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Behrens, Bertels, Blom, Bohnenstengel by Eryka. These are names that appear in my German/Latvian/Australian family tree: Behrens, Bertels, Blom, Bohnenstengel, De Op de Kelder, Doms, Dormagen, Gaikis, Garbutt, Graenling, Groning, Hahn, Hoppe, Jaunberzin, Jaunslaviet, Jaunslavietis, Karschnick, Laksa, Lenz, Martins, Newi, Pautz, Reining, Riemer, Schafer, Schmitz, Schroeder, Stichert, Streblow, Ulrich, Varkis, And Wittkopf.
Mitch Blank's Kreis Greifenberg Ancestors. Some of the family names from Kreis Greifenberg include: Beise, Blank, Block, Bonin, Erdmann, Neimen, Parpart, Polzin, Priess, Sohrweide, and Treptow. Some connected families are: Behl, Bohlmann, Butzlaff, Froemming, Haack, Radoke, Salchow, Schwanz, Wartgow and Weithke.
The Bogenschneider Family Worldwide. The Bogenschneider family from Stettin, Kreis Randow, Kreis Saatzig, and Kreis Naugard.
John Burow Family. (In English) The Burow Family from Kreis Cammin, Pommern.
Reuben Drefs Genealogy Page. 1772 Netze Land Records. 1793-1794 Land Records of South Prussia. Genzmark Posen-Westprussia Roman Catholic Church Books by Volkmann Poland Research. Supplemental Church Books List Netze District. Researching: Drews (Drefs), Wenzlaff, Jungling, Hiller, Semmler, Dux, Isaak, Tschritter, Schulz, Kuhn, and Rauter. (In English).
The Garling Homepage. Garlings in the World Genealogy Website. Surnames covered are Garling, Garlinge, Garlington, Gerling, Jarling and Scharling.
Homepage der Familie Gschweng aus Greifswald.
Kienow Family History and Heritage - Homepage. You will find various bits of history, heritage and family lore relating to the family KIENOW. The descendants of KIENOWS fall into 2 main surnames - the KIENOWS and the KENOWS. There have been various spellings throughout the years, among them KENO, KEANOW, KAINOW, KAÿNOW.
The Maas Family. Contains information on several family lines of Gene Maas as well as the report of a trip to Pomerania. Pictures of several village churches in Kr. Naugard and Saatzig are included. Surnames covered are: Blackwelder, Harrington, Just, Koehler, Köhler, Maass, Meidinger, Rieck, Schulz, Schwarzwalder, and Vanderburg.
Miller / Mueller. Genealogy compiled by Glenn Gohr.
Piepenburg-Pommern-Genealogie. Pommern / Kreis Regenwalde / Preußen. Familienname: Kahl...Ninnemann, Ortsforschung: Piepenburg.
Polzin_genealogy This webpage is intended to find as much info as possible about the Polzin family from Pommern (a.k.a. Pomerania), Germany.
Rohde Family. The Rohde family comes from Barskevitz, a small village east of Stargard.
Ahl, Hazel M. (Hazel Marie Rosner). The family history of Dorothea Sophia Kathrina Maask and her desendendants [sic], Grantsville, Utah: H.M. Ahl, c1995. Dorothea Sophia Kathrine Maask (1816-1900) was born in Collin, Pomerania, Prussia. She married (1) Michel Kühn who died ca. 1850, (2) John Wittee, (3) August Fenner. Dorothea and August came to Lee County, Illinois in 1869. Descendants lived in Illinois, Texas, Iowa, Utah, Oklahoma, Kansas, and elsewhere. Also includes family of Christian Friedrich and Anna Marie Buss Harck (Hark) of Pommern, Prussia. Some of their descendants immigrated to Illinois. Includes Wendt, Nass, Kühn, Witte, Fenner, Degner, Thiele, Hark (Harck), Bowers, Kahn, and related families.
Anderson, Richard L. (Richard LeRoy). August Lambrecht, the miller on Rock Creek, and his descendents. Omaha, Nebraska: R.L. Anderson, 1988. August Lambrecht (possibly Carl Heinrich August Lambrecht) (1823-1916) was the son of William (August?) Lambrecht and Augusta Heranimus of Griefenberg, Pomerania, Prussia. He and his sister, Augusta immigrated to the USA in 1854. He married (1) Maria Christiana Bloedorn (1820-1903) a native of Schoenwald, Pomerania, Prussia in 1846. They were the parents of eight children. He married (2) Sophia Bennet in 1903 at Beemer, NE. He settled in Elkhart Twp., Cuming Co., Nebraska. Includes Bloedorn, Toelle, Fullner, Emery, Liibbe, Schiffbauer and other related families.
Andrae, Maxwell Owen. History of the Andrae family: Maria Sophia Fredrike Andrae (1845-1899); Hulda Elisabeth Albertine Andrae (1849-1904); William Henry Andrae (1858-1916). Salt Lake City, Utah: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1993. 1 reel microfilm. The Andraes came from Pomerania to Milwaukee in 1855. Includes Andrae, Statdler, Edwards and related families.
Armour, Iola Sonnenberg. The Sonnenberg saga. [Tucson, Arizona?: I.S. Armour, 199_]. Henrich Paul Sonnenberg (1852-1935) was born at Ratzebuhr, Pomerania, Germany, the son of Friedrich Wilhelm and Henrietta Charlotte Lambrecht Sonneberg. He immigrated to the United States in 1870 and settled at Red Bud, Illinois, in 1873. He married Wilhelmine Caroline Lewein (1861-1936) there in 1880. They had thirteen children, 1881-1904. They migrated west after their marriage and their first child was born at Caldwell (Hoag) Nebraska. They then returned to Red Bud, where three more children were born. In 1888, they migrated west again and homesteaded near Maxwell, Nebraska. Five more children were born there. They moved west to land near Big Springs, Nebraska, in 1897, where the other children were born, and south to Colorado in 1907. Paul and Caroline moved back to Big Springs, Nebraska in 1931. He died at there and was was buried in LeRoy Cemetery, Logan, Colorado. Caroline Sonneberg was killed in a car accident in Wyoming a few months later. Descendants live in Colorado, Nebraska, and elsewhere. Includes the Condy, Hein, Lewien, and other related families. Also includes some ancestors and relatives in Germany.
Balthasar, A. Genealogien der Familien von Behr, von Wakenitz und von Ferber. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1976. 1 reel microfilm. Genealogy of the von Behr, von Wakenitz and von Ferber families of Pomerania, Germany, now in Poland.
Bartelt, R. H. Die Bartelt: Chronik und Genealogie von 1664 bis zur Gegenwart. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1991. 1 reel microfilm. History of the Bartelt family, originally from Langenhagen, Pomerania, now in Poland. The history goes back to 1664.
Boehlke, LeRoy M. The family of August and Caroline Boehlke. Germantown, Wisconsin: L. Boehlke, 2001. Carl Ludwig August Boehlke was born 27 February 1818 in Stuchow, Kreis Cammin, Pomerania, Prussia. His parents were Carl Freidrich Boehlke and Anna Catharine Juech. He married Caroline Friederike Schulz, daughter of Martin Heinrich Schulz and Dorothea Louise Zautke, 1 November 1844. They had eight children. They emigrated in 1851 and settled in Granville, Wisconsin. August died in 1908. Descendants and relatives lived mainly in Wisconsin. Includes Hoefer, Dobberfuhl, Schroeder, Frenz, Saben, Daeda, Otting, Groth, Lund, Abbiehl, Hackbarth, Eigenschink, Gierach and related families.
Bogenschneider, Duane Raymond. The Bogenschneider Family History and Genealogy. Vol. I: The Descendants of Gottfried David Benjamin Bogenschneider. Mequon, WI: Bogenschneider Publications, 2015. xxxviii, 456 pages; name index and photos. ISBN: 978-0-9903647-1-9. Volume I of The Bogenschneider Family History and Genealogy covers the life of Gottfried David Benjamin Bogenschneider and the lives of nearly 2000 of his descendants both in Germany and in the United States. Born in 1724, Gottfried David Benjamin Bogenschneider served as a teacher and church sexton in Krackow, Randow, Pomerania, Prussia until his death in 1797. Descendants of Gottfried that emigrated to the United States include: 1. August Wilhelm Bogenschneider (1837-1919), who settled in Dodge County, Wisconsin; 2. Carl Friedrich Bogenschneider (1859-1925), who settled in Jefferson County, Wisconsin; 3. Franz Friedrich Wilhelm Bogenschneider (1866-1942), who settled in Jefferson County, Wisconsin; and, 4. William Paul Bogenschneider (1856-1914), who settled in New York City. In addition to providing a genealogy of the family, the work provides information on the historical situation and environment of the early ancestors and their families, as well as background on the family name.
Bohlmann, Wilhelm. Stammtafel der Familie Bohlmann aus Gr. Weckow-Rissnow, Kreis Kamin Pommern. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1983. 1 microfiche. Genealogy of the Bohlmann family of Pomerania, Germany.
Brusius, Beth Lettow. The Lettows. Minnetonka, Minnesota: B.L. Brusuis, c1984 and Iowa City, Iowa: J.M. Liittschwager. Carl Wilhelm Frederick Lettow (1856-1926) married Henriette Wilhelmina Charlotte Vandereier in 1877, and in 1884 they immigrated from Germany to Eldora, Iowa. A sister of Carl had immigrated the year before, and other family members immigrated later. Descendants and relatives lived in Iowa, Missouri, Texas, Minnesota, California and elsewhere. Includes family and local history in Pommern or Pomerania, Germany to the 1100s. Includes Balvanz, Bessman, Gildemeister, Steinfeldt, Wimmer, Ziesman and related families.
Buchanan, Helen Noteboom. Midwestern roots: Noteboom--Van Lint--Witt--Eskelson--Hanson : families of Iowa and Minnesota. Springfield, Virginia: H.N. Buchanan, 1996. Chiefly ancestors, relatives and descendants of the author's parents, Ernest H. and Amanda Eskelson Noteboom. Ancestors include: Arie Noteboom (1791-1875) of Berkel, South Holland, and Pella, Iowa; and his ancestor, Gerit Arie Noteboom (m. 1705) of Almkerk, North Brabant, Netherlands -- Cornelius Van Lint (1805-1878) of Leerdam, South Holland and Pella, Iowa -- Herman Witt (1835-1925) of Hammer, Pomerania, Germany and Hawarden, Iowa -- Hans Boe Eskelson (1838-1921) of Christiana (Oslo), Norway and Rushford, Minnesota -- Hans Hanson Hogenestad (b. 1816) of Hognestad, Norway and Fillmore County, Minnesota. Includes the Buchanan, Muckey and other related families.
Bünsow, Robert. Beitrag zur Familienchronick des Geschlechtes Bünsow unter sechs Jahrhu nderten. Stockholm: A.-B. Fahlcrantz' Boktryckeri, 1913. The Bünsow family of Pomerania.
Cochran, Richard M. (Richard Michael). The Mach genealogy : descendants of Friedrich and Anna Mach of Schöner, Pomerania, Prussia; with allied families in America and Germany, including Damaschke, Neumann, Petz, Radloff, and Unsoeld. South Bend, Indiana: Cochran, 1980. Adolphine and Bertha Mach, daughters of Carl and Ernestine Mach preceded them to America by two years. The daughters worked in Detroit, and in 1869 sent for their family, who after a short stay in Detroit settled on a farm in Waltz, Michigan. Descendants lived in Michigan, Florida, Texas, Ohio and along the west coast. Includes Holstein, Neumann, Petz, Radolff, Unsoeld and related families.
Colombo, Lisa. Emil & Adeline (Teich) Miller, ancestors & descendants. Typescript. The ancestors of Emil August Miller (1872-1939) and Adeline "Lena" Teich (1875-1959) originally came from Pomerania, Germany. They settled in Wisconsin. Emil and Adeline were married in Forestville, Wisconsin in 1895 and were the parents of twelve children. Descendants live in Wisconsin.
Costello, Richard J. Whence they came: the Carl Johann Flemming story. [Lake Forest, California]: R.J. Costello, 2002. Carl Johann Flemming married Dorothea Louise Meier. He died in 1825 in Zachan, Pomerania. Their son, Ernst Wilhelm Flemming, was born 30 October 1800 in Zachan. He married Caroline Friederike Wilhelmine Lenius in about 1825. They had seven children. They emigrated in 1852 and settled in Buffalo, New York. Descendants and relatives lived mainly in New York and Indiana. Includes Costello, Hosler, Kopplin, Lehman, Lischer, Pastuch, Schick, Schmelzer, Seubert, Ziebell and related families.
Davis, Allen W. (Allen Warren). History and genealogy of the family of Karl and Johanna Möller: including main branches of the families of Jacobs, Miller, Mueller, Dedelow, Vanes, and allied families of Kunow, Ruhl, Watts, Wagner and Davis. Topeka, Kansas: A.W. Davis, 1984. Karl Möller (d.1868) married Johanna Möller, and in 1868 they immi- grated from Pomerania, Germany (now in East Germany and Poland) to Chicago, Illinois; he died later that year, Johanna married Heinrich Muchert in 1875, and the family moved to Hessville, Indiana. Descendants and relatives lived in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Missouri, California and elsewhere.
Dinnies-Dinse, Paul. Aus der Arbeit des Familienforschers: beiträge zur Geschichte der vorpommerschen Familien Dinse. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1983. 1 microfiche. Genealogy of the Dinse family of Pomerania, Germany.
Doerk, Marie-Luise. Geschichte der Familien Doerk und Plath: und ihrer Heimat Pommern, Westpreußen und Ostpreußen. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1998. 1 reel microfilm. History of the Doerk and Plath families from Pomerania, West Prussia, and East Prussia. Volume 1 gives the genealogy of Bruno Doerk, volume 2 gives the genealogy of his wife, Annemarie Plath.
Driessel, Richard H. (Richard Henry) and Margaret Louise Otto Driessel. Genealogy of Margaret Louise Otto Driessel. Fern Park, Florida: Richard H. Driessel, 1983. The Otto name originated in Europe. The earliest Otto ancestor found was Carl C. Otto, who was born in Pomerania, Prussia in 1816. He migrated to the United States with his wife and youngest child. He settled in Wisconsin and then moved to Iowa where he spent the rest of his life. Includes Driessel, Otto, Roth, Engel, Muser and related families.
Eickstedt, Vivigenz Joachim Valentin Dubslaff von. Fortsetzung des von dem Oberst Carl August Ludwig v. Eickstedt ver- fassten und von demselben 1860 herausgegebenen Familienbuchs des dynastischen Geschlechts der v. Eickstedt. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1969. 1 reel microfilm. Genealogy of the von Eickstedt family of Thuringia, Pomerania, Brandenburg, und Silesia.
Enz, Bernice Madline Amalia Blauert. Altmann ancestry: descendants of Johann Carl Friedrich Erdmann Altmann from Jarchlin, Pomerania, Prussia, Germany 1831-1909. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: B. Enz, 1987. Johann Karl Altmann was born in Germany in 1831. He came to America in 1855 and settled in Wisconsin. He married another German immigrant, Ernestine Krohn and they had four children. Information on their descendants and other family members who immigrated to America is given in this volume. Descendants live in Wisconsin, and elsewhere in the United States. Includes Altmann, Beer, Zilisch, Stamm, Motek, Dennis, and related families.
Enz, Bernice Madline Amalia Blauert. The Schultz story: Bridging the Atlantic with Carl F.W. & Dorothea Schultz from Pomerania and Holstein, Prussia, Germany 1842-1990.Milwaukee, Wisconsin: B. Enz, 1990. Carl and Dorthea Wettering Schultz were married in Prussia in 1871. They shortly came to America where they settled in Wisconsin where they had ten children. Information on many of their descendants is given in this volume. Descendants now live in Wisconsin, and elsewhere in the United States. Includes Schultz, Enz, Johnson, Sunstrom, Yunk, Karrow, and related families.
Enz, Bernice Blauert. Altmann Ancestry: Descendants of Johann Carl Friedrich Erdmann Altmann from Jarchlin, Pomerania, Prussia, Germany, 1831-1909. [Wisconsin?]: B.B. Enz, 1987.
Erickson, Kimberly Jean Nemitz. The Ancestors and Descendants of Herman Ernest Nemitz (1865-1935) and Amolia Theresa Schmidt (1864-1947): Residents of Pomerania and Posen, Prussia, and Brown, Nicollet, Redwood, and Renville Counties, Minnesota, U.S.A. Minneapolis, Minn: K.J.N. Erickson, 1986.
Falck, Myron R. (Myron Rudolph). Seefeldt families : in Pomerania, the land by the sea and in the United States, a new country. St. Peter, Minnesota: M.R. Falck, [c2000?] Johann Seefeldt was born born 17 August 1793. His father was Gottlieb Seefeldt. He married Caroline Sophia Strege (1795-1870) in 1819 in Neu Sarnow, Germany. They had six children. Their son, August Friedrich Wilhelm Seefeldt (1822-1888) married Wilhelmine Thimm in 1846. They had six children. They emigrated in 1866 and settled in Brown County, Wisconsin. Descendants and relatives lived mainly in Germany, Wisconsin, Indiana and California. Includes Ault, Beimborn, Buerger, Bunnell, Conklin, Falck, Falk, Gluth, Hoelzel, Irish, Lemke, Rademann, Ziesemer and related families.
Falk, Clarence William Charles Family. Falk - the genealogy of a. Avondale, New Zealand: C.W.C. Falk, 1987. Karl Eduard (Charles Edward) Falk, born January 19, 1828, in Schmolsin, a small town on the Baltic- coast, Hinter Pomerania, about 50 miles N. W. from Danzig, Prussia; died 20 October 1916 at Nagpur, C. P. India. His family was born and raised in India. His grandson Clarence William Charles Falk later emigrated to New Zealand after India achieved independence. The earliest known ancestor Jacob Falck born about 1722 in Schwerin by Labes, in northern Germany. Descendants of Jacob Falck now live in Germany, India, England, Australia, New Zealand, and California, in the United States.
Freckmann, Sally Kauss. Marquardt family: 100 years of history. Salt Lake City, Utah: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 2001. Also available in digital format from the Family History Library. Julius Marquardt was born 8 July 1849 in Pomerania, Germany. His parents were Wilhelm Marquardt and Johanna Watter. He emigrated in 1882. He married Marie Assmann (1863-1936), daughter of Johann Assmann (1818-1883) and Auguste W. Braun (1831-1907), 31 October 1884 in Caroline, Wisconsin. They had twelve children. Ancestors, descendants and relatives lived mainly in Germany and Wisconsin. Includes Berger, Bilzi, Breitenfeldt, Dedolph, Fields, Kersten, Kerstner, Kunst, Ladwig, Neumann, Prokash, Tesmer, Wade, Wickersham and related families.
Gerbrandt, Irma Toews. Remembering the Schulzes: From Pomerania to Prussia to Russia to Canada. Saskatoon, Sask: Irma Toews Gerbrandt], 1999.
Glamm, Carl W. (Carl William). The Glamm and Zastrow families of Pine Island, Minnesota, Columbus, Wisconsin, and Ixonia, Concord, and Golden Lake, Jefferson County, Wisconsin: plus the Glamm families of St. Clair, Blue Earth County, Minnesota, Janesville, Waseca County, Minnesota, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Pine Island, Minnesota: C.W. Glamm, 1982. Johannes David Fredrick Glamm (1812-1895) and his wife, Hannah Louise, and their two sons immigrated from Witzmitz, Pomerania, Germany to Concord Township, Jefferson County, Wisconsin. Michael Fredrick August Zastrow (1820-1891) and his wife, Friedricka Bliese, and their oldest five children also immigrated from Pomerania, Germany to Concord Township, Jefferson County, Wisconsin. Descendants and rela- tives lived in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and elsewhere. Includes Bonhoff, Brendamill, Danielevski, Hamann, Kollos, Schrupp, Youngerberg and related families.
Gross, Herbert M. The history of the Gross and Hackbarth families in the United States. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: H.M. Gross, 1993. Wilhelm Albert Carl Gross was born in 1862 in Luggeweise, Pomerania. His parents were Gottlieb Gross and Johanna Lehman. Caroline Hackbarth was born in 1865 in Natztow, Pomerania. Her parents were August Herman Hackbarth and Fredricke Albertine Kucksdorf. Wilhelm and Caroline were married in 1884. They immigrated to America and settled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Ancestors and descendants lived in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Germany, Lithuania and elsewhere. Includes Affeldt, Baerenwald, Jurkins, Lentzner, Otte and related families.
Haberstroh, Robert A. (Robert Arthur). A history of the Unke family: a Pomeranian family which came to Wisconsin. Bonn, Germany: R.A. Haberstroh, c1996. Christoph Hermann Unke (1846-1932), son of Adam and Wilhelmine Krause Unke, was born at or near Storkow, Pomerania, Germany. He married Wilhelmina Caroline Henriette Boese (1846-1930), daughter of Johann Friedrich and Hanna Louise Dorow Böse, probably at Storkow. They had five children, 1872-1885. The family immigrated to the United States in 1884 and settled at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Descendants listed lived in Wisconsin and elsewhere. Includes Haberstroh and other related families.
Hebb, Berneva Buhrow. Jagow to Rubicon: The Story of Michael Buhrow (1813-1882), a Shepherd, and His Family in America. Wisconsin: B.B. Hebb, 2009. Includes family group sheets, black and white photos, and alphabetical surname index.
Hintermeier, Karl. Die Saeker/Saecker von Hinterpommern und verwandte Familien. [S.l.]: K. Hintermeier, 2004.
Hogy, Elmer. Westpreussen - Jahnke und Bobrowski. Hogy, 2008. Related surnames: Jahnke, Neitzel, Hackbarth. Family Group Sheets. Many photos in black and white. No surname index.
Horn, Merlin Edwin. Genealogy of the Dobberpuhls: People from Kreis Cammin in the Former Province of Pomerania, Prussia. Waupaca, Wis: Horn Publications, 2003.
Horn, Merlin E. Genealogy of the Dobberpuhls. 2nd edition. Horn, 2007. ISBN 0-9654135-27-7. This "Old Lutheran" family emigrated in 1843 aboard the Barque Hualco, arriving 21 August in New York. The passenger ship list and census data are included. Related surnames: Horn, Groth, Bogenschneider, Zimmermann, Kregel, Burow, Zahn, Callies, Kieckhaefer, Radke.
Irwin, Caroline W. (Caroline Wolfgramm). Wolfgramm family history. Logan, Utah: C.W. Irwin,  Christian Friedrich August Sanft was born in 1820 in Pyritz, Pomerania, Germany. His parents were Samuel Sanft and Caroline Klix. In 1848 he left Germany to search for business opportunities in California, Australia and finally Tonga. He settled at Vava'u in 1864 and sent to Germany for Sophie Doerner and married her the day she arrived in Tonga. In 1872 eight of his nephews, four Sanfts and four Wolfgramms, came to Tonga and settled near their uncle. They married Tongan women, raised families and established various businesses on the islands. Descendants and relatives lived in Tonga, New Zealand, the United States and elsewhere.
Jacks, Joanne Gertrude. The Jacks-Knoll family history: Pomerania to America. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: J. Jacks, 1992. Family of Gottlieb Joecks (1845-1909), son of Michael and Sophia Joecks, who was born in Horst, Pommern, Prussia. He was (1) married to Wilhelmina Panter (1845-1873) of Mecklenburg in 1869; (2) to Augusta Knoll (1857-1927) in 1873. Augusta was the daughter of Wilhelm Albert Knoll and Minnie Duenow. She was born in Doringshagen, Pommern, Prussia. She came to America in 1862. Gottlieb Joecks emigrated from Prussia to Wisconsin via Quebec in 1865. He was naturalized in Wood County, Grand Rapids on Nov. 2, 1868. He changed his surname Joecks into Jacks after leaving his farm to come to Milwaukee around World War I. He had thirteen children born in Wisconsin.
Johnson, Mary Jane Fink. The descendants of Christian Friedrich Seefeld: a history of his children who immigrated to America from Pomerania and their families. Destin, Florida: Community Computer Services, c1991 (Franklin, North Carolina: Genealogy Publishing Service) Christian Friedrich Seefeld was born 1795 in Germany. He married Anna Sophia Kobs ca. 1816 in Germany. They lived in the German province of Pomerania. Seven of their eight children immigrated to the United States between the years 1850 and 1868 and all of them settled in the state of Wisconsin. Descendants lived in Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Indiana, Florida, Arizona and elsewhere. Includes information on the Buss, Drescher, Fink and Meyer families.
Kester, John G, Weser, Wolf, Winnebago and Westward : the Romberg, Ahlswede, Patzlaff, Kester, Knoke, Giebell and allied families of Wisconsin and the upper midwest. Alexandria, Virginia : New Elm Press, c1999. This book is about two families who lived at opposite ends of Germany and later met in Wisconsin. Both families traveled to the United States via the port of Bremen and both made new homes near the Wolf River and Lake Winnebago in Wisconsin. Six brothers and sisters from the Romberg family emigrated from Braunschweig, Germany to Wisconsin in the 1850s and 1860s. The Knokes, neighbors from Braunschweig, came to America at the same time and intermarried with the Rombergs. In the 1870s, Wilhelmine and Ludwig Patzlaff and eight of their ten children came to Wisconsin from a different part of Germany, Pomerania in Prussia. The Patzlaffs settled on farms a few miles south of the Romberg family in Black Wolf Township in Winnebago County. The Patzlaff and Romberg families connected in 1873 when Caroline Patzlaff, one of the children of Wilhemine and Ludwig, married Heinrich Ahswede, a Romberg counsin. In 1878 William Kester, the son of one of the original Romberg immigrants, married Alvine Patzlaff, another daughter of Wilhemine and Ludwig. Contains information about the original Romberg and Patzlaff immigrants and their descendants including the Ahlswede, Kester, Knoke, Giebel and other related families.
Kieckebusch, Werner von, Geschichte des Geschlechts v. Stülpnagel: im Auftrage des v. Stülpnagel'schen Familienverbandes auf Grund von Urkunden und Familiennachrichten. Salt Lake City, Utah : Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1989. 1 reel microfilm. History of the von Stülpnagel family, traced back to 1321. The family settled primarily in Taschenberg, Grünberg, Liebenow, and Falkenberg in Brandenburg, Pomerania, and Silesia, Germany, now in Poland and East Germany. Includes entries for the Arnim, Oertzen, Gloeden, Brandenburg, Holtzendorff, Winterfeld, von der Schulenburg and other related aristocratic families.
Köller, Ernst Matthias von, Urkundenbuch des Pommerschen Geschlechts v. Köller, 1280-1900. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1992. 1 reel microfilm. Genealogy of the Köller family of Pomerania, Germany.
Kruse, Horst, Radmer: Chronik der pommerschen familie. Hannover: J. und H. Brenske, 2004. Ancestry of Johanna Radmer (b. 1921) of Gramenz (Kr. Neustettin), Pomerania, Germany; now, Grzmiąca (Szczecinek), Koszalin, Poland. She married Helmut Brenske (b. 1917), originally from Hanover, Germany, in Hanover in 1950. Her parents were Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Radmer (1887-1974) and Elna Pommerening (1893-1981) of Flackenheide and Alt-Valm (now, Wielawino and Stary Chwalim near Szczecinek). Her third great-grandfather was Gottlieb Wilhelm Radmer, who married Dorothea Louise Ziegen and settled in Flackenheide during the late eighteenth century. Family members later settled near Hanover, Berlin, and Bückeburg (Schaumburg-Lippe) in Germany. Mit Brenske, Bülow, Dräger. Knoop, Müller, Pommerening, Radmer, Schön, Schubring und anderen verwandten Familien.
Laabs, Eberhard, Der Familienname Laabs und seine pommersche Geschichte. Herbolzheim : Centaurus, 2003. The family Name Laabs and Its Pomeranian History.
Leistikow, Oskar, Stammtafel-Leistikow (Leistico). Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 2002. 1 reel microfilm. Pedigree chart of Lorenz Leistickow or Leistico, born about 1600 in Klein Grünow, Pomerania, Germany. Other Leistickow families are found in Rehwinkel (Kr. Saatzig), and in Schöneberg (Kr. Saatzig), Pomerania.
Lemke, Alan J, Our Lemke Ancestors from Oshkosh, Wisconsin and Their Pomeranian Origins. S.l: s.n, 1990.
Lindemann, Marilyn Koepsell, Christian Koepsell and Family: Old Lutherans from Pomerania to Lebanon, Wisconsin in 1846. Watertown, Wisconsin: The author. Family history of Koepsells from Zitzmar, Kr. Greifenberg; relates to the Christian Koepsell whose Fachwerk barn now stands at the Old World Wisconsin outdoor museum in Eagle, Wisconsin. Descendancy charts of his eleven children are limited to the first four generations.
Lüdeke von Weltzien, Wolf, Familien aus Mecklenburg und Vorpommern: Genealogien erloschener und lebender Geschlechter. Nagold: Buch & Bild, 1989-, Genealogies of aristocratic families from Mecklenburg, Brandenburg and Pomerania in Germany, all of whom have ties to the von Weltzien family. Some families have died out.
Mahling, Robert J, 1923-, A little bit of history of the Wilhelm Mehling and Johanna Wolf families. [Randall, Minnesota?]: R.J. Mahling, 1994. Wilhelm Mehling (1850-1946) was born in Jarram, Pomerania, province of Prussia. He married Johanna Wolf (1853-1937), daughter of Johan and Sophia Wolf, in 1874 in Statten, Germany. They immigrated to Illinois in 1881 and later lived in Nebraska and Minnesota. Some descendants changed name to "Mahling." Descendants lived in South Dakota, Nebraska, Montana, California, Minnesota, and elsewhere. Includes Wright, Wolf, and related families.
Mahncke, Alfred, Translated by Herbert Richter; Dorothy L. Miller. The History of the Mahncke generation. Salt Lake City, Utah: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1989. 1 reel microfilm. History of the Mahncke family, descended from Christian Manke (1689- 1757) and Katharina Mahnfeld (d. 1757) of Duckow, Pomerania, Germany; now in East Germany. Descendants settled in South Africa, the United States, and elsewhere in Germany. Includes entries for the Hagen, Mühlenbruch, Behren, Wiese, Gellert, Schlieper and other related families.
Manthe, Norbert M. (Norbert Martin), 1927-, The Lebenslauf of Robert and Wilhelmine Stiemke: out of Pomerania unto Town Leeds, Columbia County, Wisconsin. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: N.M. Manthe, 1979. Robert Carl Friedrich Stiemke (1839-1928) married Wilhelmine Steinbrink in 1865, immigrated from Germany to Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1868 and, after several moves, settled in Arlington, Wisconsin. Descendants lived in Wisconsin, Michigan and elsewhere. Includes Andre, Gundlach, Manthe, Mielke and related families.
Markham, Beverly Ann, A History of the Family of Johann Friedrich Trost and Dorothea Wulff of Hohenselchow, Kreis Randow, Germany. Arizona, USA: Beverly Ann Markham, 2001.
Martin, Rosemary E. (Rosemary Elizabeth Pietsch), 1940-, Samuel Pietsch: family history in Australia, 1845-1980. Adelaide, South Australia: Lutheran Pub. House, 1980. Samuel Gottlob Pietsch (1804-1886) and his wife Anna Dorothea Redlich and their family of three emigrated from Rensekow, Pomerania through Bremen, Germany to South Australia in 1845. They later moved to Lobethal in the Adelaide hills. They were soon followed by other relatives from Pomerania. Includes Braun/Brown, Jaensch, Lloyd, Schneider, Zanker and related families.
Massow, Wilhelm Franz Philipp von, Die Massows: Geschichte einer pommerschen Adelsfamilie von Wilhelm Massow. Halle (Saale): Buchdruckerei des Waisenhauses, 1931. Genealogy of the von Massow family of Pomerania, Germany. Supplement: Pedigree charts.
McBride, John, Griep, Grijp, Grip Worldwide. Die Pommerschen Leute/The Pomeranian People. 32, 4 (Winter 2009): 59-63.
McLellan, Marjorie L., with an essay by Kathleen Neils Conzen. Six generations here: a farm family remembers. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1997. William Krueger (1818-1908), his wife Wilhelmina, and three children emigrated from Pomerania in 1851. This book is largely a photographic essay, many of the pictures being taken by William's grandson, Alexander Krueger (1872-1948).
McNeill, Ruby Simonson (Ruby Louise Wiley Simonson), 1937-. Simonson miscellaneous research data. Spokane, Washington: R.L.S. McNeill, 1979-1991. Newsletter for the interchange of genealogical data and history of the Simonson (and variant spellings) families who came mainly from Austria, Denmark, England, Finland, Germany, Holland, Ireland, Norway, Poland, Pomerania, Prussia, Russia, and Sweden. Some immigrant ancestors settled in New Brunswick (Canada), and in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, North and South Carolina, and Virginia in the 1600-1700's. During the 1800's, some migrated to Manitoba and Ontario (Canada), and to Alabama, California, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Wisconsin. Later descendants and relatives also lived Alberta, British Columbia, and Nova Scotia (Canada), in Argentina, and in Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Washington, Wyoming, and elsewhere. Also includes Seymourson, Sim, Simanson, Simason, Simenson, Simeon, Simerson, Simeson, Simieson, Siminson, Simison, Simissim, Sim(m)erson, Sim(m)ison, Simmons, Simmonson, Simonse, Simonsen, Simonton, Simoson, Simpson, Simson, Symens(e), Symesse, Symes(s)en, Symon, Symonse, Symonsen, Symonson, Symonszen, Symontz, and other variant spellings. Also includes Alden, Arents, Aycock, Barentzen (Barentsen), Barger, Barrows, Bayles, Byfield, Cantwell, Crocheron, Dawson, Dean, DeMott, Gould, Hall, Harvey, Hinchman, Hall, Messler, Murphey, Richmond, Polivka, Teague, Terry, Thompson, Van Voorhees, and other related families.
Michael, Marianne Georgia Krueger, 1917-. The Charles W. Krueger family: Pomeranian ancestors. Iowa City, Iowa : M.K. Michael, c2002. A record of the family of Charles Wilhelm "William" Krueger. He was born 13 Aug 1836 in Sidenbolletin, Pomeriania to Carl Krueger and Sophia Raggo. He married Wilhelmenia Wiedmann 21 Nov 1865 in Sidenbolletin, Pomerania. She was born in 1841 to Carl Wiedman and Mary Dorthea Nehles. The family arrived in New York via Castle Garden in 1882 and later settled in Iowa. Wilhelmenia died in 1915. He died 15 Feb 1924 in Bagley, Iowa. They were the parents of five children, four of them born in Siedenbolletin, Pomerania. Includes Alexander, Anderson, Brady, Burgess, Deardorf, DeVlieger, Drewitz, Evans, Hall, Kmet, Knott, Krueger, Lawson, Michael, Myers, Neal, Nissen, Pensoneault, Roggow, Schmude, Smith, Souder, Stiles, Vaux, Wiedman, and others.
Michaelis, Hans-Thorald. Die pommersche Gelehrtenfamilie Hoefer. The Hoefer family of Pomerania, Germany.
Nachkommen von Valentin Parcham, Bürgermeister in Treptow, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1990.
Natzke, Royal W, The John George Natzke Family, 1793-1979. Wauwatosa, Wi. (1827 N. 60 St., Wauwatosa 53208): R.W. Natzke, 1980.
Natzke, Royal W, Wilhelm Friedrich Martin Kiekhaefer and Lydia Auguste Emilie Boeder and Descendants, as Remembered by Their Descendants. 2003. With ties to Trieglaff and Dargislaff, Kr. Greifenberg, and Grabow, Kr. Cammin. Descendancy chart, photos, interviews. Includes surname index.
Neils, Julius Frederick Bernard, 1855-1933, My life: as told by Julius Neils to his wife Mary Neils, 1855-1902. Salt Lake City, Utah: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 2000. 1 reel microfilm. Chiefly, an autobiography of Julius Neils who was born June 15, 1855 in Tribus near Treptow on the Riga, Pomerania, Germany. He was the son of Ernst Friedrich Neils, and Henrietta Calibe Neils. Julius emigrated to New York with other family members and arrived in New York on September 5, 1872. He then took a train to Milwaukee and later worked for his father building roads and then for a merchant selling dry goods. He later became a teacher, entered Seminary in Addison, Illinois and graduated in July 1876. He married Mary Geiger who was from Milwaukee, on January 3, 1878. They were married in Milwaukee in St. John's Lutheran Church. They had thirteen children. Julius was a pastor in a couple of Churches and later entered into the hardware business and later sold out and went into the sawmill business. Later on, he was a manager and part owner in two more sawmills until 1902. Descendants lived in Minnesota and elsewhere.
Nelker, Gladys P, Genealogy of family Necker - Nolker - Nelker. Salt Lake City, Utah: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1994. 1 reel microfilm. The family Necker, originated in Ireland, an old and noble family prior to 1400 A.D., when it moved to Pomerania, Germany, because of Protestant beliefs. Here they became pastors, lawyers, teachers, etc. Descendants moved to Switzerland , France, and back to Germany. In 1854, Johan Christian Frédérick Necker (Nölker) (1800-1883) and other family members emigrated from Germany to the United States and settled in Maryland. Includes the de Broglie, Bush and other related families.
Nesemann, G. R. (Gordon Raymond), 1913-, From Pomerania to Kaffraria: a family chronicle of the Nesemann and related families. Pretoria: Human Science Research Council, c1988. Friedrich Wilhelm Nesemann (1826-1911) was a son of Christian Nesemann and Anna Regine Clemp. He married Wilhelmine Kraemer, and in 1858 the family immigrated from Collin or Kollin in Prussia to Kaffraria in South Africa. They first stopped at Braunschweig, Kaffraria and by 1859 had settled at Cradock, Kaffraria, South Africa. Descendants and relatives lived in Kaffraria and elsewhere. Includes Brown, Corbett, Cowley, Dennett, Faulds, Negus, Urie and related families.
Paul, Paulinus, 1923-, Bijdrage tot de genealogie van het geslacht Paul(i). Wassenaar: P. Paul en W. Paul, 1979. Descendants of Paulus (fl. ca. 1250) of Stettin, Pomerania, Germany (now, Szczecin (Szczecin), Poland). His sixteenth generation descendant, Johann Paulus Paul (1752-1835) was born in Greifenberg, Pomerania, Germany (now, Gryfice, Szczecin, Poland) and immigrated to Zevenhuizen, South Holland, The Netherlands. Family members lived in Germany, Denmark and The Netherlands.
Pegel, Hans-Karl, 1912-, Die Nachfahren des Ehepaares Rudolf Pagel, 1887-1963 und Ottilie Kowitz, 1885-1963. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1977. 1 roll microfilm. The descendants of Rudolf Pegel 1887-1963 and Ottilie Kowitz, 1885-1963 from Lauenburg in Pomerania, Germany.
Petersen, Gerhard Ludwig, Ahnentafel Petersen: Stammheimat der aufgeführten Geschlechter: Südschleswig, Nordschleswig und Ostpommern. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1955. 1 microfiche. Genealogy of the Petersen family of Schleswig and Pomerania, Germany.
Pretzer, Dwayne L. (Dwayne Lewis), 1923-, The Pretzer families from Pomerania. Charlottesville, Florida : D.L. Pretzer, c1993. The first Pretzer family to immigrate to America was that of Karl Pretzer of Löcknitz (1810-1899) and his wife Esther (d. 1899). They left Hamburg on the ship "Auguste and Anges" on April 1, 1854 for New York. They first lived on farms in Macomb Co., Michigan until ca. 1880, when most of the family left Clinton Twp. and moved to Richland Twp., Saginaw Co., Michigan. The earliest known ancestor, Johann Heinrich Pretzer (ca. 1695-1776), died in Blumenthal, Pommern. His first wife was Anna Catherina Lofer (or Leter) (1705-1755). He married (2) 1756 Maria Barbara Junge (widow Hennen) (1705-1761). Family members live in Michigan, Ohio, Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, Minnesota, Dakotas and elsewhere.
Price, Fifita Ofa ki Amelika Schaumkel, Sanfts and Wolfgramms who came to Vava'u, Tonga Islands in the 1870's. Salt Lake City, Utah: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 2001. 1 reel microfilm. Christian Fredrick August Sanft (b. 1820) came to Vav'u, Tonga from Pyritz, Pomerania, Germany, in 1864. He was the son of Samuel Sanft and Caroline Klix, and married Sophia Doerer (1830-1877). His sister Henrietta Juliana Saft married Fritz Karl Wolfgramm (1820-1882), the son of Karl Friedrick Wolfgramm (1799-1865) and Dorothea Maria Heidemann (1804-1865), of Pyritz. Descendants settled in the United States, Tonga, Samoa, Autralia and elsewhere in the South Pacific. Includes Sanft, Wolfgramm, Witzke and other related families.
Pütter, Heinz, Stammfolge Pütter aus Mecklenburg-Pommern. Essen: Verband der Pütter-Familien, 1975. Genealogy of the Pütter families of Mecklenburg and Pomerania, Germany.
Pyl, Theodor, Die Patricierfamilie Schoepplenberg in Greifswald mit mehreren Abbildungen und Stammbäumen. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1978. 1 reel microfilm. History of the Schoepplenberg family of Pomerania, Germany, now in Poland. Includes the Bere family.
Radde, Rebecca D, From Pomerania to America: the Radde family. Waco, Texas : R.D. Radde. Karl Friedrich Radde was born 30 January 1816 in Wundichow, Kreis Stolp, Pommern. His father was Daniel Radde. He married Johanne Duderstadt in 1846. They had five children. Three of their children, Heinrich, Johanna and Karl, immigrated to the United States in the 1880s. They settled in Tazewell County, Illinois. Johanna married Albert Kusch. Heinrich and Karl later moved to Texas. Descendants and relatives lived mainly in Illinois and Texas.
Retzlaff, Arthur C, Retzlaff's of outer Pomerania, Germany, and Stevens County, Minnesota. Salt Lake City, Utah: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1980. 1 reel microfilm. Consists of transcripts of records of birth, marriage and death of individuals bearing the surname of Retzlaff in outer Pomerania, Germany. Author's father, Julius Retzlaff (b.187O), immigrated with his parents and their family to Stevens County, Minnesota in 1877.
Rex, Joyce A, Karl Kreuscher (1818-1901): his ancestors and descendants. Salt Lake City, Utah: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1997. 1 reel microfilm. Karl Kreuscher (1818-1901) was born at Lollbach, Hesse Holmberg, Germany, the son of Johannes Kreuscher (1776-1857). He married Anna Elizabetha Herz (1815-1879) in 1836. They had nine children, 1837-1856. The family immigrated to the United States ca. 1853 and settled in Paris Township, Kenosha County, Wisconsin. Anna Elisabetha died in Paris Township. After her death, Karl migrated to Nebraska to stay with children there. He died at Wilber, Saline County, Nebraska. Children lived in Nebraska and Wisconsin. His daughter, Phillipina Kreuscher (1853-1939), married William Frederick Freitag (1848-1927), a native of Pomerania, Prussia, Germany, in 1874 in Paris Township, Kenosha County, Wisconsin. They had nine children, 1874-1895. The family lived at Milwaukee until 1903 when they moved to Racine, Wisconsin. William and Phillipina Freitag died at Racine. Their daughter, Emma Amelia Freitag (1874-1966) married Jacob Ludwig Schnell (1874-1945) in 1901 at Paris, Wisconsin. They had five daughters, 1902-1908. Jacob and Emma Schnell died at Kenosha, Wisconsin. Includes Kreuscher ancestors in Germany.
Rodatz, Hermann Bruno and Erwin Rodatz, Stammtafel und Stammfolge der Familie Rodatz. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1987. 1 reel microfilm. Genealogy of the Rodatz family of Grabow, Hamburg, Pomerania, Hannover etc. Germany, 1500-1833.
Roegge, Frank E, The Groose, Hunholz, Helmer and Holtz families in Pomerania and America. [Madison, Connecticut]: F.E. Roegge, 1999. The chief families in the history - Groose, Helmer, Hunholz and Holtz - are all from Kreis Pyritz, Pomerania, Prussia. Groose and Helmer immigrants were from Pumtow. Hunholzes were from Dölitz and the Holz family was from Blumberg.
Rohr, H. O. von, Qui transtulit: eine Stammreihe der von Rohr, genealogische Studie. Hannover: Hans Arnold, 1963. The von Rohr family history, from about 1100-1300 in Upper-Austria, thereafter up to 1900 in Brandenburg and Pomerania, Prussia, Germany. Many members of the family served as Prussian military officers from 1700 to 1900.
Rosien, Bernard E, Family history Rosien/Rosin. Nepean, Ontario: B.E. Rosien, c1987. Ferdinand Rosin (1807-1882) married Charlotte Sengstock (1811-1910). They came to Renfrew County, Ontario from Wutzkow, Pomerania in 1882. Three of their ten children immigrated to Canada, Carl Ottilie (Drefke), and Herman. Descendants lived in Ontario, Washington, and elsewhere. Some descendants went by surname "Rosien". Includes Drefke, Mieske, and related families.
Roush (Rausch) & Allied Families Association of America, The Roush (Rausch) & Allied Families Association of America, Inc. [newsletter]. Mount Lebanon, Pennsylvania: Roush (Rausch) & Allied Families Association of America, 2005-, Newsletter for the interchange of genealogical data and history of the Roush (and variant spellings) families who came mainly from Germany (probably Bavaria, the Palatinate, and Pomerania. Some immigrated ca. 1732-1743 to America. Some ancestors include Jacob Rausch of Windsor Township, Berk's County, Pennsylvania, and John Adam Rausch or Roush (1711-1786), who immigrated to the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia in 1736. He married Susannah Schlern. Their children were named Philip, John Jr., Balser, Jacob, Eleanor, Daniel, Henry, Mary Magdalene, George, Jonas, and Elizabeth. All of John Adam Rausch's sons served in the Revolutionary War. Eleanore's husband, Alexander Waddell also served. These Roush brothers settled on a 6,000 acre tract of land on the Ohio north of the Kanawha River, Virginia. Their families lived primarily in Ohio, Virginia, and West Virginia during the 1700's-1800's. Later descendants of these and other Roush progenitors lived in Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and elsewhere. Includes Rausch, Rouse, and other variant spellings. Also includes Fox, Henkle, Kelchner, Nease, Schlern, Waddell, Wolfe, Zerkelborn, Zerkle, and other related families. For more information, see the web site: http://www.roush.org/.
Rumpf, Hans August, Ahnenpass für Dietrich Harder. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1959. 1 reel microfilm. Ancestral lines of Dietrich Hubert Wilhelm Harder, born 1930 of Stettin, Pomerania, with official certificates.
Ryan, Carol Ward, 1943-, Haese history: descendants of Christolph and Carolina (Backhaus) Haese, 1786-1979, including the families of Rabenhorst and Rusch. Greenleaf, Wisconsin : N. Klug, [1981?] Christolph Haese (1786-1871) married Carolina Backhaus. She died in Germany and he immigrated with part of his family in 1856 to join three sons who had already left Pomerania and settled in Rockland, Wisconsin. Most of the family remained there and in Minnesota. Includes Backhaus, Hardrath, Karnopp, Rabenhorst, Rusch, Schuette and related families.
Schulz, Klaus-Dieter, Wohler: Geschichte eines Geschlechts aus Hinterpommern. Issum: Selbstverl., 1994.
Schumann, David R, Watertown Historical Society. Schumann Stammbaum, 1653-2006. Watertown, Wis.: Watertown Historical Society, ©2006. This is an update of two earlier versions of the history of the Schumann family from Gross Radow, Kr. Regenwalde. Includes partial alphabetical surname index.
Svanda, Robert C, Pomerania Meets Bohemia: The History of the Clarence Svanda Family.9th edition. 2007. Related surnames of Kloehn, Weber, Krueger, Winter, Zubke trace to Kreis Cammin and Kreis Greifenberg; generally settled in Milwaukee.
Schimelpfenig, Glen H, Schimelpfenig descendants in America. [El Cerrito, California: G.H. Schimelpfenig, 1990] Julius Frederick Schimelpfenig (1829-1904) was born in Labes, Kreis Regenwalde, Pomerania, Prussia. He came to the U.S. in 1857 and settled in Kane County, Illinois where he married Caroline Brandenburg. They later moved to Fairbault, Minnesota. Descendants lived in Minnesota, California, Montana, and elsewhere.
Schrader, Friedrich, Stammtafel der Bernsteinhändlerfamilie Arnold zu Stolp, Pommern, eingewandert aus Coburg 1691. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1983. 1 microfiche. Lineal descent of the Arnold family, amber manufacturers of Stolp, Pomerania, 1645-1920.
Schultz, Hans, Geschichte der Familie Dittmar aus Pommern. Bad Godesberg: Hans Schulz, 1956. Family history of the Dittmars of Pomerania, Germany.
Seifert, Marlene, The Hanke family. Salt Lake City, Utah: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 2005. 1 microfiche. August Hanke was born in 1834 in Pomerania, Prussia. He married Caroline Siegert. They had six known children. Four of their children immigrated to America.
Stambok för släkten von Sydo, Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Söner, 1930. Line of descent of the von Sydow family of Sweden, abt. 1700-1920, formerly of Pomerania, Germany.
Stammfolgen der Familie Zimdars in Woedtke. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1992. 1 reel microfilm. Descendants of Joachim Zimdarß (d. 1685). His descendants lived mostly in Woedtke, Germany, in the Province of Pomerania. Traces some lines down to 1967.
Steger, Mel, 1930-, A Stern history from Deutschland to Richland, 1835-1979. Houston, Texas: M. Steger, 1979. Carl Gottlief Friedrich Stern, Sr. (1835-1923) married Friederike Luise Ida Scheunemann in 1864. Their first son, Herman (1865-1939), immi- grated in 1883 from Pomerania province, Germany (now Poland) to Travis County, Texas, and sent money for his parents and brothers and sisters to immigrate in 1885. In 1890, Carl Stern purchased land in Richland, Texas. Descendants lived in Texas and elsewhere. Includes Fritz, Graf, Hamann, Pfluger, Raase, Steber and related families.
Stock, Jon, Our Wisconsin Ancestors: The Civil War Era German Immigrants, 1857-1880: Genealogy of the Eichstaedt, Michaelis, Reinicke, Schallock, Schroeder and Storm Families. Baraboo, Wis: JonsGen Pub. Co, 2008.
Stock, Jon, Our Wisconsin Ancestors, the Early German Settlers, 1837-1850: Genealogy of the Burow, Dumstrey, Hackbarth, Hilgen, Johann Families. Baraboo, Wis: JonsGen Pub. Co, 2008.
Straub, Alfred G., and Donald S. Litzer, Genealogy of the Dalsky, Dalske, Dahlke, Dahlske, Dahlsky Families: Polen, Posen, Poland, Pomerania, Prussia ; Wisconsin, USA. Fort Wayne, Ind: The Genealogy Center, Allen County Public Library, 2008.
Swanda, Robert C, Ancestors & relatives of a Svanda family. Fountain, Colorado: R.C. Swanda, 2005. Joseph Svanda was born 26 September 1844 in Moravia. He married Anna Kalina (1853-1916), daughter of Joseph Kalina and Josephine Kovar, in 1871. They emigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire in about 1881. They settled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Descendant, Clarence Svanda, was born 25 August 1918. He married Lorraine Hazel Kloehn (1921-1965) 1 March 1941. They had three children. Ancestors, descendants and relatives lived mainly in Moravia, Bohemia, Pomerania, Wisconsin and Illinois. Includes Baumann, Hoffman, Krueger, Moschetz, Taucher, Weber, Wetzel and related famlies.
Trainor, Glenyce Jones, The family of Frederick & Augusta Trapp Gates. [Boonville, New York : G.J. Trainor], 1991. Frederick Gates (1845-1890) and his wife Augusta Marie Bernadina Trapp (1847-1932) lived in Anklam, Pomerania, Germany until they immigrated to the United States in 1884. They were the parents of twelve children. They lived in Trenton, New York. Augusta was married again in 1895 to Carl (a.k.a. Charles) Hoffman (1840-1929). Covers the descendants of Frederick and Augusta Gates. Includes some information on Frederick's siblings and Augusta's stepchildren.
Tröge, Walther, Beiträge zur Geschichte des pommerschen Geschlechtes Daehling (Dähling). Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1982. 1 microfiche. Genealogy of the Daehling family of Pomerania, Germany.
Tyrrell, Elaine Hattie Picht, Some ancestors and descendants of Mathilda Rebecca Schmidt (1857-1930) and Bernhard Ernst Wilhelm Picht (1853-1921). [Naperville, Illinois]: E.H.P. Tyrell, 1992. Bernhard Ernst Wilehlm Picht was born in Nielitz, Pomerania, Germany and immigrated to Chicago in 1878. He married Mathilda Rebecca Schmidt in 1894 in Chicago. She was born in Plymouth, Wisconsin, daughter of Alexander Schmidt and Mathilda Rebecca Ehlert. They had come to the U.S. ca. 1848. Picht ancestry is traced to Hanns Picht (1623-1710) who was born in Kosseln, Germany. Includes Schmidt (Smith), Benfey, Duendel, Skragge, and related families.
Vezzetti, Judy Ann Krause, 1940-, The Rose family of Wollin, Pomerania. 2nd edition. Salt Lake City, Utah: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 2001. 1 reel microfilm. Johann Friedrich Rose was born possibly in Germany in 1800. He may also have been a French soldier who was captured and remained in Germany. He married Dorthea Frederica Sarnow and they were the parents of at least twelve children. Many of their children came to the United States settling mainly Wisconsin. Later the children moved further west into South Dakota, and Washington. Descendants now live in these states as well as Utah, Colorado, Indiana and elsewhere.
Vollständiger Stammbaum-Auszug der Familie v. Zitzewitz von 1300 bis 1960. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gefilmt durch The Genealogical Society of Utah, 1989. 1 reel microfilm. History of the von Zitzewitz family, traced back to the thirteenth century, descendants of Martinus (ca. 1300-1347) from Zitzewitz, Pomerania; now, Sycewice (Słupsk), Koszalin, Poland. Descendants settled in the vicinity of Stolp, Pomerania (now Słupsk in Poland). Some settled abroad, including the United States. Includes index of living descendants.
Waterstrat, Richard M. (Richard Milton), 1928-, Peaceful journeys: an account of four American families of German origin; Waterstrat, Ullrich, Strehlau and Rosenau. Montgomery Village, Maryland : R.M. Waterstrat, c1992. Members of these four families immigrated to the United States between 1869 and 1896 and settled in Tonawanda, New York. Albert Friederich Heinrich Waterstrat (1866-1951), son of Johann Christian Waterstrat and Johanna Friederika Dorothea Luther, was born in Tribsees, Pomerania. He emigrated with his parents and siblings in 1881. In 1891 he married Louisa H. Ullrich (1869-1945), the daughter of Wilhelm Ullrich and Julianna Laube. She emigrated with her parents in 1869 from Silesia. August Rudolf Strehlau (1878-1963), son of Friedrich Johann Strehlau and Charlotte Wilhelmina Zielke, was born in Crone a/d Brahe, W. Prussia. In 1899 he married Martha Valeria Rosenau (1877-1935), the daughter of Johann Andreas Rosenau and Anna Elizabeth Zielke. He emigrated with his parents in 1891. Martha Valeria Rosenau was also from W. Prussia. She emigrated in 1895. Includes Waterstrat, Ullrich, Strehlau/Strehlow, Rosenau/Rośniak/ Roźniak and other allied families.
Wendt, Alice Schimmelpfennig, The descendants of Ernst August Gottlieb Radue. Salt Lake City, Utah: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1975. 1 reel microfilm. Ernst August Gottlieb Radue (1800-1877) was born at Plathe, Pomerania, Germany (now Ploty, Szczecin, Poland). He married Charlotte Caroline Klug (1804-1840) in Germany. They had three children, 1830-1835. The family immigrated to the United States in 1839 and settled at Freistadt, Wisconsin. He married 2) Henriette Friedericke Charlotte Ulrich Bartelt (1813-1897), a widow with three children, at Milwaukee in 1840. They had nine children, 1841-after 1859. He died at Freistadt. Descendants lived in Wisconsin and elsewhere. Includes the Bartell/Bartelt, Boehlke, Grath, Hilgendorf, Klug, Schoessow, Suelflow, and other related families.
Werner, Hans, Slægten Werner fra Demmin: stamtavle. København : W.J. Christensen, 1919. The Werner family of Denmark, originally from Demmin, Pomerania, Prussia. The forefather of this family was Joachim Detloff Werner (1756-1811) born in Demmin, Pomerania. He died in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Whipple, Irma Wiese, 1913-, In search of family Rutzen. Rohnert Park, California: Papermill Press, c1990. Ferdinand Rutzen emigrated from Köslin (now Koszalin), Pomerania, now Poland, in 1877. He settled in Elkton, Minnesota, and married Christine Kaemper, daughter of German immigrants Rudolf and Lisette Kaemper, in 1890. They had eleven children. Includes Wiese, Peper, Theel, Kemper, and related families.
Wichtel, Arthur E. (Arthur Elden Henry), 1920-, Wichtel family tree. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: A.E. Wichtel, . Contains descendants charts for the descendants of Friederich Wichtel and his son, Reinhold Wichtel, family group sheets, and a pedigree chart for the ancestors of Christopher James Stammer, who was born in 1988 at Appleton, Wisconsin, the author's great grandson.
Wolff, E, Die Spaldings in Scotland. Manuscript. The Spaldings in Scotland with the Malchin lineage branched into East- Prussia, Silesia, Stettin, Pomerania, Prussia and Brazil pedigrees from 1318-1918.
Die Zastrowen: [Familiengeschichte]. Baden-Baden: Eigenverlag d. Familie Zastrow, Assembled 1862-1869 from material provided by the senior member of the line, Otto von Zastrow. First Zastrow mentioned lived in 1180, and 508 individual Zastrows are documented, ending in the 1800s. Detailed military service is included.
Zedlitz, Gerald O, Chronicle of the family Radde. [S.l.: G.O. Zedlitz, 1995]. A pictorial history of the family Radde from Pomerania. Includes Kleinke and other related families.

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9.20.020 New buildings – Owner to secure number.
9.20.030 Application for number – Certificate.
9.20.040 Street map to be prepared.
9.20.050 Numbers – Size and type.
All persons owning any building fronting upon the streets of the city are hereby required to number their buildings in the manner and as required by this chapter. (Code 1997 § 9-2-1).
The owner of any building hereafter constructed and required to be numbered shall, within 30 days after such building is ready for occupancy, apply to the treasurer for a certificate, showing the number of his building, and upon securing the certificate, shall immediately provide and place upon his building at his own expense the number, using such material and observing such rules and regulations as are prescribed herein. (Code 1997 § 9-2-2).
It shall be the duty of the treasurer to receive all applications for the assignment of house numbers and to issue a certificate showing such assignment to any applicant. (Code 1997 § 9-2-3).
It shall be the duty of the engineer to prepare or cause to be prepared, according to the provisions of this chapter, a map or plat of the streets and avenues of the city showing the numbers of all houses which may now or hereafter front upon the several streets of the city. The engineer shall also prepare, from time to time, additional plats showing any change or addition in the number of houses as may be required by law. Upon the completion of any such plats the same shall be delivered by the engineer to the treasurer for his use in making the assignment of numbers. (Code 1997 § 9-2-4).
Buildings shall be numbered in a plain manner, and all numbers shall be of some metallic substance, or porcelain, or may consist of gilt lettering on the glass transom or door, and shall be at least three inches in height. All numbers shall be placed in a conspicuous place where they may be read from the street and where they are illuminated by the porch light. (Code 1997 § 9-2-5).
There shall be placed at each street intersection at the expense of the city two street signs on corners diagonally across from each other, which signs shall give the names of the intersecting street and avenue. Each street sign shall have a prefix “N” or “S” to designate the portion of the street north or south of Tomichi Avenue. Each avenue sign shall have a prefix “E” or “W” to designate the portion of the avenue east or west of Main Street. (Code 1997 § 9-2-6).
All streets shall be numbered northerly and southerly from Tomichi Avenue and the first number, either north or south from Tomichi Avenue, shall be 100, the next number 101 and such numbering shall increase in consecutive order to the end of the block. The first number in each block shall commence with the number 100 more than the beginning number in the block immediately preceding. The even numbers shall be on the east side and the odd numbers on the west side of all streets running north and south from Tomichi Avenue and such numbering shall continue, as herein directed, to the city limits on the north and south. All avenues shall be numbered easterly and westerly from Main Street and the first number, either east or west from Main Street, shall be 100, the next 101 and such numbering shall increase in consecutive order to the end of the block. The first number in each block shall commence with the number 100 more than the beginning number in the block immediately preceding. The even numbers shall be on the north side and the odd numbers on the south side of all avenues running east and west from Main Street, and such numbering shall continue, as herein directed, to the city limits on the east and west. One number shall be assigned to every 25 feet in each block on the streets and avenues; except that on that portion of Main Street between New York Avenue and Georgia Avenue one number shall be assigned to every 12.5 feet, excepting also that on that portion of Tomichi Avenue between Pine Street and Taylor Street one number shall be assigned to every 12.5 feet. (Code 1997 § 9-2-7).
No person shall tear down, change, or in any way mutilate any house number or street sign, nor place, use, retain, or permit to remain any number other than the one assigned by the proper officers of the city as provided herein. (Code 1997 § 9-2-8).

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TOWN OF SPENCER v. TOWN OF EAST SPENCER, Mayor Ronnie Rollings, Naomie Cowan, Thomas Mitchell, John G. Noble, III, John R. Rustin, Sr., Chris Sharpe and David R. Wray, Aldermen, and Diana Williams Cotton, Interim Town Administrator.
Parker, Poe, Adams & Bernstein, L.L.P., by Anthony Fox and Jason J. Kaus, Charlotte, for plaintiff-appellant. Ferguson and Scarbrough, P.A., by James E. Scarbrough, Concord, for defendant-appellees.
The issues raised here on review require the interpretation of the North Carolina statutes and case law governing involuntary annexation of unincorporated areas by municipalities. Specifically, the issues are whether the question of priority between two competing municipalities is a “justiciable controversy” under the Declaratory Judgment Act and whether the inclusion of territory within the boundaries of another municipality in a resolution of intent to annex territory results in the loss of annexation jurisdictional priority.
Spencer and East Spencer are neighboring municipalities located in Rowan County, North Carolina. On 22 July 1996, East Spencer adopted a resolution of intent (“East Spencer resolution”) declaring East Spencer's intent to annex an additional 133 acres of Rowan County. On 9 September 1996, East Spencer adopted an annexation services plan which slightly modified the description of the area to be annexed, but retained most of the territory described in the original East Spencer resolution. The resolution and the services plan included approximately two acres of territory already within the municipal boundaries of Spencer. On 8 October 1996, Spencer adopted its own resolution of intent (“Spencer resolution”) to annex approximately eighty-seven acres of territory in Rowan County, a portion of which overlapped with the area described in the East Spencer resolution.
On 23 October 1996, Spencer filed a complaint in superior court seeking a declaratory judgment that Spencer had prior jurisdiction to annex the territory which both Spencer and East Spencer sought to annex. On 19 May 1997, Spencer's motion for summary judgment was granted based on the contention that the East Spencer resolution violated N.C.G.S. § 160A-36(b)(3) by attempting to annex territory within Spencer's municipal boundaries, and therefore, Spencer had adopted the first valid resolution. East Spencer appealed to the Court of Appeals, which reversed the trial court and held there was not a justiciable controversy under the Declaratory Judgment Act and, therefore, the trial court lacked jurisdiction. The Court of Appeals went on to address the merits of the case and held the East Spencer resolution was not void and could be amended without loss of priority as to the Spencer resolution.
For the reasons stated below, we reverse the Court of Appeals and hold that the determination of prior jurisdiction raised by competing resolutions of intent is a justiciable controversy under the Declaratory Judgement Act. Additionally, we hold that a resolution of intent to annex territory which includes any territory already within the boundaries of another municipality is void and will lose priority to an intervening and competing valid resolution of intent.
Part 2, article 4A of chapter 160A of the North Carolina General Statutes governs involuntary annexation by cities which have populations of less than five thousand, such as Spencer and East Spencer. The detailed nature of the annexation scheme in part 2 “manifests the legislature's intent to require towns and cities to consider carefully the consequences of involuntary annexation of a particular territory.” Town of Hazelwood v. Town of Waynesville, 320 N.C. 89, 93, 357 S.E.2d 686, 689 (1987).
An involuntary annexation proceeding is initiated by the adoption of a “resolution of intent” pursuant to section 160A-37. In order to provide ample time for public review and challenge of an annexation proposal, the effective date of the annexation is required to be at least one year from the date of public notice of the area identified for annexation. N.C.G.S. § 160A-37(i), (j) (1998).
In the case sub judice, the Court of Appeals' opinion provides a detailed analysis of the difference between a “resolution” and an “ordinance” and the appropriateness of the application of the Declaratory Judgment Act (the Act) to each. Although the opinion is very well reasoned, it overlooks precedent established by this Court that the enactment of a resolution of intent establishes a municipality's “prior jurisdiction” in annexation proceedings involving contested territory with regard to another municipality. See Town of Hazelwood, 320 N.C. at 93, 357 S.E.2d at 688. Therefore, a dispute between two municipalities having competing resolutions of intent is, in essence, a dispute over jurisdictional priority, and the Court of Appeals erred in holding this was not a “justiciable controversy” under the Act.
The purpose of the Act is “ ‘to settle and afford relief from uncertainty and insecurity, with respect to rights, status, and other legal relations.’ ” Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Roberts, 261 N.C. 285, 287, 134 S.E.2d 654, 657 (1964) (quoting Walker v. Phelps, 202 N.C. 344, 349, 162 S.E. 727, 729 (1932)). “Any person ․ whose rights, status or other legal relations are affected by a statute, municipal ordinance, contract or franchise, may have determined any question of construction or validity arising under the instrument, statute, ordinance, contract, or franchise, and obtain a declaration of rights, status, or other legal relations thereunder.” N.C.G.S. § 1-254 (1996). However, “[t]he enumeration in G.S. 1-254 ․ does not limit or restrict the exercise of the general powers conferred [to courts] in G.S. 1-253 in any proceedings where declaratory relief is sought, in which a judgment or decree will terminate the controversy or remove an uncertainty.” N.C.G.S. § 1-256 (1996). This Court has interpreted section 1-256 as “enlarg [ing] the specific categories mentioned elsewhere in the statute,” Town of Tryon v. Duke Power Co., 222 N.C. 200, 205, 22 S.E.2d 450, 453 (1942), and the legislature has stated its intent that the Act be liberally construed and administered, N.C.G.S. § 1-264 (1996).
For a court to have jurisdiction under the Act, it is required only “ ‘that the plaintiff shall allege in his complaint and show at the trial, that a real controversy, arising out of ․ opposing contentions as to ․ respective legal rights and liabilities ․ exists between or among the parties, and that the relief prayed for will make certain that which is uncertain and secure that which is insecure.’ ” N.C. Consumers Power, Inc. v. Duke Power Co., 285 N.C. 434, 449, 206 S.E.2d 178, 188 (1974) (quoting Carolina Power & Light Co. v. Iseley, 203 N.C. 811, 820, 167 S.E. 56, 61 (1933)). A justiciable controversy exists when litigation to resolve the controversy appears to be unavoidable. Ferrell v. Department of Transp., 334 N.C. 650, 656, 435 S.E.2d 309, 313 (1993).
In its analysis of the controversy between Spencer and East Spencer, the Court of Appeals likened an annexation resolution of intent to a “proposed” but not yet enacted ordinance. Town of Spencer v. Town of East Spencer, 129 N.C.App. 751, 756, 501 S.E.2d 367, 371 (1998). Relying on this Court's holding in City of Raleigh v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 275 N.C. 454, 464, 168 S.E.2d 389, 396 (1969), that a proposed ordinance does not present a justiciable controversy under the Act, the Court of Appeals held a resolution of intent also does not present a justiciable controversy. Town of Spencer, 129 N.C.App. at 756, 501 S.E.2d at 371. This analysis, however, ignores precedent established by this Court that annexation resolutions of intent are not so ephemeral as a proposed ordinance, since they have substantive legal effect by conclusively determining prior jurisdiction. See Town of Hazelwood, 320 N.C. at 93, 357 S.E.2d at 688; City of Burlington v. Town of Elon College, 310 N.C. 723, 728, 314 S.E.2d 534, 537 (1984). Precedential cases such as these have established that the prior jurisdiction to annex territory is determined as of the date of the adoption of a valid resolution of intent. In the case of municipalities with competing resolutions of intent, postponement of the determination of the priority of jurisdictional interests until the completion of the annexation process would result in wasted municipal expense and manpower expended in futile efforts to annex unavailable territory and would delay inevitable litigation regarding a substantial right. This result contravenes the purpose of the Act to expeditiously settle a case and afford relief from uncertainty where litigation appears to be unavoidable.
East Spencer contends that even if disputes between competing resolutions of intent present a justiciable controversy, there was no risk of litigation in this case, as required by the Act. It is an undisputed fact that the East Spencer resolution contained a two-acre tract of land which was within Spencer's municipal boundaries. East Spencer contends the inclusion of the two-acre tract was inadvertent and, had the trial court not entered an injunction, East Spencer would have corrected the resolution. Although the lack of dispute over the ownership of the two acres simplifies analysis of the issue, East Spencer's contention fails to recognize that the justiciable issue in this case is not whether the inclusion of the two acres was inadvertent or whether the resolution would be corrected, but whether East Spencer's jurisdictional priority was impacted by the inclusion of those two acres in its initial resolution of intent. As to this issue, we reverse the Court of Appeals and hold the validity of a resolution of intent to annex land for the purposes of determining prior jurisdiction is a justiciable issue under the Act.
The second issue raised on appeal is one of first impression and questions whether the inclusion of territory already within the boundaries of another municipality in a resolution of intent to annex territory results in the loss of annexation jurisdictional priority to an intervening and competing valid resolution of intent. This question requires interpretation of the statutory requirements of article 4A of chapter 160A, Extension of Corporation Limits, (“the article”) and the application of the “prior jurisdiction” rule.
“[T]he prior jurisdiction rule is the majority rule and is applied ‘universally’ in ‘conflicts between two municipalities attempting to assert jurisdiction over the same territory.’ ” City of Burlington, 310 N.C. at 727, 314 S.E.2d at 537 (quoting with approval Comment, Municipal Corporations: Prior Jurisdiction Rule, 7 Wake Forest L.Rev. 77, 79 (1970)). The rule operates on a “first in time, first in right” principle and provides that among equivalent proceedings relating to the same subject matter, the “ ‘one which is prior in time is prior in jurisdiction to the exclusion of those subsequently instituted.’ ” Id. (quoting 2 Eugene McQuillin,Municipal Corporations § 7.22a (3d ed. 1966) [hereinafter “2 McQuillin”] ). The rule applies, generally speaking, to and among proceedings for the municipal incorporation or annexation of a particular territory. Id. Under the rule, annexation proceedings begin when a municipality takes “ ‘the first mandatory public procedural step in the statutory process' ” of annexation; the passing of a resolution of intent has been determined to be that first step. Id. at 728, 314 S.E.2d at 537 (quoting 2 McQuillin § 7.22a). Additionally, subsequent attempts to annex territory under the prior jurisdiction of another municipality are null and void. Id.
This Court has also held that in addition to being first in time, a valid resolution which is in compliance with the article is a condition precedent to establishing priority in jurisdiction and a right to annex territory. See City of Kannapolis v. City of Concord, 326 N.C. 512, 391 S.E.2d 493 (1990). Although “ ‘[a]bsolute and literal compliance with a statute enacted describing the conditions of annexation is unnecessary; substantial compliance ․ is required.’ ” In re City of New Bern, 278 N.C. 641, 648, 180 S.E.2d 851, 856 (1971) (quoting with approval State ex rel. Helm v. Town of Benson, 95 Ariz. 107, 108, 387 P.2d 807, 808 (1963)). “Substantial compliance means compliance with the essential requirements of the Act.” Huntley v. Potter, 255 N.C. 619, 627, 122 S.E.2d 681, 686 (1961).
As previously noted, it is an undisputed fact in the case sub judice that East Spencer's resolution included two acres of territory which were already within Spencer's municipal boundaries. The question is whether the inclusion of that territory, albeit unintentional, precludes a finding of “substantial compliance” with the essential requirements of the statutes, thereby voiding East Spencer's resolution and giving Spencer jurisdictional priority.
(a) Notice of Intent.-Any municipal governing board desiring to annex territory under the provisions of this Part shall first pass a resolution stating the intent of the municipality to consider annexation. Such resolution shall describe the boundaries of the area under consideration and fix a date for a public hearing on the question of annexation, the date for such public hearing to be not less than 45 days and not more than 90 days following passage of the resolution.
N.C.G.S. § 160A-37(a) (1994) (amended 1998).
(1) Fix the date, hour and place of the public hearing.
(2) Describe clearly the boundaries of the area under consideration, and include a legible map of the area.
(3) State that the report required in G.S. 160A-35 will be available at the office of the municipal clerk at least 30 days prior to the date of the public hearing.
․ In addition, notice shall be mailed at least four weeks prior to date of the hearing by first class mail, postage prepaid to the owners as shown by the tax records of the county of all freehold interests in real property located within the area to be annexed.
Based on the above, notice “clearly” describing the boundaries of the area under consideration has to be mailed to the owners of freehold interests in the real property located within the area to be annexed at least thirty days before the date of the public hearing. Therefore, taking into consideration that section 160A-37(a) requires the public hearing be held between forty-five and ninety days after passage of the resolution, the “ clear” boundary information has to be available not less than fifteen days and not more than sixty days after passage of a resolution of intent.
Further review of the statutory annexation requirements provides clarification of what constitutes a “clear” description of boundaries. “At least 30 days before the date of the public hearing, the governing board shall approve the report provided for in G.S. 160A-35, and shall make it available to the public at the office of the municipal clerk.” N.C.G.S. § 160A-37(c). Therefore, if the governing board must approve “the report” provided for in section 160A-35 at least thirty days before the date of the public hearing, the board must review, approve and make the report available to the public sometime between fifteen and sixty days after the passage of the resolution of intent. Looking to the “prerequisites of annexation” and report requirements outlined in section 160A-35, in addition to a map or maps of the municipality and adjacent territory to show the present and proposed boundaries of the municipality, the report “shall include” a statement “that the area to be annexed meets the requirements of G.S. 160A-36.” N.C.G.S. § 160A-35(2) (1998).
(2) At least one eighth of the aggregate external boundaries of the area must coincide with the municipal boundary.
(3) No part of the area shall be included within the boundary of another incorporated municipality.
N.C.G.S. § 160A-36(b) (1998) (emphasis added). Thus, incorporating the previously cited sequence of statutory requirements, within fifteen to sixty days of the passage of a resolution of intent, the governing board of a municipality must make a statement, in its report to its citizens and those freeholders it proposes to involuntarily annex, that at least one eighth of the external boundaries of the property being annexed is contiguous to the annexing municipality and that no part of the area is included within the boundary of another incorporated municipality. Since these boundary requirements are a mandatory prerequisite to annexation, and are specifically required to be met shortly after the passage of a resolution of intent, it would at least seem incongruous not to apply these same standards to the description of “the boundaries of the area” required as part of the resolution of intent itself in section 160A-37(a).
As additional support for this conclusion, we note the contiguity requirement of section 160A-36(b) provides that the territory must be contiguous “at the time the annexation proceeding is begun.” N.C.G.S. § 160A-36(b)(1). Precedent has established that the first procedural step in the annexation process is the passing of a resolution of intent. City of Burlington, 310 N.C. at 728, 314 S.E.2d at 537 (quoting 2 McQuillin § 7.22 a). The three legislative standards outlined in section 160A-36(b) each relate to the territorial boundaries of the land to be included in an annexation, and each applies to the total area to be annexed. Further, each of these standards require, or dictate by their terms, a preciseness of location, description, distance and measurement with respect to the exterior boundaries of the annexation area. Thus, based on the relationship of these standards, we hold that the requirements that the territory be contiguous, that at least one eighth of the aggregate external boundaries of the area coincide with the municipal boundary and that no part of the area be included within the boundary of another incorporated municipality are all applicable “at the time the annexation proceeding is begun” with a resolution of intent to annex territory.
The question which follows from our determination that the elements of section 160A-36(b) are applicable to resolutions of intent is whether these elements are “essential elements,” nonadherence of which would preclude a finding of “substantial compliance” and result in a loss of jurisdictional priority to an intervening competing municipality. This Court has previously held that “contiguity is an essential precondition to the involuntary annexation of outlying territories by cities.” Hawks v. Town of Valdese, 299 N.C. 1, 5, 261 S.E.2d 90, 93 (1980). Additionally, in City of Kannapolis, this Court held contiguity at the time of the adoption of a resolution of intent was “without question” an essential requirement of annexation by petition and failure to meet that requirement precluded a showing of substantial compliance with annexation provisions and compelled the holding that the resolution of intent was void. City of Kannapolis, 326 N.C. at 517, 391 S.E.2d at 496 (emphasis added). City of Kannapolis also considered whether the failure to specify the actual effective date of an annexation in a resolution of intent, as required by section 160A-49(j), precluded substantial compliance. This Court held it was not the specification of the effective date of the annexation that provided a municipality and property owners with a year to reflect on the annexation as required by the statute, but the one-year period itself which was mandated. Id. at 518, 391 S.E.2d at 497. Given that the statutory requirement for a one-year period of advance notice had been provided for, and therefore the intent of the statute was met, this Court held the failure to specifically include the actual effective date in the resolution was not an omission of an essential requirement of the statute but was a “slight irregularity.” Id. at 519, 391 S.E.2d at 497.
the resolution of intent ․ must be accompanied by a detailed report that is the product of deliberate planning. This annexation scheme manifests the legislature's intent to require towns and cities to consider carefully the consequences of involuntary annexation of a particular territory, and it indicates the legislature's desire to enable residents of the area under consideration to anticipate and adjust to the proposed annexation. If jurisdiction is asserted by a possibly precipitous resolution of consideration that, by doing little more than laying claim to general areas for possible annexation, precludes annexation of territory within these areas by other municipalities, these aims may be frustrated.
Id. at 93-94, 357 S.E.2d at 689 (emphasis added). In light of the clear legislative intent, as detailed by the statutes and interpreted by this Court, that involuntary annexation is required to be more detailed and deliberate than that of a voluntary annexation by petition, to conclude that an element of section 160A-36(b) is an “essential element” in the voluntary petition process but is not essential to the involuntary annexation process would defy logic and be contrary to the spirit and intent of the overall annexation scheme.
In determining whether the inclusion of another municipality's territory in a resolution is a fatal flaw in an involuntary annexation, as opposed to a slight irregularity, we find it convincing that the contiguity requirement, found to be an “essential element” of involuntary annexation, is included in section 160A-36(b) along with the requirement that no part of the annexation area be included in the boundary of another municipality. Notwithstanding this finding, the language of the statute is the strongest evidence of legislative intent. The wording of the statute applicable to our review provides that “[n]o part of the area shall be included within the boundary of another incorporated municipality” and is specifically made applicable to “[t]he total area to be annexed.” N.C.G.S. § 160A-36(b) (emphasis added). The clarity of the legislative mandate that no part of another municipality be included leaves little room for interpretation and compels a holding that any inclusion of another municipality's territory precludes a finding of substantial compliance and nullifies the resolution of intent.
East Spencer contends that even if its resolution was void, it was easily amended. However, it is important to note that the question before this Court is not whether municipal governing boards have authority to amend resolutions of intent or supporting reports. The legislature has clearly provided opportunity for extensive public review of annexation proposals and for amendment of proposed ordinances through section 160A-37. The relevant question is strictly whether loss of jurisdictional priority results from such an amendment, or the need for such an amendment. As to this question, remedial efforts have been held to be ineffectual with regard to maintaining jurisdictional priority if a valid resolution is passed in the interim giving prior jurisdiction over the disputed territory to the intervening municipality. See City of Kannapolis, 326 N.C. 512, 391 S.E.2d 493 (remedial efforts ineffectual as to a valid resolution passed in the interim); Town of Hudson v. City of Lenoir, 279 N.C. 156, 181 S.E.2d 443 (1971) (finding an attempt to remedy flaws in its first resolution of intent was ineffectual in establishing priority), overruled in part on other grounds by City of Burlington, 310 N.C. 723, 314 S.E.2d 534.
The Court of Appeals noted that section 160A-38 provides that an action challenging an annexation may be commenced within thirty days after passage of an annexation ordinance and that the court may affirm the action or remand the ordinance for compliance with statutory requirements. Town of Spencer, 129 N.C.App. at 757, 501 S.E.2d at 371. The Court of Appeals then concluded that “under no circumstances does the statute allow a trial court to void an enacted ordinance for failure to comply with [section 160A-36] without first allowing the municipality an opportunity to amend the ordinance.” Id. at 757-58, 501 S.E.2d at 371-72. This conclusion, however, was based on several false premises. First, as discussed previously, the court was relying on the incorrect determination that there is not a justiciable controversy under the Act when two municipalities are competing for jurisdiction to annex territory through competing resolutions of intent. Next, the court interpreted section 160A-38 as applying to resolutions of intent, when in actuality the appeal process under that section is applicable “following the passage of an annexation ordinance.” N.C.G.S. § 160A-38(a) (1998) (emphasis added). Finally, the court did not give consideration to precedent established by this Court that a resolution which is not in substantial compliance with statutory requirements is null and void.
In summary, we hold that the question of prior jurisdiction between two competing resolutions of intent is a justiciable issue under the Declaratory Judgment Act, that the elements of N.C.G.S. § 160A-36(b) are applicable to resolutions of intent, and that those elements are “essential elements” with regard to a “prior jurisdiction” determination. The evidence before the trial court presented “no genuine issue as to any material fact,” N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 56(c) (1990), but presented purely a question of law as to the validity of East Spencer's resolution of intent. For the reasons set forth above, that resolution was invalid, thereby establishing Spencer's 8 October 1996 resolution of intent as the first valid resolution to effect jurisdiction. The trial court thus properly entered summary judgment for plaintiff Spencer, and the Court of Appeals erred in reversing the ruling. Accordingly, the decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed.
The majority holds that the determination of prior jurisdiction raised by competing resolutions of intent is a justiciable controversy under the Declaratory Judgment Act. I agree. The majority also holds that “the elements of N.C.G.S. § 160A-36(b) are applicable to resolutions of intent, and that those elements are ‘essential elements' with regard to ‘prior jurisdiction’ determination.” I disagree with this holding. However, assuming arguendo that N.C.G.S. § 160A-36(b) applies to resolutions of intent, I would hold that a resolution of intent that inadvertently includes two acres already within the boundaries of another municipality does not preclude a finding of substantial compliance with section 160A-36(b).
In the instant case, the Town of East Spencer passed a resolution stating its intent to consider annexation of 133 acres contiguous to its boundaries. The majority holds that because approximately two acres of the property were within the boundaries of the Town of Spencer, the resolution of intent was not in substantial compliance with the annexation statute and could not give the Town of East Spencer prior jurisdiction as to any of the property sought to be annexed.
Absolute and literal compliance with a statute enacted describing the conditions of annexation is unnecessary; substantial compliance only is required․ The reason is clear. Absolute and literal compliance with the statute would result in defeating the purpose of the statute in situations where no one has been or could be misled.
In re Annexation Ordinance, 278 N.C. 641, 648, 180 S.E.2d 851, 856 [ (1971) ] (quoting State v. Town of Benson, Cochise County, 95 Ariz. 107, 108, 387 P.2d 807, 808 (1963)).
City of Kannapolis, 326 N.C. at 518, 391 S.E.2d at 497 (alteration in original).
Likewise, the question here is whether the resolution of intent is in substantial compliance with the annexation statute. In Kannapolis, the missing effective date was an express requirement of N.C.G.S. § 160A-49(j). Nevertheless, the majority in Kannapolis held that the failure to include the effective date in the resolution of intent was not a fatal flaw but could be corrected in the annexation ordinance. Similarly, the inclusion of the extra two acres in the 133-acre tract described in the resolution of intent here was not a fatal flaw. The Town of Spencer could not be materially prejudiced because it was legally impossible for the Town of East Spencer to annex the additional two acres that were already a part of the Town of Spencer. Clearly, the inadvertent error in the description of the property could have been corrected without affecting the validity of the resolution of intent as to the remaining 131-acre tract.
The Town of East Spencer filed a valid resolution of intent in substantial compliance with N.C.G.S. § 160A-36(b) by describing the boundaries of the area under consideration and establishing priority in jurisdiction and a right to annex the disputed territory. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
Justice FREEMAN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.