, 2017, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) released the 2017 “Special 301” Report which reviews global developments on trade and intellectual property (IP). The USTR placed India on the Priority Watch List and one of the reasons for doing so was an outdated and insufficient trade secrets legal framework. It is pertinent to note that the so called Special 301 Report has vested interests of corporate lobbying from the likes of PhRMA (Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America), Business Software Alliance (BSA) and Intellectual Property Owners Association (IPOA). This piece will attempt to analyse India’s approach to trade secrets protection and its adequacy in terms of business.
Trade secret is a formula, process, device or other business information that is kept confidential to maintain an advantage over the competitors. It is the information which includes formula, pattern, compilation, programme, device, method, technique, or process, that derives independent economic value from not being generally known or readily ascertainable. Therefore, the ingredients of trade secrets are- (a) it is such information not generally known to the public which in turn confers economic or commercial benefit through the maintenance of confidentiality and exclusivity, and (b) it is subjected to reasonable efforts of secrecy since disclosure would result in undue enrichment of others. For example, Coca-Cola’s formula for its aerated drinks and KFC’s recipe for its delicious fried chicken are considered to be trade secrets which have been preserved for many decades.
Article 1(2) of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (“TRIPS Agreement”), states that intellectual property shall include protection of undisclosed information. Article 39 of the TRIPS Agreement states that in the course of ensuring effective protection against unfair competition as provided in Article 10bis of the Paris Convention, with respect to information which is (a) a secret not generally known or readily accessible, (b) has commercial value by virtue of secrecy, and (c) has been subjected to reasonable steps for ensuring its secrecy, Member nations are to ensure that natural and legal persons have the possibility of preventing such information, within their control, from being disclosed to, acquired by, or used by others without their consent, in a manner contrary to honest commercial practice. It is submitted that the possibility referred to hereinbefore implies that trade secrets should be accorded protection within the legal system and not necessarily in the IP legislative framework of the said Member nation.
The 1989 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) discussion paper of India sets out that as per India, trade secrets cannot be considered to be intellectual property rights, because while the fundamental basis of intellectual property right rests in its disclosure, publication and registration, trade secrets are premised upon secrecy and confidentiality. It may be noted that disclosure and publication are necessary before according the protection of exclusivity when viewed from the IPR context since the prosecution stage involves challenges and objections which test the grant of said exclusivity. The paper further goes on to state that the observance and enforcement of secrecy and confidentiality should be governed by contractual obligations and the provisions of appropriate Civil Law but not by intellectual property law.
On May 12, 2016 India approved the National IPR Policy with seven objectives and elaborative steps to be undertaken by the identified ministries/departments. One of these objectives was to ensure an effective legal and legislative framework for the protection of IPRs. The steps outlined to be taken towards attaining this objective include, among other things, identification of important areas of study and research for future policy development, and one such area identified was the protection of trade secrets. Hence it may be noted that India has taken a step towards considering the protection of trade secrets under the ambit of IPR protection.
A further study on various legal approaches to protection of trade secrets will also be undertaken by India.
The Delhi High Court in American Express Bank Ltd. v. Priya Puri, defined trade secret as formulae, technical know-how or a method of business adopted by an employer which is unknown to others and such information has reasonable impact on organizational expansion and economic interests. Indian courts have approached trade secrets protection on the basis of principles of equity, action of breach of confidence and contractual obligations.
In John Richard Brady v. Chemical Process Equipments P. Ltd., it was held that independent of an underlying contract or in the absence of one, he who has received information in confidence is not allowed to take unfair advantage of it. This lays down that undue enrichment at the expense or detriment of another goes against the tenets of equity and fairness which need not be dependent on contractual obligations.
In Zee Telefilms Ltd. v. Sundial Communications Pvt. Ltd., it was laid down that in an action of breach of confidence, the obligation of confidence is not limited to the original recipient but also extends to those persons who received the information with knowledge acquired at the time or subsequently that it was originally given in confidence. In Diljeet Titus v. Alfred Adevare & Ors, it was held that the Court must step in to restrain a breach of confidence independent of any right under law and that such an obligation need not be expressed but be implied and the breach of such confidence is independent of any other right. Therefore, it is submitted that the protection of trade secrets does not always necessarily stem from the owner of such secret having a right per se in respect of the same but from the implied obligation to maintain confidence by virtue of the nature of trade secrets in general.
In Niranjan Shankar Golikari v. Century Spinning, it was held that negative covenants in employment agreements pertaining to non-disclosure of confidential information operative during the period of the contract of employment and even thereafter, are generally not regarded as restraint of trade and therefore do not fall under Section 27 of the Contract Act, 1872 as a former employee should not be allowed to take unfair advantage of the employer’s trade secrets which are vital for business. Post service restraint in maintaining confidentiality and also carrying on any other business for a limited period is permissible under the exception to Section 27 of the Contract Act, as was held in Homag India Pvt. Ltd. v. Mr. Ulfath Ali Khan.
 Black’s Law Dictionary, Ed. 8, cited in Bombay Dyeing & Manufacturing Co. Ltd. v. Mehar Karan Singh, 2010 (112) BOM LR 3759.
 All categories of IP that are the subject of Part II, Sections 1 to 7 of the Agreement; Section 7 is titled as “Protection of undisclosed information”.
 Paragraph 3.8.4, National IPR Policy, 2016.
 (2006) HI LLJ 540 (Del).
 2003 (27) PTC 457 (Bomb).
 Agreement in restraint of trade is void.
 M.F.A. No. 1682/2010 C/W M.F.A. No. 1683/2010 (CPC) decided on 10.10.2012, Karnataka High Court.

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