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abbreviata, Betta splendens Pellegrin [J.] 1925:180 [v. 6 (no. 6); ref. 33399] Indochina. Holotype (unique): MNHN 1925-0082. Blanc attributes to Pellegrin 1925, Rev. Hist. Nat. Appl. v. 6:181 but that name is infrasubspecific and not available according to Schaller & Kottelat 1989:36 [ref. 13604], but treated as valid by Pellegrin 1925. •Synonym of Betta splendens Regan 1910 -- (Schaller & Kottelat 1989:36 [ref. 13604], Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Wakiyama et al. 1997:100 [ref. 25519], Tan & Ng 2005:86 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:453 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Betta splendens Regan 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.
akarensis, Betta Regan [C. T.] 1910:779, Pl. 77 (fig. 3) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4) (art. 2) (for 9 Nov. 1909); ref. 14593] Akar River, Sarawak state, Borneo, East Malaysia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1895.7.2.44. •Valid as Betta akarensis Regan 1910 -- (Vierke 1986:83 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:118 [ref. 36453], Witte & Schmidt 1992:326, 327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat et al. 1993:161 [ref. 23448], Kottelat 1995:63 [ref. 21728], Kottelat & Lim 1995:248 [ref. 23210], Tan & Kottelat 1998:43 [ref. 23543], Doi et al. 2001:17 [ref. 25691], Tan & Lim 2004:114 [ref. 27716], Tan & Ng 2005:67 [ref. 28354], Parenti & Lim 2005:194 [ref. 28285], Tan & Ng 2004:279 [ref. 28058], Tan 2009:501 [ref. 30388], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989], Sulaiman et al. 2018:37 [ref. 35802]). Current status: Valid as Betta akarensis Regan 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Brunei and Sarawak (Malaysia), Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.
albimarginata, Betta Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 1994:67, Figs. 1-3 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 21376] Sungei Sanul, tributary of Sungei Tikung, Sungei Sebuku basin, Kalimantan Timur, Borneo. Holotype: ZRC 38485 [ex CMK 9541]. Paratypes: CMK 9549 (4), MZB 5897 (1), ROM uncat. (1), ZRC 35121-22 (2). •Valid as Betta albimarginata Kottelat & Ng 1994 -- (Tan & Ng 2005:86 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta albimarginata Kottelat & Ng 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
anabatoides, Betta Bleeker [P.] 1851:269 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 3); ref. 325] Stream at kilometer 55 on Rantau-Martapura road, Bandjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia. Neotype: ZRC 40971. Neotype designated by Tan 2009:59 [ref. 30276]. •Valid as Betta anabatoides Bleeker 1851 -- (Vierke 1986:83 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:119 [ref. 36453], Roberts 1989:172 [ref. 6439], Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat et al. 1993:161 [ref. 23448], Kottelat & Lim 1995:248 [ref. 23210], Tan & Ng 2005:86 [ref. 28354], Tan 2009:60 [ref. 30276], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta anabatoides Bleeker 1851. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Kalimantan (Indonesia), Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.
antoni, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 2006:98, Figs. 1a-c [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 2); ref. 28764] Sanggau area, Kapuas basin, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo [aquarium trade specimens]. Holotype: MZB 9340. Paratypes: CMK 18627 (6), 18544 (5); MZB 9341 (5); ZRC 46276 (4), 46277 (10), 46278 (16). Plus non-type matearial. •Valid as Betta antoni Tan & Ng 2006 -- (Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta antoni Tan & Ng 2006. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Lower Kapus basin, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.
apollon, Betta Schindler [I.] & Schmidt [J.] 2006:50, Figs. 3-4 [Zeitschrift für Fischkunde v. 8 (no. 1/2); ref. 28865] About 20 kilometers west of Narathiwat at street to Marubo, about 6°23'N, 101°38'E, Province Narathiwat, Thailand. Holotype: MTD F30341. Paratypes: MTD F30342-45 (4), F30346-48 (3). •Valid as Betta apollon Schindler & Schmidt 2006 -- (Schindler & Schmidt 2008:43 [ref. 30459], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta apollon Schindler & Schmidt 2006. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Hill streams west of Narathiwat, peninsular Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.
aurigans, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Lim [K. K. P.] 2004:113, Figs. 5-6 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement No. 11; ref. 27716] Pulau Natuna Besar, Natuna Archipelago. Holotype: MZB 10709. Paratypes: MZB 10710 (7); ZRC 49159-60 (8, 3). Plus 5 non-types as BMNH 1912.12.10.36-40. •Valid as Betta aurigans Tan & Lim 2004 -- (Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta aurigans Tan & Lim 2004. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Natuna Archipelago, South China Sea. Habitat: freshwater.
balunga, Betta Herre [A. W. C. T.] 1940:44 [Bulletin of the Raffles Museum No. 16; ref. 11006] Tiny brook, tributary to the Balung River, 45 miles from Tawau, Borneo, Malaysia. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 33203. •Tentatively valid -- (Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256]). •Questionably a synonym of Betta akarensis Regan 1910 -- (Kottelat et al. 1993:161 [ref. 23448]). •Valid as Betta balunga Herre 1940 -- (Vierke 1986:85 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:120 [ref. 36453], Kottelat 1995:63 [ref. 21728], Tan & Kottelat 1998:43 [ref. 23543], Tan & Lim 2004:114 [ref. 27716], Tan & Ng 2005:69 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2004:273 [ref. 28058], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta balunga Herre 1940. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.
bellica, Betta Sauvage [H.-E.] 1884:217, Fig. (p. 217) [Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France v. 9; ref. 14401] Neotype locality: North Selangor peat swamp forest, adjacent to Perak Island, 43 kilometers towards Sungai Besae (3°39'12.9"N, 101°18'00.4"E), Selangor, Malaysia. Neotype: ZRC 39196. Neotype designated by Tan & Ng 1996:144 [ref. 22921]; original locality Perak I., Malaysia. •Valid as Betta bellica Sauvage 1884 -- (Vierke 1986:85 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:120 [ref. 36453], Schaller & Kottelat 1989:31 [ref. 13604], Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat et al. 1993:161 [ref. 23448], Ng & Kottelat 1994:593 [ref. 22076], Tan & Ng 1996:144 [ref. 22921], Tan & Ng 2005:58 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:116 [ref. 28283], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989], Ng et al. 2019:534 [ref. 36606]). Current status: Valid as Betta bellica Sauvage 1884. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Southeast Asia: Malaya (Malaysia), Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
bleekeri, Betta Regan [C. T.] 1910:780 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4) (art. 2) (for 9 Nov. 1909); ref. 14593] Asia. Lectotype: BMNH 1860.3.10.930. Paralectotypes: RMNH 10741 (1). Lectotype selected by Hui & Ng 2005:63 [ref. 28354]. •Synonym of Betta bellica Sauvage 1884 -- (Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256]). •Junior objective synonym of Betta pugnax (Cantor 1849) after lectotype selection -- (Tan & Ng 2005:63 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Betta pugnax (Cantor 1849). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.
brederi, Betta Myers [G. S.] 1935:25 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 48; ref. 13906] Small stream emptying into Johore Strait, Johore, Malaysia. Holotype: USNM 94400. Paratypes: USNM 94442 (1). Also appeared in Myers 1935:307 [ref. 35916]. •Synonym of Betta pugnax (Cantor 1849) -- (Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Tan & Tan 1996:419 [ref. 22754], Tan & Ng 2005:60 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Betta pugnax (Cantor 1849). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.
breviobesus, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Kottelat [M.] 1998:46, Fig. 2 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 46 (no. 1); ref. 23543] 87 kilometers east of Pontianak, 0°02'S, 110°07'E, stream, about 1 kilometer up Sungai Tajan from Tajan, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo. Holotype: MZB 3866. Paratypes: CMK 6927 (4); MNHN 1982-0719 (3); MZB 3859 (1), 3863-65 (1, 3, 1); RMNH 289118 (4); ZMA 16547 (1), ZRC 40284 (3). •Valid as Betta breviobesus Tan & Kottelat 1998 -- (Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Schindler & Schmidt 2008:43 [ref. 30459]). •Valid as Betta breviobesa Tan & Kottelat 1998 -- (Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta breviobesa Tan & Kottelat 1998. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
brownorum, Betta Witte [K.-E.] & Schmidt [J.] 1992:312, Figs. 5-6 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 14256] Small peat swamp forest, 2.55 kilometers south of Batang Rejang ferry on road from Sibu to Kuching, Sarawak, East Malaysia, 2°08'N, 112°00'30"E. Holotype: ZSM 28090. Paratypes: KEW (K.E. Witte's coll.) 449 (3, 2 c&s), 1158 (1, c&s); ZSM 28091 (1), 28092 (2, c&s, missing). Type catalog: Neumann 2011:272 [ref. 31652]. •Valid as Betta brownorum Witte & Schmidt 1992 -- (Kottelat et al. 1993:161 [ref. 23448], Kottelat & Lim 1995:248 [ref. 23210], Tan & Ng 2005:82 [ref. 28354], Parenti & Lim 2005:194 [ref. 28285], Schindler & Linke 2013:35 [ref. 32666], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta brownorum Witte & Schmidt 1992. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia and Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.
burdigala, Betta Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 1994:70, Fig. 4 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 21376] 4 kilometers north of Bikang village on road from Koba to Toboali, Bangka, Indonesia. Holotype: ZRC 35162. Paratypes: CMK 9597 (2), ZRC 35163-64 (2). •Valid as Betta burdigala Kottelat & Ng 1994 -- (Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:118 [ref. 28283], Schindler & Linke 2013:35 [ref. 32666], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta burdigala Kottelat & Ng 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Banka, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
channoides, Betta Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 1994:71, Fig. 5 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 21376] Unnamed blackwater stream entering Mahakam River on thenorthern side near Mujub, 0°01'S, 115°43'E, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia. Holotype: ZRC [ex CMK 7765]. Paratypes: CMK 7781 (1), MZB 5898 (1), ZRC 35165 (1). •Valid as Betta channoides Kottelat & Ng 1994 -- (Tan & Ng 2005:86 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta channoides Kottelat & Ng 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
chini, Betta Ng [P. K. L.] 1993:290, Figs. 1-3 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 21104] Peat swamps, about 12 kilometers from Beaufort, about 5°33'06"N, 115°50'23"E, Sabah, Borneo. Holotype: ZRC 35086. Paratypes: CMK 10027 (3); Sabah Mus. uncat. (2); ZRC 35087-93 (7), 35094-95 (2), 35096-102 (7). Author is P. K. L. Ng. •Valid as Betta chini Ng 1993 -- (Kottelat 1995:63 [ref. 21728], Tan & Kottelat 1998:43 [ref. 23543], Tan & Lim 2004:114 [ref. 27716], Tan & Ng 2005:70 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2004:273 [ref. 28058], Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta chini Ng 1993. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.
chloropharynx, Betta Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 1994:72, Figs. 6-8 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 21376] Kilometer-mark 99.4 south of Pangkalpinang on road to Toboali, 41.4 kilometers south of Koba, Bangka, Indonesia. Holotype: ZRC 35166. Paratypes: CMK 9761 (1), ZRC 35167 (1). •Valid as Betta chloropharynx Kottelat & Ng 1994 -- (Tan & Kottelat 1998:43 [ref. 23543], Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:125 [ref. 28283], Tan 2009:501 [ref. 30388], Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989], Tan & Ahmad 2018:406 [ref. 36015]). Current status: Valid as Betta chloropharynx Kottelat & Ng 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
climacura, Betta Vierke [J.] 1988:336, Figs. 1-2 [Das Aquarium, Zeitschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienfreunde v. 22 (no. 228); ref. 19852] Small clear-water creek about 60 air-miles southwest of Brunei, near Rampayoh, West Borneo. Holotype: ZFMK 15532. Paratypes: ZFMK 15533 (1). Type catalog: Herder et al. 2010:132 [ref. 31087]. •Valid as Betta climacura Vierke 1988 -- (Vierke 1988:122 [ref. 36453]). •Status uncertain -- (Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256]). •Synonym of Betta akarensis Regan 1910 -- (Kottelat et al. 1993:161 [ref. 23448] with question, Kottelat 1995:63 [ref. 21728], Tan & Kottelat 1998:43 [ref. 23543] tentatively, Tan & Ng 2005:67 [ref. 28354], Parenti & Lim 2005:194 [ref. 28285], Tan & Ng 2004:273 [ref. 28058], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Betta akarensis Regan 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.
coccina, Betta Vierke [J.] 1979:288, Figured [Aquarium Aqua Terra v. 13 (no. 121); ref. 8775] Jambi, central Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype: ZMH 6056. Paratypes: ZMH 6057 (2). Type catalog: Wilkens & Dohse 1993:419 [ref. 21161]. •Valid as Betta coccina Vierke 1979 -- (Vierke 1986:86 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:123 [ref. 36453], Schaller & Kottelat 1989:31 [ref. 13604], Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat et al. 1993:161 [ref. 23448], Ng & Kottelat 1994:593 [ref. 22076], Tan & Ng 2005:80 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:118 [ref. 28283], Schindler & Linke 2013:35 [ref. 32666], Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta coccina Vierke 1979. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia and Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
compuncta, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 2006:108, Fig. 6a-e [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 2); ref. 28764] Mahakam asin, feeder stream to Sungai Hajuq, about 800 meters east of NE Lampunut camp, about 0°03.92'S, 114°55.34'E, ong Iram subsidt., Kalimantan Timur. Holotype: MZB 9344. Paratypes: CMK 18547 (10); MZB 9345 (10); ZRC 46334 (90). 46335 (65). 46336 (18)46337 (77). •Valid as Betta compuncta Tan & Ng 2006 -- (Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta compuncta Tan & Ng 2006. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Upper Mahakam basin, Kalimantan Timur, Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
cracens, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 2005:120, Fig. 2 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28283] Sungai Berliung Batam Bertram, about 1 kilometer into turnoff to Permata Biru Indah, 10 kilometers from Jambi towards Palembang after main bus terminus, Sumatra. Holotype: MZB 9309. Paratypes: CMK 14415 (2); ZRC 41717 (6), 42498 (2). •Valid as Betta cracens Tan & Ng 2005 -- (Schindler & Schmidt 2008:43 [ref. 30459]). Current status: Valid as Betta cracens Tan & Ng 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Sumatra, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
cyana, Betta Brüning [C.] 1930:49, Fig. 1 [Der Aquarienfisch- und Naturfreund No. 4; ref. 36332] Aquarium import from Cambodia? No types known. Based on a blue colour variety of Betta splendens. Current status: Synonym of Betta splendens Regan 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae.
dennisyongi, Betta Tan [T. H.] 2013:326, Figs. 7-8 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 61 (no. 1); ref. 32497] Kabupaten Nagan Raya, Lamie, Alue Rayeuk, stream along road Meulaboh-Blangpidie; Ache Province, Sumatra. Holotype: MZB 17027. Paratypes: CMK 23281 (4); MZB 47028 (4), ZRC 53990 (19), 53991 (25), 53995 (7). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Betta dennisyongi Tan 2013 -- (Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989]) Current status: Valid as Betta dennisyongi Tan 2013. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Ache Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
dimidiata, Betta Roberts [T. R.] 1989:172, Fig. 130 [Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences No. 14; ref. 6439] Kapuas basin, Sungai Seriang, 37 kilometers west of Putussibau, Indonesia. Holotype: MZB 3849. Paratypes: BMNH 1982.3.29.230-235 (6); CAS 49469-72 (9, 3, 2, 6); FMNH 94251 (6); MNHN 1982-0718 (5); MZB 3850-58 (3, 2, 1, 7, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1); RMNH 28917 (2); UMMZ 209927 (5); USNM 230336-37 (7, 5). •Valid as Betta dimidiata Roberts 1989 -- (Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat et al. 1993:162 [ref. 23448], Tan & Ng 2005:87 [ref. 28354], Kottelat & Widjanarti 2005:165 [ref. 28284], Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta dimidiata Roberts 1989. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
edithae, Betta Vierke [J.] 1984:60, Figured [Aquarium Aqua Terra v. 18 (no. 176); ref. 8203] Barito Delta at Bandjarmasin, Borneo, Indonesia. Holotype: SMF 18712. Paratypes: SMF 18713 (1). •Status uncertain -- (Roberts 1989:173 [ref. 6439]). •Valid as Betta edithae Vierke 1984 -- (Vierke 1986:87 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:124 [ref. 36453], Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat et al. 1993:162 [ref. 23448], Schindler & Schmidt 2004:3 [ref. 28030], Tan & Ng 2005:86 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:118 [ref. 28283], Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta edithae Vierke 1984. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
enisae, Betta Kottelat [M.] 1995:60, Fig. 4 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 43 (no. 1); ref. 21728] Sungai Santik, a tributary of Sungai Tawang, 0°50'21"N, 112°03'50"E, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo, Indonesia. Holotype: MZB 5907. Paratypes: CMK 10100 (4), 10128 (7), 10183 (5), 10217 (2), 10270 (2), 10294 (4), 10509 (1); MZB 5908-09 (5, 4), 5910 (3); ZRC 38061 (3), 38453 (2). •Valid as Betta enisae Kottelat 1995 -- (Tan & Kottelat 1998:46 [ref. 23543], Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Kottelat & Widjanarti 2005:166 [ref. 28284], Schindler & Schmidt 2008:44 [ref. 30459], Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta enisae Kottelat 1995. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
falx, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Kottelat [M.] 1998:557 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 105 (no. 3); ref. 23781] Sungai Alai, kilometer 19.5 on Muara Bungo-Muara Tebo Road, about 1°28'42.6"S, 102°18'31.7"E, Jambi Province, central Sumatra. Holotype: MZB 9308. Paratypes: CMK 11119 (44); MHNG 2593.95 (5); MZB 9307 (4); RMNH 33087 (5); ZMA 121673 (6); ZRC 38254 (3) 38571 (44), 40974 (20), 42496 (10); plus nontype material. •Valid as Betta falx Tan & Kottelat 1998 -- (Schindler & Schmidt 2004:3 [ref. 28030], Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:118 [ref. 28283], Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta falx Tan & Kottelat 1998. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
fasciata, Betta Regan [C. T.] 1910:782, Pl. 77 (fig. 4) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4) (art. 2) (for 9 Nov. 1909); ref. 14593] Deli, Sumatra, Indonesia. Lectotype: BMNH 1889.12.26.30. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1889.12.26.31 (1). Lectotype selected by Tan & Ng 1996:145 [ref. 22921]. •Valid as Betta fasciata Regan 1910 -- (Vierke 1986:88 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:125 [ref. 36453]). •Synonym of Betta bellica Sauvage 1884 -- (Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat et al. 1993:161 [ref. 23448], Tan & Ng 1996:144 [ref. 22921], Tan & Ng 2005:58 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:449 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Betta bellica Sauvage 1884. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.
ferox, Betta Schindler [I.] & Schmidt [J.] 2006:53, Fig. 5 [Zeitschrift für Fischkunde v. 8 (no. 1/2); ref. 28865] About 30 kilometers southwest of Rattsphun, Bori Pat, at national street 406, 150 meters before junction into Bori Pat waterfall park, 7°00'05"N, 100°08'55"E, Hat Yai, Thailand. Holotype: MTD F30355. Paratypes: MTD F30349-54 (6). •Valid as Betta ferox Schindler & Schmidt 2006 -- (Schindler & Schmidt 2008:43 [ref. 30459], Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta ferox Schindler & Schmidt 2006. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Bori Pat, Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.
foerschi, Betta Vierke [J.] 1979:386, Figured [Aquarium Aqua Terra v. 13 (no. 123); ref. 8777] Mentaya River system, 250 kilometers northwest of Bandjarmasin, Borneo, Indonesia. Holotype: ZMH 6058. Paratypes: ZMH 6059 (2). Type catalog: Wilkens & Dohse 1993:420 [ref. 21161]. For comments on type locality see Korthaus 1979:389 [ref. 33754] and Schaller & Kottelat 1989:35 [ref. 13604]. •Valid as Betta foerschi Vierke 1979 -- (Vierke 1986:89 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:126 [ref. 36453], Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat et al. 1993:162 [ref. 23448], Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Schindler & van der Voort 2011:22 [ref. 32382], Tan 2013:329 [ref. 32497], Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta foerschi Vierke 1979. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
fusca, Betta Regan [C. T.] 1910:780, Pl. 78 (fig. 2) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4) (art. 2) (for 9 Nov. 1909); ref. 14593] Sumatra, Indonesia. Lectotype: BMNH 1908.7.13.18. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1908.7.13.119 (1). Lectotype selected by Hui & Ng 2005:123 [ref. 28283]. •Status uncertain -- (Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256]). •Valid as Betta fusca Regan 1910 -- (Vierke 1986:90 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:127 [ref. 36453], Kottelat et al. 1993:162 [ref. 23448], Tan & Kottelat 1998:46 [ref. 23543], Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:122 [ref. 28283], Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta fusca Regan 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia and Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.
gladiator, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 2005:75, Figs. 25a-b, 47f [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28354] Maliau basin, northeast of basecamp 1966, about 5°14'N, 116°53'E, stream at right trail about 2 kilometers into Jalan Babi towards Maliau falls, Sabah, Borneo. Holotype: SBM (= MUS) uncat. Paratypes: CMK 13125 (2); RMNH 33088 (2); SBM (= MUS) uncat. (13); ZRC 40960 (9), 40961 (6). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Betta gladiator Tan & Ng 2005 -- (Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta gladiator Tan & Ng 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Sabah, Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
hendra, Betta Schindler [I.] & Linke [H.] 2013:35, Fig. 1-3 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 63 (no. 1); ref. 32666] About 3 km south-east of Palangkaraya in direction of Berengbengkel, 2°16.5'S, 113°56.6'E, Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo, Indonesia. Holotype: MTD 32875. Paratypes: MTD 32876-77 (2), 32878-81 (4). •Valid as Betta hendra Schindler & Linke 2013 -- (Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta hendra Schindler & Linke 2013. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
hipposideros, Betta Ng [P. K. L.] & Kottelat [M.] 1994:597, Figs. 2B, 3C-D, 4C-D, 6 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 42 (no. 3); ref. 22076] North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest, 39 kilometers mark on road from Sungai Besar to Tanjung Malim, Selangor, Malaysia. Holotype: ZRC 18688. Paratypes: CMK 10037-38 (16, 10); ZRC 15351-57 (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1), 15358-61 (4), 17097 (1), 18029-34 (6), 18689-18705 (17), 27761 (1), 28515-17 (3), 28550 (1). First author is P. K. L. Ng. •Valid as Betta hipposideros Ng & Kottelat 1994 -- (Tan & Ng 2005:84 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:125 [ref. 28283], Tan 2009:501 [ref. 30388], Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989], Tan & Ahmad 2018:406 [ref. 36015], Ng et al. 2019:534 [ref. 36606]). Current status: Valid as Betta hipposideros Ng & Kottelat 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Southeast Asia: Malaya (Malaysia). Habitat: freshwater.
ibanorum, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 2004:273, Figs. 3, 7 [The Sarawak Museum Journal v. 59 (no. 80) (new series), Special Issue 6; ref. 28058] Kuching, Bako National Park, Bukit Gondol, Sarawak, Borneo. Holotype: SBC [ex ZRC 41584]. Paratypes: ZRC 37750 (3), 37757 (22). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Betta ibanorum Tan & Ng 2004 -- (Grinang & Lim 2004:292 [ref. 28551], Tan & Ng 2005:70 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta ibanorum Tan & Ng 2004. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Southern Sarawak, Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.
ideii, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 2006:111, Fig. 7a-b [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 2); ref. 28764] North of Baturicin area, from coastal basin draining into Laut Strait and adjacent to Pulau, 3°16'15-18"S, 115°58'17-23"E, Kalimantan Selatan, Borneo. Holotype: MZB 10713. Paratypes: CMK 18548 (5), MZB 10714 (4), ZRC 50277. Plus non-type material. •Valid as Betta ideii Tan & Ng 2006 -- (Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta ideii Tan & Ng 2006. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Southern area of Kalimantan Selatan, Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
imbellis, Betta Ladiges [W.] 1975:262, Figs. [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 28 (no. 8); ref. 7224] Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Holotype: ZMH H4644. Paratypes: ZMH H4520 (11). Type catalog: Wilkens 1977:160 [ref. 22013]. •Valid as Betta imbellis Ladiges 1975 -- (Vierke 1986:91 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:128 [ref. 36453], Schaller & Kottelat 1989:31 [ref. 13604], Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat et al. 1993:162 [ref. 23448], Ng & Kottelat 1994:593 [ref. 22076], Britz & Cambray 2001:280 [ref. 25647], Tan & Ng 2005:78 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:125 [ref. 28283], Kuwasupat et al. 2012:49 [ref. 32254], Kowasupat et al. 2012:387 [ref. 32320], Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989], Ng et al. 2019:534 [ref. 36606]). Current status: Valid as Betta imbellis Ladiges 1975. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Southeast Asia: Malaya (Malaysia), northern Sumatra (Indonesia). Habitat: freshwater.
krataios, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 2006:102, Fig. 3a-c [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 2); ref. 28764] Mandor area, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo [aquarium trade specimens]. Holotype: MZB 10715. Paratypes: ZRC 46274 (4), 47258 (9). •Valid as Betta krataios Tan & Ng 2006 -- (Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta krataios Tan & Ng 2006. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Lower Kapuas basin, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
kuehnei, Betta Schindler [I.] & Schmidt [J.] 2008:40, Figs. 1-2 [Bulletin of Fish Biology v. 10 (nos 1/2); ref. 30459] Kota Bharu, about 35 kilometers south of Panjang (5°48'40"N, 101°57'20"E), Kelantan, Malaysia. Holotype: ZMB 33884. Paratypes: ZMB 33885 (5). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Betta kuehnei Schindler & Schmidt 2008 -- (Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta kuehnei Schindler & Schmidt 2008. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.
lehi, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 2005:65, Figs. 16, 46e [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28354] Sungai Stuum Munda, 1°28'51.3"N, 105°58'18.1"E, about 58 kilometers to Sematan on road from Bau to Lundu, 21.1 kilometer before Lundu ferry over Batang Kayan, Sawawak, Borneo. Holotype: ZRC 39267. Paratypes: CMK 13021 (5); SM uncat. (5); ZMA 121674 (5); ZRC 41582 (15), 41583 (11). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Betta lehi Tan & Ng 2005 -- (Schindler & Schmidt 2008:43 [ref. 30459], Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta lehi Tan & Ng 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.
livida, Betta Ng [P. K. L.] & Kottelat [M.] 1992:177, Figs. 2-4 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 20005] Blackwater stream, north Selangor peat swamp, 800 meters from 45 kilometer mark on road from Tanjong Malim to Sungai Besar, Peninsula Malaysia. Holotype: ZRC 15287. Paratypp: CMK 8032 (25); ZRC 14439 (1), 15209-28 (20), 15254-73 (20), 15288-89 (2), 18836-40 (5), 18851-53 (3), 22764-67 (4), 22768 (1), 22829 (1). First author is P. K. L. Ng. •Valid as Betta livida Ng & Kottelat 1992 -- (Ng & Kottelat 1994:593 [ref. 22076], Tan & Ng 2005:80 [ref. 28354], Schindler & Linke 2013:35 [ref. 32666], Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta livida Ng & Kottelat 1992. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.
macrophthalma, Betta Regan [C. T.] 1910:781, Pl. 77 (fig. 2) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4) (art. 2) (for 9 Nov. 1909); ref. 14593] Singapore. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1868.7.10.28. •Synonym of Betta pugnax (Cantor 1849) -- (Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Tan & Tan 1996:419 [ref. 22754], Tan & Ng 2005:60 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Betta pugnax (Cantor 1849). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.
macrostoma, Betta Regan [C. T.] 1910:778, Pl. 78 (fig. 3) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4) (art. 2) (for 9 Nov. 1909); ref. 14593] Sarawak state, Borneo, East Malaysia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1898.11.2.2. •Valid as Betta macrostoma Regan 1910 -- (Vierke 1986:92 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:131 [ref. 36453], Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat et al. 1993:162 [ref. 23448], Kottelat & Lim 1995:248 [ref. 23210], Tan & Ng 2005:71 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989], Sulaiman et al. 2018:37 [ref. 35802]). Current status: Valid as Betta macrostoma Regan 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.
mahachaiensis, Betta Kowasupat [C.], Panijpan [B.], Ruenwongsa [P.] & Sriwattanarothai [N.] 2012:50, Figs. 1-4c [Zootaxa No. 3522; ref. 32254] Behind the Pattarachai food factory (13°34'N, 100°15'E), Tha Sai subdistrict, Muang district, Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand. Holotype: THNHM-F-01630. Paratypes: many at THNHM •Valid as Betta mahachaiensis Kowasupat, Panijpan, Ruenwongsa & Sriwattanarothai 2012 -- (Kowasupat et al. 2012:387 [ref. 32320], Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta mahachaiensis Kowasupat, Panijpan, Ruenwongsa & Sriwattanarothai 2012. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.
mandor, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 2006:104, Fig. 4a-d [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 2); ref. 28764] Mandor area, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo [aquarium trade specimens]. Holotype: MZB 9342. Paratypes: CMK 6646 (6), 18545 (5); MZB 9343 (4); ZRC 46280 (8), 46281 (15). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Betta mandor Tan & Ng 2006 -- (Schindler & van der Voort 2011:26 [ref. 32382], Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta mandor Tan & Ng 2006. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Lower Kapus basin, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
marchei, Micracanthus Sauvage [H.-E.] 1879:96  [Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris (7th Série) v. 3; ref. 3881] Ogooué River at Doumé, Gabon. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-0964. Type catalog: Blanc 1963:73 [ref. 19851]. On p. 7 of separate. See also ICZN Case 3113 to suppress Micracanthus marchei. •Tentatively valid -- (Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256]). •Synonym (of the younger) Betta splendens Regan 1910 -- (Roberts 1981:91 [ref. 20634]). Current status: Synonym of Betta splendens Regan 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.
midas, Betta Tan [H. H.] 2009:64, Figs. 4-8 [Zootaxa No. 2165; ref. 30276] Small stream draining into Sungau Sepatah, a tributary to Sungai Mandor, 24 kilometers northeast of Pontianak (0°07.5'N, 109°30'E), Kabupaten Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Borneo. Holotype: MZB 3846. Paratypes: CMK 20838 (2), 16320 (7); MZB 9334 (2); ZRC 43711 (8), 46190 (12), 46191 (4), 51527 (1). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Betta midas Tan 2009 -- (Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta midas Tan 2009. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
miniopinna, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Tan [S. H.] 1994:42, Fig. 1 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 21374] Swamp forest at Tanjong Bintan end near Pasir Segiling (1°10'N, 104°30'E), northern Pulau Bintan, Riau Islands, Indonesia. Holotype: ZRC 32504. Paratypes: MZB uncat. (1); ZRC 32503 (1), 32505 (1). •Valid as Betta miniopinna Tan & Tan 1994 -- (Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:118 [ref. 28283], Schindler & Linke 2013:35 [ref. 32666], Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta miniopinna Tan & Tan 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
obscura, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 2005:90, Fig. 41 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28354] Sungai Barito basin, Desa Kerendan, Sungai Lahei and tributaries, Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo. Holotype: MZB 9331. Paratypes: BMNH 1991.9.18.26-28 (3), 1991.9.18.32-37 (6), 1996.3.22.43-44 (2), 1996.3.22.253-260 (9); MZB 6941 (3), 9332 (1). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Betta obscura Tan & Ng 2005 -- (Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta obscura Tan & Ng 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
ocellata, Betta de Beaufort [L. F.] 1933:35 [Bulletin of the Raffles Museum No. 8; ref. 12381] Near Bettotan, Sandakan, British North Borneo. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1959.7.7.1 [ex NMS F.1126]. •Status uncertain -- (Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256]). •Valid as Betta ocellata de Beaufort 1933 -- (Martin-Smith & Tan 1998:593 [ref. 23647], Tan & Ng 2005:72 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989], Wilkinson & Tan 2018:602 [ref. 36226]). Current status: Valid as Betta ocellata de Beaufort 1933. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Northeastern Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.
omega, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ahmad [A. B.] 2018:403, Figs. 1-3, 4i [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 66; ref. 36015] Sungai Burong near Jeram Batu, Pekan Nanas area, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. Holotype: ZRC 59663. Paratypes: ZRC. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Betta omega Tan & Ahmad 2018. Current status: Valid as Betta omega Tan & Ahmad 2018. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Pekan Nanas area, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia [species could already be extinct]. Habitat: freshwater.
pallida, Betta Schindler [I.] & Schmidt [J.] 2004:2, Figs. 1-2 [Zeitschrift für Fischkunde v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 28030] About 30 kilometers west of Narathiwat at the street to Ruso, about 6°21'N, 101°38'E, Narathiwat Province, Thailand. Holotype: MTD F 28389. Paratypes: MTD F 28390 (1). •Valid as Betta pallida Schindler & Schmidt 2004 -- (Schindler & Schmidt 2006:54 [ref. 28865], Schindler & Schmidt 2008:44 [ref. 30459]). •Questionably a synonym of Betta prima Kottelat 1994 -- (Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Uncertain as Betta prima Kottelat 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Thailand (if valid), Habitat: freshwater.
pallifina, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 2005:93, Figs. 44a-b, 49h [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28354] Muara Teweh, Kec. Laung Tuhup, Desa Maruai, Rawa/Sungai Laung, tributary of Sungai Barito, Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo. Holotype: MZB 9328. Paratypes: BMNH 1966.3.22.1-38 (38), 1966.3.22.48-57 (10), 1966.3.22.106-138 (33), 1966.3.22.171-230 (60); MZB 6978 (60), 9329 (15), 9330 (20); ZRC 41576 (15), 41577 (20). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Betta pallifina Tan & Ng 2005. Current status: Valid as Betta pallifina Tan & Ng 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
pardalotos, Betta Tan [H. H.] 2009:501, Figs. 1-5 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 57 (no. 2); ref. 30388] Sungai Gelam, Laut Kenten, Palembang, Musi Drainage, South Sumatra Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype: MZB 10999. Paratypes: CMK uncat. (2); MZB 11000 (2); ZRC 51837 (5), 51838 (2), 51839 (1). •Valid as Betta pardalotos Tan 2009 -- (Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989], Tan & Ahmad 2018:406 [ref. 36015]). Current status: Valid as Betta pardalotos Tan 2009. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Musi Drainage, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
patoti, Betta Weber [M.] & de Beaufort [L. F.] 1922:359 [Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago v. 4; ref. 4598] Balikpapan, Mangar River; rivulet 25 kilometers east of Balikpapan Bay; Bluu River, Borneo, Indonesia. Syntypes: ZMA 112510-13 (1, 1, 2, 3). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:105 [ref. 19236]. Lectotype selected by Tan & Ng (not valid); designated by Kottelat (2013), but lot 112513 apparently contains 3 specimens. •Valid as Betta patoti Weber & de Beaufort 1922 -- (Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat et al. 1993:162 [ref. 23448], Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354]). Current status: Valid as Betta patoti Weber & de Beaufort 1922. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
persephone, Betta Schaller [D.] 1986:298, Figs. (p. 297, 299) [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 39 (no. 7); ref. 8046] Asian highway No. 2, 1°56'20.00"N, 103°09'40.00"E, at road bridge about 3 kilometers north of Ayer Hitam, Malaysia. Holotype: ZFMK 14226. Paratypes: ZFMK 14227-38 (12); ZMB 31614 (4); ZSM 31614 [now at CMK] (4). Type information: Schaller & Kottelat 1989:35 [ref. 13604]. Paratypes 5944 (4) are apparently at CMK but should be returned to ZSM. •Valid as Betta persephone Schaller 1986 -- (Schaller & Kottelat 1989:31 [ref. 13604], Ng & Kottelat 1994:593 [ref. 22076], Tan & Ng 2005:81 [ref. 28354], Schindler & Linke 2013:35 [ref. 32666], Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta persephone Schaller 1986. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.
pi, Betta Tan [H. H.] 1998:285, Figs. 3-4 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 23321] Mae Nam Tod Deng, about 6 kilometers north of Sungai Kolok, swamps about 100-200 meters south before bridge, Narathiwat Province, Thailand. Holotype: ZRC 40289. Paratypes: CMK 12030 (3), 13025 (3); ZRC 40290-92 (2, 6, 18). •Valid as Betta pi Tan 1998 -- (Tan & Ng 2005:85 [ref. 28354], Schindler & Schmidt 2006:60 [ref. 28865], Tan 2009:501 [ref. 30388], Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989], Tan & Ahmad 2018:406 [ref. 36015]). Current status: Valid as Betta pi Tan 1998. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Narathiwat Province, Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.
pictum, Panchax Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1846:385 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 18; ref. 1011] Near Bogor, Java, Indonesia. No types known [but see Roberts 1993]. Type information: Roberts 1993:38 [ref. 21799]. •Valid as Betta picta (Valenciennes 1846) -- (Vierke 1986:93 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:133 [ref. 36453], Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Roberts 1993:38 [ref. 21799], Kottelat et al. 1993:163 [ref. 23448], Kottelat 1994:301 [ref. 21572], Tan & Kottelat 1998:557 [ref. 23781], Schindler & Schmidt 2004:3 [ref. 28030], Tan & Ng 2005:86 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta picta (Valenciennes 1846). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
pinguis, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Kottelat [M.] 1998:43, Fig. 1 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 46 (no. 1); ref. 23543] Sungai Letang near Kampung Kandung Suli (Kecamatan Jongkong), Kapuas basin, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo. Holotype: MZB 5936. Paratypes: CMK 11592 (1), ZRC 39629 (1). •Valid as Betta pinguis Tan & Kottelat 1998 -- (Tan & Lim 2004:114 [ref. 27716], Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Kottelat & Widjanarti 2005:166 [ref. 28284], Tan & Ng 2004:273 [ref. 28058], Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta pinguis Tan & Kottelat 1998. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.
prima, Betta Kottelat [M.] 1994:298, Figs. 1-2 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 21572] Creek at about kilometer 1 on road to Nam Tok Phliu, after leaving Chantaburi-Trat highway, 12°32'N, 102°11'E, Chantaburi, Thailand. Holotype: ZRC [ex CMK 10798]. Paratypes: CMK 9738 (1), 10665 (5), 10691 (6), 10714 (2), 10723 (1); KUMF uncat. (14); MHNG 2158.52 (6); NIFI uncat. (2); ZRC 38250-51 (6, 5). •Valid as Betta prima Kottelat 1994 -- (Tan & Kottelat 1998:46 [ref. 23543], Kottelat 2001:160 [ref. 25780], Schindler & Schmidt 2004:3 [ref. 28030], Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Schindler & Schmidt 2006:56 [ref. 28865], Schindler & Schmidt 2008:44 [ref. 30459], Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta prima Kottelat 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Thailand, Cambodia and Laos. Habitat: freshwater.
pugnax, Macropodus Cantor [T. E.] 1849:1066 , Pl. 2 (figs. 1-3) [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 18 (pt 2); ref. 715] Penang, Malaysia. Lectotype: BMNH 1860.3.19.930. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1860.3.19.317-318 (2, skins). Type catalog: Alfred 1961:183 [ref. 20551]. Lectotype selected by Alfred 1964; see Hui & Ng 2005:63 [ref. 28354]. •Valid as Betta pugnax (Cantor 1849) -- (Vierke 1986:94 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:134 [ref. 36453], Roberts 1989:173 [ref. 6439], Lim et al. 1990:49 [ref. 16753], Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Ng & Kottelat 1994:593 [ref. 22076], Kottelat 1994:300 [ref. 21572], Kottelat 1995:63 [ref. 21728], Tan & Tan 1996:419 [ref. 22754], Tan & Kottelat 1998:46 [ref. 23543], Ng & Tan 1999:363 [ref. 24159], Tan & Lim 2004:111 [ref. 27716], Tan & Ng 2005:60 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:125 [ref. 28283], Schindler & Schmidt 2006:48 [ref. 28865], Schindler & Schmidt 2008:43 [ref. 30459], Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989], Ng et al. 2019:534 [ref. 36606]). Current status: Valid as Betta pugnax (Cantor 1849). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Southeast sia: Malaya (Malaysia), Singapore, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
pulchra, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Tan [S. H.] 1996:428, Figs. 2a-c, 4c, 5B [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 44 (no. 2); ref. 22754] Kampong Jasa Sepakat, Pontian, Johor, Malaysia. Holotype: ZRC 28860. Paratypes: ZRC 17368-70 (3), 29123-25 (3), 39252 (5), 28861-99 (39). Plus additional material. •Valid as Betta pulchra Tan & Tan 1996 -- (Tan & Kottelat 1998:46 [ref. 23543], Tan & Ng 2005:63 [ref. 28354], Schindler & Schmidt 2008:43 [ref. 30459], Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta pulchra Tan & Tan 1996. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Southwest Johor, Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.
raja, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 2005:123, Fig. 4 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28283] Sungai Ayer Merah, feeder stream to Danau Souak Padang, about 15 minutes by boat upstream, 1°36'45.7"S, 103°27'00.0"E, Sumatra. Holotype: MZB 9315. Paratypes: BMNH uncat. (5); CMK uncat. (9); ZMA 121823 (5); ZRC 42499 (12), 42500 (20), 42501 (10), 42502 (14). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Betta raja Tan & Ng 2005 -- (Schindler & Schmidt 2008:43 [ref. 30459], Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta raja Tan & Ng 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Sumatra. Habitat: freshwater.
renata, Betta Tan [H. H.] 1998:282, Figs. 1-2 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 23321] Rantau Panjang, 1°21'57.6"S, 103°54'55.2"E, Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype: MZB 9310. Paratypes: CMK 13024 (3); ZRC 39117 (3), 39265 (1), 40285-86 (7, 5). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Betta renata Tan 1998 -- (Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:126 [ref. 28283], Tan 2009:501 [ref. 30388], Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989], Tan & Ahmad 2018:406 [ref. 36015]). Current status: Valid as Betta renata Tan 1998. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
rubra, Betta Perugia [A.] 1893:242  [Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (Serie 2) v. 13; ref. 3434] Toba Lake, Sibolga, Sumatra, Indonesia. Lectotype: MSNG 13019a. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1893.5.29.1 [ex MSNG] (1), MSNG 13019 (9). Type catalog: Tortonese 1963:340 [ref. 10350]. On p. 2 of separate. Lectotype listed in Hui & Ng 2005:86 [ref. 28354] and Hui & Ng 2005:119 [ref. 28283]. •Valid as Betta rubra Perugia 1893 -- (Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat et al. 1993:163 [ref. 23448], Tan & Ng 2005:86 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:119 [ref. 28283], Schindler & van der Voort 2011:21 [ref. 32382], Tan 2012:324 [ref. 32497], Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta rubra Perugia 1893. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
rutilans, Betta Witte [K.-E.] & Kottelat [M.] in Kottelat 1991:278, Fig. 2 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 2 (no. 3); ref. 13588] Sungei Kepayang, 7 kilometers southeast of Anjungan on road to Pontianak, 0°20'N, 109°08'E, Kalimantan Barat, Borneo. Holotype: ZSM 27977 [now ZRC 38452]. Paratypes: ZSM [now CMK 7438 (4), 7439 (1, c&s)]. Type catalog: Neumann 2011:273 [ref. 31652]. Holotype is now at ZRC. •Valid as Betta rutilans Witte & Kottelat 1991 -- (Kottelat 1991:278 [ref. 13588], Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat et al. 1993:163 [ref. 23448], Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Schindler & Linke 2013:35 [ref. 32666], Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta rutilans Witte & Kottelat 1991. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.
schalleri, Betta Kottelat [M.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 1994:74, Figs. 9-11 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 21376] 5.5 kilometers north of Payung on road to Pangkalpinang, Bangka, Indonesia. Holotype: ZRC 35170. Paratypes: CMK 9585 (4), 9622 (2), 9630 (2), 9639 (3), 9648 (1); ZRC 35171-73 (3), 35174-78 (5), 35179 (1), 35180 (1). •Valid as Betta schalleri Kottelat & Ng 1994 -- (Kottelat 1995:61 [ref. 21728], Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:125 [ref. 28283], Schindler & Schmidt 2008:43 [ref. 30459], Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta schalleri Kottelat & Ng 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
siamorientalis, Betta Kowasupat [C.], Panijpan [B.], Ruenwongsa [P.] & Jeenthong [T.] 2012:389, Fig. 1-3 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 62 (no. 3); ref. 32320] Sai Hai village (13°42′N, 101°13′E), Tha Thonglang subdistrict, Bang Khla district, Chachoengsao province, Thailand. Holotype: THNHM-F-01540. Paratypes: many at THNHM. •Valid as Betta siamorientalis Kowasupat, Panijpan, Ruenwongsa & Jeenthong 2012 -- (Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta siamorientalis Kowasupat, Panijpan, Ruenwongsa & Jeenthong 2012. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.
simorum, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 1996:151, Figs. 3c, 4c [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 44 (no. 1); ref. 22921] Swamp in Rantau Panjang, Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype: MZB (present ZRC 39628). Paratypes: CMK 11182 (5); ZRC 38549 (4), 39118 (19). •Valid as Betta simorum Tan & Ng 1996 -- (Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:116 [ref. 28283], Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta simorum Tan & Ng 1996. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
simplex, Betta Kottelat [M.] 1994:301, Figs. 3-5 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 21572] Spring (small lake) of Tham Sra Kaew and Nine Ponds, 2.2 kilometers from National highway 4034, northwestern Krabi, Krabi Province, Thailand. Holotype: ZRC 38486 [ex CMK 10635]. Paratypes: CMK 9445 (4); ZRC 35168-69 (2). •Valid as Betta simplex Kottelat 1994 -- (Tan & Kottelat 1998:558 [ref. 23781], Schindler & Schmidt 2004:3 [ref. 28030], Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Schindler & Schmidt 2006:57 [ref. 28865], Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta simplex Kottelat 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.
smaragdina, Betta Ladiges [W.] 1972:190, Figs. [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 25 (no. 6); ref. 19853] Nongkhai, Thailand. Holotype: ZMH H4639. Paratypes: ZMH H4640 (1). Type catalog: Wilkens 1977:160 [ref. 22013]. •Valid as Betta smaragdina Ladiges 1972 -- (Vierke 1986:95 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:136 [ref. 36453], Schaller & Kottelat 1989:31 [ref. 13604], Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat 2001:160 [ref. 25780], Tan & Ng 2005:86 [ref. 28354], Kuwasupat et al. 2012:49 [ref. 32254], Kowasupat et al. 2012:387 [ref. 32320], Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989], Kottelat 2015:48 [ref. 33971]). Current status: Valid as Betta smaragdina Ladiges 1972. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Western and north-eastern Thailand. Habitat: freshwater.
spilotogena, Betta Ng [P. K. L.] & Kottelat [M.] 1994:606, Figs 2D, 3H, 4H, 8 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 42 (no. 3); ref. 22076] Northern Pulau Bintan, from small stream, Riau Archipelago, Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype: ZRC 35417. Paratypes: CMK 10021 (2); MZB (3); ZRC 34748 (1), 34783 (1), 35418-20 (3), 35421-31 (11); plus other material. •Valid as Betta spilotogena Ng & Kottelat 1994 -- (Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:126 [ref. 28283], Tan 2009:501 [ref. 30388], Kottelat 2013:452 [ref. 32989], Tan & Ahmad 2018:406 [ref. 36015]). Current status: Valid as Betta spilotogena Ng & Kottelat 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
splendens, Betta Regan [C. T.] 1910:782 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4) (art. 2) (for 9 Nov. 1909); ref. 14593] Menam River [= Mae Nam Chao Phraya], Thailand. Lectotype: BMNH 1898.11.8.95. Paralectotypes: (8) BMNH 1897.12.28.36 (1), 1897.1.28.6-8 (now. 2), 1898.11.8.96-97 (2); ZMA 114490 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:105 [ref. 19236]. Lectotype selected by Schaller & Kottelat 1989:36 [ref. 13604]. •Valid as Betta splendens Regan 1910 -- (Vierke 1986:96 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:138 [ref. 36453], Schaller & Kottelat 1989:31 [ref. 13604], Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Rainboth 1996:215 [ref. 22772], Fuller et al. 1999:471 [ref. 25838], Tan & Ng 2005:86 [ref. 28354], Tan & Ng 2005:125 [ref. 28283], Kuwasupat et al. 2012:49 [ref. 32254], Kowasupat et al. 2012:387 [ref. 32320], Larson et al. 2013:56 [ref. 32988], Kottelat 2013:453 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta splendens Regan 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Thailand; introduced elsewhere, such as NorthernTerritory, Australia, Habitat: freshwater.
stigmosa, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 2005:64, Figs. 14a-b, 46d [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28354] Terengganu, Sekayu waterfalls, 4°57'49.7"N, 102°57'14.0"E, near swampy stream, Malaysia. Holotype: ZRC 43392. Paratypes: ZRC 21720 (1), 41710 (5), 43393 (7). Plus non-type material. Misspelled once as stigmosus. •Valid as Betta stigmosa Tan & Ng 2005 -- (Schindler & Schmidt 2008:43 [ref. 30459], Kottelat 2013:453 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta stigmosa Tan & Ng 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.
stiktos, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 2005:95, Fig. 45 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. no. 13; ref. 28354] Small swampy stream from Stung Treng to Ban Lung, about 3/4 to bridge over Tonle Srepok, about 13°30'N, 106°30'E, Mekong River basin, Cambodia. Holotype: CAS 204326. Paratypes: CAS 94115 (19), ZRC 43391 [ex CAS 94115] (3). •Valid as Betta stiktos Tan & Ng 2005 -- (Kuwasupat et al. 2012:49 [ref. 32254], Kowasupat et al. 2012:387 [ref. 32320], Kottelat 2013:453 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta stiktos Tan & Ng 2005. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Mekong River drainage, Cambodia. Habitat: freshwater.
strohi, Betta Schaller [D.] & Kottelat [M.] 1989:33, Unnum. fig.; Figs. 2, 5 [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 43 (no. 1) [Jan. 1990]; ref. 13604] Nataik Sedawak, about 30 kilometers south of Sukamara (2°41'S, 111°13'E), Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo, Indonesia. Holotype: ZSM 26718. Paratypes: LIPI uncat. [ex ZSM 26719] (6); ZRC 32126-29 [ex ZSM 26719] (4) but returned to ZSM; ZSM 26719 (38, now 32), 26979 (10, 2 missing, probably at CMK). •Status uncertain -- (Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256]). •Valid as Betta strohi Schaller & Kottelat 1989 -- (Kottelat et al. 1993:163 [ref. 23448], Tan & Ng 2005:86 [ref. 28354], Schindler & van der Voort 2011:26 [ref. 32382]). •Synonym of Betta foerschi Vierke 1979 -- (Kottelat 2013:450 [ref. 32989] with question). Current status: Uncertain as Betta foerschi Vierke 1979. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.
taeniata, Betta Regan [C. T.] 1910:781, Pl. 78 (fig. 1) [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909 (pt 4) (art. 2) (for 9 Nov. 1909); ref. 14593] Senah River, Sarawak state, Borneo, East Malaysia. Lectotype: BMNH 1893.3.6.147. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1893.3.6.148-150 (3). Lectotype selected by Hui & Ng 2005:78 [ref. 28354]. •Tentatively valid -- (Roberts 1989:173 [ref. 6439]). •Valid as Betta taeniata Regan 1910 -- (Vierke 1986:98 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:141 [ref. 36453], Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat et al. 1993:163 [ref. 23448], Kottelat 1994:301 [ref. 21572], Kottelat & Lim 1995:248 [ref. 23210], Tan & Kottelat 1998:558 [ref. 23781], Schindler & Schmidt 2004:3 [ref. 28030], Tan & Ng 2005:76 [ref. 28354], Kottelat & Widjanarti 2005:166 [ref. 28284], Schindler & Schmidt 2006:47 [ref. 28865], Schindler & Schmidt 2008:44 [ref. 30459], Kottelat 2013:453 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta taeniata Regan 1910. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.
tomi, Betta Ng [P. K. L.] & Kottelat [M.] 1994:603, Figs. 2C, 3E-G, 4E-G, 7 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 42 (no. 3); ref. 22076] Freshwater swamp forest along tributary of Sungai Mupor, about 15 kilometers on road from Kota Tinggi to Mersing (ca. 1°52'N, 103°56'E), Johor, Malaysia. Holotype: ZRC 35409. Paratypes: CMK 9753 (6); ZRC 35410 (1), 35411-16 (6). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Betta tomi Ng & Kottelat 1994 -- (Tan & Ng 2005:85 [ref. 28354], Tan 2009:501 [ref. 30388], Kottelat 2013:453 [ref. 32989], Tan & Ahmad 2018:406 [ref. 36015]). Current status: Valid as Betta tomi Ng & Kottelat 1994. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia and Singapore. Habitat: freshwater.
trifasciata, Betta Bleeker [P.] 1849:14 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 23 (no. 12); ref. 16883] No types known. Also appeared in Bleeker 1850:12. •Synonym of Betta picta (Valenciennes 1846) -- (Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Tan & Kottelat 1998:557 [ref. 23781], Kottelat 2013:451 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Betta picta (Valenciennes 1846). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Habitat: freshwater.
tussyae, Betta Schaller [D.] 1985:350, Figs. [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 38 (no. 8); ref. 17271] About 77 kilometers south of Kuantan on road parallel to east coast, 17 kilometers south of Pekan, about 77 kilometers from Pahang, about 1 kilometer from sea, Pahang State, Malaysia. Holotype (?): ?ZSM 27336 [now ZRC 38451]. Paratypes: ZFMK 14195 (1), 14224-14225 (2). Plus additonal non-type material: ZFMK 14196-14207 (12), 14208-14212 (6); ZMB 31607-09 (6, 9, 3); CMK 6345 (11). Type catalog: Paepke 1994:315 [ref. 21516], Herder et al. 2010:132 [ref. 31087], Neumann 2011:273 [ref. 31652]. Type information: Schaller & Kottelat 1989:35 [ref. 13604]; holotype apparently still missing (Neumann, pers. comm. 12 July 2012). •Valid as Betta tussyae Schaller 1985 -- (Schaller & Kottelat 1989:31 [ref. 13604], Ng & Kottelat 1994:593 [ref. 22076], Tan & Ng 2005:82 [ref. 28354], Schindler & Linke 2013:35 [ref. 32666], Kottelat 2013:453 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta tussyae Schaller 1985. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.
uberis, Betta Tan [H. H.] & Ng [P. K. L.] 2006:105, Fig. 5a-d [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 2); ref. 28764] Pankalanbun, Arut basin, Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia [aquarium trade specimens]. Holotype: MZB 9338. Paratypes: CMK 16725 (7), 18546 (5); MZB 9339 (5); ZRC 46259 (21). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Betta uberis Tan & Ng 2006 -- (Schindler & Linke 2013:35 [ref. 32666], Kottelat 2013:453 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta uberis Tan & Ng 2006. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Kalimantan Barat, Borneo. Habitat: freshwater.
unimaculatus, Parophiocephalus Popta [C. M. L.] 1905:184 [Notes from the Leyden Museum v. 25 (no. 4) (art. 15); ref. 3549] Howong R and Kajan River, Borneo, Indonesia. Lectotype: ZMA 114486. Syntypes: (52?) ZMA 114486 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:105 [ref. 19236]. Lectotype selected by Hui & Ng 2005:92 [ref. 28354]. •Valid as Betta unimaculata (Popta 1905) -- (Vierke 1986:99 [ref. 36452], Vierke 1988:142 [ref. 36453], Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat et al. 1993:163 [ref. 23448], Kottelat & Lim 1995:248 [ref. 23210], Tan & Ng 2005:45 [ref. 28354], Kottelat 2013:453 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Betta unimaculata (Popta 1905). Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Borneo, Indonesia. Habitat: freshwater.
waseri, Betta Krummenacher [R.] 1986:177, Figs. [Aquaria: Vivaristische Fachzeitschrift mit Vereinsmitteilungen v. 33 (no. 12); ref. 8081] Small jungle creek, across the road Kuala Lumpur-Kuantan, 22.5 kilometers before Kuantan, Malaysia. Holotype (unique): ZMUZ 129201. •Valid as Betta waseri Krummenacher 1986 -- (Witte & Schmidt 1992:327 [ref. 14256], Kottelat et al. 1993:163 [ref. 23448], Ng & Kottelat 1994:595 [ref. 22076], Tan & Ng 2005:83 [ref. 28354], Tan 2009:501 [ref. 30388], Kottelat 2013:453 [ref. 32989], Tan & Ahmad 2018:406 [ref. 36015]). Current status: Valid as Betta waseri Krummenacher 1986. Osphronemidae: Macropodusinae. Distribution: Malaysia. Habitat: freshwater.

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Appeal from the Supreme Court of the State of Ohio. [323 U.S. 329, 330] Mr. Joseph F. Smith, of Cleveland, Ohio, for appellant City of cleveland.
In No. 68 the appellees sought an injunction against the taxing officials of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, and those of the City of Cleveland, to restrain them from attempting to assess and collect taxes, pursuant to the laws of Ohio, on lands acquired by condemnation and owned by the appellees in the city and county. A preliminary injunction was issued but, pursuant to stipulation, the court proceeded at once to hear the case on the merits, and entered a final injunction. 1 [323 U.S. 329, 331] The lands involved were acquired by the United States by condemnation under the National Recovery programme for low-cost housing projects. The Federal Public Housing Authority then erected low-cost dwelling units which were leased to Cleveland Metropolitan Housing, a State of Ohio authority. The latter has sublet the units to tenants for residence purposes.
A majority of the court below held the federal statute authorized by the Constitution. 3 Its reasoning was that even though the evils of bad housing are local in their origin, their effect may become so widespread as to create a menace to the national welfare and that Congress is empowered to deal with the subject in that aspect. The dissenting judge was of the view that the project amounted merely to an embarkation by the federal Government in a private business and that the Government could not do this in such a way as to immunize the property employed from normal state taxation to support local police and other services required by the community of which the housing project forms a part.
In No. 388 the United States Housing Authority applied for exemption from local property taxes pursuant to the law of Ohio4, in respect of a housing project in Cincinnati. The real estate had been purchased by the United States and devoted to a low-cost housing project pursuant to the [323 U.S. 329, 332] federal statute. 5 The application was denied. Appeal was taken to the Supreme Court of Ohio. 6 The denial was affirmed on the grounds that no exemption was permitted by the Constitution and statutes of the State and that refusal of the claimed exemption was consistent with the federal Constitution. 7 An appeal to this court was perfected.
Nos. 68 and 69 were heard and decided by a District Court of three judges pursuant to 266 of the Judicial Code. 8 The appellants insist that they do not act as officers of the State in the enforcement or execution of any state statute in collecting the taxes in question, and that 266 therefore confers no jurisdiction on a three-judge court to hear the cause. We overrule this contention.
[ Footnote 1 ] D.C., 52 F.Supp. 906.
[ Footnote 2 ] 42 U.S.C. 1401 et seq., 42 U.S.C.A. 1401 et seq.
[ Footnote 3 ] Art. I, 8, Cl. 1.
[ Footnote 4 ] Ohio General Code, 5616, 5570-1.
[ Footnote 5 ] Supra, note 2.
[ Footnote 7 ] Federal Public Housing Authority v. Guckenberger, 143 Ohio St. 251, 55 N.E.2d 265.
[ Footnote 8 ] 28 U.S.C. 380, 28 U.S.C.A. 380.
[ Footnote 9 ] Ex parte Collins, 277 U.S. 565 , 48 S.Ct. 585; Ex parte Public National Bank, 278 U.S. 101 , 49 S.Ct. 43; Rorick v. Board of Commissioners of Everglades Drainage Dist., 307 U.S. 208 , 59 S.Ct. 808.
[ Footnote 10 ] See Ohio General Code 5328, 5351.
[ Footnote 11 ] Ex parte Collins, supra; Ex parte Public National Bank, supra.
[ Footnote 12 ] Spielman Motor Sales Co. v. Dodge, 295 U.S. 89 , 55 S.Ct. 678; Rorick v. Board of Commissioners, supra, 307 U.S. at page 212, 59 S.Ct. at page 810.
[ Footnote 13 ] 42 U.S.C. 1401, 42 U.S.C.A. 1401.
[ Footnote 14 ] 42 U.S.C. 1405(e), 42 U.S.C.A. 1405(e).
[ Footnote 15 ] 42 U.S.C. 1413, 42 U.S.C.A. 1413.
[ Footnote 16 ] United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1 , 64-67, 56 S.Ct. 312-320, 102 A.L.R. 914; Chas. C. Steward Machine Co. v. Davis, 301 U.S. 548, 586 , 57 S.Ct. 883, 890, 109 A.L.R. 1293; Helvering v. Davis, 301 U.S. 619, 640 , 57 S.Ct. 904, 908, 109 A.L.R. 1319.
[ Footnote 17 ] See, e.g. Van Brocklin v. State of Tennessee, 117 U.S. 151 , 6 S.Ct. 670; Pittman v. Home Owners' Loan Corporation, 308 U.S. 21 , 60 S.Ct. 15, 124 A.L.R. 1263; Federal Land Bank v. Bismarck Lumber Co., 314 U.S. 95 , 62 S.Ct. 1.

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This consent order concerns Internet advertisements by Pacific Holidays, Inc., that violate the advertisement requirements specified in 14 CFR Part 399 as well as 49 U.S.C. § 41712, which prohibit unfair and deceptive practices. It directs Pacific Holidays to cease and desist from future violations of Part 399 and Section 41712, and assesses the company a compromise civil penalty of $30,000.
This consent order concerns unauthorized passenger air service between points in the United States by 926724 Ontario Limited, d/b/a President Air Charter (President Air), a Canadian air taxi operator registered with the Department pursuant to 14 CFR Part 294. This consent order also concerns President Air’s failure to file with the Department an up-to-date certificate of insurance, as required by 14 CFR Parts 205 and 294. This order directs President Air to cease and desist from such further violations and assesses President Air a compromise civil penalty of $20,000.
This consent order results from the policy of El Al Israel Airlines to refuse reimbursement for certain items of lost luggage.
This consent order concerns Internet advertisements by MN Airlines, LLC d/b/a Sun Country Airlines (Sun Country) that violate the advertising requirements specified in 14 CFR Part 399, as well as 49 U.S.C. § 41712, which prohibits unfair and deceptive practices. It directs Sun Country to cease and desist from future violations of Part 399 and Section 41712, and assesses the carrier a compromise civil penalty of $40,000.
This consent order concerns unauthorized scheduled passenger service as a commuter air carrier by Craig Air Center, Inc., (CAC) in violation of 49 U.S.C. §§ 41101, 41712, and 41738 and 14 CFR Part 298, the Department’s commuter air carrier requirements. It directs CAC to cease and desist from further violations of these statutory provisions and federal regulation and assesses the carrier a compromise civil penalty of $25,000.
This consent order concerns United Air Lines, Inc.’s, (United) failure to provide accurate on-time performance information to the Department of Transportation (Department) in violation of 14 CFR Part 234 and 49 U.S.C. § 41708. It directs United to cease and desist from future similar violations of Part 234 and section 41708, and assesses the carrier a compromise civil penalty of $12,000.
This consent order concerns Internet advertisements by Lion World Travel Ltd. d/b/a South African Airways Vacations (SAAV) that violated 49 U.S.C. § 41712 and 14 CFR Part 399. It directs SAAV to cease and desist from such further violations and assesses the company a compromise civil penalty of $20,000.
This consent order concerns violations by China Focus, Inc., d/b/a China Focus Travel (“China Focus Travel”) of the Department’s advertising requirements specified in section 399.84 of the Department’s regulations (14 CFR 399.84) that also constitute unfair and deceptive trade practices and unfair methods of competition in violation of 49 U.S.C. § 41712. This order directs China Focus Travel to cease and desist from future violations and assesses the company compromise civil penalties of $50,000.
This consent order concerns reporting delinquencies by Chautauqua Airlines, Inc., (Chautauqua Airlines) that constitute violations of 49 U.S.C. § 41708 and the accounting and reporting requirements for small certificated air carriers specified in 14 CFR Part 298.
This consent order concerns reporting delinquencies by Republic Airline Inc., (Republic Airlines) that constitute violations of 49 U.S.C. § 41708 and the accounting and reporting requirements specified in 14 CFR Part 241.


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US v. WHITE BEAR BREWING CO.
Rehearing Denied May 28, 1956.
See 351 U.S. 958 .
Solicitor General Sobeloff, Acting Assistant Attorney General Rice and Mr. Harry Baum, for the United States.
Messrs. Kenneth F. Burgess, Edward P. Saltiel and William H. Avery, Jr., for respondents White Bear Brewing Co. and others.
The petition for writ of certiorari is granted and the judgment is reversed.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS, with whom Mr. Justice HARLAN concurs, dissenting.
there is nothing more to be done to have a choate lien-when the identity of the lienor, the property subject to the lien, and the amount of the lien are established.' Accordingly, we held that the principle that [350 U.S. 1010 , 1011] "the first in time is the first is right", id., 347 U.S. at page 85, 74 S. Ct. 370, should be applied. I would apply the same principle here.
None of our other cases stands in the way. United States v. Security Trust & Savings Bank of San Diego, 340 U.S. 47 , involved a general inchoate attachment lien which had been procured by the holder of an unsecured note. The attachment lien gave no right to proceed against the property unless the lienor obtained a judgment within three years. In United States v. Acri, 348 U.S. 211 , the attachment lien was contingent upon the outcome of the suit for damages and was therefore 'inchoate.' Id., 348 U.S. at page 214, 75 S.Ct. at page 241. The same was true of the lien of the garnisher in United States v. Liverpool & London & Globe Ins. Co., 348 U.S. 215 . In United States v. Scovil, 348 U.S. 218 , the landlord's distress lien was 'only a caveat of a more perfect lien to come.' Id., 348 U.S. at page 220, 75 S.Ct. at page 246. And in United States v. Colotta, 350 U.S. 808 , the mechanic's lien which we subordinated to the federal tax lien had become definite in amount but no steps had been taken to file the statutory lis pendens notice nor to enforce the lien before the federal lien arose and was recorded.
Here the lien is not general and inchoate. It is specific and choate. The lienor had an immediate right to 'enforce his lien' against the property. Ill.Rev.Stat.1953, c. 82, s 9. This is clearly more than 'merely a lis pendens notice that a right to perfect a lien exists.' 340 U.S. at page 50, 71 S.Ct. at page 113. Indeed, the mechanic's lienor had instituted suit to enforce the lien before the federal tax lien arose and had completed enforcement of the lien by the time the United States instituted the present action.
The Court apparently holds that under 26 U.S.C. s 3670, 26 U.S.C.A. s 3670, a lien that is specific and choate under state law, no matter how diligently enforced, can never prevail against a subsequent federal tax lien, short of reducing the lien to final judgment. That is new doctrine, not warranted by our decisions, and supportable only if the New Britain case were overruled.

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Robert L. REEVES et al., Plaintiffs and Respondents, v. Daniel P. HANLON et al., Defendants and Appellants.
Dwyer, Daly, Brotzen & Bruno, Toni Rae Bruno, Los Angeles, Marlin D. Wall and Ilan A. Charnelle, for Defendants and Appellants. Deborah J. La Fetra, Sacramento, and Timothy Sandefur, Rialto, for Pacific Legal Foundation as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants. Ballard, Rosenberg, Golper & Savitt, John J. Manier, Linda C. Miller Savitt, Universal City; Arter & Hadden, David Gurnick, Sue Bendavid-Arbiv; Robert L. Reeves & Associates, Robert L. Reeves, Robert J. DuPont, Pasadena, and Richard M. Wilner, Long Beach, for Plaintiffs and Respondents.
The primary issue presented is whether a defendant may be held liable under an intentional interference theory for having induced an at-will employee to quit working for the plaintiff. Because an interference as such is primarily an interference with the future relation between the plaintiff and the at-will employee, we hold that inducing the termination of an at-will employment relation may be actionable under the standard applicable to claims for intentional interference with prospective economic advantage. Accordingly, to recover for a defendant's interference with an at-will employment relation, a plaintiff must plead and prove that the defendant engaged in an independently wrongful act-i.e., an act “proscribed by some constitutional, statutory, regulatory, common law, or other determinable legal standard” (Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp. (2003) 29 Cal.4th 1134, 1159, 131 Cal.Rptr.2d 29, 63 P.3d 937 (Korea Supply ))-that induced the at-will employee to leave the plaintiff.
Adopting this standard of recovery in the context of at-will employment relations is particularly appropriate. Not only will it guard against unlawful methods of competition in the job market, but it will promote the public policies supporting the right of at-will employees to pursue opportunities for economic betterment and the right of employers to compete for talented workers. In this regard, it is clear from the standard that one commits no actionable wrong by merely soliciting or hiring the at-will employee of another.
Another issue presented in this case concerns the propriety of the trial court's award for violations of the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA) ( Civ.Code, § 3426 et seq.). We find the award was proper, and affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeal in its entirety.
Pursuant to a stipulated order, plaintiffs agreed to proceed to trial only on the foregoing causes of action. As pertinent here, the stipulated order specified that plaintiffs' claims would be resolved by a bench trial and that any recovery following trial would be limited to $150,000.
Trial of the matter commenced in January 2001. Following the presentation of briefing, evidence, and arguments, the trial court issued a statement of decision concluding that Hanlon and Greene had assumed fiduciary duties to plaintiffs and that they had engaged in interference with contracts and prospective business opportunity, and misappropriation of trade secrets. The court determined that, for more than five months prior to their departure, Hanlon and Greene had accessed plaintiffs' password-protected computer database to print out confidential name, address, and phone number information on 2,200 clients and had fomented dissatisfaction among plaintiffs' personnel. Although Greene had been chair of plaintiffs' litigation department and Hanlon had been responsible for over 500 client matters when they abruptly resigned without notice, they left no status reports or list of matters or deadlines on which they had been working. Nor did they attempt to cooperate with plaintiffs on a notice to clients. Shortly before resigning, Greene intentionally erased extensive computer files in plaintiffs' computer server containing client documents and form files used by plaintiffs. The evening of their resignations, defendants personally solicited plaintiffs' key employees. As a result, plaintiffs lost nine employees over the next 60 days, six of them joining defendants' new firm. Defendants also began a campaign to solicit plaintiffs' clients, contacting at least 40 clients by telephone without offering them a choice of counsel. All of this had been “intentionally done ․ to disrupt [plaintiffs'] ongoing business.” Although historically, plaintiffs typically lost only one or two clients a month, plaintiffs lost 144 clients to defendants over the next 12 months.
The trial court found that defendants' conduct caused damage to plaintiffs in the total amount of $182,180.18, as follows: (1) 144 of plaintiffs' clients who transferred to H & G did not pay $62,540.50 in fees that they owed to plaintiffs; (2) plaintiffs suffered $36,000 in lost future business revenue; (3) plaintiffs incurred $61,639.68 in expenses to mitigate damages, including $41,630.49 for informing clients that the firm was still in business and $20,009.19 for recruiting replacement employees; and (4) defendants were unjustly enriched in the amount of $22,000 due to the misappropriation of confidential client information. The court, however, declined to award punitive damages, finding that defendants did not act with malice, oppression or fraud, but instead acted out of “immaturity” and “an apparent get-rich-quick mentality at the expense of [plaintiffs].” The court reduced the damages award to $150,000 pursuant to the parties' stipulation, and thereafter awarded plaintiffs $47,427.63 in costs after granting in part and denying in part a motion to tax costs. Judgment was entered accordingly.
The Court of Appeal reversed the trial court's order denying in part the motion to tax costs and remanded for entry of a new order regarding costs. It affirmed the judgment in all other respects. As relevant here, the appellate court concluded that plaintiffs' interference claims were legally sound and substantially supported by the record, and also that their misappropriation of trade secrets claim was substantially supported.
What is disputed is the Court of Appeal's legal conclusion that “an employer may recover for interference with the employment contracts of its at-will employees by a third party when the third party does not show that its conduct in hiring the employees was justifiable or legitimate.” Relying primarily on GAB Business Services, Inc. v. Lindsey & Newsom Claim Services, Inc. (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 409, 99 Cal.Rptr.2d 665 (GAB ), defendants argue California law does not and should not recognize a cause of action in favor of an employer against another employer for interference with contractual relations by virtue of an offer of employment to an at-will employee.
But as the Restatement Second of Torts explains, if a party to a contract with the plaintiff is free to terminate the contractual relation when he chooses, “there is still a subsisting contract relation; but any interference with it that induces its termination is primarily an interference with the future relation between the parties, and the plaintiff has no legal assurance of them. As for the future hopes he has no legal right but only an expectancy; and when the contract is terminated by the choice of [a contracting party] there is no breach of it. The competitor is therefore free, for his own competitive advantage, to obtain the future benefits for himself by causing the termination. Thus, he may offer better contract terms, as by offering an employee of the plaintiff more money to work for him or by offering a seller higher prices for goods, and he may make use of persuasion or other suitable means, all without liability.” (Rest.2d Torts, § 768, com. i.) 5 Under this analysis, an interference with an at-will contract properly is viewed as an interference with a prospective economic advantage, a tort that similarly compensates for the loss of an advantageous economic relationship but does not require the existence of a legally binding contract.
Consistent with the decisions recognizing that an intentional interference with an at-will contract may be actionable, but mindful that an interference as such is primarily an interference with the future relation between the contracting parties, we hold that a plaintiff may recover damages for intentional interference with an at-will employment relation under the same California standard applicable to claims for intentional interference with prospective economic advantage. That is, to recover for a defendant's interference with an at-will employment relation, a plaintiff must plead and prove that the defendant engaged in an independently wrongful act-i.e., an act “proscribed by some constitutional, statutory, regulatory, common law, or other determinable legal standard” (Korea Supply, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 1159, 131 Cal.Rptr.2d 29, 63 P.3d 937)-that induced an at-will employee to leave the plaintiff.7 Under this standard, a defendant is not subject to liability for intentional interference if the interference consists merely of extending a job offer that induces an employee to terminate his or her at-will employment.
We now turn to defendants' contention, supported by GAB, supra, 83 Cal.App.4th 409, 99 Cal.Rptr.2d 665, that an employer should not, as a matter of law, be permitted to maintain a cause of action against another employer for intentional interference with an at-will employment contract. In GAB, the plaintiff's regional vice-president obtained an employment offer from a competitor. (83 Cal.App.4th at pp. 413-414, 99 Cal.Rptr.2d 665.) Before leaving the plaintiff, he successfully recruited several of the plaintiff's employees to join the competitor with him. (Id. at pp. 414-415, 99 Cal.Rptr.2d 665.) At trial, a jury rendered verdicts in favor of the competitor and the plaintiff's former regional vice-president on the plaintiff's claims for breach of fiduciary duty, unfair competition, misappropriation of trade secrets, and interference with contract.
We are not convinced. First, it is firmly established in California that intentionally interfering with an at-will contractual relation is actionable in tort, and we perceive no legal, logical, or policy basis for restricting the availability of this tort to employees. Significantly, neither GAB nor defendants here point to any empirical or evidentiary support for the conclusion that employer claims requiring a showing of unlawful conduct would prompt innumerable lawsuits and chill employment opportunities.
If anything, GAB's assertion that another tort presently addresses the problem of unlawful conduct among employers supports, rather than undermines, the idea that employers should be able to invoke the interference tort. The fact that such interference may already be actionable reinforces the point that employers deserve protection from other employers who engage in such wrongful conduct. Moreover, there is no indication that current litigation over such matters is rampant or has had the chilling effect GAB describes. Hence, such concerns appear unfounded and speculative at best.
Second, as discussed, case law in analogous contexts shields those employers who hire a competitor's at-will employees without engaging in unlawful conduct. (E.g., Metro, supra, 22 Cal.App.4th 853, 27 Cal.Rptr.2d 573; Diodes, supra, 260 Cal.App.2d 244, 67 Cal.Rptr. 19; see Buxbom, supra, 23 Cal.2d 535, 145 P.2d 305.) By recognizing similar restrictions in interference actions, we respect both the right of at-will employees to pursue opportunities for economic betterment and the right of employers to compete for talented workers, and in doing so strike the proper balance between society's interest in fostering robust competition in the job market and its interest in protecting against unlawful methods of competition.
Accordingly, we reject GAB's categorical holding that an employer may never maintain a cause of action against a competitor for intentional interference with its at-will employment relations. We disapprove GAB Business Services, Inc. v. Lindsey & Newsom Claim Services, Inc., supra, 83 Cal.App.4th 409, 99 Cal.Rptr.2d 665, to the extent it conflicts with the views expressed herein.
We now address whether application of the principles we announce today calls for affirmance of the $20,009.19 award against defendants. We conclude it does. Here, it is undisputed that Hanlon and Greene engaged in unlawful and unethical conduct in mounting a campaign to deliberately disrupt plaintiffs' business. (See ante, 17 Cal.Rptr.3d at pp. 293- 294, 95 P.3d at pp. 516-517 & fn. 2.) Greene had been chair of plaintiffs' litigation department, and Hanlon had been responsible for over 500 client matters, and both had assumed fiduciary duties to plaintiffs. When the two abruptly resigned without notice, they left no status reports or list of pending matters or deadlines on which they were working. Not only did they leave without providing such information, they acted unlawfully to delete and destroy plaintiffs' computer files containing client documents and forms. Additionally, Hanlon and Greene misappropriated confidential information (see post, pt. B), improperly solicited plaintiffs' clients, and cultivated employee discontent. While the computer files and the confidential information all appear to have pertained to plaintiffs' clients, not their employees, and while Hanlon and Greene waited until after their resignations to offer jobs to plaintiffs' employees, we cannot conclude the trial court abused its discretion in finding that defendants' unlawful and unethical actions were designed in part to interfere with and disrupt plaintiffs' relationships with their key at-will employees.
In short, defendants did not simply extend job offers to plaintiffs' at-will employees. Rather, defendants purposely engaged in unlawful acts that crippled plaintiffs' business operations and caused plaintiffs' personnel to terminate their at-will employment contracts. Accordingly, the Court of Appeal properly upheld the award of $20,009.19 for damages attributable to that wrongful conduct.
At trial, the court found that defendants violated the UTSA (Civ.Code, § 3426 et seq.) by misappropriating plaintiffs' confidential client list and, pursuant to Civil Code section 3426.3, subdivision (b), awarded plaintiffs $22,000 (representing a royalty fee of $10 for each of the 2,200 clients on the list). Defendants argue the Court of Appeal erroneously affirmed the trial court on this matter.
Under the UTSA, a client list qualifies as a “[t]rade secret” if it “[d]erives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to the public or to other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use” and “[i]s the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.” (Civ.Code, § 3426.1, subd. (d); see, e.g., Morlife, Inc. v. Perry (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 1514, 1520-1522, 66 Cal.Rptr.2d 731.) A violation of the UTSA occurs when an individual misappropriates a former employer's protected trade secret client list, for example, by using the list to solicit clients (American Credit Indemnity Co. v. Sacks (1989) 213 Cal.App.3d 622, 632-633, 262 Cal.Rptr. 92 (American Credit )) or to otherwise attain an unfair competitive advantage (see Morlife, supra, 56 Cal.App.4th at p. 1523, 66 Cal.Rptr.2d 731).
Here, defendants do not dispute that plaintiffs' client list derived independent economic value from not being generally known or that plaintiffs took reasonable efforts to maintain the list's secrecy under the circumstances. Instead, defendants claim the trial court erroneously found violations of the UTSA based on their mailing of a professional announcement to the clients appearing on that list.
We have no quarrel with defendants' authorities, but find they support the trial court's determinations that defendants violated the UTSA by using the trade secret client data in an improper manner “to directly solicit clients” and for defendants' “own pecuniary gain to the detriment and damage of” plaintiffs. There is substantial evidence in the record supporting these findings, including testimony that defendants used the data to solicit a number of plaintiffs' clients directly by telephone. Additionally, there is substantial evidence showing that defendants' business announcement caused plaintiffs' clients, many of whom lacked fluency in English, to believe Reeves had died or his firm had gone out of business, and that plaintiffs had to conduct their own mail campaign to reassure clients their firm remained able to serve them.9 Because defendants' conduct as such was not in furtherance of their right to engage in fair competition, the authorities they cite do not support a different result.
1. Hanlon and H & G filed a separate action against plaintiffs, and the two actions were consolidated. Greene then filed a separate cross-complaint against plaintiffs in the consolidated action. Hanlon and H & G alleged that plaintiffs had improperly withheld files and other materials belonging to H & G's clients after Hanlon resigned, and that plaintiffs had converted Hanlon's car. Greene, in turn, alleged that plaintiffs had failed to pay him commissions in accordance with his employment contract. These claims and cross-claims were either settled or arbitrated and are not at issue here.
2. Defendants did not petition the Court of Appeal for a rehearing regarding these factual matters, nor did they petition this court for their review. We therefore shall disregard any attempts defendants make in their briefing to expand the scope of review to include such matters.
3. There were two defendants in Buxbom, defendant Smith and defendant Wright. Buxbom sustained the judgment against Smith, who was a party to the distribution contract at issue, but reversed the judgment against Wright, finding that Wright acted merely as Smith's agent. (See Buxbom, supra, 23 Cal.2d at p. 540, 145 P.2d 305.) Although the Buxbom opinion refers sometimes to both defendants, and at other times only to Smith, in describing the same wrongful conduct, our opinion simply will refer to “defendant” in the singular for the sake of consistency.
7. Because the wrongful conduct in this case pertains only to the termination of at-will contracts, we need not and do not express an opinion whether an independent wrongfulness requirement would be appropriate for cases in which a defendant allegedly induces the breach of an otherwise enforceable term of an at-will contract.
9. Prior to defendants' departure, plaintiffs' firm went by the name of “Reeves and Hanlon, Professional Law Corporation.” The business announcement defendants mailed out informed plaintiffs' clients of the formation of “Hanlon & Greene, A Professional Corporation,” but made no mention of Robert Reeves's continuing practice.In recognition of the principle that the professional obligation of attorneys to their clients requires attorneys to provide for an orderly transition in the event of an employment change, Formal Opinion No. 1985-86 of the State Bar Standing Committee on Professional Responsibility and Conduct provides that departing attorneys should cooperate with their former employers to arrange for the issuance of a joint notice to clients. Here, defendants prepared and distributed their business announcement without seeking plaintiffs' input or approval.
WE CONCUR: GEORGE, C.J., KENNARD, WERDEGAR, CHIN, BROWN and MORENO, JJ.


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Producer, supplier, distributor, wholesaler, or importer; motor fuel tax; excise tax; amount; when payable; exemptions; equalization fee; section, how construed; refund.
(1)(a) At the time of filing the return required by section 66-488, such producer, supplier, distributor, wholesaler, or importer shall, in addition to the tax imposed pursuant to sections 66-489.02, 66-4,140, 66-4,145, and 66-4,146 and in addition to the other taxes provided for by law, pay a tax in an amount set in subdivision (b) of this subsection upon all motor fuels as shown by such return, except that there shall be no tax on the motor fuels reported if (i) the required taxes on the motor fuels have been paid, (ii) the motor fuels have been sold to a licensed exporter exclusively for resale or use in another state, (iii) the motor fuels have been sold from a Nebraska barge line terminal, pipeline terminal, refinery, or ethanol or biodiesel facility, including motor fuels stored offsite in bulk, by a licensed producer or supplier to a licensed distributor, (iv) the motor fuels have been sold by a licensed distributor or licensed importer to a licensed distributor or to a licensed wholesaler and the seller acquired ownership of the motor fuels directly from a licensed producer or supplier at or from a refinery, barge, barge line, pipeline terminal, or ethanol or biodiesel facility, including motor fuels stored offsite in bulk, in this state or was the first importer of such fuel into this state, or (v) as otherwise provided in this section. Such producer, supplier, distributor, wholesaler, or importer shall remit such tax to the department.
(v) Nine and one-half cents per gallon beginning on January 1, 2019.
(2) As part of filing the return required by section 66-488, each producer of ethanol shall, in addition to other taxes imposed by the motor fuel laws, pay an excise tax of one and one-quarter cents per gallon through December 31, 2004, and commencing January 1, 2010, and two and one-half cents per gallon commencing January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2009, on natural gasoline purchased for use as a denaturant by the producer at an ethanol facility. All taxes, interest, and penalties collected under this subsection shall be remitted to the State Treasurer for credit to the Agricultural Alcohol Fuel Tax Fund, except that commencing January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2009, one and one-quarter cents per gallon of such excise tax shall be credited to the Ethanol Production Incentive Cash Fund. For fiscal years 2007-08 through 2011-12, if the total receipts from the excise tax authorized in this subsection and designated for deposit in the Agricultural Alcohol Fuel Tax Fund exceed five hundred fifty thousand dollars, the State Treasurer shall deposit amounts in excess of five hundred fifty thousand dollars in the Ethanol Production Incentive Cash Fund.
(3)(a) Motor fuels, methanol, and all blending agents or fuel expanders shall be exempt from the taxes imposed by this section and sections 66-489.02, 66-4,105, 66-4,140, 66-4,145, and 66-4,146, when the fuels are used for buses equipped to carry more than seven persons for hire and engaged entirely in the transportation of passengers for hire within municipalities or within a radius of six miles thereof.
(b) The owner or agent of any bus equipped to carry more than seven persons for hire and engaged entirely in the transportation of passengers for hire within municipalities, or within a radius of six miles thereof, in lieu of the excise tax provided for in this section, shall pay an equalization fee of a sum equal to twice the amount of the registration fee applicable to such vehicle under the laws of this state. Such equalization fee shall be paid in the same manner as the registration fee and be disbursed and allocated as registration fees.
(c) Nothing in this section shall be construed as permitting motor fuels to be sold tax exempt. The department shall refund tax paid on motor fuels used in buses deemed exempt by this section.
(4) Natural gasoline purchased for use as a denaturant by a producer at an ethanol facility as defined in section 66-1333 shall be exempt from the motor fuels tax imposed by subsection (1) of this section as well as the tax imposed pursuant to sections 66-489.02, 66-4,140, 66-4,145, and 66-4,146.
(5) Unless otherwise provided by an agreement entered into between the State of Nebraska and the governing body of any federally recognized Indian tribe within the State of Nebraska, motor fuels purchased on a Nebraska Indian reservation where the purchaser is a Native American who resides on the reservation shall be exempt from the motor fuels tax imposed by this section as well as the tax imposed pursuant to sections 66-489.02, 66-4,140, 66-4,145, and 66-4,146.
(6) Motor fuels purchased for use by the United States Government or its agencies shall be exempt from the motor fuels tax imposed by this section as well as the tax imposed pursuant to sections 66-489.02, 66-4,140, 66-4,145, and 66-4,146.
(7) In the case of diesel fuel, there shall be no tax on the motor fuels reported if (a) the diesel fuel has been indelibly dyed and chemically marked in accordance with regulations issued by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States under 26 U.S.C. 4082 or (b) the diesel fuel contains a concentration of sulphur in excess of five-hundredths percent by weight or fails to meet a cetane index minimum of forty and has been indelibly dyed in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 7545.
Laws 2015, LB610, § 1.
Tax is an excise tax upon use and distribution of gasoline in the state and does not violate the commerce clause or due process and equal protection clauses of the United States Constitution. State v. Smith, 135 Neb. 423, 281 N.W. 851 (1938); Burke v. Bass, 123 Neb. 297, 242 N.W. 606 (1932).
Supreme Court refused to entertain jurisdiction of suit, under declaratory judgments act, to declare gasoline tax collected under alleged unconstitutional act a trust fund. Arlington Oil Co. v. Hall, 130 Neb. 674, 266 N.W. 583 (1936).
County is not exempt from payment of excise tax. State v. Cheyenne County, 127 Neb. 619, 256 N.W. 67 (1934).
Tax imposed by this section has its realistic impact upon the consumer. Standard Oil Co. v. Kurtz, 330 F.2d 178 (8th Cir. 1964).

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