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2008 – 2011 Sprecher des Themenbereichs B "Redox-dependent Biogeochemistry" im Sonderforschungsbereich SFB754 "Climate-Biogeochemistry Introduction in the Tropical Ocean"
2008 – 2011 Vorstandsmitglied des Excellence Clusters "The Future Ocean", Sprecher des Themenbereichs A "Ocean Change"
Mengis, N. , Keller, D. P. , Rickels, W., Quaas, M. und Oschlies, A. (2019) Climate engineering–induced changes in correlations between Earth system variables — implications for appropriate indicator selection. Climatic Change . DOI 10.1007/s10584-019-02389-7.
Duteil, O., Oschlies, A. und Böning, C. W. (2018) Pacific Decadal Oscillation and recent oxygen decline in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Biogeosciences (BG), 15 . pp. 7111-7126. DOI 10.5194/bg-15-7111-2018.
Resplandy, L., Keeling, R. F., Eddebbar, Y., Brooks, M. K., Wang, R., Bopp, L., Long, M. C., Dunne, J. P., Koeve, W. und Oschlies, A. (2018) Quantification of ocean heat uptake from changes in atmospheric O2 and CO2 composition. Nature, 563 (7729). pp. 105-108. DOI 10.1038/s41586-018-0651-8.
Gattuso, J. P., Magnan, A. K., Bopp, L., Cheung, W. W. L., Duarte, C. M., Hinkel, J., Mcleod, E., Micheli, F., Oschlies, A., Williamson, P., Bille, R., Chalastani, V. I., Gates, R. D., Irisson, J. O., Middelburg, J. J., Pförtner, H. O. und Rau, G. H. (2018) Ocean Solutions to Address Climate Change and Its Effects on Marine Ecosystems. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5 . Art.Nr. 337. DOI 10.3389/fmars.2018.00337.
Landolfi, A. , Kähler, P., Koeve, W. und Oschlies, A. (2018) Global Marine N2 Fixation Estimates: from Observations to Models. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9 . Art.Nr. 2112. DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02112 .
Lawrence, M. G., Schäfer, S., Muri, H., Scott, V., Oschlies, A., Vaughan, N. E., Boucher, O., Schmidt, H., Haywood, J. und Scheffran, J. (2018) Evaluating climate geoengineering proposals in the context of the Paris Agreement temperature goals. Nature Communications, 9 (1). Art.Nr. 3734. DOI 10.1038/s41467-018-05938-3.
Keller, D. P. , Lenton, A., Littleton, E. W., Oschlies, A., Scott, V. und Vaughan, N. E. (2018) The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Removal on the Carbon Cycle. Current Climate Change Reports, 4 (3). pp. 250-265. DOI 10.1007/s40641-018-0104-3.
Bretagnon, M., Paulmier, A., Garçon, V., Dewitte, B., Illig, S., Leblond, N., Coppola, L., Campos, F., Velazco, F., Panagiotopoulos, C., Oschlies, A., Hernandez-Ayon, J. M., Maske, H., Vergara, O., Montes, I., Martinez, P., Carrasco, E., Grelet, J., Desprez-De-Gesincourt, O., Maes, C. und Scouarnec, L. (2018) Modulation of the vertical particle transfer efficiency in the oxygen minimum zone off Peru. Biogeosciences (BG), 15 (16). pp. 5093-5111. DOI 10.5194/bg-15-5093-2018.
Oschlies, A., Brandt, P. , Stramma, L. und Schmidtko, S. (2018) Drivers and mechanisms of ocean deoxygenation. Nature Geoscience, 11 (7). pp. 467-473. DOI 10.1038/s41561-018-0152-2.
Kemena, T. P. , Matthes, K. , Martin, T. , Wahl, S. und Oschlies, A. (2018) Atmospheric feedbacks in North Africa from an irrigated, afforested Sahara. Climate Dynamics, 50 (11-12). pp. 4561-4581. DOI 10.1007/s00382-017-3890-8.
Sauerland, V., Löptien, U. , Leonhard, C., Oschlies, A. und Srivastav, A. (2018) Error assessment of biogeochemical models by lower bound methods (NOMMA-1.0). Geoscientific Model Development, 11 (3). pp. 1181-1198. DOI 10.5194/gmd-2017-133.
Rickels, W., Reith, F., Keller, D. P. , Oschlies, A. und Quaas, M. (2018) Integrated Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Removal. Earth's Future, 6 (3). pp. 565-582. DOI 10.1002/2017EF000724.
Frenger, I. , Bianchi, D., Stührenberg, C., Oschlies, A., Dunne, J., Deutsch, C., Galbraith, E. und Schütte, F. (2018) Biogeochemical role of subsurface coherent eddies in the ocean: Tracer cannonballs, hypoxic storms, and microbial stewpots?. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 32 (2). pp. 226-249. DOI 10.1002/2017GB005743.
Mengis, N., Keller, D. P. und Oschlies, A. (2018) Systematic Correlation Matrix Evaluation (SCoMaE) – a bottom–up, science-led approach to identifying indicators. Earth System Dynamics, 9 (1). pp. 15-31. DOI 10.5194/esd-9-15-2018.
Breitburg, D., Levin, L. A., Oschlies, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F. P., Conley, D. J., Garçon, V., Gilbert, D., Gutiérrez, D., Isensee, K., Jacinto, G. S., Limburg, K. E., Montes, I., Naqvi, S. W. A., Pitcher, G. C., Rabalais, N. N., Roman, M. R., Rose, K. A., Seibel, B. A., Telszewski, M., Yasuhara, M. und Zhang, J. (2018) Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters. Science, 359 (6371). eaam7240. DOI 10.1126/science.aam7240.
Abou Chakra, M., Bumann, S., Schenk, H., Oschlies, A. und Traulsen, A. (2018) Immediate action is the best strategy when facing uncertain climate change. Nature Communications, 9 (1). Art.Nr. 2566. DOI 10.1038/s41467-018-04968-1.
Tsakalakis, I., Pahlow, M., Oschlies, A., Blasius, B. und Ryabov, A. B. (2018) Diel light cycle as a key factor for modelling phytoplankton biogeography and diversity. Ecological Modelling, 384 . pp. 241-248. DOI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.06.022.
Feng, Y., Koeve, W. , Keller, D. P. und Oschlies, A. (2017) Model-based Assessment of the CO2 Sequestration Potential of Coastal Ocean Alkalinization. Earth's Future, 5 (12). pp. 1252-1266. DOI 10.1002/2017EF000659.
Getzlaff, J. und Oschlies, A. (2017) Pilot Study on Potential Impacts of Fisheries-Induced Changes in Zooplankton Mortality on Marine Biogeochemistry. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31 (11). pp. 1656-1673. DOI 10.1002/2017GB005721.
Kiko, R., Biastoch, A., Brandt, P. , Cravatte, S., Hauss, H. , Hummels, R., Kriest, I., Marin, F., McDonnell, A. M. P., Oschlies, A., Picheral, M., Schwarzkopf, F. U., Thurnherr, A. M. und Stemmann, L. (2017) Biological and physical influences on marine snowfall at the equator. Nature Geoscience, 10 (11). pp. 852-858. DOI 10.1038/ngeo3042.
Landolfi, A. , Somes, C. J. , Koeve, W. , Zamora, L. M. und Oschlies, A. (2017) Oceanic nitrogen cycling and N2 O flux perturbations in the Anthropocene. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31 (8). pp. 1236-1255. DOI 10.1002/2017GB005633.
Oschlies, A., Duteil, O. , Getzlaff, J., Koeve, W. , Landolfi, A. und Schmidtko, S. (2017) Patterns of deoxygenation: sensitivity to natural and anthropogenic drivers. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 375 (2102). p. 20160325. DOI 10.1098/rsta.2016.0325.
Shepherd, J. G., Brewer, P. G., Oschlies, A. und Watson, A. J. (2017) Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world: introduction and overview. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 375 (2102). p. 20170240. DOI 10.1098/rsta.2017.0240.
Kvale, K. F. , Khatiwala, S., Dietze, H. , Kriest, I. und Oschlies, A. (2017) Evaluation of the Transport Matrix Method for simulation of ocean biogeochemical tracers. Geoscientific Model Development, 10 . pp. 2425-2445. DOI 10.5194/gmd-10-2425-2017.
Orr, J. C., Najjar, R. G., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Bullister, J. L., Danabasoglu, G., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P., Dutay, J. C., Graven, H., Griffies, S. M., John, J. G., Joos, F., Levin, I., Lindsay, K., Matear, R. J., McKinley, G. A., Mouchet, A., Oschlies, A., Romanou, A., Schlitzer, R., Tagliabue, A., Tanhua, T. und Yool, A. (2017) Biogeochemical protocols and diagnostics for the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP). Geoscientific Model Development, 10 (6). pp. 2169-2199. DOI 10.5194/gmd-10-2169-2017.
Somes, C. J. , Schmittner, A., Muglia, J. und Oschlies, A. (2017) A Three-Dimensional Model of the Marine Nitrogen Cycle during the Last Glacial Maximum Constrained by Sedimentary Isotopes. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4 . Art.Nr. 108. DOI 10.3389/fmars.2017.00108.
Johanson, A., Oschlies, A., Hasselbring, W. und Worm, B. (2017) SPRAT: A spatially-explicit marine ecosystem model based on population balance equations. Ecological Modelling, 349 . pp. 11-25. DOI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.01.020.
Schartau, M. , Wallhead, P., Hemmings, J., Löptien, U. , Kriest, I. , Krishna, S., Ward, B. A., Slawig, T. und Oschlies, A. (2017) Reviews and syntheses: Parameter identification in marine planktonic ecosystem modelling. Biogeosciences (BG), 14 (6). pp. 1647-1701. DOI 10.5194/bg-14-1647-2017.
Jose, Y. S. , Dietze, H. und Oschlies, A. (2017) Linking diverse nutrient patterns to different water masses within anticyclonic eddies in the upwelling system off Peru. Biogeosciences (BG), 14 (6). pp. 1349-1364. DOI 10.5194/bg-14-1349-2017.
Jickells, T. D., Buitenhuis, E., Altieri, K., Baker, A. R., Capone, D., Duce, R. A., Dentener, F., Fennel, K., Kanakidou, M., LaRoche, J., Lee, K., Liss, P., Middelburg, J. J., Moore, J. K., Okin, G., Oschlies, A., Sarin, M., Seitzinger, S., Sharples, J., Singh, A., Suntharalingam, P., Uematsu, M. und Zamora, L. M. (2017) A reevaluation of the magnitude and impacts of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen inputs on the ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31 (2). pp. 289-305. DOI 10.1002/2016GB005586.
Irvine, P. J., Kravitz, B., Lawrence, M. G., Gerten, D., Caminade, C., Gosling, S. N., Hendy, E., Kassie, B., Kissling, W. D., Muri, H., Oschlies, A. und Smith, S. J. (2017) Towards a comprehensive climate impacts assessment of solar geoengineering. Earth's Future, 5 (1). pp. 93-106. DOI 10.1002/2016EF000389.
Oschlies, A. und Klepper, G. (2017) Research for assessment, not deployment of Climate Engineering: The German Research Foundation's Priority Program SPP 1689. Earth's Future, 5 (1). pp. 128-134. DOI 10.1002/2016EF000446.
Oschlies, A., Held, H., Keller, D. P. , Keller, K., Mengis, N., Quaas, M., Rickels, W. und Schmidt, H. (2017) Indicators and metrics for the assessment of climate engineering. Earth's Future, 5 (1). pp. 49-58. DOI 10.1002/2016EF000449.
Kriest, I. , Sauerland, V., Khatiwala, S., Srivastav, A. und Oschlies, A. (2017) Calibrating a global three-dimensional biogeochemical ocean model (MOPS-1.0). Geoscientific Model Development, 10 . pp. 127-154. DOI 10.5194/gmd-10-127-2017.
Arteaga, L., Pahlow, M. und Oschlies, A. (2016) Modeled Chl:C ratio and derived estimates of phytoplankton carbon biomass and its contribution to total particulate organic carbon in the global surface ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 30 (12). pp. 1791-1810. DOI 10.1002/2016GB005458.
Reith, F., Keller, D. P. und Oschlies, A. (2016) Revisiting ocean carbon sequestration by direct injection: A global carbon budget perspective. Earth System Dynamics, 7 . pp. 797-812. DOI 10.5194/esd-7-797-2016.
Su, B., Pahlow, M. und Oschlies, A. (2016) Box-modeling of the impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition and benthic remineralization on the nitrogen cycle of the eastern tropical South Pacific. Biogeosciences (BG), 13 . pp. 4985-5001. DOI 10.5194/bg-13-4985-2016.
Fernandez-Castro, B., Pahlow, M., Mourino-Carballido, B., Maranon, E. und Oschlies, A. (2016) Optimality-based Trichodesmium diazotrophy in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Journal of Plankton Research, 38 (4). pp. 946-963. DOI 10.1093/plankt/fbw047.
Lebrato, M., Andersson, A. J., Ries, J. B., Aronson, R. B., Lamare, M. D., Koeve, W. , Oschlies, A., Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D., Thatje, S., Amsler, M., Vos, S. C., Jones, D. O. B., Ruhl, H. A., Gates, A. R. und McClintock, J. B. (2016) Benthic marine calcifiers coexist with CaCO3-undersaturated seawater worldwide. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 30 (7). pp. 1038-1053. DOI 10.1002/2015GB005260.
Feng, E. Y., Keller, D. P. , Koeve, W. und Oschlies, A. (2016) Could artificial ocean alkalinization protect tropical coral ecosystems from ocean acidification?. Environmental Research Letters, 11 (7). Article Nr. 074008. DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/074008.
Keller, D. P. , Kriest, I. , Koeve, W. und Oschlies, A. (2016) Southern Ocean biological impacts on global ocean oxygen. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (12). pp. 6469-6477. DOI 10.1002/2016GL069630.
Blanco-Ameijeiras, S., Lebrato, M., Stoll, H. M., Iglesias-Rodriguez, D., Müller, M. N., Mendez-Vicente, A. und Oschlies, A. (2016) Phenotypic Variability in the Coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. PLoS ONE, 11 (6). e0157697. DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0157697.
Somes, C. J. , Landolfi, A. , Koeve, W. und Oschlies, A. (2016) Limited impact of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on marine productivity due to biogeochemical feedbacks in a global ocean model. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (9). pp. 4500-4509. DOI 10.1002/2016GL068335.
Mengis, N., Martin, T. , Keller, D. P. und Oschlies, A. (2016) Assessing climate impacts and risks of ocean albedo modification in the Arctic. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (5). pp. 3044-3057. DOI 10.1002/2015JC011433.
Getzlaff, J., Dietze, H. und Oschlies, A. (2016) Simulated effects of southern hemispheric wind changes on the Pacific oxygen minimum zone. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (2). pp. 728-734. DOI 10.1002/2015GL066841.
Kriest, I. und Oschlies, A. (2015) MOPS-1.0: modelling the regulation of the global oceanic nitrogen budget by marine biogeochemical processes. Geoscientific Model Development, 8 . pp. 2929-2957. DOI 10.5194/gmd-8-2929-2015.
Mengis, N., Keller, D. P. , Eby, M. und Oschlies, A. (2015) Uncertainty in the response of transpiration to CO2 and implications for climate change. Environmental Research Letters, 10 (9). 094001. DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094001.
Koeve, W. , Wagner, H., Kähler, P. und Oschlies, A. (2015) 14C-age tracers in global ocean circulation models. Geoscientific Model Development, 8 . pp. 2079-2094. DOI 10.5194/gmd-8-2079-2015.
Somes, C. J. und Oschlies, A. (2015) On the influence of “non-Redfield” dissolved organic nutrient dynamics on the spatial distribution of N2fixation and the size of the marine fixed nitrogen inventory. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 29 (7). pp. 973-993. DOI 10.1002/2014GB005050.
Landolfi, A. , Koeve, W. , Dietze, H. , Kähler, P. und Oschlies, A. (2015) A new perspective on environmental controls of marine nitrogen fixation. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (11). pp. 4482-4489. DOI 10.1002/2015GL063756.
Dale, A. W. , Nickelsen, L., Scholz, F., Hensen, C., Oschlies, A. und Wallmann, K. (2015) A revised global estimate of dissolved iron fluxes from marine sediments. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 29 (5). pp. 691-707. DOI 10.1002/2014GB005017.
Nickelsen, L., Keller, D. und Oschlies, A. (2015) A dynamic marine iron cycle module coupled to the University of Victoria Earth System Model: the Kiel Marine Biogeochemical Model 2 for UVic 2.9. Geoscientific Model Development, 8 . pp. 1357-1381. DOI 10.5194/gmdd-7-8505-2014.
Scott, V., Haszeldine, R. S., Tett, S. F. B. und Oschlies, A. (2015) Fossil fuels in a trillion tonne world. Nature Climate Change, 5 (5). pp. 419-423. DOI 10.1038/nclimate2578.
Arteaga, L., Pahlow, M. und Oschlies, A. (2015) Global monthly sea surface nitrate fields estimated from remotely sensed sea surface temperature, chlorophyll, and modeled mixed layer depth. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (4). pp. 1130-1138. DOI 10.1002/2014GL062937.
Su, B., Pahlow, M., Wagner, H. und Oschlies, A. (2015) What prevents nitrogen depletion in the oxygen minimum zone of the eastern tropical South Pacific?. Biogeosciences (BG), 12 . pp. 1113-1130. DOI 10.5194/bg-12-1113-2015.
Nickelsen, L. und Oschlies, A. (2015) Enhanced sensitivity of oceanic CO2 uptake to dust deposition by iron-light colimitation. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (2). pp. 492-499. DOI 10.1002/2014GL062969.
Göthlich, L. und Oschlies, A. (2015) Disturbance characteristics determine the timescale of competitive exclusion in a phytoplankton model. Ecological Modelling, 296 . pp. 126-135. DOI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.10.033.
Duteil, O. , Böning, C. W. und Oschlies, A. (2014) Variability in subtropical-tropical cells drives oxygen levels in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (24). pp. 8926-8934. DOI 10.1002/2014GL061774.
Koeve, W. , Duteil, O. , Oschlies, A., Kähler, P. und Segschneider, J. (2014) Methods to evaluate CaCO3 cycle modules in coupled global biogeochemical ocean models. Geoscientific Model Development, 7 . pp. 2393-2408. DOI 10.5194/gmd-7-2393-2014.
Montes, I., Dewitte, B., Gutknecht, E., Paulmier, A., Dadou, I., Oschlies, A. und Garçon, V. (2014) High-resolution modeling of the Eastern Tropical Pacific oxygen minimum zone: Sensitivity to the tropical oceanic circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (8). pp. 5515-5532. DOI 10.1002/2014JC009858.
Arteaga, L., Pahlow, M. und Oschlies, A. (2014) Global patterns of phytoplankton nutrient and light colimitation inferred from an optimality-based model. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 28 (7). pp. 648-661. DOI 10.1002/2013GB004668.
Prowe, A. E. F. , Pahlow, M., Dutkiewicz, S. und Oschlies, A. (2014) How important is diversity for capturing environmental-change responses in ecosystem models?. Biogeosciences (BG), 11 . pp. 3397-3407. DOI 10.5194/bg-11-3397-2014.
Zamora, L. und Oschlies, A. (2014) Surface nitrification: a major uncertainty in marine N2O emissions. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (12). pp. 4247-4253. DOI 10.1002/2014GL060556.
Taucher, J. , Bach, L. T. , Riebesell, U. und Oschlies, A. (2014) The viscosity effect on marine particle flux: A climate relevant feedback mechanism. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 28 (4). pp. 415-422. DOI 10.1002/2013GB004728.
Duteil, O. , Schwarzkopf, F. U. , Böning, C. W. und Oschlies, A. (2014) Major role of the equatorial current system in setting oxygen levels in the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean: a high-resolution model study. Geophysical Research Letters, 41 . pp. 2033-2040. DOI 10.1002/2013GL058888.
Keller, D. , Feng, Y. und Oschlies, A. (2014) Potential climate engineering effectiveness and side effects during a high CO2-emissions scenario. Nature Communications, 5 (3304). DOI 10.1038/ncomms4304.
Kriest, I. und Oschlies, A. (2013) Swept under the carpet: organic matter burial decreases global ocean biogeochemical model sensitivity to remineralization length scale. Biogeosciences (BG), 10 . pp. 8401-8422. DOI 10.5194/bg-10-8401-2013.
Duteil, O. , Koeve, W. , Oschlies, A., Bianchi, D., Galbraith, E., Kriest, I. und Matear, R. (2013) A novel estimate of ocean oxygen utilisation points to a reduced rate of respiration in the ocean interior. Biogeosciences (BG), 10 (11). pp. 7723-7738. DOI 10.5194/bg-10-7723-2013.
Billé, R., Kelly, R., Biastoch, A. , Harrould-Kolieb, E., Herr, D., Joos, F., Kroeker, K., Laffoley, D., Oschlies, A. und Gattuso, J. P. (2013) Taking action against ocean acidification: A review of management and policy options. Environmental Management, 52 (4). pp. 761-779. DOI 10.1007/s00267-013-0132-7.
Somes, C. J. , Oschlies, A. und Schmittner, A. (2013) Isotopic constraints on the pre-industrial oceanic nitrogen budget. Biogeosciences (BG), 10 (9). pp. 5889-5910. DOI 10.5194/bg-10-5889-2013.
Pahlow, M., Dietze, H. und Oschlies, A. (2013) Optimality-based model of phytoplankton growth and diazotrophy. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 489 . pp. 1-16. DOI 10.3354/meps10449.
Prieß, M., Piwonski, J., Koziel, S., Oschlies, A. und Slawig, T. (2013) Accelerated Parameter Identification in a 3D Marine Biogeochemical Model Using Surrogate-Based Optimization. Ocean Modelling, 68 . pp. 22-36. DOI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.04.003.
Landolfi, A. , Dietze, H. , Koeve, W. und Oschlies, A. (2013) Overlooked runaway feedback in the marine nitrogen cycle: the vicious cycle. Biogeosciences (BG), 10 . pp. 1351-1363. DOI 10.5194/bg-10-1351-2013.
Kalvelage, T., Lavik, G., Lam, P., Contreras, S., Arteaga, L., Löscher, C. R., Oschlies, A., Paulmier, A., Stramma, L. und Kuypers, M. M. M. (2013) Nitrogen cycling driven by organic matter export in the South Pacific oxygen minimum zone. Nature Geoscience, 6 (3). pp. 228-234. DOI 10.1038/ngeo1739.
Pahlow, M. und Oschlies, A. (2013) Optimal allocation backs Droop’s cell-quota model. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 473 . pp. 1-5. DOI 10.3354/meps10181.
Cocco, V., Joos, F., Steinacher, M., Frölicher, T. L., Bopp, L., Dunne, J., Gehlen, M., Heinze, C., Orr, J., Oschlies, A., Schneider, B., Segschneider, J. und Tjiputra, J. (2013) Oxygen and indicators of stress for marine life in multi-model global warming projections. Biogeosciences (BG), 10 (3). pp. 1849-1868. DOI 10.5194/bg-10-1849-2013.
El Jarbi, M., Rückelt, J., Slawig, T. und Oschlies, A. (2013) Reducing the model-data misfit in a marine ecosystem model using periodic parameters and linear quadratic optimal control. Biogeosciences (BG), 10 (2). pp. 1169-1182. DOI 10.5194/bg-10-1169-2013.
Lebrato, M., de Jesus Mendes, P., Steinberg, D. K., Cartes, J. E., Jones, B. M., Birsa, L. M., Benavides, R. und Oschlies, A. (2013) Jelly biomass sinking speed reveals a fast carbon export mechanism. Limnology and Oceanography, 58 (3). pp. 1113-1122. DOI 10.4319/lo.2013.58.3.1113.
Melzner, F., Thomsen, J., Koeve, W. , Oschlies, A., Gutowska, M., Bange, H. W. , Hansen, H. P. und Körtzinger, A. (2013) Future ocean acidification will be amplified by hypoxia in coastal habitats. Marine Biology, 160 . pp. 1875-1888. DOI 10.1007/s00227-012-1954-1.
Moore, C. M., Mills, M. M., Arrigo, K. R., Berman-Frank, I., Bopp, L., Boyd, P. W., Galbraith, E. D., Geider, R. J., Guieu, C., Jaccard, S. L., Jickells, T. D., LaRoche, J., Lenton, T. M., Mahowald, N. M., Marañón, E., Marinov, I., Moore, J. K., Nakatsuka, T., Oschlies, A., Saito, M. A., Thingstad, T. F., Tsuda, A. und Ulloa, O. (2013) Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation. Nature Geoscience, 6 (9). pp. 701-710. DOI 10.1038/ngeo1765.
Ward, B. A., Schartau, M. , Oschlies, A., Martin, A. P., Follows, M. J. und Anderson, T. R. (2013) When is a biogeochemical model too complex? Objective model reduction for North Atlantic time-series sites. Progress in Oceanography, 116 . pp. 49-65. DOI 10.1016/j.pocean.2013.06.002.
Duteil, O. , Koeve, W. , Oschlies, A., Aumont, O., Bianchi, D., Bopp, L., Galbraith, E., Matear, R., Moore, J. K., Sarmiento, J. L. und Segschneider, J. (2012) Preformed and regenerated phosphate in ocean general circulation models: can right total concentrations be wrong?. Biogeosciences (BG), 9 . pp. 1797-1807. DOI 10.5194/bg-9-1797-2012.
Alexandridis, N., Oschlies, A. und Wahl, M. (2012) Modeling the effects of abiotic and biotic factors on the depth distribution of Fucus vesiculosus in the Baltic Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 463 . pp. 59-72. DOI 10.3354/meps09856.
Blanco-Ameijeiras, S., Lebrato, M., Stoll, H. M., Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D., Mendez-Vicente, A., Sett, S., Müller, M. N., Oschlies, A. und Schulz, K. (2012) Removal of organic magnesium in coccolithophore carbonates. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 89 . pp. 226-239. DOI 10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.043.
Getzlaff, J., Nurser, G. und Oschlies, A. (2012) Diagnostics of diapycnal diffusion in z-level ocean models. Part II: 3-Dimensional OGCM. Ocean Modelling, 45-46 . pp. 27-36. DOI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.11.006.
Göthlich, L. und Oschlies, A. (2012) Phytoplankton niche generation by interspecific stoichiometric variation. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 26 (2). GB2010. DOI 10.1029/2011GB004042.
Keller, D. , Oschlies, A. und Eby, M. (2012) A new marine ecosystem model for the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model. Geoscientific Model Development, 5 . pp. 1195-1220. DOI 10.5194/gmd-5-1195-2012.
Koeve, W. und Oschlies, A. (2012) Potential impact of DOM accumulation of fCO2 and carbonate ion computations in ocean acidification experiments. Biogeosciences (BG), 9 . pp. 3787-3798. DOI 10.5194/bg-9-3787-2012.
Kriest, I. , Oschlies, A. und Khatiwala, S. (2012) Sensitivity analysis of simple global marine biogeochemical models. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 26 . GB2029. DOI 10.1029/2011GB004072.
Lebrato, M., Pitt, K. A., Sweetman, A. K., Jones, D. O. B., Cartes, J. E., Oschlies, A., Condon, R. H., Molinero, J. C., Adler, L., Gaillard, C., Lloris, D. und Billett, D. S. M. (2012) Jelly-falls historic and recent observations: a review to drive future research directions. Hydrobiologia, 690 (1). pp. 227-245. DOI 10.1007/s10750-012-1046-8.
Mouriño-Carballido, B., Pahlow, M. und Oschlies, A. (2012) High sensitivity of ultra-oligotrophic marine ecosystems to atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Geophysical Research Letters, 39 . L05601. DOI 10.1029/2011GL050606.
Prowe, F. , Pahlow, M. und Oschlies, A. (2012) Controls on the diversity-productivity relationship in a marine ecosystem model. Ecological Modelling, 225 . pp. 167-176. DOI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.11.018.
Prowe, F. , Pahlow, M., Dutkiewicz, S., Follows, M. und Oschlies, A. (2012) Top-down control of marine phytoplankton diversity in a global ecosystem model. Progress in Oceanography, 101 . pp. 1-13. DOI 10.1016/j.pocean.2011.11.016.
Rickels, W., Rehdanz, K. und Oschlies, A. (2012) Economic prospects of ocean iron fertilization in an international carbon market. Resource and Energy Economics, 34 (1). pp. 129-150. DOI 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2011.04.003.
Stramma, L. , Oschlies, A. und Schmidtko, S. (2012) Mismatch between observed and modeled trends in dissolved upper-ocean oxygen over the last 50 yr. Biogeosciences (BG), 9 (10). pp. 4045-4057. DOI 10.5194/bg-9-4045-2012.
Taucher, J. , Schulz, K. G., Dittmar, T., Sommer, U., Oschlies, A. und Riebesell, U. (2012) Enhanced carbon overconsumption in response to increasing temperatures during a mesocosm experiment. Biogeosciences (BG), 9 . pp. 3531-3545. DOI 10.5194/bg-9-3531-2012.
Zamora, L., Oschlies, A., Bange, H. W. , Craig, J. D., Huebert, K. B., Kock, A. und Löscher, C. R. (2012) Nitrous oxide dynamics in low oxygen regions of the Pacific: insights from the MEMENTO database. Biogeosciences (BG), 9 . pp. 5007-5022. DOI 10.5194/bg-9-5007-2012.
Zuo, H., Naveira Garabato, A. C., New, A. L. und Oschlies, A. (2012) Mechanisms of subantarctic mode water upwelling in a hybrid-coordinate global GCM. Ocean Modelling, 45-46 . pp. 59-80. DOI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.12.006.
Duteil, O. und Oschlies, A. (2011) Sensitivity of simulated extent and future evolution of marine suboxia to mixing intensity. Geophysical Research Letters, 38 (6). L06607. DOI 10.1029/2011GL046877.
Flögel, S., Wallmann, K. , Poulsen, K., Zhou, J., Oschlies, A., Voigt, S. und Kuhnt, W. (2011) Simulating the biogeochemical effects of volcanic CO2 degassing on the oxygen-state of the deep ocean during the Cenomanian/Turonian Anoxic Event (OAE2). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 305 (3/4). pp. 371-384. DOI 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.018.
Gleßmer, M., Park, W. und Oschlies, A. (2011) Simulated reduction in upwelling of tropical oxygen minimum waters in a warmer climate. Environmental Research Letters, 6 (4). 045001. DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045001.
Kriest, I. und Oschlies, A. (2011) Numerical effects on organic-matter sedimentation and remineralization in biogeochemical ocean models. Ocean Modelling, 39 (3-4). pp. 275-283. DOI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.05.001.
Lebrato, M., Pahlow, M., Oschlies, A., Pitt, K. A., Jones, D. O. B., Molinero, J. C. und Condon, R. H. (2011) Depth attenuation of organic matter export associated with jelly falls. Limnology and Oceanography, 56 . pp. 1917-1928. DOI 10.4319/lo.2011.56.5.1917.
Taucher, J. und Oschlies, A. (2011) Can we predict the direction of marine primary production change under global warming?. Geophysical Research Letters, 38 . L02603. DOI 10.1029/2010GL045934.
Kähler, P., Oschlies, A., Dietze, H. und Koeve, W. (2010) Oxygen, carbon, and nutrients in the oligotrophic eastern subtropical North Atlantic. Biogeosciences (BG), 7 (3). pp. 1143-1156. DOI 10.5194/bg-7-1143-2010.
Oschlies, A., Pahlow, M., Yool, A. und Matear, R. J. (2010) Climate engineering by artificial ocean upwelling - channelling the sorcerer's apprentice. Geophysical Research Letters, 37 . L04701. DOI 10.1029/2009GL041961.
Getzlaff, J., Nurser, G. und Oschlies, A. (2010) Diagnostics of diapycnal diffusivity in z-level ocean models part I: 1-Dimensional case studies. Ocean Modelling, 35 (3). pp. 173-186. DOI 10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.07.004.
Güssow, K., Proelss, A., Oschlies, A., Rehdanz, K. und Rickels, W. (2010) Ocean iron fertilization: Why further research is needed. Marine Policy, 34 (5). pp. 911-918. DOI 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.015.
Kriest, I. , Khatiwala, S. und Oschlies, A. (2010) Towards an assessment of simple global marine biogeochemical models of different complexity. Progress in Oceanography, 86 (3-4). pp. 337-360. DOI 10.1016/j.pocean.2010.05.002.
Oschlies, A., Koeve, W. , Rickels, W. und Rehdanz, K. (2010) Side effects and accounting aspects of hypothetical large-scale Southern Ocean iron fertilization. Biogeosciences (BG), 7 (12). pp. 4017-4035. DOI 10.5194/bg-7-4017-2010.
Rickels, W., Rehdanz, K. und Oschlies, A. (2010) Methods for greenhouse gas offset accounting: A case study of ocean iron fertilization. Ecological Economics, 69 (12). pp. 2495-2509. DOI 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.07.026.
Steinhoff, T., Friedrich, T., Hartman, S. E., Oschlies, A., Wallace, D. W. R. und Körtzinger, A. (2010) Estimating mixed layer nitrate in the North Atlantic Ocean. Biogeosciences (BG), 7 . pp. 795-807. DOI 10.5194/bg-7-795-2010.
Ward, B. A., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Anderson, T. R. und Oschlies, A. (2010) Parameter optimisation techniques and the problem of underdetermination in marine biogeochemical models. Journal of Marine Systems, 81 (1-2). pp. 34-43. DOI 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.12.005.
Yool, A., Oschlies, A., Nurser, A. J. G. und Gruber, N. (2010) A model-based assessment of the TrOCA approach for estimating anthropogenic carbon in the ocean. Biogeosciences (BG), 7 . pp. 723-751. DOI 10.5194/bg-7-723-2010.
Zamora, L., Landolfi, A. , Oschlies, A., Hansell, D., Dietze, H. und Dentener, F. (2010) Atmospheric deposition of nutrients and excess N formation in the North Atlantic. Biogeosciences (BG), 7 . pp. 777-793. DOI 10.5194/bg-7-777-2010.
Alvaréz, M., Lo Monaco, C., Tanhua, T. , Yool, A., Oschlies, A., Bullister, J. L., Goyet, C., Tourtair, F., McDonagh, E. und Bryden, H. L. (2009) Estimating the storage of anthropogenic carbon in the subtropical Indian Ocean: A comparison of five different approaches. Biogeosciences (BG), 6 . pp. 681-703. DOI 10.5194/bg-6-681-2009.
Friedrich, T. und Oschlies, A. (2009) Basin-scale pCO2 maps estimated from ARGO float data: A model study. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 114 . C10012. DOI 10.1029/2009JC005322.
Friedrich, T. und Oschlies, A. (2009) Neural network-based estimates of North Atlantic surface pCO2 from satellite data: A methodological study. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 114 . C03020. DOI 10.1029/2007JC004646.
Gleßmer, M., Eden, C. und Oschlies, A. (2009) Contribution of oxygen minimum zone waters to the coastal upwelling off Mauritania. Progress in Oceanography, 83 . pp. 143-150. DOI 10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.015.
Pahlow, M. und Oschlies, A. (2009) Chain model of phytoplankton P, N and light colimitation. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 376 . DOI 10.3354/meps07748.
Paulmier, A., Kriest, I. und Oschlies, A. (2009) Stoichiometries of remineralisation and denitrification in global biogeochemical ocean models. Biogeosciences (BG), 6 . pp. 923-935.
Riebesell, U. , Körtzinger, A. und Oschlies, A. (2009) Sensitivities of marine carbon fluxes to ocean change. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106 . pp. 20602-20609. DOI 10.1073/pnas.0813291106.
Smith, S. L., Yamanaka, Y., Pahlow, M. und Oschlies, A. (2009) Optimal uptake kinetics: physiological acclimation explains the pattern of nitrate uptake by phytoplankton in the ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 384 . pp. 1-12. DOI 10.3354/meps08022.
Watson, A. J., Schuster, U., Bakker, D. C. E., Bates, N. R., Corbière, A., González-Dávila, M., Friedrich, T., Hauck, J., Heinze, C., Johannessen, T., Körtzinger, A. , Metzl, N., Olafsson, J., Olsen, A., Oschlies, A., Padin, X. A., Pfeil, B., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Steinhoff, T., Telszewski, M., Rios, A. F., Wallace, D. W. R. und Wanninkhof, R. (2009) Tracking the Variable North Atlantic Sink for Atmospheric CO2. Science, 326 (5958). pp. 1391-1393. DOI 10.1126/science.1177394.
Yool, A., Shepherd, J. G., Bryden, H. L. und Oschlies, A. (2009) Low efficiency of nutrient translocation for enhancing oceanic uptake of carbon dioxide. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 114 . C08009. DOI 10.1029/2008JC004792.
Salihoglu, B., Garcon, V., Oschlies, A. und Lomas, M. W. (2008) Influence of nutrient utilization and remineralization stoichiometry on phytoplankton species and carbon export: A modelling study at BATS. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 55 (1). pp. 73-107. DOI 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.09.010.
Duce, R. A., LaRoche, J., Altieri, K., Arrigo, K. R., Baker, A. R., Capone, D. G., Cornell, S., Dentener, F., Galloway, J., Ganeshram, R. S., Geider, J., Jickells, T., Kuypers, M. M., Langlois, R., Liss, P. S., Liu, S. M., Middelburg, J. J., Moore, C. M., Nickovic, S., Oschlies, A., Pedersen, T., Prospero, J., Schlitzer, R., Seitzinger, S., Sorensen, L. L., Uematsu, M., Ulloa, O., Voss, M., Ward, B. und Zamora, L. (2008) Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean. Science, 320 . pp. 893-897. DOI 10.1126/science.1150369 .
Gleßmer, M., Oschlies, A. und Yool, A. (2008) Simulated impact of double-diffusive mixing on physical and biogeochemical upper ocean properties. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 113 . C08029. DOI 10.1029/2007JC004455.
Kriest, I. und Oschlies, A. (2008) On the treatment of particulate organic matter sinking in large-scale models of marine biogeochemical cycles. Biogeosciences (BG), 5 . pp. 55-72. DOI 10.5194/bg-5-55-2008.
Landolfi, A. , Oschlies, A. und Sanders, R. (2008) Organic nutrients and excess nitrogen in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Biogeosciences (BG), 5 . pp. 1199-1213. DOI 10.5194/bg-5-1199-2008.
Oschlies, A., Schulz, K. G., Riebesell, U. und Schmittner, A. (2008) Simulated 21st century's increase in oceanic suboxia by CO2-enhanced biotic carbon export. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22 (GB4008). DOI 10.1029/2007GB003147.
Schmittner, A., Oschlies, A., Matthews, H. D. und Galbraith, E. D. (2008) Future changes in climate, ocean circulation, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycling simulated for a business-as-usual CO2 emission scenario until year 4000 AD. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22 . GB1013. DOI 10.1029/2007GB002953.
Breitbarth, E., Oschlies, A. und LaRoche, J. (2007) Physiological constraints on the global distribution of Trichodesmium - effect of temperature on diazotrophy. Biogeosciences (BG), 4 (1). pp. 53-61. DOI 10.5194/bg-4-53-2007.
Henderson, G. M., Anderson, R. F., Adkins, J., Andersson, P., Eisenhauer, A. , Frank, M. und Oschlies, A. and SCOR Working Group (2007) GEOTRACES - An international study of the global marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and their isotopes. Chemie der Erde - Geochemistry, 67 . pp. 85-131. DOI 10.1016/j.chemer.2007.02.001.
Kriest, I. und Oschlies, A. (2007) Modelling the effect of cell-size-dependent nutrient uptake and exudation on phytoplankton size spectra. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 54 (9). pp. 1593-1618. DOI 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.04.017.
Riebesell, U. , Schulz, K. G., Bellerby, R. G. J., Botros, M., Fritsche, P., Meyerhöfer, M., Neill, C., Nondal, G., Oschlies, A., Wohlers, J. und Zöllner, E. (2007) Enhanced biological carbon consumption in a high CO2 ocean. Nature, 450 (7169). pp. 545-548. DOI 10.1038/nature06267.
Weber, L., Völker, C., Oschlies, A. und Burchard, H. (2007) Iron profiles and speciation of the upper water column at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site: a model based sensitivity study. Biogeosciences (BG), 4 . pp. 689-706. DOI 10.5194/bg-4-689-2007.
Eden, C. und Oschlies, A. (2006) Adiabatic reduction of circulation-related CO2 air-sea flux biases in North Atlantic carbon-cycle models. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20 (GB2008). DOI 10.1029/2005GB002521.
Friedrich, T., Oschlies, A. und Eden, C. (2006) Role of wind stress and heat fluxes in generating interannual to decadal variability of air-sea CO2 and O2 fluxes in a North Atlantic model. Geophysical Research Letters, 33 . DOI 10.1029/2006GL026538.
Dietze, H. und Oschlies, A. (2005) On the correlation between air-sea heat flux and abiotically induced oxygen exchange in a circulation model of the North Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 110 . C09016. DOI 10.1029/2004JC002453.
Dietze, H. und Oschlies, A. (2005) Modeling abiotic production of apparent oxygen utilisation in the oligotrophic subtropical North Atlantic. Ocean Dynamics, 55 (1). pp. 28-33. DOI 10.1007/s10236-005-0109-z.
Machu, E., Biastoch, A. , Oschlies, A., Kawamiya, M., Garcon, V. und Lutjeharms, J. R. E. (2005) Phytoplankton distribution in the Agulhas system from a coupled physical-biological model. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 52 (7). pp. 1300-1318. DOI 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.008.
Memery, L., Reverdin, G., Paillet, J. und Oschlies, A. (2005) Introduction to the POMME special section: Thermocline ventilation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 110 . C07S01. DOI 10.1029/2005JC002976.
Oschlies, A. und Schartau, M. (2005) Basin-scale performance of a locally optimized marine ecosystem model. Journal of Marine Research, 63 (2). pp. 335-358. DOI 10.1357/0022240053693680.
Schmittner, A., Oschlies, A., Giraud, X. und Eby, M. (2005) A global model of the marine ecosystem for multi-millennial simulations. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19 . GB3004. DOI 10.1029/2004GB002283.
Schneider, B., Karstensen, J. , Oschlies, A. und Schlitzer, R. (2005) Model-based evaluation of methods to determine C:N and N:P regeneration ratios from dissolved nutrients. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19 . GB2009. DOI 10.1029/2004GB002256.
Waniek, J. J., Schulz-Bull, D. E., Blanz, T., Prien, R. D., Oschlies, A. und Müller, T. J. (2005) Interannual variability of deep water particle flux in relation to production and lateral sources in the northeast Atlantic. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 52 (1). pp. 33-50. DOI 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.08.008.
Worm, B., Sandow, M., Oschlies, A., Lotze, H. und Myers, R. A. (2005) Global patterns of predator diversity in the open oceans. Science, 309 (5739). pp. 1365-1369. DOI 10.1126/science.1113399.
Dietze, H. , Oschlies, A. und Kähler, P. (2004) Internal-wave induced and double-diffusive nutrient fluxes to the nutrient-consuming surface layer in the oligotrophic subtropical North Atlantic. Ocean Dynamics, 54 . pp. 1-7. DOI 10.1007/s10236-003-0060-9.
Kawamiya, M. und Oschlies, A. (2004) Impact of intraseasonal variations in surface heat and momentum fluxes on the pelagic ecosystem of the Arabian Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 109 (C3). C0301. DOI 10.1029/2003JC002107.
Oschlies, A. und Kähler, P. (2004) Biotic contribution to air-sea fluces of CO2 and O2 and its relation to new production. Export production, and net community production. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18 (1). GB1015. DOI 10.1029/2003GB002094.
Kawamiya, M. und Oschlies, A. (2003) An ecosystem model for the Arabian Sea embedded into an eddy-permitting primitive-equation model. Comparison with observations. Journal of Marine Systems, 38 . pp. 221-257. DOI 10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00241-5.
Oschlies, A., Dietze, H. und Kähler, P. (2003) Salt-finger induced enhancement of upper-ocean nutrient supply. Geophysical Research Letters, 30 (23). p. 2204. DOI 10.1029/2003GL018552.
Schartau, M. und Oschlies, A. (2003) Simultaneous data-based optimisation of a 1D-ecosystem model at three locations in the North Atlantic Ocean: Part 1. Method and parameter estimates. Journal of Marine Research, 61 (6). pp. 765-793. DOI 10.1357/002224003322981147.
Schartau, M. und Oschlies, A. (2003) Simultaneous data-based optimisation of a 1D-ecosystem model at three locations in the North Atlantic Ocean: Part 2. Nitrogen fluxes and seasonal cycles. Journal of Marine Research, 61 (6). pp. 795-821. DOI 10.1357/002224003322981156.
Koeve, W. , Pollehne, F., Oschlies, A. und Zeitzschel, B. (2002) Storm-induced convective export of suspended matter during spring in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 49 (8). pp. 1431-1444. DOI 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00022-5.
Zielinski, O., Llinas, O., Oschlies, A. und Reuter, R. (2002) Underwater light field and its effect on a one-dimensional ecosystem model at station ESTOC, north of the Canary Islands. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography, 49 . pp. 3529-3542. DOI 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00096-6.
Fasham, M. J. R., Balino, B. M., Bowles, M. C., Anderson, R., Archer, D., Bathmann, U., Boyd, P., Buesseler, K., Burkill, P., Bychkov, A., Carlson, C., Chen, C. T. A., Doney, S., Ducklow, H., Emerson, S., Feely, R., Feldman, G., Garcon, V., Hansell, D., Hanson, R., Harrison, P., Honjo, S., Jeandel, C., Karl, D., Le Borgne, R., Liu, K. K., Lochte, K., Louanchi, F., Lowry, R., Michaels, A., Monfray, P., Murray, J., Oschlies, A., Platt, T., Priddle, J., Quinones, R., Ruiz-Pino, D., Saino, T., Sakshaug, E., Shimmield, G., Smith, S., Smith, W., Takahashi, T., Treguer, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., Watsen, A., Willebrand, J. und Wong, C. S. (2001) A new vision of ocean biogeochemistry after a decade of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 2001 (Sp. No. 10). pp. 4-31.
Garcon, V., Oschlies, A., McGillicuddy, D., Waniek, J. und Doney, S. (2001) The role of mesoscale variability on plankton dynamics in the North Atlantic. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 48 (10). pp. 2199-2226. DOI 10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00183-1.
Kawamiya, M. und Oschlies, A. (2001) Formation of a basin-scale surface chlorophyll pattern by Rossby waves. Geophysical Research Letters, 28 . pp. 4139-4142. DOI 10.1029/2001GL013347.
Killworth, P., Dieterich, C., LeProvost, C., Oschlies, A. und Willebrand, J. (2001) Assimilation of Altimetric Data into an Eddy-Permitting Model of the North Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, 48 (2-3). pp. 313-315. DOI 10.1016/S0079-6611(01)00009-X.
Schartau, M. , Oschlies, A. und Willebrand, J. (2001) Parameter estimates of a zero-dimensional ecosystem model applying the adjoint method. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography, 48 . pp. 1769-1800. DOI 10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00161-2.
Oschlies, A., Koeve, W. und Garcon, V. (2000) An eddy-permitting coupled physical-biological model of the North Atlantic. Part II: Ecosystem dynamics and comparison with satellite and JGOFS local studies data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14 (1). pp. 499-523. DOI 10.1029/1999GB900080.
Ferry, N., Reverdin, G. und Oschlies, A. (2000) Seasonal sea level variability in the North Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 105 (C3). pp. 6307-6326. DOI 10.1029/1999JC900296.
Käse, R. H. und Oschlies, A. (2000) Flow through Denmark Strait. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 105 (C12). 28,527-28,546. DOI 10.1029/2000JC900111.
Oschlies, A. und Garcon, V. (1999) An eddy permitting coupled physical-biological model of the North Atlantic. Part I: Sensitivity to advection numerics and mixed layer physics. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 13 (1). pp. 135-160. DOI 10.1029/98GB02811.
Gunson, J., Oschlies, A. und Garcon, V. (1999) Sensitivity of ecosystem parameters to simulated satellite ocean colour data using a coupled physical-biological model of the North Atlantic. Journal of Marine Research, 57 . pp. 613-639. DOI 10.1357/002224099321549611.
Oschlies, A. und Garcon, V. (1998) Eddy-induced enhancement of primary production in a model of the north Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 394 . pp. 266-269. DOI 10.1038/28373.
Oschlies, A. und Willebrand, J. (1996) Assimilation of Geosat altimeter data into an eddy-resolving primitive equation model of the North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 101 (C6). pp. 14175-14190. DOI 10.1029/95JC03801.
Reith, F., Koeve, W. , Keller, D. P. , Getzlaff, J. und Oschlies, A. (2019) Meeting climate targets by direct CO2 injections: What price would the ocean have to pay?. Earth System Dynamics Discussions . DOI 10.5194/esd-2018-87.
Kemena, T. P. , Oschlies, A., Koeve, W. , Wallmann, K. J. G. , Landolfi, A. und Dale, A. W. (2018) Ocean Phosphorus Inventory and Ocean Deoxygenation: Large Uncertainties in Future Projections on Millennial Timescales. Earth System Dynamics Discussions . pp. 1-28. DOI 10.5194/esd-2018-58.
Leisner, T., Oschlies, A. und Rickels, W. (2012) Lässt sich die Erde künstlich kühlen? . Spektrum der Wissenschaft, 4/12 . pp. 4-11.
Oschlies, A., Brandt, P. , Schelten, C. und Stramma, L. (2012) SFB754: Climate-Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean. Exchanges, 58 (17(1)). pp. 11-14.
Zamora, L., Prospero, J. M., Hansell, D. A., Trapp, J. M., Landolfi, A. , Oschlies, A. und Dentener, F. (2011) Phosphorus stress induced by atmospheric deposition to the surface waters of the subtropical North Atlantic. SOLAS News, 13 . pp. 34-36.
Böning, C. W. , Eden, C., Latif, M. , Stramma, L. , Brandt, P. , Fischer, J. , Oschlies, A. und Visbeck, M. (2010) Nordatlantik I - 1.1 Die Bedeutung des Süßwasserhaushalts für die zukünftige Entwicklung der thermohalinen Zirkulation; 1.2 Rolle des äquatorialen Atlantiks als Schlüsselregion für Klimaschwankungen im atlantischen Raum; 2.2 Schwankungen der tiefen Randstromzirkulation am Ausgang des Labradorsee; 3.2 Schwankungen der thermohalinen Zirkulation in hoch auflösenden Modellen : Schlussbericht. In: Der Nordatlantik als Teil des Erdsystems: vom System-Verständnis zur Analyse regionaler Auswirkungen : BMBF Verbundvorhaben als Beitrag zur nationalen und internationalen Erdsystemforschung ; Abschlußbericht Nordatlantik-Projekt. . BMBF / IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany, pp. 1-15. DOI 10.2314/GBV:639459536 .
Oschlies, A., Blackford, S. C. und Gehlen, M. (2010) Modelling considerations. In: Guide to best practices for ocean acidiﬁcation research and data reporting. , ed. by Riebesell, U., Fabry, V. J., Hansson, L. und Gattuso, J. P.. Publications Ofﬁce of the European Union, pp. 233-242.
Oschlies, A. (2008) Eddies and upper-ocean nutrient supply. In: Ocean Modeling in an Eddying Regime. , ed. by Hecht, M. und Hasumi, H.. Geophysical Monograph Series, 177 . American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 115-130.
Oschlies, A. und Eden, C. (2005) Physical Controls on Oceanic Biogeochemical Cycling. In: IFM-GEOMAR [Annual] Report 2002-2004 From the Seafloor to the Atmosphere - Marine Sciences at IFM-GEOMAR Kiel -. , ed. by Villwock, A.. IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany, pp. 28-30.
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[308 U.S. 343, 344] Messrs. O. B. Eidson and Thomas M. Lillard, both of Topeka, Kan., for petitioner.
[308 U.S. 343, 346] Mr. Raymond T. Nagle, of Washington, D.C., for respondent.
M-Ko-Quah-Wah is a full-blooded Pottawatomie Indian. In her behalf the United States asserts whatever rights she may have flowing from the Treaty of November 15, 1861, between the United States and the Pottawatomie nation of Indians, 12 Stat. 1191, and the legislation in aid of it. This Treaty made lands held by the United States in trust for the Pottawatomie Indians 'exempt from levy, taxation, or sale ...' 'until otherwise provided by law ....' Article 2. The land which gave rise to this controversy, situated in Jackson County, Kansas, was patented under the General Allotment Act of February 8, 1887, 5, 24 Stat. 388, 25 U.S.C . 348, 25 U.S.C.A. 348. In pursuance of this Act, the United States agreed to hold the land for twenty-five years under the restrictions of the 1861 Treaty, subject to extension at the President's discretion. Two ten-year extensions were made by Executive Order, one, in 1918 and the other, in 1928; and by the Act of June 18, 1934, the existing trust periods were indefinitely extended by Congress. 48 Stat. 984, 25 U.S.C.A. 461 et seq.
In this legislative setting, the Secretary of the Interior in 1918, over the objection of M-Ko-Quah-Wah, cancelled her outstanding trust patent and in its place issued a fee simple patent. This was duly recorded in the Registry of Deeds for Jackson County. In consequence Jackson County in 1919 began to subject the land to its regular property taxes. It continued to do so as long as [308 U.S. 343, 349] this fee simple patent was left undisturbed by the United States. In 1927 Congress authorized the Secretary of the Interior to cancel fee simple patents theretofore issued over the objection of allottees. In 1935 the patent for the land in controversy was cancelled, and in the next year proceedings were begun by the United States as guardian of M-Ko-Quah-Wah to recover the taxes which Jackson County had collected, amounting to $1, 966.13, with interest from the respective dates of payment. The District Court allowed interest at 6%, and a verdict for principal and interest, amounting to $3,277.49, was returned by the jury. A judgment upon this verdict was affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals. Jackson County does not here contest its liability for the principal, but challenges the Government's right to interest prior to judgment.
The issue is uncontrolled by any formal expression of the will of Congress. The United States urges that we must be indifferent to the law of the state pertaining to the recovery of taxes improperly levied on land within it. Jackson County, on the other hand, urges that the law of Kansas controls. It is settled doctrine there that a tax-payer may not recover from a county interest upon taxes wrongfully collected. Jackson County Com'rs v. Kaul, 77 Kan. 715, 96 P. 45, 17 L.R.A.,N.S., 552.
We deem neither the juristic theory urged by the Government nor that of Jackson County entirely appropriate for the solution of our problem. The starting point for relief in this case is the Treaty of 1861, exempting M-Ko-Quah-Wah's property from taxation. Effectuation of the exemption is, of course, entirely within Congressional control. But Congress has not specifically provided for the present contingency, that is, the nature and extent of relief in case loss is suffered through denial of exemption. It has left such remedial details to judicial implications. Since the origin of the right to be enforced is the Treaty, plainly whatever rule we fashion is ultimately [308 U.S. 343, 350] attributable to the Constitution, treaties or statutes of the United States, and does not owe its authority to the law-making agencies of Kansas. Cf. Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 , 58 S.Ct. 817, 114 A.L.R. 1487. And so the concrete problem is to determine the materials out of which the judicial rule regarding interest as an incident to the main remedy should be formulated. In ordinary suits where the Government seeks, as between itself and a private litigant, to enforce a money claim ultimately derived from a federal law, thus implying a wish of Congress to collect what it deemed fairly owing according to the traditional notions of Anglo-American law, this Court has chosen that rule as to interest which comports best with general notions of equity. United States v. Sanborn, 135 U.S. 271, 281 , 10 S.Ct. 812, 815; Billings v. United States, 232 U.S. 261 , 34 S.Ct. 421. Instead of choosing a rigid rule, the Court has drawn upon those flexible considerations of equity which are established sources for judicial law- making.
But the present case introduces an important factor not present in former decisions. The litigation is not between the United States and a private litigant, but between the United States and the political subdivision of a state. In effect, therefore, we have another aspect of our task in adjusting the interests of two governments within the same territory.
Nothing that the state can do will be allowed to destroy the federal right which is to be vindicated; but in defining the extent of that right its relation to the operation of state laws is relevant. The state will not be allowed to invade the immunities of Indians, no matter how skilful its legal manipulations. United States v. Rickert, 188 U.S. 432 , 23 S.Ct. 478. Cf. Bunch v. Cole, 263 U.S. 250 , 44 S.Ct. 101. Nor are the federal courts restricted to the remedies available in state courts in enforcing such federal rights. United States v. Board of Com'rs of Osage County, 251 U.S. 128 , 40 S.Ct. 100; Ward v. Board of Com'rs of Love County, 253 U.S. 17 , 40 S.Ct. 419. Nor may the right to recover taxes [308 U.S. 343, 351] illegally collected from Indians be unduly circumscribed by state law. Carpenter v. Shaw, 280 U.S. 363 , 50 S.Ct. 121. Again, state notions of laches and state statutes of limitations have no applicability to suits by the Government, whether on behalf of Indians or otherwise. United States v. Minnesota, 270 U.S. 181 , 46 S.Ct. 298. Cf. Chesapeake & Delaware Canal Co. v. United States, 250 U.S. 123 , 39 S.Ct. 407. This is so because the immunity of the sovereign from these defenses is historic. Unless expressly waived, it is implied in all federal enactments.
But the recovery of interest in inter-governmental litigation has no such roots in history. Indeed, liability for interest is of relatively recent origin and the rationale of its recognition or denial is not always clear. That it is not a congenital rule in our law is indicated by its denial in United States v. North Carolina, 136 U.S. 211 , 10 S.Ct. 920, on grounds of 'public convenience'. Since Congress has, in the legislation implementing the Indians' tax immunity, remained silent as to recovery of interest, we need not presume that it has impliedly fixed liability for interest in a suit like the present.
Having left the matter at large for judicial determination within the framework of familiar remedies equitable in their nature, see Stone v. White, 301 U.S. 532, 534 , 57 S.Ct. 851, 852, Congress has left us free to take into account appropriate considerations of 'public convenience'.2 Nothing seems to us more appropriate than due regard for local institutions and local interests. We are concerned with the interplay between the rights of Indians under federal guardianship and the local repercussion of those rights. Congress has not been heedless of the interests of the states in which Indian lands were situated, as reflected by their local laws. 3 With reference to other federal rights, the state law has been absorbed, as it were, [308 U.S. 343, 352] as the governing federal rule not because state law was the source of the right but because recognition of state interests was not deemed inconsistent with federal policy. See Brown v. United States, 263 U.S. 78 , 44 S.Ct. 92; Seaboard Air Line R. Co. v. United States, 261 U.S. 299 , 43 S.Ct. 354. In the absence of explicit legislative policy cutting across state interests, we draw upon a general principle that the beneficiaries of federal rights are not to have a privileged position over other aggrieved tax-payers in their relation with the states or their political subdivisions. To respect the law of interest prevailing in Kansas in no wise impinges upon the exemption which the Treaty of 1861 has commanded Kansas to respect and the federal courts to vindicate.
Assuming, however, that the law as to interest in governmental actions based upon quasi-contractual obligations be applicable, the United States must fail here. The cases teach that interest is not recovered according to a rigid theory of compensation for money withheld, but is given in response to considerations of fairness. It is denied when its exaction would be inequitable. United States v. Sanborn, 135 U.S. 271, 281 , 10 S.Ct. 812, 815; Billings v. United States, 232 U.S. 261 , 34 S.Ct. 421.
Jackson County in all innocence acted in reliance on a fee patent given under the hand of the President of the United States. Even after Congress in 1927 authorized the Secretary of the Interior to cancel such a patent, it was not until 1935 that such cancellation was made. Here is a long, unexcused delay in the assertion of a right for which Jackson County should not be penalized. By virtue of the most authoritative semblance of legitimacy under national law, the land of M-Ko-Quah-Wah and the lands of other Indians had become part of the economy of Jackson County. For eight years after Congress had directed attention to the problem, those specially entrusted with the intricacies of Indian law did not [308 U.S. 343, 353] call Jackson County's action into question. Whatever may be her unfortunate duty to restore the taxes which she had every practical justification for collecting at the time, no claim of fairness calls upon her also to pay interest for the use of the money which she could not have known was not properly hers.
Such is this Court's doctrine regarding the imposition of interest in cases where this Court has fashioned its own doctrine. If it be said that the default of the United States should not be charged against its Indian wards, a choice has to be made between equally innocent victims of official neglect from 1918 until 1936 in the administration of the Indian law. The loss of interest to the United States because of the conduct of its officials in the Sanborn and Billings cases, supra, had to be borne by the innocent public. We think as to interest here, the loss should remain where it has fallen. If thereby Indians are out of pocket, they should not be made whole by putting Jackson County unfairly out of pocket. The appeal for relief must be made elsewhere.
The judgment below must accordingly be modified, and the case is remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion. It is so ordered.
Opinion of Mr. Justice BLACK.
Congress has traditionally treated the Indian wards of the Nation with particular solicitude,1 but has also gradually evolved a policy looking to their eventual absorption into the general body of citizenry. 2 This policy has [308 U.S. 343, 354] progressively subjected Indians to the laws under which all other citizens must live in the Indians' States of residence, if not in conflict with specific protective measures of Congress. 3 Here, in the exercise of its plenary authority, Congress by treaty exempted the lands of the Pottawatomies from taxation. It could have by stipulation granted the additional right to recover interest on any taxes collected in violation of the exemption; but it did not. The failure of Congress to stipulate that a State-as here-must pay interest to an Indian when the State law permits interest to no one,4 is entirely consistent with the congressional policy of steadily extending the operation of the States' laws over their resident Indians. Congress-with exclusive plenary power to legislate concerning the Indians-has not provided for recovery of interest from Kansas, and the courts have no constitutional power to create the right.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS concurs in this opinion.
[ Footnote 1 ] This case has since been followed by the same court in United States v. Lewis County, Idaho, 9 Cir., 95 F.2d 236 and Glacier County, Mont., v. United States, 9 Cir., 99 F.2d 733.
[ Footnote 2 ] Cf. Virginian R. Co. v. System Federation No. 40, 300 U.S. 515, 552 , 57 S.Ct. 592, 601.
[ Footnote 3 ] See e.g., 5 of the General Allotment Act of 1887, 24 Stat. 388, 389, 25 U.S.C.A. 348.
[ Footnote 1 ] Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 U.S. 553, 564 , 566 S., 568, 23 S.Ct. 216, 220, 221, 222; United States v. Pelican, 232 U.S. 442, 450 , 34 S.Ct. 396, 399.
[ Footnote 2 ] Chipewa Indians v. United States, 307 U.S. 1, 4 , 59 S.Ct. 687, 689; see Stuart v. United States, 18 Wall. 84, 87; Matter of Heff, 197 U.S. 488 , 497-503, 25 S.Ct. 506, 507-510; Lane v. United States ex rel. Mickadiet, 241 U.S. 201, 210 , 36 S.Ct. 599, 601; Dickson v. Luck Land Co., 242 U.S. 371, 375 , 37 S.Ct. 167, 169; McCurdy v. United States, 246 U.S. 263, 269 , 38 S. Ct. 289, 291.
[ Footnote 3 ] See Matter of Heff, supra; La Motte v. United States, 254 U.S. 570, 579 , 580 S., 41 S.Ct. 204, 208; Sperry Oil & Gas Co. v. Chisholm, 264 U.S. 488, 498 , 44 S.Ct. 372, 375; Larkin v. Paugh, 276 U.S. 431, 438 , 439 S., 48 S.Ct. 366, 368 72 L.Ed. 640; United States v. McGowan, 302 U.S. 535, 539 , 58 S.Ct. 286, 288.
[ Footnote 4 ] Jackson County Com'rs v. Kaul, 77 Kan. 717, 96 P. 45, 17 L.R.A., N. S., 552.
[ Footnote 5 ] The Government bases its concession on Choate v. Trapp, 224 U.S. 665 , 32 S.Ct. 565. But see Cherokee Tobacco, 11 Wall. 616; Ward v. Race Horse, 163 U.S. 504, 511 , 16 S.Ct. 1076, 1078; Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, supra, 187 U.S. at page 566, 23 S.Ct. at page 221.
[ Footnote 6 ] Cf. 26 U.S.C. 1671(a), 26 U.S.C.A.Int.Rev.Code, 3771(a).
[ Footnote 7 ] Angarica v. Bayard, 127 U.S. 251, 260 , 8 S.Ct. 1156, 1160; United States v. North American Transportation & Trading Co., 253 U.S. 330, 336 , 40 S.Ct. 518, 521; Smyth v. United States, 302 U.S. 329, 353 , 58 S.Ct. 248, 252, 114 A.L.R. 807. Cf. United States v. North Carolina, 136 U.S. 211 , 10 S.Ct. 920.
[ Footnote 8 ] Cf. Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 , 58 S.Ct. 817, 114 A.L.R. 1487.

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Defendant Phillip Jason Rhoads, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, seeks review of the district court's order adopting the magistrate judge's recommendation to deny relief on his motion to set aside his federal conviction, filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. He also requests that this court appoint counsel and provide him with copies of the file in the underlying criminal case. Those requests are denied. Defendant failed to file objections to the magistrate judge's findings and recommendation. Therefore, he waived his right to appellate review. Accordingly, this appeal is dismissed.
Defendant entered a guilty plea to charges of possession with intent to distribute more than 100 grams of methamphetamine and carrying a firearm in connection with the narcotics trafficking offense; other charges were dismissed. He was sentenced to 248 months' imprisonment. He did not file an appeal from the conviction. In his § 2255 motion, he claimed (1) he was entitled to presentence confinement credit, (2) the sentencing court erred by not departing downward, (3) he was denied due process because he did not appear before the federal grand jury, (4) his conviction violated double jeopardy, (5) his plea was rendered involuntary by the breach of a promise of a shorter sentence, and (6) his trial attorney provided constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel.
On September 30, 1999, the magistrate judge issued findings and recommended that the § 2255 motion be denied. That document contained a notice that any party could object to the findings and recommendation by filing written objections within ten days of service. The notice further stated that failure to file written objections would prevent appellate review of the disposition. R. doc. 16, at 14.
A copy of the findings and recommendation was mailed to defendant, but was returned as undeliverable by the Postal Service. On November 2, 1999, the district court, having learned that defendant had been transferred to the federal penitentiary in Florence, Colorado, mailed another copy of the magistrate judge's findings and recommendation to him there. Id. doc. 17. Then defendant filed a notice of address change, confirming that he had been transferred to Florence, Colorado. In an order entered January 18, 2000, the district court directed that yet another copy of the magistrate judge's findings and recommendation be sent by certified mail to the address stated on defendant's notice of address change, which was substantially the same as the address to which the second mailing was sent. Neither the second nor the third mailing was returned as undeliverable, and a return receipt indicating an indecipherable signature was received by the district court on January 26, 2000. Defendant claims he never received the magistrate judge's findings and recommendation. He did not file written objections.
This court has adopted a "firm waiver rule[:] the failure to make timely objection to the magistrate's findings or recommendations waives appellate review of both factual and legal questions." Moore v. United States, 950 F.2d 656, 659 (10th Cir. 1991) (footnote omitted). The rule applies to pro se litigants as long as the magistrate judge's order notifies the parties of the consequences of a failure to file written objections. Fottler v. United States, 73 F.3d 1064, 1065 (10th Cir. 1996). The rule is intended to promote judicial efficiency. Key Energy Resources, Inc. v. Merrill (In re Key Energy Resources, Inc.), 230 F.3d 1197, 1200 (10th Cir. 2000). There may be an exception to the waiver rule where the interests of justice require it. Moore, 950 F.2d at 659; Theede v. United States Dep't of Labor, 172 F.3d 1262, 1268 (10th Cir. 1999).
In this case, the interests of justice do not require making an exception to the waiver rule which would permit this court to review the merits. The district court diligently mailed two copies of the magistrate judge's findings and recommendation to the defendant's address at the federal penitentiary in Florence, Colorado, neither of which were returned as undeliverable. Each time, the deadline for filing objections was extended. Each time, the documents apprised defendant of the consequences of a failure to object. Defendant's failure to file timely objections to the magistrate judge's report and recommendation constitutes a waiver of appeal.
APPEAL DISMISSED. Defendant's request for appointment of counsel and for copies of his underlying criminal file are denied. The mandate shall issue forthwith.


text:
[235 U.S. 635, 636] Messrs. Marcellus Green and Garner Wynn Green for appellant.
[235 U.S. 635, 637] Mr. Frank Johnston and Mr. Ross A. Collins, Attorney General of Mississippi, for appellees.
The appellant brought this suit in the district court to restrain the Jackson Oil & Refining Company, its manager and officers, from complying with a statute of Mississippi prohibiting employment in described occupations for more than ten hours a day, except in cases of emergency or public necessity (chapter 157, Laws of Mississippi, 1912, p. 165), and to enjoin the other defendants (certain public officers) from enforcing its provisions as against that company.
It was alleged in the bill, in substance, that the defendant corporation was engaged in operating a cotton-seed oil mill of the value of $100,000; that the complainant owned 502 shares of its stock of the par value of $100 each, and of the actual value of $60,000; that the business required that the mill should be operated continuously, both day and night, two shifts of laborers being employed; that the employment was under wholesome conditions, without any detriment to the physical, mental, and moral well-being of those employed; that the statute, if enforced, would work a deprivation of liberty of contract and of property, and an arbitrary discrimination, contrary to the 14th Amendment; that compliance with the statute would involve greatly increased cost of operation and render the corporation insolvent and its property valueless, to the [235 U.S. 635, 639] complainant's injury; that the statute had been sustained by the supreme court of Mississippi in a suit against another manufacturing company; that, although the officers of the defendant corporation desired to disobey the statute, they were complying therewith, being constrained to obedience through fear of the enormous penalties imposed; and that these penalties were so severe that no owner or operator in the position of the defendant corporation could invoke the jurisdiction of a court to test the validity of the statute, except at the risk of confiscation.
Those defendants who were public officers demurred to the bill upon the grounds (among others) that the complainant, as a stockholder of the corporation, had no right to sue; that the bill could not be maintained to restrain the enforcement of the criminal law of the state; and that the statute was constitutional.
An application for a preliminary injunction was heard on the bill and demurrer and was denied, and from the order entered to this effect the complainant appeals to this court. Judicial Code, 266 [36 Stat. at L. 1162, chap. 231, Comp. Stat. 1913, 1243].
The objection urged below, and repeated here, that the complainant has failed to show any right to maintain this suit, must be sustained. The right of action to restrain the enforcement of the statute as an unconstitutional deprivation of the liberty and property of the corporation was a right existing in the corporation itself, and a stockholder was not entitled to sue without showing to the satisfaction of the court that he had exhausted the means within his reach to obtain action by the corporation in conformity with his wishes. Hawes v. Oakland ( Hawes v. Contra Costa Water Co.) 104 U.S. 450, 460 , 461 S., 26 L. ed. 827, 832; Detroit v. Dean, 106 U.S. 537, 541 , 542 S., 27 L. ed. 300, 302, 1 Sup. Ct. Rep. 500; Quincy v. Steel, 120 U.S. 241, 248 , 30 S. L. ed. 624, 626, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 520; Doctor v. Harrington, 196 U.S. 579, 588 , 49 S. L. ed. 606, 610, 25 Sup. Ct. Rep. 355. The former equity rule (rule 94) provided not only that the bill must allege that the suit was 'not a collusive one to confer upon a [235 U.S. 635, 640] court of the United States jurisdiction of a case of which it would not otherwise have cognizance,' but that the bill 'must also set forth with particularity the efforts of the plaintiff to secure such action as he desires on the part of the managing directors or trustees, and, if necessary, of the share holders, and the cause of his failure to obtain such action.' The present rule (rule 27) adds to this provision the words,- 'or the reasons for not making such effort;' and these reasons, of course, must be adequate. The rule embraces those cases where the wrong to the corporation arises from unconstitutional legislation. Corbus v. Alaska Treadwell Gold Min. Co. 187 U.S. 455 , 47 L. ed. 256, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 157; Davis & F. Mfg. Co. v. Los Angeles, 189 U.S. 207, 220 , 47 S. L. ed. 778, 781, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 498; Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 143 , 52 S. L. ed. 714, 722, 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 932, 28 Sup. Ct. Rep. 441, 14 Ann. Cas. 764. Here, while it is averred that the suit is not a collusive one in order to confer a jurisdiction which would not otherwise exist, there is no allegation that the complainant has made any request that the corporation should bring the suit to prevent the alleged invasion of its rights; nor does it appear that, by reason of antagonistic control of the corporation, such a request would be futile. Although apparently the holder of a majority of its stock, the complainant does not show any effort whatever to induce the corporation to sue. He contents himself with asserting in effect that, though the directors and officers do not wish to comply with the statute, they will do so through fear of its penalties. But this reason is palpably inadequate, inasmuch as the corporation itself would be entitled to protection against the imposition of such penalties as would virtually deny access to the courts for the protection of rights guaranteed by the Federal Constitution. Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 147 , 52 L. ed. 723, 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 932, 28 Sup. Ct. Rep. 441, 14 Ann. Cas. 764; Willcox v. Consolidated Gas Co. 212 U.S. 53, 54 , 53 S. L. ed. 400, 48 L.R.A.( N.S.) 1134, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 192, 15 Ann. Cas. 1034; Missouri P. R. Co. v. Tucker, 230 U.S. 340, 351 , 57 S. L. ed. 1507, 1511, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 961; Ohio Tax Cases, 232 U.S. 576, 587 , 58 S. L. ed. 738, 743, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 372; Wadley Southern R. Co. v. Georgia, decided this day [ 235 U.S. 651 , 59 L. ed. --, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 214]. The allegations of the bill show no [235 U.S. 635, 641] ground for dispensing with efforts to procure action by the corporation; and in this view, without discussing the merits of the case, we are of the opinion that the complainant was not entitled to the injunction sought.

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The Minnesota Supreme Court is still deliberating on Norm Coleman's latest appeal in the drawn out Senate Election of 2008; but at this point their ruling merely appears to be a legal formality. Even Minnesota's Republican Governor, Tim Pawlenty, has indicated his intent to adhere to the MNSC's ruling by signing the Election Certificate should Al Franken be declared the victor. With a ruling likely to come this week or next, Al Franken seems poised to become the legal victor, and there isn't anything anybody can do about it.
Michael Brodkorb of MinnesotaDemocratsExposed.com does however seem intent on altering the public's perception. On June 8th, just five days before his election as the new Deputy Chair of the Minnesota Republican Party, he filed public data practice requests with seven of Minnesota's counties seeking photocopies of rejected absentee ballots.
This correspondence is a request for access to public information and data relating to the 2008 general election for United States Senator in your county under the Minnesota Government Data Practices Act ("MGDPA"), Minnesota Statutes, Chapter 13. Minnesota Statutes § 15.17 requires all government entities to make and maintain all records relative to their official activities. Minnesota Statutes § 13.03, subdivision 1 requires all government entities to keep records that contain government data in a way (or ways) that makes the data easily accessible for convenient use.
The undersigned requests copies of that portion of the front side of all ballots relative to the 2008 United States Senate general election contained within rejected absentee ballot envelopes in your possession that were not submitted late and were not submitted by persons who otherwise voted in the 2008 general election (either in person or by replacement absentee ballot).
This request does not seek to have the undersigned open or unseal any absentee ballot envelopes; to the extent any such envelopes have not yet been opened, the undersigned requests that an election judge do so. This request also does not seek access to any data regarding any individuals, including voter registration applications, voter registration lists or any other information related thereto and subject to restricted access under Minnesota Statutes § 201.091. Finally, this request does not seek copies of the absentee ballot envelopes themselves or any accompanying materials, such as absentee ballot applications. In short, this request in no way seeks to ascertain which person(s) voted for which candidate(s). The request can be easily complied with while protecting the secrecy of the ballots.
This information/data is clearly public information under the MGDPA. As you know, Minn. Stat. § 13.03, subdivision 1 provides that all government data collected, created, received or maintained is public information unless classified by statute, federal law or temporary classification as confidential, private, nonpublic or protected nonpublic data. No such classification exists for the information requested. No Minnesota statute provides that the ballots contained within uncounted rejected absentee ballot envelopes is nonpublic or private information if opened by an election judge; although Minnesota law requires you to securely maintain all election materials, no Minnesota statute exists which denies the public the right to inspect and/or receive copies of the ballots contained within rejected absentee ballot envelopes.
As the agency with jurisdiction over all ballots and election materials within your county, it is your duty to comply with data practices requests under the MGDPA and the undersigned is not aware of any statutory or other authority which prohibits you from opening the rejected absentee ballot envelopes while maintaining the secrecy of each person's intended vote for the purposes of complying with this request.
There is simply no risk whatsoever that the secrecy of any ballot(s) will be compromised. Again, this request seeks only a photocopy of the section of ballots relative to the 2008 general election for United States Senator contained within certain rejected absentee ballot envelopes in your possession or under your control and in no way seeks to ascertain which person(s) voted for which candidate(s).
There are several catastrophic assumptions and falsehoods located within Brodkorb's meager request. I've bolded the fallacious and contradictory portions from his request above and will now address each item below.
The following government data is classified as nonpublic data with regard to data not on individuals, pursuant to section 13.02, subdivision 9, and as private data with regard to data on individuals, pursuant to section 13.02, subdivision 12: Security information; trade secret information; sealed absentee ballots prior to opening by an election judge; sealed bids, including the number of bids received, prior to the opening of the bids; parking space leasing data; and labor relations information, provided that specific labor relations information which relates to a specific labor organization is classified as protected nonpublic data pursuant to section 13.02, subdivision 13.
13.02 COLLECTION, SECURITY, AND DISSEMINATION OF RECORDS; DEFINITIONS.
"Nonpublic data" means data not on individuals that is made by statute or federal law applicable to the data: (a) not accessible to the public; and (b) accessible to the subject, if any, of the data.
Subd. 12. Private data on individuals.
"Private data on individuals" means data which is made by statute or federal law applicable to the data: (a) not public; and (b) accessible to the individual subject of that data.
Minnesota § 13.37 essentially states that unopened absentee ballots are private data and are therefore inaccessible to the general public. The subject of this request, rejected absentee ballots, are currently unopened and therefore qualify for protection under § 13.37.
203B.12 ELECTION JUDGES TO RECEIVE AND COUNT BALLOTS.
Subd. 4. Placement in container; opening and counting of ballots.
The ballot envelopes from return envelopes marked "Accepted" shall be placed by the election judges in a separate absentee ballot container. The container and each ballot envelope may be opened only after the last regular mail delivery by the United States postal service on election day. The ballots shall then be initialed by the election judges in the same manner as ballots delivered by them to voters in person and shall be deposited in the appropriate ballot box.
The rejected absentee ballots requested by Brodkorb are not marked with "Accepted" by definition because they were "Rejected" under § 203B.12 subd 2. As a result of their current "Rejected" status, the absentee ballots in question would never qualify for the "separate absentee ballot container" and could therefore never be opened by an election judge.
At this point, the first half of Brodkorb's argument is clear; he wants election officials to open his requested rejected ballots. Brodkorb then justifies this request by stating, in the second bolded portion, that the ballots then become public data if they are opened by election officials. It doesn't make a whole lot of sense; he is attempting to justify one action with another. The rejected ballots are private data, so to make them public, an election judge needs to open them; but an election judge cannot open them because they are rejected. Brodkorb's entire argument is circular and without merit.
I have received responses to all of my requests for public data and every county and city has denied my request. I'm reviewing my options and I'll have updates on this subject in the next 24 hours on Minnesota Democrats Exposed.
Brodkorb's request appears to have been flatly denied by each jurisdiction. He does however have at least one other option. Brodkorb could bring forth an action to compel discovery of these rejected ballots in accordance with MN § 13.03 subd. 6. I don't know how this would work, or if rejected absentee ballots even qualify for discoverability.
It will be interesting to see if Brodkorb continues to pursue these data practice requests when he becomes the new Deputy Chair of the Minnesota Republican Party this Wednesday.
"Of 39,165,191 votes counted (85 percent), Mahmoud Ahmadinejad won the election with 24,527,516 (62.63 percent)."
He announced that Mir-Hossein Mousavi came in second with 13,216,411 votes (33.75 percent).
Mehdi Karroubi with 333,635 votes (0.85 percent).
He put the void ballots at 409,389 (1.04 percent).
Despite the veil of electoral authenticity, rather large anomalies have been identified. Juan Cole quickly provided circumstantial evidence while the academic folks took a little more time completing their peer-reviewed papers. A consensus has emerged, even the Iranian State TV has acknowledged discrepancies in the election.
Andrew Sullivan posted multiple versions of this graph to his blog on June 13th. From the various versions it became clear that the data source was consistent, but the application varied. Iran's Entekhab News and web based TehranBureau.com both used the election results provided by JameJamOnline.ir to create their graphs; which were later referenced by Sullivan.
The percent of the vote reported at each given coordinate is calculated with respect to the final two-way vote total; the reporting percent is overlaid near its associated coordinate. It is also important to note that there are two data sets. One is blue and has six dots while the other is red and has seven dots; the other red dots are exactly hidden behind the six blue points.
1. Ahmadinejad's vote total is represented by the X-axis and Mousavi's vote total by the Y-axis.
2. Entekhab News plotted [PNG] seven data points while TehranBureau's graph [PNG] excluded the first data point, while using the other six.
3. The regression technique is a linear least-squares approximation that is not forced through the origin. Ideally, the linear equations should pass through the origin; because at some point in time, before any votes have been counted, both candidates have zero votes.
By applying the data within fact #4, it becomes clear that the graph only encompasses about 45% or 60% of the total vote for the six and seven point graphs respectively. The entire analysis takes place within this region; the respective linear correlations are only valid within these ranges.
The vertical axis (y) shows Mr. Mousavi's votes, and the horizontal (x) the President's [Ahmadinejad]. R^2 shows the correlation coefficient: the closer it is to 1.0, the more perfect is the fit, and it is 0.9995, as close to 1.0 as possible for any type of data.
Statistically and mathematically, it is impossible to maintain such perfect linear relations between the votes of any two candidates in any election - and at all stages of vote counting. This is particularly true about Iran, a large country with a variety of ethnic groups who usually vote for a candidate who is ethnically one of their own.
Muhammad Sahimi's assertion is not well received and lacks any proper causation; especially given the 45% window of relevance. In fact his "impossible" claim appears to be baseless when compared to relevant data from the 2008 Presidential Election in the USA. I intend to reproduce the high R^2 value using real-time data I collected on November 4th, 2008. The reported vote totals from each state were queued for download about 400 times an hour from MSNBC.com; data was collected in a circular queue as fast as possible. This does not mean that I have a complete set of data; networking and storage issues created significant discontinuities within the data, especially as the night progressed. MSNBC was used as the source because it was the only website that presented the election results as pure HTML; CNN, CBS, et al. used an asynchronous reporting scheme that prohibited the automated retrieval of their reported election results. Using some of this data, primarily from the East Coast, I will prove that a linear trend with a very high R^2 is the expected outcome of such a graph.
The Virginia graph seems to support the linear trend we saw in the Kentucky graph, but again the R^2 value is slightly lower than our target. This discrepancy can likely be attributed to the large number of points plotted, around 1,500, in the preceding graphs. If we were to strictly adhere to our four previously stated facts, specifically by using just six or seven points, we could probably achieve higher R^2 values. Let's go ahead and do that now.
Some rough extrapolations must be done to satisfy these thresholds; there are several ways to do this, but the two-way vote total was chosen as the measuring stick. When the distribution of the data resulted in two points equally spaced from the intended threshold, the larger percentage was used. This is not a perfect scenario, but it should still serve to facilitate an unbiased result. If you don't like my methodology you can download the data in CSV format at the end of this article and make your own rules.
The R^2 value associated with the six point regression, .9996, is higher than the R^2 value of .9995 associated with the TehranBureau graph. The seven point R^2 value is however lower than the Entekhab News value of .9986. This unarguably debunks Muhammad Sahimi's assertion of statistical and mathematical impossibility. Such an outcome is very possible, perhaps even probable.
Pennsylvania's R^2 values match the TehranBureau mark and fall just short of the .9986 value needed to equal the seven point correlation coefficient presented by Entekhab News. Pennsylvania is however more urban than Iran by about 10.0%; but given that this is now the third state with an R^2 in excess of, or equal to, the value claimed by an Iranian source, the presence of a linear correlation is irrelevant to the possibility of election fraud.
Having dispelled the individual R^2 values for both the six and seven point data sets, I never ran into a state that met or exceeded both R^2 values. This lack of repeatability may be significant, but based upon the preceding work, its likely just a case of random coincidence and inconsistent data.
The bottom line is this, a linear relationship between two candidates' vote totals is the expected correlation. The direct result of this research does not however prove or disprove election fraud, it simply invalidates the linear correlation metric as a means of identifying fraud.
If you do anything useful or interesting with this data, please let me know.
The Minnesota Supreme Court convened today at 9 AM CT for the oral arguments associated with Norm Coleman's election appeal. The proceedings lasted approximately 69 minutes; upon their conclusion, each candidate's representation addressed the media on the second floor of the Minnesota Judicial Building.
Justice Page: We have one case for argument this morning, in the matter of the contest of general election held on November 4, 2008 for the purpose of electing a United States Senator from the State of Minnesota. Mr. Friedberg I see you have reserved 10 minutes for rebuttal.
Joseph Friedberg [Coleman]: With the court's permission your honor.
Justice Page: You may proceed when you are ready.
Mr. Friedberg: Morning and may it please this court; my name is Joe Friedberg, I represent [Norm Coleman]. Let me begin by saying that Minnesota is quite different from many states. We have problems within our institutions and when we do, we deal with them candidly and openly, we don't minimize them or sweep 'em under the rug to be discovered later by a federal court during 1983 litigation. That's why finding of fact 47 of the trial court is so surprising. Announcing that we are proud of rejecting only 0.5% of our total ballots cast in November is misleading at best. The only ballots that get rejected are absentee ballots; and our officials rejected 4% of them; 12,000 citizens who made good faith efforts to vote were disenfranchised for a variety--.
Justice Page: Did these 12,000 citizens comply with the absentee ballot voter requirements.
Mr. Friedberg: Many of them did substantially your honor, many of them did.
Justice Page: Substantially? What does that mean?
Justice Meyer: Where is evidence from the overwhelming majority of the counties and cities?
Mr. Friedberg: Every auditor we called, as I recall, made exceptions [to the admittance of absentee ballots]. Now I think we only called 26 or 27--.
Justice Meyer: And we have 87 counties, we are reviewing the work of a panel of three trial court judges here and they took evidence. Where is the evidence? Even as you called, as you said, you didn't even call witnesses from a majority of Minnesota's counties. You are asking us to presume, based on the testimony from a sampling of counties that that practice is applied to a majority of the counties.
Friedberg responded by hesitantly referencing the assumed equality of populations within Bush vs. Gore to compare the "relaxed standard in Brower County with the unrelaxed standard in Palm Beach." Friedberg would then go on to state that "we have made our case" when "Plymouth kicks out 75 for signature mismatches and 31 counties in the state kick out none." I think Friedberg has a valid point from a mathematical standpoint if true; the Plymouth scenario presents a significant outlier and the aforementioned sampling of "26 or 27" counties represent a statistically sound sampling of all 87 counties. An inconsistent application of absentee ballot compliance in "26 or 27" counties would indicate to me, although devoid of legal rigor, that a problem existed, regardless of the remaining 50 or so counties. Whether the Coleman campaign adequately provided evidence to support this claim is vague at best.
Justice Page: Council, before you get to that finding of fact, let me ask you a question. Hopefully council for the other side will be able to respond to this on the rebuttal. To the extent that the United States Senate will make the ultimate decision here, and the extent that they don't have to follow what we do. How do we issue an opinion, without it being an advisory opinion? In essence, do we have authority to do anything here?
Marc Elias [Franken]: Your Honor, this question was raised with the district court as to whether the court had jurisdiction. The court found, and we believe appropriately so, that the court had jurisdiction to determine who received the most lawful votes, even though the Senate has within its jurisdiction to decide who is seated.
Elias would then go onto quote a South Dakota case involving Tom Daschle from his days as a Congressman. The referenced case was eventually linked to a Supreme Court decision stating that so long as the state process does not impede the US Senate, the state court is not "deprived of jurisdiction." The MNSC clearly has the power to declare a winner under Minnesota Statute, but the US Senate is under no obligation to act in accordance with any decision. The issuance of an election certificate for the sole purpose of full representation is irrelevant to the Supreme Court's present responsibility; an election certificate will apparently only be issued upon the thorough completion of the appeals process. The sole duty of the MN Supreme Court is to determine the candidate who received the largest number of legally cast votes, not to ensure federal representation or for any other purpose.
Mr. Elias: From the March 31st order of the trial court, in which [the Coleman campaign] held that of all the rejected absentee ballots, the parties proved registration for approximately 650; 650 of all of the ballots presented to the court. That's voter registration, that's not all of the other requirements that appellants now have complaints about. But this is the most fundamental requirement, that the voter be registered. Of those 650, 351 were opened and counted. So the universe of ballots, properly plead and about which this trial took place, stands at 299. Now, obviously the margin separating the two candidates is 312. As a result, even if everyone of the three-hundred or so ballots, for which voter registration was proven, doesn't mean the witness was registered, doesn't mean that the certificate was completed, it doesn't mean that they only cast one ballot, but that they were at least registered. Even if all three-hundred of those were for the appellant, and even if all three-hundred met all other requirements, it would still be impossible for the appellants to make up the difference.
The remainder of Elias' time was spent discussing the finer points of due process and equal protection. Elias contended that the discrepancies between each county served to "grease the joints" of election reporting. He later defended any breach of due process or equal protection on the grounds that the inconsistencies were not intentional or systematic and could therefore not be classified as in bad faith or fraudulent as required within Bush vs. Gore. Elias concluded his presentation by stating that election officials used "the different tools, available to them in the different jurisdictions" to "administer a fair election" within the confines of the law.
Mr. Friedberg then returned to the podium for the final fifteen minute stint and made three main assertions before the court adjourned. He first presented the varying processes by which each county voided an invalid ballot, thus potentially creating cases where the voter was registered, but their vote was not counted due to a failure to comply with another statutory requirement. Friedberg then reasoned that these registered voters should have their vote counted based upon the application of substantial compliance. Justice Page then questioned the lack of evidence presented by the Coleman campaign specifically relating to these uniquely registered and rejected voters. Friedberg countered by stating that the ECC would not accept the evidence despite his effort, to the point of "test[ing] the trial court's patience."
Justice Anderson then explicitly asked Friedberg if their were any instances of fraud. Friedberg responded by simply stating "absolutely not" and added that there was no fraud of any kind; election, voter or otherwise.
During Elias' statement, Justice Deitzen began to muddle through the messy statute associated with the challenging of ballots; Deitzen would later finished his line of questioning with Friedberg at the helm. Although the statute is not definitive, the application, as implement by the Attorney General during the recount, precluded either campaign from challenging the inclusion of any absentee ballot. This meant that once an absentee ballot was included by an election official for any reason, it would be opened and counted. This practice differed from the in-person portion of the recount in which the campaigns were allowed to challenge the election officials' ruling.
The general gist of Coleman's address was that there are voters who have not had their vote counted, and are therefore disenfranchised; until they are enfranchised the campaign will continue to represent the interests of these 4,400 voters. This statement seems to align with Friedberg's opening remarks. Mr. Friedberg cited Minnesota's Judicial history of addressing all problems before they reach the federal level. Drawing from this prior statement it seems logical to conclude that if the MNSC does not address all of the problems, the Coleman campaign will seek federal relief.
Marc Elias' brief address was followed up by a few soft questions from the media. Elias basically reiterated that he was confident of a Franken victory, but that he had no specific timeline in mind for a Supreme Court decision.
If I had to guess at a timeline I would say by July 4th, but I really have no idea; the whole ordeal could drag out even further depending on what the MNSC concludes. Coleman's best case scenario is for the ECC to resume the trial with different rules and Franken's best case scenario is an outright win. Its also possible for this to end up in federal court as discussed above. I doubt very much will happen within the next two weeks.
I also stopped by the Ramsey County Court House to obtain some other court documents that I'll hopefully be able to post sooner rather than later.


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The Lord’s house will be the highest of all, v. 1.
It will be the most important place, v. 1.
People from all over the world will stream there to worship, v. 1.
People from many nations will come to learn, v. 2.
The Lord’s teaching will go out from Zion, v. 2.
The Lord will mediate between peoples, v. 3.
The Lord will settle disputes between nations, v. 3.
Then, and only then, will swords and spears be turned into plowshares and pruning hooks.
The only source of peace is the Lord Jesus Christ.
I am grateful that we can have peace even when the world around us is in chaos. Thank You for protection and guidance. Thank You for peace that goes beyond human understanding.

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