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UMass is interested in Matt Stokes a 6-3 245 pd DL from St. Thomas Aquinas HS in Florida.
He has offers from Arkansas and Liberty. Interested are Virginia, Virginia Tech and Wake Forest.
Image from the St. Thomas Aquinas web site.
Former UMass DE Keron Williams has a video interview about his role in the Gray Cup.
College Sporting News has a web gallery from the William & Mary-Weber State playoff game.
UNH football is on solid footing.
Keepers College Football Ratings has Villanova, Richmond and William & Mary as favorites in the next round of the FCS playoffs.
Jeff Monken was named HC at Georgia Southern.
FCS lost another HC when Stacy Adams stepped down as HC at Valparaiso.
Northeastern players try to find a way to move on.
Recaps and box scores on the CAA squads who went 4-0 yesterday.
Three links from the New Hampshire Football Report on UNH's big win over McNeese State here.
Brett Kahn of The Sports Network has a long article on the Villanova-Holy Cross game.
All the FCS playoff scores here.
Game capsules for all the FCS playoff games here.
At one time the Montana Grizzlies were down 41-14 to South Dakota State. This article covers their astonishing comeback.
The Citizen-Times looks at Appalachian State's struggle to win over South Carolina State.
Tom Gilmore says the Villanova Wildcats are better than the 2007 and 2008 Minutemen.
The fan who hit a promotional field goal during the UMass-Red Raiders game in 2007 is now the first team kicker for Texas Tech.
Former UMass assistant coach Bob Shoop is thriving at William & Mary.
Terrance Thomas Sr. reviews the CAA's playoff games in his "CAA Today" essay here.
Chuck Burton looks at the FCS playoff games here.
David Coulson critiques the FCS playoffs committee's choices.
The CAA "Game Day" page for all the CAA teams in action today here.
South Dakota State's jack have played the tougher schedule and that leads them to a first round upset of Montana.
Eastern Washington in a close game over Stephen F.Austin.
Richmond's tough defense is the difference in a win over Elon.
Appalachian State should ring up big numbers against South Carolina State.
Wish I could see the Villanova-Holy Cross game. It should be a good one. The Crusaders have an excellent offense, but the Wildcats have strength on both sides of the ball.
UNH is on the road to McNeese. The Wildcats have been in some shootouts recently. Their defense will have to play better to beat the Cowboys at home. UNH loses it's first round game.
William & Mary is usually know for a good offense, but the the Tribe's defense has been stellar this year (see the Bob Shoop post above). The Tribe's "D" will give them a win at home.
BTW, the NCAA didn't bother to do a FCS Championship graphic this year.
UMass had been interested in Seth Sheridan a 6-1 185 pd RB from Oakmont, MA. He tore an ACL and will likely spend a year in prep school. More on Sheridan here. He was drawing interest from Boston College and UNH as well as UMass. Hope he has a speedy recovery.
BTW, a big congratulations to Holy Cross for making the FCS/I-AA playoffs. The Crusaders have painfully climbed back to respectability after the infamous Fr. Brooks blew up the Holy Cross athletic program (a case study on why one-man rule is bad). The NFL is taking a serious look at Crusader QB Dominic Randolph.
Updated information about the 2009 FCS playoff brackets.
The Sports Network's Brett Kahn previews the 2009 playoffs.
A couple of stories about UNH-McNeese state here and here.
Villanova has a fan blog I haven't seen before. It bills itself as the "most tasteless and disrespectful" Villanova blog on the net.
Next year's FBS opponent Michigan is still having problems.
I would like to wish all the Blog community a big "Happy Thanksgiving". Hope all is well with you and yours.
I'm thankful for having the opportunity to run the Blog and meet all the UMass fans.
I'm thankful for Mrs Blog. She flew, drove and walked with me a lot of miles this season. Without complaint, she sat through a frog-drowning downpour at Richmond. She's the greatest.
Matty V has two stories about the UMass All-Decade Team from the 2000's. Here is the story and here is the fan vote. Lots of great UMass players. I am grateful I got to see them play.
Random thought. Has Detroit ever won a Thanksgiving Day game?
Another story about the sad end of Northeastern Football.
West Roxbury captains Tony Bland and Garrett Fitzgerald are interested in UMass.
Bland is a Scout.com one-star recruit.
Fitzgerald is also being recruited by UConn.
Apponequet's Joe Bianchini is also interested in UMass.
Barnstable's 6-5 285 pd OL Dalton Gifford has been offered a scholarship by UMass.
Highlight film for Gifford here.
Maryland's Ralph Friedgen is on the hot seat in Maryland. That could mean trouble for Don Brown.
The CAA's weekly news and notes for all the league teams here.
Keepers College football ratings has Villanova and William & Mary as favorites and UNH and Richmond as close underdogs in the FCS playoff first round.
Matty V. has some thoughts about Northeastern dropping football (worth reading).
Matty has quotes from both Don Brown and Kevin Morris on the demise of Northeastern football.
This article relates the feelings of Northeastern OL Brian Palangi.
Matty also has an interview with Coach Morris about the gains and pains of the 2009 season.
Ron Chemlis has an interview with UMass AD John McCutcheon about the end of Northeastern Football.
The CAA has announced their All-Conference teams yesterday. Vladimir Ducasse, Chris Zardas, Jeromy Miles and and Victor Cruz were first team All-CAA. Tyler Holmes, Kyle C. Harrington and Tony Nelson were second team. Brandon Collier and Armando Cuko were named third team. Two guys were better than Cuko? Armando was third in the nation in kicking stats.
Examiner.com has a story on the nine UMass players honored.
Josh Buchanan projects the "small school' players who will be invited to the NFL Combine and Vladimir Ducasse is one of them.
UMass ended up #24 in the final regular season GridIron Power Index.
Chuck Burton has his "CSN Way" column here.
Jeromy Miles is on the 2009 Buchanan Award ballot.
No UMass players on the Payton Award Ballot.
Sam Houston State, Bethune-Cookman and Youngstown State all fired their head coaches.
Northeastern cancels its Football Program. Wow! I am very sorry for Northeastern fans.
More from ESPN and from the Boston Globe here and here. The Boston Herald here.
R.I.P. Huskies football. A loss for New England football.
UNH faces McNeese State in the first round of the playoffs.
All of Saturday's FCS scores here.
Chuck Burton looks at the 2009 playoff field.
More information about the 2009 FCS Championship tournament here.
Mrs Blog and I listened to the game while traveling in eastern New England. WCRN 830 AM in Worcester puts out a monster signal. It was a tough game to listen to, as a mediocre Hofstra team set a all-time passing record against the the Minutemen. It was a disappointing end to a disappointing season.
This one is going to take a while to get over.
Newday says Hofstra rolled it up.
Ron Chimelis on Scott Woodward's first career start. He also has a game article here.
The CAA received two seeds and four total teams in the 2009 playoffs. Printable pdf bracket schedule here.
The Sports Network has a playoff article here.
Dave Coulson has a long article reviewing the last regular season games this Saturday.
Both Princeton and former FCS power Georgia Southern fired their head coaches.
Hofstra finally has its game notes for UMass here.
CAA Game Day page here.
Ron Chimelis says UMass needs this game.
Matty V. says the last game is important to the UMass Seniors.
Chuck Burton has his weekly "CSN Way" column here.
Terrance Thomas has his weekly "CAA Today" essay here.
I totally missed Amherst College having an undefeated season.
Because of a commitment, I will not be able to up-date the blog tonight or tomorrow morning. So--- until then-----GO UMASS!
The UMass Daily Collegian has a UMass-Hofstra game preview here.
Current CAA standings here. If UMass beats Hofstra and UNH beats Maine, UMass would finish alone in second place in the CAA North.
The Sprots Network's Brett Kanh previews the this week's Top-25 FCS games.
Another FCS coach resigned last night as Tennessee State's James Weber stepped down last night after upsetting #13 Eastern Illinois.
UMass' 2009 FBS/I-A opponent Kansas State needs a win at #25 Nebraska to be bowl eligible.
The end of this article discusses the CAA after Old Dominion joins the league in 2011 and Georgia State enters in 2012.
I've posted a Picassa Web Album of the UMass-James Madison game here. Not a great day for photography or the Minutemen.
Can you count the number of holds in the image #14?
The University of Richmond student newspaper takes a look back at UR Stadium (mentions UMass).
The CAA has its weekly conference notes and news here.
I read a source that the FCS playoff selection show will be on ESPN News at 3:00 PM Sunday, but it does not appear on the ESPN online schedule.
You remember that many CAA teams, including UMass have participated in the the bone marrow registration drive began by Villanova HC Andy Talley? Villanova WR Matt Szczur is a match for a one year old girl with leukema.
UMass has its game notes for Hofstra up here (html) and here (pdf).
No game notes from Hofstra as yet.
UMass still makes the the GridIron Power Index's Top-25 list at #25 and seventh in the CAA.
The CAA has its weekly press release with league notes and news as well as this week's game capsules here.
Former NFL coach Jerry Glanville has resigned as HC of the Portland State Vikings after going 9-24 over three years.
The Sports Network's David Coulson discusses the lastest FCS news here.
The Richmond Times-Dispatch states Richmond's Mike London could probably triple his financial package if he became a head coach at a FBS school.
The four UMass Football players who were arrested in October have had their cases continued. Their charges will be dropped on March 15, 2010 if there are no further problems.
Matty V. looks at the status of the CAA one week before the playoffs.
How the FCS Championship series works by CSN.
Chuck Burton of CSN looks at who's in.
Next year's FBS/I-A opponent Michigan failed to file players practice logs as required by the NCAA-----for the whole year.
The Sports Network looks at the latest FCS poll and finds the Salukis are still #1.
Keepers College football ratings has UMass by less than a field goal over Hofstra.
Remember when you were in High School and you kinda thought the teachers would have to be crazy, because after all, they were serving a life sentence in the educational system? A Massachusetts principal banned students from using the word "Meep!" (from the Muppets character "Beaker").
UPDATE: a lawyer, in solidarity with the students, sent the principal a one-word e-mail saying "Meep". The school system called the police on her.
I'll try to be back later today with a Web Album from the JMU game.
And you meeping meepers better behave yourselves in the meeping comments section.
The JMU student newspaper tell about the first win at UMass since 1987.
Matty V. has his three stars from the James Madison game: Tyler Holmes, Perry McIntyre and Josh Maurer.
Walpole's Ryan Izzo broke the state scoring record Saturday. He'll be playing lacrosse for UMass next year. Wonder if he'd be interested in joining Travis Tripucka in playing two sports?
Next year's BCS/I-A opponent Michigan is having a real long season.
Armanti Edwards and the ASU Mountaineers are back.
The Boston Globe said UMass dropped the ball.
The Boston Herald said UMass was charitable.
The Springfield Republican said too many turnovers.
Matty V. said UMass could not overcome turnovers.
The Richmond Times-Dispatch said JMU made use of turnovers.
The Augusta Free Press said JMU won their third straight.
The Baltimore Sun said James Madison's defense and TB Noble won the game.
The CAA has recaps of all the CAA games here. It also includes a discussion of CAA Championship scenarios and who get the league auto bid.
UNH lost to William & Mary, which puts the Wildcats out of the league championship and very possibly on a road playoff game.
All the FCS scores and a list of teams who cliched league championships (including Holy Cross) here.
Kansas State fell to Missouri on Senior Day and must beat Nebraska next week to be bowl eligible.
It started raining torrents as I slogged back to my truck. A soggy end of a disappointing day. I had a feeling this was going to be a close game. Both teams had very good defenses. Both teams have had inconsistent offenses.
Once again, the UMass defense played well enough to win. They only gave up 10 points. JMU had a fair amount of yards, but they had to punt seven times. The Dukes had the ball on the UMass six yard line and the defense held them to a field goal. No JMU points in the second half.
The UMass offense again struggled. However, the JMU defense is very good. I watched the Dukes defense on a TV game destroy a Delaware offense that ran all over us. This game was going to be tough going offensively no matter what the situation. We needed to play error free football, and then turned over the ball on the first three offensive series. That was the game right there.
Mrs Blog didn't like the punt on the four and four, and neither did the crowd, but I can see the coaches point. If we went for it and failed---and four and four is a long shot ---the game was over. We had three time outs and the Dukes punter was only averaging 26 yards a punt. The UMass defense was holding , but then JMU hit their only long pass of the game . I was reminded of another loss in the rain at Rhode Island, when the Rams completed what felt like their only pass of the game, to win.
We need to play for pride at the Pride next week and end with a winning record.
UMass write-up with notes, quotes and more here.
An abbreviated story from JMU here.
Well, it looks like a rainy send off for the seniors. The UMass defense played very well in torrents down in Richmond. If the offense can hold on to the ball, it could be trouble for the Dukes.
Ron Chimelis says it's the final home game for the UMass Seniors.
Matty V. previews the UMass-JMU game and says there is plenty at stake for the Minutemen.
Bruce Dowd is back with a issue of his FCS column "Dowd's Den".
The CAA has their "Game Day" with information about all of today's CAA games including JMU@ UMass. The game will be on Comcast Sports New England. That's channel 435 on Dish Network.
I'll be getting my rain gear together for the game shortly. Come on out to the game. You won't melt!
The UMass Daily Collegian has a story about the UMass Seniors.
PressConnects.com has a story about UMass FR TB Jamar Smith.
James Madison gets some reinforcements for the game against UMass.
Terrance Thomas, Sr. has his weekly "CAA Today" column here.
The CAA has notes and news about the five CAA squads in the FCS Top-25.
The Sports Network's Brett Kahn previews the the Top-25 games in FCS this week.
David Coulson reviews the status of FCS and wonders if 20 teams in the playoffs are an option this year.
New Hampshire plays William & Mary for a possible top four seed in the playoffs and a first round home game.
That's a lot of starters or players who would have started except for injuries. This class went 34-14 over the last four years. They need wins tomorrow and at Hofstra to tie the 2006 and 2007 classes for most career wins.
Nice article about Armando Cuko from Masslive.com.
Matty V. has a blog post on three stars from the Northeastern game. Hard to argue with Tony Nelson, Mike Mele and Armando Cuko.
The Eagle-Tribune has a story about Zack Tulley a 6-1 190 LB for Pinkerton Academy. He's the son of three-time All Yankee Conference UMass LB Matt Tulley.
Matt led the UMass defense in tackles in 1991 with 44 UT 29 AT 80TT. He also led the Minutemen in sacks in 1988 and 1999 with 6 and 9 respectively. Matt is 12th in UMass career tackles (325) and 5th in career sacks (26).
Attention John McCutcheon---Boise State is selling stock in the Athletic Dept for $100 a share.
UMass has its JMU game notes in html here and pdf here.
The win over Northeastern moved UMass back into the FCS top-25 in the Gridiron Power Index.
The CAA's weekly press release with notes about the league and each individual team here.
David Coulson of The Sprots Network has his weekly "Around FCS" column entitled "Ripples of a Victory".
Kansas State controls their own fate in a bid for a bowl game.
Fired HC Tommy West said James Madison and William & Mary have better football facilities than Memphis.
Idaho State coached by former UMass coaches John Zamberlin and Joe Cullen almost upset unbeaten Montana Saturday.
Jasper Howard, the UConn football player stabbed to death in a campus fight, threw the first punch according to this report.
Ron Chimelis says UMass is fighting to keep a flicker of hope for the playoffs alive.
Transcript of Coach Morris' weekly CAA teleconference remarks.
Audio link to Mickey Matthews teleconference remarks.
Matty V. says the FCS playoff picture is emerging.
James Madison's UMass game notes here (html) and here (pdf).
Armando Cuko was named UMass' Athlete-of-the-week.
James Madison's QB Justin Thorpe was named the CAA Rookie-of-the-Week.
Current FCS polls here. With Richmond's loss Saturday, the Southern Illinois Salukis jumped to #1.
Keepers College Football Ratings has UMass over James Madison by less than a touchdown. He also has William & Mary by almost two TD's over New Hampshire.
I've posted a 40+ image web album of the Northeastern game on Picassa. The brilliant sunshine made for fast shutter speeds and thus better action shots.
Matty V. says Tony Nelson is back in stride.
The Boston Herald has Armand Cuko as a "Herald Hero" for tying the UMass all-time career field record.
UMass Daily Collegian has more on Nelson and Cuko here.
CAA league standings after Saturday's games.
The James Madison student newspaper says the Dukes have their swagger back.
Old Dominion, slated to join the CAA in a couple of years, became the winningest startup program ever Saturday.
Kansas City.com says that Bill Snyder is making things look easy for Kansas State.
Whoa! Dartmouth has a two game win streak going.
The new scoreboard is nice. It is crisp and new. The video board is small, but has good definition. We were able to watch replays and it's definitely an enhancement to the McGuirk experience. Click on the image and Blogger displays a much large view.
The Boston Globe says it was a not moving day for the Huskies.
The Boston Herald says it was the Minutemen in a rout.
Matty Vautour said the offense clicked.
All the CAA scores and recaps here. Villanova stopped Richmond's 16 game win streak. Mrs Blog an I watched the end of the game on Comcast Sports after we returned home.
More on the *&%#! end of the Richmond-Villanova game.
All the FCS scores from 11/7/09 here.
Our 2009 I-A opponent Kansas State defeated arch-rival Kansas to run their record to 6-4 and 4-2 in the Big 12. One more win and the Cats will surely go to a bowl game.
Albany had their school record 12 game home winning streak snapped on a last second field goal.
Well, after the game, Mrs Blog and I stopped at our exclusive wine store----- Big Y, and bought a bottle of vino. Mrs. Blog offered a toast during supper to the win.
The UMass defense held the Huskies to 145 total yards. The first team offense played mistake free ball. Tony Nelson showed what he means to the offense.
All this with UMass missing even more players. Both Tyler Holmes and Jonathan Hernandez did DNP and did not dress for the game.
Two new UMass players received significant playing time and did well. Syracuse transfer Mike Mele started at MLB and led the team with 10 total tackles. He also hooked up with the Northeastern TE on two long passing plays and stayed with the receiver 40 yards down the field.
Cedric Gonnet was the second string TB and had 13 carries for 45 yards and a 4.5 yards/carry.
Armando Cuko was 3 for 3 and set the UMass single season field goal record.
One victory down and two to go. Let's enjoy the win.
Ron Chimelis says UMass Football's playoff hopes are slim.
Matty V. says all the Minutemen's remaining games are must wins.
The CAA has it's Game Day page here. The Rhode Island-UNH and the Villanova-Richmond games are on Comcast Sports New England, so set your DVR.
Speaking of Richmond they just received two years of probation for NCAA violations mostly relating to Basketball. More here.
Kansas State needs two more wins to be bowl eligible.
The person who tried to post a message to potential UMass recruit Kristjan Sokoli (see Wednesday's post) in the comments should try to contact him through social medial like Face Book.
A couple of reasons: the message is not private for one thing and since I'm a season ticket holder and a member of Friends of Football, that makes me an agent of UMass in the eyes of the NCAA. We don't want to cause any problems for either UMass football or for Sokoli. See Richmond's troubles earlier in this blog post.
Just for the record, although the UMass Sports Information Office has been very nice to me, I get zero perks or encouragement from UMass Football.
Let's beat the Huskies and get started on three straight wins to close out the 2009 season!
UMass is recruiting Anthony Carter a 5-9 172 pd Safety from Marlborough, MA.
Has his own football page and bio information here.
Carter holds offers from Holy Cross and San Diego. Has recruiting interest from I-A schools Arkansas. Perdue. Stanford and Vanderbilt. FCS schools interested are Brown, Holy Cross, Rhode Island and Southern Illinois.
Image from Carter's web page.
Northeastern's David Akiniyi has been named Academic All-District by ESPN.
CSN's Terrance Thomas looks at this week's league news in his "CAA Today" column.
Bruce Dowd returns after a hiatus from his "Dowd's Den" column.
The Sports Network's Brett Kahn previews this week's Top-25 games in the FCS.
A former NFL GM says Appalachian State's Armanti Edwards can play in the NFL. Again, I found the link over at the always interesting Draft Daddy.
The UMass Daily Collegian has a couple of stories here and here. The Collegian looks at the road woes of the UMass Football team and a preview of the Northeastern game.
The CAA has some notes and stats on the league's standing in this week's Top-25 rankings as well as the lambert Cup.
The Big Game in the CAA is this week's clash between #1 Richmond and #4 Villanova.
If you happened to watch last week's game between James Madison and Delaware, you were impressed by JMU's Arthur Moats. We'll get to see him in person in just more than a week.
Next year's BCS/I-A opponent Michigan, is seriously demoralized.
Rivals.com has a feature about how Texas Tech HC Mike Leach uses film study to teach his quarterbacks.
UMass is interested in Kristjan Sokoli a 6-5 230 pd DL from Bloomfield, NJ.
This article features Sokoli. This article mentions him.
Sokoli has interest from I-A schools Boston College, Cincinnati, Pitt and Rutgers. FCS schools recruiting him include James Madison, Lafayette and Rhode Island.
UMass has its game notes for Northeastern here (html) and here (pdf).
Josh Buchanan has an article on "Small School Risers and Fallers". He also has a NFL Draft Top-40 FCS players. Two UMass players make the list.
CSN has a column about the rise of Stony Brook in the Big South.
The CAA has its weekly league press release up with all the latest league news.
Maine's Donte Dennis was named CAA Defensive Player-of-the-week for his performance against UMass.
Matty Vautour looks at the UMass QB situation.
Ron Chimelis looks at the UMass QB situation.
Matty V. is also looking for your input on a UMass Football All-Decade Team.
The Northeastern Huskies look at UMass (html). And pdf.
UMass has dropped off the GridIron Power Index.
Keepers College Football Ratings has UMass by 22+ over Northeastern.
More on Richmond's Associated Press Top-25 (in Division I) vote.
David Coulson looks at the state of FCS after last Saturday's games.
Syracuse's best WR Mike Williams has quit the team. I first spotted this link over on Draft Daddy.
The two-game losing streak has certainly brought out the rants in the comments. I've been editing quite a few.
The UMass football Blog is a positive place for UMass football. My policy is that if a fan just wants to rant, then message boards are the place for that activity. If there are complaints/suggestions about how the program is run, then contact with the AD or coaching staff is the way to go.
In addition, there are some trolls who hang around, bad mouth the program, and then say "We' in an attempt to make people believe that they have a UMass connection.
As for me, I say let's beat Northeastern and get this train back on track.
Maine finally has its UMass game article up.
Matty Vautour says for the second straight year Maine likely derailed UMass' playoff hopes.
More on the game that ended Albany's eighteen conference win streak.
For the first time in two years a FCS team has received votes in the AP Top-25 list. It's Richmond.
One thing that would help UMass turn this season around would be to get the running game back on track. We had 62 rushing yards against Richmond and 82 against the Black Bears.
If you can run the ball, pretty generally you then have a good lookin' quarterback.
Northeastern is last in the CAA in rushing defense, giving up 205.1 yards per game. This would be an excellent time to work on the running game.
The Boston Globe says the Black Bears picked off UMass.
The Kennebec Journal said Maine stopped UMass.
The Maine Campus said Maine's defense powered by UMass.
The Springfield Republican says six turnovers did in UMass.
Matty Vautour says turnovers throttled (a good choice of words) UMass.
Thirteen turnovers in two games will certainly wreck your effort. UMass is now tied for third in the CAA North and a very long shot for a playoff birth. The Maine loss will probably knock UMass out of the FCS Top-25 polls.
All of the CAA game recaps here. Besides UMass, the big upset in the the CAA was James Madison crushing Delaware.
Brandon Banks had a school record 351 yards, but K-State fell to Oklahoma 42-30.
The Albany Great Danes lost their first NEC Conference game in three years.

matches: V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V.


No State or any political subdivision thereof shall adopt or attempt to enforce any standard relating to the control of emissions from new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines subject to this part. No State shall require certification, inspection, or any other approval relating to the control of emissions from any new motor vehicle or new motor vehicle engine as condition precedent to the initial retail sale, titling (if any), or registration of such motor vehicle, motor vehicle engine, or equipment.
such State standards and accompanying enforcement procedures are not consistent with section 7521(a) of this title.
If each State standard is at least as stringent as the comparable applicable Federal standard, such State standard shall be deemed to be at least as protective of health and welfare as such Federal standards for purposes of paragraph (1).
In the case of any new motor vehicle or new motor vehicle engine to which State standards apply pursuant to a waiver granted under paragraph (1), compliance with such State standards shall be treated as compliance with applicable Federal standards for purposes of this subchapter.
Whenever a regulation with respect to any motor vehicle part or motor vehicle engine part is in effect under section 7541(a)(2) of this title, no State or political subdivision thereof shall adopt or attempt to enforce any standard or any requirement of certification, inspection, or approval which relates to motor vehicle emissions and is applicable to the same aspect of such part. The preceding sentence shall not apply in the case of a State with respect to which a waiver is in effect under subsection (b).
Nothing in this part shall preclude or deny to any State or political subdivision thereof the right otherwise to control, regulate, or restrict the use, operation, or movement of registered or licensed motor vehicles.
New engines which are used in construction equipment or vehicles or used in farm equipment or vehicles and which are smaller than 175 horsepower.
New locomotives or new engines used in locomotives.
Subsection (b) shall not apply for purposes of this paragraph.
California standards and accompanying enforcement procedures are not consistent with this section.
California and such State adopt such standards at least 2 years before commencement of the period for which the standards take effect.
The Administrator shall issue regulations to implement this subsection.
Section was formerly classified to section 1857f–6a of this title.
A prior section 209 of act July 14, 1955, as added Nov. 21, 1967, Pub. L. 90–148, § 2, 81 Stat. 502, was renumbered section 210 by Pub. L. 91–604 and is classified to section 7544 of this title.
Another prior section 209 of act July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title II, as added Oct. 20, 1965, Pub. L. 89–272, title I, § 101(8), 79 Stat. 995, related to appropriations for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1966, 1967, 1968, and 1969, and was classified to section 1857f–8 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 89–675, § 2(b), Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 954.
1990—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101–549 added subsec. (e).
1977—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–95, § 207, designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted “March 30, 1966, if the State determines that the State standards will be, in the aggregate, at least as protective of public health and welfare as applicable Federal standards” for “March 30, 1966, unless he finds that such State does not require standards more stringent than applicable Federal standards to meet compelling the extraordinary conditions or that such State standards and accompanying enforcement procedures are not consistent with section 7521(a) of this title”, added subpars. (A), (B), and (C), and added pars. (2) and (3).
Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 95–95, § 221, added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsec. (c) as (d).
1970—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–604, § 11(a)(2)(A), substituted “part” for “subchapter”.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–604, § 15(c)(2), substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary”.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91–604, § 11(a)(2)(A), substituted “part” for “subchapter”.


Before ESCHBACH, FLAUM, and EVAMS, Circuit Judges.
Robert Dray, Sr. brought the present action asserting various claims and seeking to rescind a stock purchase agreement with defendant Brian Ricci for the purchase of Dray's stock in U.S. Valves, Inc. (USV) Dray claimed that Ricci failed to pay $10,000 of the money owed under the agreement and that Pinnacle Computer Services, Inc., a company owned by Ricci, failed to perform the computer services Ricci had agreed to provide. The district court granted summary judgment in favor or USV and Ricci on the grounds that Dray's claims were barred by a general release and settlement agreement previously executed by Dray, Ricci, and USV. The court also dismissed the remaining claim against Pinnacle for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because Dray's claim fell short of the $50,000 statutory amount in controversy (and $75,000 for new actions) required under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Reviewing the district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, Lynn v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 84 F.3d 970, 973 (7th Cir. 1996), we affirm.
On appeal Dray argues that summary judgment was inappropriate because he raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether he received consideration for executing the release. In response to the defendants' motion for summary judgment, Dray claimed that the release and settlement agreement were intended to resolve only litigation between USV, Dray's son, Bobby, and his daughter-in-law, Chris, regarding their previous employment at USV, and not his dispute regarding the stock purchase agreement. Dray submitted an affidavit stating that he received no consideration for the release, that he did not intend to release USV or Ricci; and that he signed the release as a trustee for money Bobby was to receive in the form of a credit worth $13,500 against indebtedness owed to USV by two companies owned by Dray. He also submitted the affidavit of Thomas M. Piccione, his son's attorney in the previous litigation, which stated, to the best of his information, that Dray received no consideration, that the settlement agreement was used to resolve the lawsuit between Ricci, Bobby, and Chris, and that Dray joined in the settlement as a means to facilitate its resolution, not to resolve differences he personally had with Ricci.
The district court found that the affidavits Dray submitted were "not sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact as to the legal effect of the written agreement" because the release contained no indication of his representative capacity. The district court also found that three independent bases for consideration existed the detriment incurred by USV and Ricci; the benefit that Dray provided to Bobby, Chris, and the two companies owned by Dray; and the benefit that Dray received from the release of claims against him by USV and Ricci.
Dray does not dispute that the release bars his claims if he received consideration for its execution Dray instead argues that his affidavit and the affidavit of Thomas M. Piccione raised genuine issues of material fact whether he signed the release only as a trustee and whether he received consideration for his signature. Challenging each of the bases for consideration found by the district court, Dray first argues that the court improperly assumed that USV and Ricci incurred a detriment through the mere act of entering into the release because no evidence of a detriment was in the record Dray next makes the circular argument that his consideration could not have been in the form of providing a benefit to others because the benefit they received did not benefit him. Dray finally argues that he could not receive a benefit from being released by USV and Ricci unless there was evidence that "these parties, had something to release."
The parties agree that Indiana law governs their dispute. See McWaters v. Parker, 995 F.2d 1366, 1370 (7th Cir. 1993). Well-esablished Indiana law provides that a benefit to the promisor or a detriment to the promisee is sufficient as consideration. Tolliver v. Mathas, 538 N.E.2d 971, 974 (Ind.App. 4 Dist 1989). A court should not inquire into the adequacy of the consideration. Wagner v. Nutrasweet Co. 95 F 3d 527, 531 (7th Cir1996). Harrison-Floyd Farm Bureau Coop. Assoc., Inc v. Reed, 546 N.E.2d 855, 157 (Ind.App. 1 Dist 1989). "The doing of an act by one at the request of another which may be a detrimental inconvenience, however slight, to the party doing it or may be a benefit, however slight, to the party at whose request it is performed, is legal consideration for a promise by such requesting party." Harrison-Floyd, 546 N.E.2d at 857.
Contrary to Dray's argument, " [d]etriment alone suffices as consideration," Tolliver, 538 N.E.2d at 974, and the record contains evidence of the detriment USV and Ricci incurred in executing the release--the documents themselves. Under the settlement agreement, which is the acknowledged consideration for the release, USV and Ricci agreed to perform certain obligations, including (1) crediting the sum of $13,500 against indebtedness owed to USV by two of Dray's companies; and (2) releasing Dray. The release of Dray also resulted in a benefit to him. Dray's argument that there was no evidence that USV and Ricci had "something to release" is irrelevant. The release applies to future as well as existing claims. Therefore, USV and Ricci gave up the right to bring future claims, and Dray received the benefit of such claims being foreclosed. It is also irrelevant whether the benefits flowed to Dray personally or whether Dray agreed to execute the release to provide a benefit to others Dray's promise to release USV and Ricci resulted in an acknowledged benefit to his son and daughter-in-law and a potential benefit to companies he owns, which constitutes valuable consideration. Id.
The district court did not err in deciding that consideration for Dray's execution of the release existed as a matter of law. "The language of a release is important in determining the intention of the parties and, as a general rule, where the intention to settle for unknown [claims] is clearly expressed, and there is no fraud or overreaching involved, the release is a bar for injuries subsequently discovered." McWaters, 995 F.2d at 1375 (quoting Gumberts v. Greenberg, 115 N.E.2d 504, 507 (Ind.Ct.App.1953)). The language of the release and the settlement agreement incorporated by reference therein establish that Dray received consideration for executing the release. The release provides that it was executed "in consideration of certain promises and financial remuneration as evidenced by Exhibit A hereto, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged...."
Dray also argues that the district court should not have questioned whether he signed the release as a trustee, a fact which he believes shows that he personally did not receive consideration. The release, however, contains no indication that his signature was in a representative capacity, and the court properly concluded as a matter of law that the release itself shows that Dray signed in a personal capacity. See Sullivan v. Cox, 78 F.3d 322, 326 (7th Cir. 1996) (parties make themselves personally liable by signing their signatures and no more) (applying Illinois law). In the absence of an ambiguity, the court is not permitted to look beyond the four corners of the release. McWaters, 995 F.2d at 1375. The release's specific evaluation of any claim which might arise from a particular license agreement between Dray and USV also evinces the parties' intention that the release forecloses Dray's other personal claims.
The settlement agreement also indicates that the parties intended Dray personally to be a party to the agreement and for the present claims to he included in the release. The settlement agreement provides that one of the reasons for the execution of the agreement and the release is because "questions have arisen regarding the stock transfer between Robert Dray, Sr. and Brian F. Ricci on December 18, 1994." See Licciardi v. Kropp Forge Div. Employees' Retirement Plan, 797 F. Supp. 1375, 1381 (N.D. Ill. 1992) (examining the "whereas" clause of a settlement agreement to determine the parties' intent), aff'd, 990 F.2d 979 (7th Cir. 1993).


It is the purpose of this chapter to protect the health, safety, welfare, property, and living conditions of the citizens of the Town of Orange from the fire hazards and air pollution of open burning and outdoor burning.
This chapter shall not supersede Connecticut regulations that apply to open burning, outside wood-burning furnaces or emissions from chimneys from buildings and/or structures.
This chapter does not apply to grilling or cooking using charcoal wood, propane or natural gas in cooking, grilling appliances, or barbeques being used for food preparation. Further, this chapter shall not apply to the use of propane, acetylene or natural gas in a device intended for temporary heating during construction or maintenance activities. This chapter shall not apply to recreational fire appliances (as defined in § 190-2) that are designed, manufactured, installed and approved for such use.
Any Town-issued burning permit(s) in no way relieves any individual from their responsibility for any damage or injury caused by their permitted actions to another person's property or person.
An outside fire for the sole purpose of celebrating an event or occurrence either on private or public property.
A weather forecast based on a scale calibrated to reflect the risk of forest fire and broadcast by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection (DEEP).
The open burning of materials, such as flags for the purpose of disposing of said material that is fit and proper.
Natural wood which has not been painted, varnished, stained or coated with a similar material; has not been pressure treated with preservatives; and does not contain resins or glues as in plywood or other composite wood products.
Any substance which is inflammable, readily ignitable or free burning, such as but not limited to paper, rubbish, wood, grass and leaves.
Building materials, including but not limited to waste shingles, insulation, lumber, treated wood, painted wood, wiring, plastics, packaging, and rubble that results from construction, remodeling, repair, and demolition on a house, commercial or industrial building, or other structure.
The Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection.
The Town of Orange Fire Marshal, or authorized agency designee(s).
An outside area of earth ground or a hole in earth ground that may or may not be surrounded by noncombustible materials with the intent of controlling the potential spread of a fire.
Methods of fire inside a structure or in the open environment for the purpose of training firefighters to enhance their skill performance.
Any metal or masonry structure, or premanufactured appliance used for outdoor cooking or recreational fire.
Any substance or compound that has the capability of producing adverse effects on the health and safety of humans or environment.
A situation in which a recreation, bonfire, fire training, cooking or brush burning type fire creates an environment on or in property, other than the property where the fire is occurring, which is considered to be unhealthy, hazardous, reasonably annoying, uncomfortable, unsafe, creating a traffic hazard, creating a persistent odor or would cost resources to eliminate the odor from the property. This shall apply to but not be limited to smoke, soot, fumes, odors, vapors, noxious gases, products of combustion, heat and incomplete products of combustion.
The burning of any matter in such a manner that the products of combustion resulting from the burning are emitted directly into the ambient air without passing through an adequate stack or flue. Definition from Connecticut General Statutes 22a-174-1(59).
Any person designated by the Town of Orange under Connecticut General Statutes to enforce Connecticut open burning regulations, this article and any applicable regulations.
Any fire in the open air, or outside the confines of a building for the purpose of burning a combustible material.
A chimnea, patio warmer, or other portable wood-burning device used for outdoor recreation and/or heating.
Any paper or electronic form to document the approval of open burning that has been designated by the State of Connecticut or Town of Orange to serve as the approval. "Permit" shall also include any approval(s) to build, as issued by the Town of Orange Building Department.
An outside fire created for the purpose of experiencing the outside natural environment, for the human consumption of beverages or food and the cooking or smoking of food for human consumption and ceremonial purposes. The fire shall be fueled by combustible materials, excluding flammable or combustible gas or liquid. Some typical words describing a recreation fire include campfire and fire pit.
A commercially or privately manufactured device in which the intent of its manufacturing was to contain or control a recreation-type fire.
An individual seeking to burn on the property where he or she resides.
A cover designed to prevent the escape of sparks and embers from an open fire or a recreational fire appliance, which meets the specifications of § 190-3 of this chapter, or the appliance manufacturer's listing.
A consistent or gusting wind velocity of 15 miles per hour or more.
(3) Have perforations or openings which do not exceed 1/2 inch in length and 1/2 inch in width.
B. Recreational and bonfires shall not create a nuisance to surrounding neighbors, homeowners, people, and property.
C. Recreational-type fires shall be contained in either a fire pit or recreational appliance.
D. A recreational-type fire or use of a recreational fire appliance shall be supervised and monitored by a person of at least 16 years of age and who is able to make responsible decisions to adequately control it.
E. Bonfires and fire pits shall be limited to no more than three feet in diameter or no more than seven square feet in area, and shall not have a fuel stack greater than three feet high.
F. A spark arrestor shall be used on all fire pits, bonfires.
§ 190-5 Notice of violation.
The Fire Marshal's Office of the Town of Orange is authorized to enforce the provisions of this chapter. To assist such enforcement, the Fire Marshal or a designee is authorized to enter any yards and open property for the purpose of detecting and initiating extinguishment of fires created without compliance with this chapter.
Whenever the Fire Marshal determines that there has been a violation of this chapter, he shall give written notice of such violation to the person or persons responsible for such violation. Such notice shall describe the violations charged with specific reference to the provisions of this chapter, and shall outline the remedial action required to remove the violation, including the time within which such violation must be cured.
§ 190-6 Application for permit.
§ 190-7 Issuance of permits.
All applications for permits required by this chapter shall be made to the Fire Marshal in such form and in such detail as he shall prescribe. The Fire Marshal may require, where he deems it necessary, proof of compliance with the Town zoning or building ordinances and may revoke a permit in case there has been a false statement or misrepresentation as to a material fact in such application.
 Editor's Note: See Ch. 183, Building Construction, and Ch. 383, Zoning.
The Fire Marshal shall issue all permits required by this chapter when satisfied that the activity or condition for which the permit is sought poses no threat to life, health or property. Such permits shall be valid for such period of time as appears on the face of the permit and may be withdrawn at any time on notice to the holder thereof, if, because of changed conditions, a threat to life, health and property is found to exist.
§ 190-9 Prohibited acts enumerated.
D. Kindling or allowing to be kindled an outdoor fire when the Air Quality Index is broadcast by the State of Connecticut DEEP as "Unhealthy to Sensitive Groups," "Unhealthy," or "Very Unhealthy."
H. Kindling or allowing to be kindled an outdoor fire for the purpose of disposing of any type of structure, including marine and aircraft, vehicles or debris from any of the foregoing.
§ 190-10 Enumeration of acts requiring permit.
A. Kindling or allowing to be kindled an outdoor fire.
C. A nonconforming fire or special use fire of a type other than listed in this chapter which may be required due to unique nature or condition, such as, but not limited to, a prescribed burn for forest fire control.
(1) The burn must be exclusively for fire prevention training. The burning shall not be used as a means to dispose of waste material, including, but not limited to, tires and other hazardous materials.
(2) All hazardous materials must be removed and disposed of prior to conducting the fire suppression training removed by a licensed abatement contractor in accordance with the applicable local and state regulations regarding such activities.
(3) Asphalt shingles and asphalt or plastic siding shall be removed prior to the practice burn unless the Fire Chief determines that they are necessary for the fire practice.
(4) At least seven days before a planned practice burn, residents within a one-thousand-foot radius of the site of the proposed burn shall be notified.
(5) All fire suppression training shall conform to the latest edition established by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions (NFPA 1403).
E. An annual operating permit can be issued to a resident for approved fire pits that will be used throughout the year. Such permit will require an initial inspection by the Fire Marshal to determine compliance with this chapter, and any other applicable standard. Each permit shall be valid for 12 months after the date of issuance, and must be renewed after such time.
(1) If a resident obtains an annual fit pit operating permit, it shall be that person's responsibility to verify that acceptable conditions exist to burn and the arrangement or configuration of such pit has not changed from the initial inspection by the Fire Marshal.
(2) Any changes to the location, layout, or configuration of the fire pit will require a reinspection by the Fire Marshal.
§ 190-11 Penalties for offenses.
A. A maximum of one written warning shall be allowed to the homeowner, resident or responsible person(s) for the violation of this chapter.
B. After the first written warning in a calendar year, the homeowner, resident or responsible person shall be fined $100 for each additional written warning. This process shall continue up to the third written warning.
C. If the violations continue after the third written warning, the Fire Marshal shall seek an order from a court of competent jurisdiction for a cease and desist order of the open burning that violates this chapter.
A. The office of the Fire Marshal is charged with the enforcement of this chapter. That office can request assistance from the Police Department, Fire Department or Connecticut DEEP, as necessary.
B. The Office of the Fire Marshal shall provide the homeowner, resident or person responsible for the open burning a notice of written warning violation when the open burning is in violation of this chapter and any part of it. The written warning violation notice shall be left with the proper person or affixed to the residence in a conspicuous location. When necessary, a copy of the written violation shall be sent to the responsible person(s) by certified mail and return receipt requested. In the event that the responsible person does not claim such form at the Post Office, the Fire Marshal shall have such notice served by a Judicial Marshal.
C. In the event that the Fire Marshal, Police Department or Fire Department determines that, in the best interest of public safety and/or the intent of this chapter, the open burning must immediately cease, they have the authority to have the open burning extinguished, as soon as possible.
D. Nothing in this chapter shall limit the power and authority of the Fire Marshal to enforce their respective regulations or other related Connecticut regulations regarding open burning.
E. Open brush burning is not allowed without a permit. Brush burning without a permit is illegal and the individual(s) responsible for the burning may be subject to arrest by the Police Department or any other authorized person(s).
F. The Fire Marshal may revoke or cancel a burn permit if it is deemed that the open burning is creating a nuisance, fire hazard, unsafe condition, environmental hazard or for any other reasonable condition.
(1) The property of origin.
(2) The exact nature and chapter section(s) of the violation(s).
(4) The penalty or fine for the violation of this chapter.
(5) The penalty(s) or fine(s) for continued violation of this chapter.
(6) The procedure to appeal this violation(s).
(7) The name and business telephone number(s) of the Fire Marshal, Police or Fire Department representative finding such violation(s).
In any case when a provision of this chapter is found to conflict with a provision of any zoning, building, fire, safety or other statute, regulation, code or ordinance of the state or Town of Orange, the provision which established the higher standard shall prevail.
This chapter shall not be construed to render the Town of Orange or any of its officers liable for any damage to person or property by reason of the inspection or reinspection authorized herein or the failure to inspect or reinspect or by reason of the issuance of any permit as herein provided.
This chapter shall become effective on the first day of July 2012.


The adage borrowed from baseball, “three strikes and you’re out,” is used in law in different contexts. Many states have enacted “three-strikes” laws to punish repeat offenders: under these laws, a criminal receives a much longer sentence on his third conviction. Another example is found in the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), under which inmates are prohibited from receiving in forma pauperis status if they have brought three or more civil claims seeking in forma pauperis status that were dismissed. Thus, in the baseball context, a PLRA dismissal is considered a “strike,” and the denial of pauper status is the “out.” However, the analogy is problematic in the legal context. Unlike in baseball, where the umpire’s decision to call a strike is unreviewable, a party in court can appeal the lower court’s decision. This hiccup in the baseball analogy is the question that was argued on February 24, 2015 in front of the Supreme Court in the case of Coleman-Bey v. Tollefson. The question was whether, under the “three strikes” provision of the PLRA, a district court’s dismissal of a lawsuit counts as a “strike” while it is still pending on appeal or before the time for seeking appellate review has passed.
In this case, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a ruling contrary to the majority of its sister circuits. The Sixth Circuit held that a dismissal of a PLRA civil suit, while on appeal, counts as a third strike under the PLRA, and therefore precluded Coleman-Bey from receiving pauper status on his fourth PLRA claim during the pendency of the appeal of the third claim. The Sixth Circuit’s holding should be rejected by the Supreme Court because dismissals should only count as strikes under the PLRA when the plaintiff has exhausted or waived his appellate rights. This is the better, nondiscriminatory ruling, especially in light of the relatively small burden that pauper status places on the courts and Congress’s intent with the PLRA to penalize frivolous litigation, not freeze out meritorious claims.
The PLRA, found in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g), states, “[i]n no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action . . . if the prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated . . . brought an action . . . that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted . . . .” Thus, the statute is ambiguous as to precisely when dismissals are to be counted as strikes. Coleman-Bey’s first strike was a suit dismissed because the magistrate judge, whose report and recommendation the district court adopted, found the suit to be “frivolous and without merit.” The second strike was a complaint dismissed for failure to state a claim. The third suit was again dismissed for the same reason. Coleman-Bey then appealed the third dismissal. While the third claim was on appeal, Coleman-Bey brought a fourth claim against prison officials for a number of charges, including denying him access to courts and misappropriating his mail. The trial court held that his third lawsuit, although still pending on appeal, counted as a strike, and so Coleman-Bey could not receive pauper status because he had used his three strikes under PLRA. Being unable to pay the court fees, Coleman-Bey’s fourth claim was dismissed.
The Sixth Circuit affirmed the dismissal and the district court’s interpretation of the PLRA, reasoning that the third suit, even though it was still on appeal, counted as a strike because the “literal reading of [the PLRA] requires district courts to count as strikes cases that are dismissed on the grounds enumerated in the provision even when pending on appeal.” In support of its literal reading, the court reasoned that because the PLRA does not state that the dismissal must be final in all courts of the United States, it must mean that a district court dismissal is to be considered a strike. Further, the court looked to how judgments are treated for purposes of res judicata: under res judicata, cases on appeal have a preclusive effect until they are reversed or vacated. Finally, the court unpersuasively reasoned that the litigant is unharmed by the dismissal because interpreting it as a strike does not affect his ability to appeal the third strike. However, the court ignored the fact that this potentially bars a legitimate future claim from being brought because even if the strike is reversed on appeal, the inmate may not be able to bring a later legitimate claim due to evidence being destroyed, a statute of limitations running, or any other way that the passing of time may prejudice the inmate.
Shortly after enactment of the PLRA, the Fifth Circuit interpreted the three-strikes provision in Adepegba v. Hammons. In Adepegba, the court ruled that a dismissal should not count until the petitioner has exhausted or waived his appeals. Following the Adepegba decision, all other circuits that have addressed the question except two—the Sixth and Seventh— have followed suit. Thus, most of the circuit courts have found that “Congress intended § 1915(g) only to penalize litigation that is truly frivolous, not to freeze out meritorious claims or ossify district court errors.” This is the ultimate problem with the Sixth Circuit’s ruling. In a situation in which a district court dismisses a prisoner’s pauper claim, but in which the appellate court eventually reverses the dismissal, the Sixth Circuit’s holding in Coleman-Bey would bar a potentially meritorious fourth claim while the (also meritorious) third claim was under review, thus ultimately preserving any potential district court error on the fourth claim. As the Ninth Circuit has reasoned, the situation described above would effectively eliminate the appellate function because the inmate is still prejudiced by the incorrect dismissal of the third claim. If Congress had intended such an unusual result, it would have clearly said so in the PLRA.
The majority of circuits’ rulings are far more convincing than the Sixth Circuit’s. The Sixth Circuit relied on an analogy to res judicata. However, res judicata and the issue of interpretation of the PLRA are not analogous. Preclusion of a claim until an appellate decision is reached makes sense in the res judicata context, because it would be illogical for a party to succeed on the same issue in a separate case while the issue is being decided on appeal. Here, however, the prisoner’s claims are presumably different from one another, so the notion behind res judicata does not apply in this context.
Moreover, in an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in Coleman-Bey, thirty-three professors pointed out, “meritorious litigation by prisoners is not as rare as conventional wisdom would have it. Prisoners obtain relief by judgment or settlement in over 10 percent of cases.” This supports the notion that barring a potentially meritorious claim is a legitimate risk that should be avoided. Additionally, the proverbial argument about the “floodgates of litigation opening,” i.e. that the federal court system will be overrun by frivolous suits, is quelled by other requirements in the PRLA such as merits screening by courts, administrative remedies, limitations on attorney’s fees, and the cost of filing suit. In other words, “the three strike provision is not the linchpin of the PRLA,” but rather among “a long line of obstacles, both legal and practical, that a prisoner must surmount before having a lawsuit heard on the merits.” Thus, allowing a prisoner to enter a claim while one of his strikes is being appealed is not going to bombard the federal courts with frivolous litigation.
Because the American legal system is not played out on a diamond field with bats, balls, and gloves, the notion of “three strikes and you’re out” is better left for baseball. As demonstrated above, a district court is unlike an umpire and its decisions do not have unassailable finality—district courts make errors and are subject to review. Because the Sixth Circuit’s interpretation of the PLRA has potential to bar worthy claims, adopting it nationwide would effectively eviscerate the circuits’ appellate function. Furthermore, because the federal courts would not be bombarded with frivolous claims under the majority interpretation of the PLRA, the Supreme Court should overrule the Sixth Circuit’s decision in Coleman v. Tollefson and conclude that the dismissal of a PLRA suit must be final in order to count as a strike.
 See States With Three Strike Laws, Three Strikes and You’re Out, http://www.threestrikes.org/3strikestates.html (last visited Mar. 26, 2015).
 In forma pauperis status allows someone with limited funds to proceed in a court without having to pay court costs such as filing fees.
 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) (1996).
 Coleman v. Lentin, No. 2:92-cv-120, 1992 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 23111 (W.D. Mich. Aug. 31, 1992).
 Coleman v. Kinnunen, No. 2:05-CV-256, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20646 (W.D. Mich. Mar. 17, 2008).
 Coleman v. Sweeney, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 93997, 5 (W.D. Mich. Oct. 8, 2009).
 Coleman v. Tollefson, 733 F.3d 175, 177 (6th Cir. 2013).
 Adepegba v. Hammons, 103 F.3d 383 (5th Cir. 1996).
 See Ball v. Famiglio, 726 F.3d 448, 465 (3d Cir. 2013); Henslee v. Keller, 681 F.3d 538, 543-44 (4th Cir. 2012); Silva v. Di Vittorio, 658 F.3d 1090, 1100 (9th Cir. 2011); Smith v. Veterans Admin., 636 F.3d 1306, 1310-11 (10th Cir. 2011); Chavis v. Chappius, 618 F.3d 162, 169 (2d Cir. 2010); Thompson v. Drug Enforcement Admin., 492 F.3d 428, 432-33, 377 U.S. App. D.C. 129 (D.C. Cir. 2007); Campbell v. Davenport Police Dep’t, 471 F.3d 952, 953 (8th Cir. 2006); Michaud v. City of Rochester, No. 00-1263, 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 33967, 2000 WL 1886289, at *2 n.1 (1st Cir. Dec. 27, 2000).
 Coleman, 733 F.3d 175, 180 citing Adepegba, 103 F.3d 383, 388.
 Silva, 658 F.3d at 1098-99.
 Brief for Thirty-Three Professors, et al. as Amici Curiae Supporting Petitioner, Coleman v. Tollefson, 135 S. Ct. 43 (2014).


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Holmquist, JR, Windham-Myers, L, Bliss, N, Crooks, S, Morris, JT, Megonigal, JP, Troxler, T, Weller, D. et al. 2018. Accuracy and Precision of Tidal Wetlands Soil Carbon Mapping in the Conterminous United States. Scientific Reports. DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-26948-7.
Davis, SE, R Boucek, E Castañeda-Moya, S Dessu, E Gaiser, J Kominoski, JP Sah, D Surratt, T Troxler. 2018. Episodic disturbances drive nutrient dynamics along freshwater‐to‐estuary gradients in a subtropical wetland. Ecosphere 9: e02296.
Stachelek, J., Kelly, S.P, Sklar, F., Coronado, C.M., Troxler, T., and L. Bauman. 2018. In-situ simulation of sea-level rise impacts on coastal wetlands using a flow-through mesocosm approach. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 10.1111/2041- 210X.13028.
Rovai, A. R.R. Twilley, E. Castañeda-Moya, P. Riul, M. Cifuentes-Lara, M. ManrowVillalobos, P.A. Horta, J.C. Simonassi, A.L. Fonseca, and P.R. Pagliosa. 2018. Global controls of carbon storage in mangrove soils. Nature Climate Change 8: 534-538.
Hiatt, M., E. Castañeda-Moya, R.R. Twilley, B.R. Hodges, and P. Passalacqua. 2018. Channelisland connectivity affects water exposure time distributions in a coastal river delta. Water Resources Research 54.
Dornelas, M., L.H. Antao, F. Moyes, A.E. Bates, A.E. Magurran, D. Adam,…E. CastañedaMoya, M.L. Zettler. 2018. BIoTIME: A database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene. Global Ecology and Biogeography 27: 760-786. DOI: 10.1111/geb.12729.
Prevey, J., M. Vellend, N. Ruger, R.D. Hollister, Elmendorf , S.C., A.J. Bjorkman, I.H. Myers-Smith, T.V. Callaghan, E.J. Cooper, J.H.C. Cornelissen, T.A. Day, A.M. Fosaa, W.H Gould., J. Grétarsdóttir, J. Harte, L. Hermanutz, G.H.R. Henry, D.A. Hik, A. Hofgaard, F. Jarrad, I.S. Jónsdóttir, F. Keuper, K. Klanderud, J.A. Klein, S. Koh, G. Kudo, S. Lang, V. Lowen, J.L. May, J. Mercado, A. Michelsen, U. Molau, S. Pieper, C.H. Robinson, L. Siegart, S.F. Oberbauer, E. Post, N.M. Schmidt, G.R. Shaver, A. Tolvanen, O. Totland, T. Troxler, C.H. Wahren, P.J. Webber, J.M. Welker, P. Wookey. C. Rixen. 2017. Greater temperature sensitivity of plant phenology at colder sites: implications for convergence across northern latitudes. Global Change Biology 23: 2660-2671.
Danielson, T.M., V.H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castaneda-Moya, H. Briceno, R. Travieso, B.D. Marx, E. Gaiser, and L.M. Farfan. 2017. Assessment of Everglades mangrove forest resilience: Implications for above-ground net primary productivity and carbon dynamics. Forest Ecology and Management 404: 115-125. Breithaupt, J.L. J.M. Smoak, V.H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castañeda-Moya, R.P. Moyer, M. Simard, C.J. Sanders. 2017. Partitioning the relative contributions of organic matter and mineral sediment accretion rates in carbonate platform mangrove soils. Marine Geology 390: 170-180.
Morris, J. Barber, DC, JC Callaway, R Chambers, SC Hagen, CS Hopkinson, BJ Johnson, P Megonigal, SC Neubauer, T Troxler, C Wigand. 2016. Contributions of organic and inorganic matter to sediment volume and accretion in tidal wetlands at steady state. Earth’s Future 4: 110-121.
Chambers, L.G., R. Guevara, J. Boyer, T. Troxler, S.E. Davis. 2016. Effects of salinity and inundation on microbial community structure and function in a mangrove peat soil. Wetlands 36: 361-371.
Jerath, M., M. Bhat, V.H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castañeda-Moya, M. Simard, and R.R. Twilley. 2016. The role of economic, policy, and ecological factors in estimating the value of carbon stocks in Everglades mangrove forests, south Florida, USA. Environmental Science & Policy, 66: 160-169. Rovai, A.S., P. Riul, R. R. Twilley, E. Castañeda-Moya, V. H. Rivera-Monroy, A. A. Williams, M. Simard, M. Cifuentes-Jara, R. R. Lewis, S. Crooks, P. A. Horta, Y. Schaeffer-Novelli, G. Cintrón, M. Pozo-Cajas, and P. R. Pagliosa. 2016. Scaling mangrove aboveground biomass from site-level to continental-scale. Global Ecology and Biogeography. DOI: 10.1111/geb.12409.
Troxler, T., Barr, J., Fuentes, J., Engel, V., Anderson, G., Sanchez, C., Lagomasino, D., Price, R., Davis, S. 2015. Component-specific dynamics of riverine mangrove CO2 efflux in the Florida Coastal Everglades. Special Issue: Mangrove carbon cycling. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 213:273-282.
Gaiser, E.E., Anderson, E.P., Castaneda-Moya, E., Collado-Vides, L., Fourqurean, J.W, Heithaus, M.R., Jaffe, R., Lagomasino, D., Oehm, N. J., Price, R. M., Rivera-Monroy, V.H., Chowdhury, R. R., Troxler, T.G. 2015. New perspectives on an iconic landscape from comparative international long-term ecological research. Ecosphere. DOI: 10.1890/ES14-00388.1.
Troxler, T., Barr, J., Fuentes, J., Engel, V., Anderson, G., Sanchez, C., Lagomasino, D., Price, R., Davis, S. 2015. Component-specific dynamics of riverine mangrove CO2 efflux in the Florida Coastal Everglades. Special Issue: Mangrove carbon cycling. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.12.012.
Barr, J.G., T.G. Troxler, R.G. Najjar. 2014. Meeting the challenge of understanding coastal carbon cycling using top-down and bottom-up approaches from across disciplines. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 95: 315.
Troxler, T.G., C. Coronado-Molina, D. Rondeau, S. Krupa, S. Newman, M. Manna, R. Price, F. Sklar. 2014. Interactions of biological and hydrogeochemical processes facilitate phosphorus dynamics in an Everglades tree island. Biogeosciences 11: 899-914.
IPCC 2014. 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands (Wetlands Supplement). Hiraishi, T, Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. and Troxler, T.G. (eds). Published: IPCC, Switzerland.
IPCC 2014. 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol (KP Supplement). Hiraishi, T, Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. and Troxler, T.G. (eds). Published: IPCC, Switzerland.
Chambers, L.G., S.E. Davis, T.G. Troxler, J.N. Boyer, A. Downey-Wall, L. Scinto. 2014. Biogeochemical effects of simulated sea level rise on carbon loss in an Everglades mangrove peat soil. Hydrolobiologia 726: 195-211..
Troxler, T.G., E. Gaiser, J. Barr, J.D. Fuentes, R. Jaffe, D.L. Childers, L. Collado-Vides, V.H. Rivera-Monroy, E. Castañeda-Moya, W. Anderson, R. Chambers, M. Chen, C. Coronado-Molina, S.E. Davis, V. Engel, C. Fitz, J. Fourqurean, T. Frankovich, J. Kominoski, C. Madden, S.L. Malone, S. F. Oberbauer, P. Olivas, J. Richards, C. Saunders, J. Schedlbauer, F.H. Sklar, T. Smith, J.M. Smoak, G. Starr, R.R. Twilley, K. Whelan. Integrated carbon budget models for the Everglades terrestrial-coastal-oceanic gradient: current status and needs for inter-site comparisons. Oceanography 26(3):98–107, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2013.51.
Oberbauer, S.F., S.C. Elmendolf, T.G. Troxler, R. D. Hollister, A. V. Rocha, M. S. Bret-Harte, M. A. Dawes, A. M. Fosaa, G. H. R. Henry, T. T. Høye, F. C. Jarrad, I. S. Jónsdóttir, K. Klanderud, J. A. Klein, U. Molau, C. Rixen, N. M. Schmidt, G. R. Shaver, R. T. Slider, Ø. Totland, C.-H. Wahren, and J. M. Welker. 2013. Phenological response of tundra plants to background climate variation tested using the International Tundra Experiment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368: 481.
Troxler, T.G., D.L. Childers, C.J. Madden. 2013. Drivers of decadal-scale change in the structure and function of southern Everglades wetland macrophyte communities. Wetlands. 10.1007/s13157-013-0446-5.
Troxler, T.G., M. Ikenaga, L. Scinto, J. Boyer, R. Condit, R. Perez, G. Gann, and D. Childers. 2012. Patterns of soil bacteria and canopy community structure related to tropical peatland development. Wetlands 32: 769-782.
Rivera-Monroy, V.H., E. Castaneda-Moya, J.G. Barr, V. Engel, J.D. Fuentes, T.G. Troxler, R. Twilley, S. Bouillon, T.J. Smith, T.L. O‘Halloran. 2012. Current methods to evaluate net primary production and carbon budgets in mangrove forests. In Delaune, R.D., K.R. Reddy, P. Megonigal, & C. Richardson (Eds.), Methods in Biogeochemistry of Wetlands. Soil Science Society of America Book Series. In press.
Elmendorf S.C., G.H.R. Henry, R.D. Hollister, R.G. Björk, A.J. Bjorkman, T.V. Callaghan, E.J. Cooper, J.H.C. Cornelissen, T.A. Day, A.M. Fosaa, W.H Gould., J. Grétarsdóttir, J. Harte, L. Hermanutz, D.A. Hik, A. Hofgaard, F. Jarrad, I.S. Jónsdóttir, F. Keuper, K. Klanderud, J.A. Klein, S. Koh, G. Kudo, S. Lang, V. Lowen, J.L. May, J. Mercado, A. Michelsen, U. Molau, S. Pieper, C.H. Robinson, L. Siegart, I. Myers-Smith, S.F. Oberbauer, E. Post, C. Rixen, N.M. Schmidt, G.R. Shaver, A. Tolvanen, O. Totland, T. Troxler, C.H. Wahren, P.J. Webber, J.M. Welker, P. Wookey. 2012. Global assessment of experimental climate warming on tundra vegetation: heterogeneity over space and time. Ecology Letters 15: 164-175.
Elmendorf, S.C., G.H.R. Henry, R.D. Hollister, R.G. Björk, N. Boulanger‐Lapointe, E. J. Cooper, J. H.C. Cornelissen, T. A. Day, E. Dorrepaal, T.G. Elumeeva, M. Gill, W. A. Gould, J. Harte, D. S. Hik, A. Hofgaard, D. R. Johnson, J. F. Johnstone, I. S. Jónsdóttir, J.C. Jorgenson, K. Klanderud, Julia A. Klein, S. Koh, G. Kudo, M. Lara, E. Lévesque, B. Magnússon, J. L. May, J. A. Mercado‐Díaz, A. Michelsen, U. Molau, I. H. Myers‐Smith, S. F. Oberbauer, V. G. Onipchenko, C. Rixen, N. M. Schmidt, G. R. Shaver, M. J. Spasojevic, Þ. E. Þórhallsdóttir, A. Tolvanen, T. Troxler, C. E. Tweedie, S. Villareal, C.‐H. Wahren, X. Walker, P. J. Webber, J. M. Welker, S. Wipf. 2012. Linking plot scale evidence of tundra vegetation change to recent summer warming. Nature-Climate Change DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1465.
Richards, J.H., T.G. Troxler, D.W. Lee, M.S. Zimmerman. 2011. Experimental determination of effects of water depth on Nymphaea odorata growth, morphology and biomass allocation. Aquatic Botany 95:9-16.
Richards J.H., M. Dow, T. Troxler. 2011. Modeling Nymphoides architecture: a morphological analysis of Nymphoides aquatica. American Journal of Botany 97:1761-1771.
Wetzel P.R., F.H. Sklar, C.A. Coronado, T.G. Troxler, S.L. Krupa, P.L. Sullivan, S.Ewe and S. Newman. 2011. Biogeochemical processes on tree islands in the Greater Everglades: Initiating a new paradigm. Critical Reviews in Environment and Technology 41:670-701.
Larsen, L., N. Aumen, C. Bernhardt, V. Engel, T. Givnish, S. Hagerthey, J. Harvey, L. Leonard, P. McCormick, C. McVoy, G. Noe, M. Nungesser, K. Rutchey, F. Sklar, T. Troxler, J. Volin, D. Willard. 2011. Recent and historic drivers of landscape change in the Everglades ridge, slough, and tree island mosaic. Critical Reviews in Environment and Technology 41: 344-381.
Rivera-Monroy, V.H., R.R. Twilley, S.E. Davis III, D.L. Childers, M. Simard, R. Chambers, R. Jaffe, J.N. Boyer, D. Rudnick, K. Zhang, E. Castañeda-Moya, S. Ewe, C. Coronado-Molina, M. Ross, T.J Smith III, B. Michot, E. Meselhe, W. Nuttle, T. Troxler, G.B. Noe. 2011. The Role of the Everglades Mangrove Ecotone Region (EMER) in Regulating Nutrient Cycling and Wetland Productivity in South Florida. Critical Reviews in Environment and Technology 41: 633-669.
M. J. Spasojevic, R.J. Aicher, G.R. Koch, E. Marquardt, N. Mirotchnick, T.G. Troxler and S.L. Collins. 2010. Fire and grazing in mesic tallgrass prairie: impacts on plant species and functional traits. Ecology 91: 1651-1659.
Troxler, T.G. and D.L. Childers. 2010. Biogeochemical contributions of tree islands to Everglades wetland landscape nitrogen cycling during seasonal inundation. Ecosystems 13: 75-89.
Troxler, T.G. and J.H. Richards. 2009. δ13C, δ15N, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus as indicators of plant ecophysiology and organic matter pathways in Everglades deep slough, Florida. Aquatic Botany 91: 157-169.
Troxler, T.G. and D.L. Childers. 2009 Litter decomposition promotes differential feedbacks in an oligotrophic southern Everglades wetland. Plant Ecology 200: 69-82.
Wetzel, P.R., A.G. van der Valk, S. Newman, C. A. Coronado, T.G. Troxler-Gann, D.L. Childers, W.H. Orem, F. H. Sklar. 2009. Heterogeneity of phosphorus distribution in a patterned landscape, the Florida Everglades. Plant Ecology 200: 83-90.
Troxler, T.G. 2007. Patterns of phosphorus, nitrogen and 15N along a peat development gradient in a coastal mire, Panama. Journal of Tropical Ecology 23: 683-691.
Troxler Gann, T. and D.L. Childers. 2006. Relationships between hydrology and soils describe vegetation patterns in seasonally flooded tree islands of the southern Everglades, Florida. Plant and Soil 279: 273-288.
Wetzel, P.R., A.G. van der Valk, S. Newman, D.E. Gawlik, T. Troxler Gann, C.A. Coronado-Molina, D.L. Childers, F.H. Sklar. 2005. Nutrient Redistribution Key to Maintaining Tree Islands in the Florida Everglades. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3: 370-376.
Troxler Gann, T., D.L. Childers and D.N. Rondeau. 2005. Ecosystem nutrient dynamics and hydrologic variation in tree islands of the southern Everglades. Forest Ecology and Management 214: 11-27.
Anderson, W.T., L. Sternberg, M.C. Pinzon, T. Gann-Troxler, D.L. Childers, and M. Duever, 2005. Carbon isotopic composition of cypress tress from South Florida and changing hydrologic conditions. Dendrochronologia 23: 1-10.
Gann, T. T. 2002. Response of Everglades tree islands to increased freshwater flow (Florida). Ecological Restoration 20: 211-212.

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