U.S. v. Daily Gazette Co., and MediaNews Group, Inc.
The United States brought this lawsuit against Daily Gazette Company ("Gazette Company") and MediaNews Group, Inc. ("MediaNews") on May 22, 2007, challenging a series of agreements entered into by the defendants on May 7, 2004 (the "May 2004 transactions"). The Complaint alleges that these transactions violated Section 7 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 18, and Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1 & 2, by consolidating ownership and control of the only two local daily newspapers in Charleston, West Virginia, under Gazette Company and eliminating competition between them.
On January 20, 2010, the United States filed a proposed Final Judgment, which is described in more detail below. The United States and Defendants have stipulated that the proposed Final Judgment may be entered after compliance with the APPA, unless the United States withdraws its consent. Entry of the proposed Final Judgment would terminate this action, except that this Court would retain jurisdiction to construe, modify, and enforce the proposed Final Judgment and to punish violations thereof.
Defendant Gazette Company is a privately-held corporation based in Charleston, West Virginia. It has for many years owned and operated the Charleston Gazette ("Gazette"), a local daily newspaper founded in 1873 and circulated throughout a large portion of the State of West Virginia. MediaNews, now known as Affiliated Media, Inc., is a privately-held corporation with its principal place of business in Denver, Colorado. It owns and publishes over 50 daily newspapers in various markets throughout the United States. In 1998, MediaNews acquired the Charleston Daily Mail ("Daily Mail"), a local daily newspaper in Charleston, West Virginia, founded in 1880.
For many years after their founding, the Gazette and Daily Mail operated completely independently. In 1958, the then-owners of the two newspapers entered into a joint operating agreement. The agreement created a partnership, which for most of its existence went by the name Charleston Newspapers. Charleston Newspapers was responsible for printing, distribution, and advertising and subscription sales for both newspapers. Each newspaper owner held a 50% interest in the venture and all profits, losses, and capital costs were shared equally. At no time, however, did the owners combine their news operations, which continued to operate independently. In addition, each newspaper remained separately owned outside the joint venture. Each owner retained exclusive rights to the use of the names of their respective newspapers, and all goodwill, subscriber lists, subscriber relationships, and other intangible assets associated with their newspapers.
The two owners of Charleston Newspapers had an equal say in the management of the venture, and they jointly appointed a general manager who was responsible to both owners. Each owner appointed half of the representatives to a management committee that approved all significant decisions, including annual budgets and advertising and subscription rates. Each owner separately hired and supervised a publisher for its respective newspaper. The publishers oversaw the day-to-day business and news operations of each newspaper and reported directly to their respective newspaper's owner. The publishers exerted a substantial amount of control over the general manager and other employees of Charleston Newspapers and had the ability to block Charleston Newspapers from taking actions of which they disapproved.
In 1970, Congress enacted the Newspaper Preservation Act ("NPA"), 15 U.S.C. § 1801, et seq., which provided qualifying joint operating arrangements then in effect with limited antitrust immunity for certain specified business activities, as long as they continued to meet the requirements set forth in the NPA. Among these requirements was that the newspapers in a joint operating arrangement remain separately owned or controlled, that they maintain separate newsroom staffs, and that their editorial policies be "independently determined." 15 U.S.C. § 1802(2). Since 1970, Charleston Newspapers has held itself out as a qualifying newspaper joint operating arrangement and has claimed the antitrust immunity conferred by the NPA.
Despite the formation of Charleston Newspapers, the two newspapers remained vigorous competitors for readers. Each newspaper sought to capture readers by breaking stories first, finding stories that the other newspaper did not have, covering local news with greater depth and accuracy, and offering the most attractive mix of news, features, editorials, and other content. The Gazette and the Daily Mail sought to make their products more appealing by introducing new features, increasing the quantity of coverage, redesigning the appearance of their newspapers, competing to hire the best newsroom talent available, and taking numerous other steps to gain a competitive edge. Reporters and editors from each newspaper monitored the other on a daily basis and reacted directly to news coverage appearing in the competing newspaper.
Although the two newspaper owners were in a business partnership, they retained independent economic incentives. Each owner had the incentive to maximize the value of its own newspaper assets, which at all times remained under separate ownership outside the joint operating arrangement. This incentive existed for several reasons. First, each owner had an interest in preserving the value of its newspaper assets in case it wished to sell them in the future (either during the term of the joint operating arrangement or after its expiration). If an owner allowed its newspaper's circulation numbers and product quality to deteriorate, the effect would be to shorten that newspaper's life span, damage the value of its franchise, and deter potential buyers. Second, each owner wanted its respective newspaper to contribute to the success of Charleston Newspapers in order to maintain a strong bargaining position when the joint operating contract was renegotiated. Renegotiations of newspaper joint operating contracts occur on a regular basis, often driven by capital investments or other major strategic decisions, and frequently involve changes to the distribution of profit shares or other key contract terms. Owning a declining paper might result in a reduced share of the profits or other unfavorable terms for that owner. Third, the owners had conflicting interests regarding the termination or renewal of the joint operating arrangement. The Daily Mail, as the smaller-circulation newspaper in the afternoon position, wanted to maintain a high enough share of circulation credibly to threaten to continue competing when the joint operating arrangement ended, and to justify extending the termination date of the agreement so that it could continue to share in the profits of the venture. The Gazette, as the larger-circulation newspaper in the morning position, had the incentive to increase its circulation share to accelerate the demise of the Daily Mail and become the sole survivor in the market as soon as possible. Finally, if the joint operating arrangement were to terminate, the governing contract specified that the jointly-owned property would be divided to allow the owners to resume their status as independent competitors. The possibility that such competition could resume provided each owner with an incentive to keep its newspaper strong and maximize the value of its intellectual property.
The newspaper owners acted on these incentives in their management of Charleston Newspapers. For example, each owner actively sought to protect and increase the circulation of its respective newspaper rather than seeking solely to achieve the most profitable combined circulation. Each owner insisted that Charleston Newspapers treat both newspapers equally with respect to circulation sales and promotion efforts and regularly monitored Charleston Newspapers to ensure that managers were not favoring one paper over the other. Each owner pushed to expand home delivery routes into new areas and to increase the level of discounting to boost circulation for its respective newspaper. Each owner insisted that any new discount or promotional incentive launched for the other's newspaper be applied to its newspaper as well. This quest for additional circulation, and the policy of treating the two newspapers equally in circulation sales efforts, led to newspaper subscribers receiving higher levels of discounts than they would likely have received had Charleston Newspapers been controlled by one owner. In addition, each owner sought to maintain a large news staff, a substantial newsroom budget, and generous newshole (the amount of newspaper space devoted to news content as opposed to advertising) to allow it to better compete with the other newspaper for readership. Each owner also insisted on retaining the power to set its newsroom's staffing and compensation levels. This competitive drive led the owners to spend far more on the newsrooms in Charleston than newspaper owners in comparably-sized newspaper markets typically do.
Each owner took affirmative steps to preserve its competitive position and the long-term value of its assets. Each regularly blocked certain proposals that would have saved money for Charleston Newspapers because one owner believed that the proposal would provide the rival newspaper with a competitive advantage. Moreover, although each owner had the power to make cuts to its own newspaper's staff, newshole, budget, subscription discounts, or circulation area without obtaining the approval of the other owner, neither owner did so – even when such cuts clearly would have increased the profits of the venture – out of concern over being at a competitive disadvantage to the other newspaper. Neither owner was willing to sacrifice the value of its assets unless the other owner did the same. These actions taken by the owners in pursuit of their separate economic interests prevented Charleston Newspaper from achieving monopoly levels of output or profits.
In short, the competition between the Gazette and the Daily Mail benefitted readers by giving them a choice between two high-quality local newspapers with unique content at lower prices than would have prevailed if there had been one newspaper owner in this market. Advertisers likewise benefitted by having access to two unique sets of readers at prices that were lower than in comparable single-owner markets.
At the end of 2003, MediaNews arranged to sell the Daily Mail and its 50% interest in Charleston Newspapers to an experienced newspaper operator for $55 million. At the time, Charleston Newspapers was earning substantial profits, and the Daily Mail was financially healthy and stable. The joint operating arrangement between MediaNews and Gazette Company allowed each partner the right of first refusal to match any third-party offer to buy one of the newspapers. Rather than allow the new buyer to take over the Daily Mail and continue the competition that had prevailed for decades, Gazette Company decided to exercise its right of first refusal and gain control of both newspapers.
Several months earlier, anticipating that the opportunity to exercise its right of first refusal might arise, Gazette Company began contacting lenders to secure the necessary financing. As the Complaint alleges, during this time Gazette Company developed a plan to shut down the Daily Mail and become the publisher of the sole remaining newspaper in Charleston. Gazette Company created a series of business plans, financial projections, and other documents showing that it would cease publishing the Daily Mail by no later than the end of 2007. The plans called for the rapid reduction of the Daily Mail's circulation and its newsroom staff and budget until, in 2007, the newspaper would no longer be economically viable. At that point, Gazette Company believed it would be able to justify the closure of the Daily Mail under the NPA to the Department of Justice. In short, Gazette Company planned to deliberately transform a financially healthy and stable Daily Mail into a failing newspaper and close it far earlier than the market would otherwise have dictated. According to its internal projections, Gazette Company calculated that it would be better off financially by closing the Daily Mail as soon as possible. By switching a critical mass of Daily Mail readers to the Gazette, advertising revenues would hold steady and the savings from disbanding the Daily Mail would allow Gazette Company to increase its profit margins substantially. These planning documents were provided to lenders and were the foundation upon which Gazette Company secured financing for the May 2004 transactions. None of Gazette Company's pre-transaction business plans contemplated the continued publication of the Daily Mail beyond 2007.
On May 7, 2004, Gazette Company and MediaNews entered into a series of transactions that merged their economic interests and gave Gazette Company ownership and control over both newspapers. In exchange for approximately $55 million, MediaNews transferred ownership of the Daily Mail assets and its 50% interest in Charleston Newspapers to subsidiaries of the Gazette Company. Under this new arrangement, Gazette Company retained 100% of the profits generated by both newspapers. MediaNews no longer shared in the profits or losses of the business and had no further obligation to contribute to capital costs. MediaNews had no representatives on the management committee of the venture and no right to vote on any matter. Gazette Company was given sole discretion to manage Charleston Newspapers. It had the unilateral authority to establish the annual budgets, determine the staffing levels, and approve all the hiring and firing decisions for both newspapers. The 2004 agreements also gave Gazette Company the express right to terminate publication of the Daily Mail without the approval of MediaNews (a right that Gazette Company had specifically bargained for in negotiations). The Defendants attempted to satisfy the NPA's requirement of separately-controlled newsrooms by arranging to pay MediaNews a flat fee of $200,000 per year to provide "management and supervision" services to the newsroom of the Daily Mail. May 7, 2004 Joint Operating Agreement § V (J)(4). The fee was adjusted annually for inflation but did not vary based on how well or how poorly the newspaper performed. Despite the payment of the fee, however, MediaNews employees did not exercise management control over the Daily Mail after May 2004. In reality, the Complaint alleges that Gazette Company controlled both newspapers.
Almost immediately after the transactions closed, Gazette Company began to take steps to implement its plans to close the Daily Mail. As alleged in the Complaint, Gazette Company stopped soliciting new subscribers for the Daily Mail, stopped offering promotions and discounts to new Daily Mail subscribers, cut dozens of Daily Mail home delivery and single copy routes (and refused to accept new subscriptions on many routes that remained), attempted to convert numerous Daily Mail readers to the Gazette, and took other steps with the goal of reducing the Daily Mail's circulation.
At the same time, Gazette Company took several other actions that damaged the quantity and quality of content available to Daily Mail readers: it allowed almost half of the Daily Mail newsroom staff to leave during 2004 and forbade the editor from hiring replacements; it cut the Daily Mail's budget substantially in both 2004 and 2005 (while increasing the Gazette's); it ended the Daily Mail's Saturday edition; and it transferred several of the best Daily Mail reporters to the Gazette. Gazette Company also directed the Daily Mail to end its second daily edition, which contained late-breaking news and was viewed by the newspaper's staff as important to maintaining the quality and competitiveness of the paper. As a result of these actions, the quantity and quality of original local content created by the Daily Mail staff fell steadily through the end of 2004. Original local content is considered by both Defendants to be the most important and valuable content produced by these newspapers. Due to the loss of staff, the remaining Daily Mail reporters were required to take on extra coverage areas, other coverage areas were dropped, several sections per week were cut from the paper, and more work was farmed out to stringers who were not full-time journalists. The Daily Mail staff was forced to fill space by doing things that they considered to be departures from the paper's prior standards of quality, such as reprinting stories verbatim from the Gazette without doing any new reporting, and running more non-local wire service stories.
Due to these actions by Gazette Company, the circulation of the Daily Mail fell from 35,076 in February 2004 to 23,985 in January 2005. Moreover, the Daily Mail became a less vigorous competitor to the Gazette and its readers got less for their money. Had the Department of Justice investigation not interrupted Gazette Company's plans in late 2004, the situation would likely have continued to deteriorate as more resources were shifted away from the Daily Mail in preparation for its closure in 2007.
The Complaint alleges that the relevant product market is local daily newspapers and the relevant geographic market is Kanawha and Putnam counties in West Virginia. The local daily newspaper market is two-sided: publishers sell newspapers to readers and simultaneously sell access to those readers to advertisers. With respect to readers, the two Charleston daily newspapers are a relevant market because, among other reasons, Charleston Newspapers has the ability to impose small but significant, non-transitory price increases on readers without losing so much business to other media as to make the increases unprofitable, and these newspapers have unique attributes (such as original, in-depth local news, local editorials and opinion, local display and classified advertising, and other features) that are not replicated by other local media. With respect to advertisers, the two Charleston daily newspapers are a relevant market because, among other reasons, Charleston Newspapers has the ability to impose small but significant, non-transitory price increases on its advertisers without losing so much business to other media as to make the increases unprofitable, and advertising in these newspapers has unique characteristics and a unique audience that cannot be replicated by other local media in Charleston.
The Complaint alleged that the May 2004 transactions extinguished the independent competitive incentives that existed under the prior joint operating arrangement. As a result of the transactions and the conduct described above, readers were harmed by a reduction in the amount and quality of original content generated by the Daily Mail, the lessening of competition between the Daily Mail and the Gazette, the elimination of the discounts that had been available prior to May 2004, and the reduction in the distribution area of the Daily Mail, meaning that many readers no longer had access to their preferred newspaper. Had the Gazette Company succeeded in its plan to close the Daily Mail, readers would have been deprived of a choice of local daily newspapers and would likely have paid higher prices for a newspaper with less content and lower quality. Likewise, advertisers were harmed because the circulation and household penetration of the Daily Mail fell as prices rose, rendering the newspaper a less effective means of advertising in the Charleston area.
The Final Judgment requires the Defendants to enter into a new contractual relationship that will supersede the existing arrangement that the United States challenged. The Defendants' new arrangement consists of five contracts: a Limited Partnership Agreement, a Joint Operating Agreement, a revised Operating Agreement of Daily Gazette Holding Company, a Put/Call Agreement, and a Warrant Agreement, all of which are attached to and made a part of the Final Judgment. The Final Judgment prohibits the Defendants from amending or terminating these contracts, or entering into any subsequent contracts relating to the publication of newspapers in Charleston, without the consent of the United States.
The new contracts address the competitive concerns resulting from the May 2004 transactions by, among other things, implementing several important changes to the governance provisions of the Defendants' arrangement. MediaNews will be given the right to appoint two of the five seats on the Board of Managers overseeing the Limited Partnership. Currently, MediaNews does not have the right to name any board members. MediaNews' board representatives will have the right to vote on all matters coming before the board. Most matters will be subject to approval by a majority vote; however, the annual newsroom budgets for the Daily Mail and the Gazette must each be approved by a super-majority of four votes. This requirement will provide MediaNews with the ability to protect the Daily Mail's budget and negotiate for the resources it needs to compete effectively with the Gazette. Under the 2004 arrangement, the Daily Mail budget was unilaterally determined by Gazette Company and its appointed manager at Charleston Newspapers, and could be changed at any time.
The Final Judgment guarantees that the content of the Daily Mail will be independently determined solely by MediaNews and the staff of the Daily Mail. Likewise, the content of the Gazette must be independently determined by the Gazette Company and Gazette staff. The Final Judgment forbids either Defendant from taking any action to influence the content of the other's newspaper. It also prohibits the Defendants from entering into any agreement that would limit the editorial independence of the two newspapers.
Currently, the Gazette Company (through its control of Charleston Newspapers) determines the size of the Daily Mail newsroom and must approve any hiring and firing decisions. To further re-establish the independence of the Daily Mail, the revised contracts provide that MediaNews will have sole authority to determine the identity of the Daily Mail newsroom employees and how much they are paid. The Daily Mail will have no fewer than 32 newsroom positions in the first year of the agreement, and thereafter MediaNews will set the size of the newsroom at whatever level it sees fit, provided that if total employee expense exceeds the annual budgeted amount set by the Limited Partnership board, MediaNews must pay the excess cost. These changes to the contracts are designed to prevent the recurrence of the events of 2004, described above.
The Final Judgment also prohibits the Defendants from discriminating against the Daily Mail in performing any activities related to circulation sales or advertising sales. Among other things, this provision would prohibit the type of conduct alleged in the Complaint, whereby Charleston Newspapers discontinued efforts to solicit new Daily Mail subscribers and ceased offering discounts to new Daily Mail subscribers, while continuing these activities for the Gazette. The revised contracts contain several other protections for the Daily Mail, including that (1) the amount of space devoted to news content (newshole) and the availability of color will be budgeted at the same level for both newspapers; (2) the press deadlines, delivery targets, number of editions and days of publication for the Daily Mail will not be changed without the approval of MediaNews; and (3) the primary circulation area of the Daily Mail as of August 1, 2009 will not be reduced without the approval of MediaNews. Under the 2004 arrangement, Gazette Company had the unilateral power to make changes in any of these areas.
To enhance the competitiveness of the Daily Mail and remedy past practices, the Final Judgment contains a remedial provision that calls for the Defendants to offer subscriptions to the Daily Mail at no less than 50% off the regular price. This offer must be available for a period of at least six months and must be made available only to Daily Mail subscribers. Thereafter, Charleston Newspapers must make the same promotional offers available for potential subscribers of both newspapers, unless MediaNews approves a deviation. The purpose of the special offer is to remedy, to the extent possible, the effects of Gazette Company's actions that the Complaint alleged were intended to undermine the circulation of the Daily Mail.
The Final Judgment contains several provisions to prevent the unjustified termination of publication of the Daily Mail. The 2004 contracts gave Gazette Company the unilateral authority to cease publishing the Daily Mail. The Final Judgment provides that the Daily Mail must continue publishing as a daily newspaper (defined in the Final Judgment as a print publication which is published no fewer than five days per week) unless it is determined to be a failing firm under antitrust law, as applied to newspaper joint operating agreements, and the United States has given its prior written approval. The Defendants may not deliberately hasten the failure of the Daily Mail: under the Final Judgment, the Defendants may not take any action with the intent to cause the Daily Mail to become a failing newspaper. Unless it receives approval from the United States, the Defendants may not establish a termination date for the Daily Mail.
In the event that Charleston Newspapers is permitted to cease publication of the Daily Mail, the Final Judgment requires that ownership of all of the intellectual property associated with that newspaper (such as its masthead, copyrights, trademarks, subscriber and advertiser lists, Internet URL, and archives) must, after satisfaction of any current, outstanding creditors, be transferred back to MediaNews at no cost to MediaNews and free of any liens or other encumbrances. This transfer requirement would also be triggered if the Defendants end their Limited Partnership or Joint Operating agreements. Prior to the closure of the Daily Mail, Gazette Company must obtain an appraisal of the fair market value of the newspaper's intellectual property. To the extent the appraisal determines that the assets may be freely disposed of by Gazette Company under the terms of Section 7.8 of the credit agreement with United Bank (or the equivalent provision of any future credit agreement), Gazette Company must transfer the intellectual property to MediaNews.(1) If the transfer cannot be accomplished due to any outstanding security interest or lien, Gazette Company must use its good faith efforts to obtain a release of the assets by the creditors. Once the intellectual property has been transferred, it may not be reacquired by Gazette Company. These portions of the Final Judgment are intended to prevent Gazette Company from retaining ownership of the Daily Mail intellectual property in the event that MediaNews wishes to continue publishing the newspaper independently of Charleston Newspapers, or if a third-party wishes to acquire these assets from MediaNews in order to compete against Gazette Company. Under the 2004 contracts, Gazette Company could retain the Daily Mail intellectual property upon the termination of the Joint Operating Agreement or the Limited Partnership Agreement unless MediaNews paid Gazette Company to get it back and assumed certain associated liabilities. If MediaNews did not want to buy back the intellectual property, it would remain under the permanent ownership of Gazette Company. If MediaNews did elect to buy back the intellectual property, Gazette Company held a right of first refusal to purchase it from MediaNews for 10 years after the end of the Joint Operating Agreement or the Limited Partnership Agreement, which limited the ability of third-parties to acquire the intellectual property to compete against Gazette Company. These provisions of the 2004 contracts have been removed from the new contractual arrangement.
The Defendants' revised contracts will put in place several new financial incentives that are intended to spur them to compete for readers and enhance the quality of their newspapers. First, as discussed above, if the Daily Mail ceases publishing, the Limited Partnership ends, or the Joint Operating Agreement ends, the Daily Mail intellectual property will, subject to satisfaction of current security interests, transfer to MediaNews at no cost. MediaNews would then be free to use or sell these assets as it sees fit. The 2004 contracts imposed several conditions that substantially decreased the likelihood that MediaNews would ever own the Daily Mail intellectual property again. Under the revised contracts, the increased likelihood that MediaNews will receive these assets provides MediaNews with an ongoing incentive to increase their value.
Second, concurrently with the settlement, MediaNews will receive a warrant entitling it to purchase Class B shares representing 20% of the equity in Charleston Newspapers Holdings Limited Partnership. Depending upon the future performance of the Daily Mail, the amount of equity MediaNews is eligible to purchase may be adjusted up or down. For each annual gain of 1% or more in Daily Mail circulation market share vis-a-vis the Gazette, MediaNews would be entitled to purchase an additional 1% of equity. Conversely, for each annual decline of 1% or more, the amount of equity MediaNews is entitled to purchase would decrease by 1%. The exercise price is the appraised value of a Class B share as of the date of the warrant's issuance. The warrant can be exercised during a three year window starting on the fifth anniversary of its issuance. MediaNews will be allowed to purchase any amount of equity it desires, up to the maximum permitted by the warrant. Thereafter, it is permitted to sell its shares to third parties (except for a publisher of a competing newspaper in Charleston with a circulation market share above 5%). Class B shareholders are eligible to receive dividends that may be distributed by the Limited Partnership. The warrant will once again provide MediaNews a financial stake in the success of both the Daily Mail and the newspapers' joint venture.
Should the Daily Mail cease publishing at any time after the conversion of the warrant, Gazette Company must repurchase all of the outstanding Class B shares. This mandatory repurchase requirement is necessary to avoid providing the owner(s) of the Class B shares a financial incentive to terminate publication of the Daily Mail.
Third, the revised Limited Partnership Agreement creates a further financial incentive by basing the size of the annual Daily Mail management fee paid to MediaNews on the performance of the paper. Under the 2004 arrangement, MediaNews received a fixed management fee that did not vary based on the performance of the Daily Mail. The new Limited Partnership Agreement provides for a variable fee that can adjust upwards or downwards by as much as $25,000 depending on the annual changes in the Daily Mail's circulation. The adjustment in the fee is subject to a floor of $225,000 per year.
A fourth financial incentive consists of cash bonuses paid to the Circulation Director of Charleston Newspapers and the publisher of the Daily Mail for increases in Daily Mail circulation in a given six-month period.
The APPA provides a period of at least sixty (60) days preceding the effective date of the proposed Final Judgment within which any person may submit to the United States written comments regarding the proposed Final Judgment. Any person who wishes to comment should do so within sixty (60) days of the date of publication of this Competitive Impact Statement in the Federal Register, or the last date of publication in a newspaper of the summary of this Competitive Impact Statement, whichever is later. All comments received during this period will be considered by the United States Department of Justice, which remains free to withdraw its consent to the proposed Final Judgment at any time prior to the Court's entry of judgment. The comments and the response of the United States will be filed with the Court and published in the Federal Register.
At several points during the litigation, the United States received from Defendants proposals or suggestions that would have provided less relief than is contained in the proposed Final Judgment. These proposals and suggestions were rejected.
The United States considered, as an alternative to the proposed Final Judgment, proceeding with the full trial on the merits against Defendants that was scheduled to commence on April 20, 2010. The United States is satisfied, however, that the prohibitions and requirements contained in the proposed Final Judgment will adequately address the competitive concerns regarding the unique local daily newspaper market in Charleston, and will avoid the delay, risks, and costs of further litigation.
Bechtel, 648 F.2d at 666 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).(3) In determining whether a proposed settlement is in the public interest, a district court "must accord deference to the government's predictions about the efficacy of its remedies, and may not require that the remedies perfectly match the alleged violations." SBC Commc'ns, 489 F. Supp. 2d at 17; see also Microsoft, 56 F.3d at 1461 (noting the need for courts to be "deferential to the government's predictions as to the effect of the proposed remedies"); United States v. Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., 272 F. Supp. 2d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 2003) (noting that the court should grant due respect to the United States' prediction as to the effect of proposed remedies, its perception of the market structure, and its views of the nature of the case).
Other than the contracts that are attached as Exhibit A to the Final Judgment and incorporated therein, there are no determinative materials or documents within the meaning of the APPA that were considered by the United States in formulating the proposed Final Judgment.
Sale of Stock and Assets. No Credit Party shall sell, transfer, convey, assign or otherwise dispose of any of its properties or other assets, including the Stock of any of its Subsidiaries (whether in a public or a private offering or otherwise) or any of its Accounts, other than (a) the sale of Inventory in the ordinary course of business; (b) the sale or other disposition by a Credit Party of property that is obsolete or no longer used or useful in such Credit Party's business and having a book value, not exceeding $100,000 in the aggregate in any Fiscal Year; and (c) the sale or other disposition of other property having a book value not exceeding $100,000 in the aggregate in any Fiscal Year.
2. The 2004 amendments substituted "shall" for "may" in directing relevant factors for court to consider and amended the list of factors to focus on competitive considerations and to address potentially ambiguous judgment terms. Compare 15 U.S.C. § 16(e) (2004), with 15 U.S.C. § 16(e)(1) (2006); see also SBC Commc'ns, 489 F. Supp. 2d at 11 (concluding that the 2004 amendments "effected minimal changes" to Tunney Act review).
3. Cf. BNS, 858 F.2d at 464 (holding that the court's "ultimate authority under the [APPA] is limited to approving or disapproving the consent decree"); United States v. Gillette Co., 406 F. Supp. 713, 716 (D. Mass. 1975) (noting that, in this way, the court is constrained to "look at the overall picture not hypercritically, nor with a microscope, but with an artist's reducing glass"). See generally Microsoft, 56 F.3d at 1461 (discussing whether "the remedies [obtained in the decree are] so inconsonant with the allegations charged as to fall outside of the 'reaches of the public interest'").


text:
In Rhodes v. AIG Domestic Claims, Inc., 461 Mass. 486, ___N.E.2d ___ (2012), the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts evaluated whether the measure of punitive damages in a bad faith lawsuit resulting from insurers’ alleged failure to promptly settle a claim when liability was reasonably clear should be based on the loss of use of that settlement money or on the amount of the judgment in the underlying case. Plaintiffs alleged a violation of: (1) Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 176D, § 3(9)(f), which requires prompt, fair and equitable settlements when liability becomes reasonably clear, and (2) the Massachusetts Consumer Protection Act, Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, § 9. A violation of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, § 9 automatically entitles the aggrieved party to an award of attorneys’ fees and costs and, if the violation was willful and knowing, double or treble damages.
In the underlying case, plaintiffs obtained an $11.3 million judgment against the insured resulting from a car accident with a tractor trailer. The judgment was appealed. Approximately 8.5 months after the judgment, plaintiffs reached a settlement with the insurers of the tractor trailer. However, after the judgment, but prior to the settlement, plaintiffs initiated the bad faith lawsuit against the insurers, alleging the failure to timely offer a reasonable settlement.
In the bad faith lawsuit, plaintiffs sought damages based on the insurer's failure to settle the claim both before and after the judgment. The Court clarified some of its earlier decisions and held that, in order to establish causation, plaintiffs needed only prove that they suffered a loss due to the insurer’s failure to make a timely and reasonable offer. Plaintiffs did not need to prove that they would have accepted the offer had one been made. However, the Court ultimately did not evaluate the prejudgment conduct because it found that the postjudgment conduct, in failing to make a timely and reasonable settlement offer after the $11.3 million judgment, was sufficient to find a violation of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93 and 176D.
Regarding the measure of damages in the bad faith case, a violation of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, § 9 allows the court to double or treble the damages if the violation was willful and knowing. Because the claims administrator’s conduct was found to have been willful and knowing, the discussion turned on whether: (1) the loss of use of the settlement monies, or (2) the amount of the underlying judgment, should form the basis of the award of multiple damages. The trial court and the lower appeals court found that the loss of use damages should be the determinative amount. However, the Supreme Judicial Court interpreted Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, § 9, which provides that “the amount of actual damages to be multiplied by the court shall be the amount of the judgment on all claims arising out of the same and underlying transaction or occurrence,” to require a court to multiply the actual judgment in the underlying case, and not the amount of damages stemming from a claim of loss of use. As a result, the Court remanded the case to the trial court for a redetermination of damages in accordance with its finding that the $11.3 million judgment should be doubled.
The Supreme Judicial Court’s decision is significant because insurers that are found to have willfully and knowingly violated Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A can no longer argue that loss of use of the settlement monies are the damages that form the basis for the multiple damage award. Insurance companies that issue policies and adjust losses in Massachusetts must timely evaluate whether to make a reasonable settlement offer once liability becomes reasonably clear or they may otherwise be exposed to a doubling or trebling of the underlying judgment, even where, as here, the negligence side of the case is settled for less than the judgment.

matches:
v.
§ 3
§ 9
§ 9
§ 9
§ 9