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Abstract: This paper presents the design and implementation of signed-unsigned Modified Booth Encoding (SUMBE) multiplier. The present Modified Booth Encoding (MBE) multiplier and the Baugh-Wooley multiplier perform multiplication operation on signed numbers only. The array multiplier and Braun array multipliers perform multiplication operation on unsigned numbers only. Thus, the requirement of the modern computer system is a dedicated and very high speed unique multiplier unit for signed and unsigned numbers. Therefore, this paper presents the design and implementation of SUMBE multiplier. The modified Booth Encoder circuit generates half the partial products in parallel. By extending sign bit of the operands and generating an additional partial product the SUMBE multiplier is obtained. The Carry Save Adderr (CSA) tree and the final Carry Lookahead (CLA) adder used to speed up the multiplier operation. Since signed and unsigned multiplication operation is performed by the same multiplier unit the required hardware and the chip area reduces and this in turn reduces power dissipation and cost of a system.
Keywords: SUMBE, MBE, CSA, CLA. Baugh-wooley multiplier.
1. Verilog hdl by padbanabam.
2. Shiann-Rong Kuang, Jiun-Ping Wang, and Cang-Yuan Guo, “Modified Booth multipliers with a Regular Partial Product Array,” IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems-II, vol 56, No 5, May 2009.
3. Li-Rong Wang, Shyh-Jye Jou and Chung-Len Lee, “A well-tructured Modified Booth Multiplier Design” 978-1-4244-1617-2/08/$25.00 ©2008 IEEE.
4. Soojin Kim and Kyeongsoon Cho “Design of High-speed Modified Booth Multipliers Operating at GHz Ranges” World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 61 2010.
5. Magnus Sjalander and Per Larson-Edefors. “The Case for HPMBasedBaughWooleyMultipliers,”ChalmersUniversityofechnology, Sweden, March 2008.
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8. Aswathy Sudhakar, and D. Gokila, “Run-Time Reconfigurable Pipelined Modified Baugh-Wooley Multipliers,” Advances in Computational Sciences and Technology ISSN 0973-6107 Volume 3 Number 2 (2010) pp. 223–235.
9. Myoung-Cheol Shin, Se-Hyeon Kang, and In-Cheol Park, “An Area-Efficient Iterative Modified-Booth Multiplier Based on Self-Timed Clocking,” Industry, and Energy through the project System IC 2010, and by IC Design Education Center (IDEC).
10. Leandro Z. Pieper, Eduardo A. C. da Costa, Sérgio J. M. de Almeida, “Efficient Dedicated Multiplication Blocks for2´s Complement Radix-2m Array Multipliers,” JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS, VOL. 5, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2010.
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12. Neil H E Weste, David Harris, Ayan Banerjee, “CMOS VLSI Design A circuits and Systems Perspective ” Third edition, Pearson Education, pp.347-349.
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Abstract: Full adders (FAs) are essential for digital circuits including microprocessors, digital signal processors, and microcontrollers. Both the power consumption and the reliability of FAs are crucial as they directly affect: arithmetic logic units, floating-point units, as well as memory address calculations. This paper studies the effect threshold voltage (VTH) variations play on the reliability of a classical 28- transistor FA, and shows that reliability can be enhanced without increasing the occupied area, and while also reducing power consumption. An enabling transistor sizing scheme is used to improve on reliability without increasing power consumption (as reducing and limiting currents). The proposed FA in 16nm predictive technology model (PTM) is significantly more reliable (six orders of magnitude in case of Cout, and three orders of magnitude in case of Sum at 10% input variations) and dissipates 38× less than a classical FA, while being 6× slower.
Keywords: Full adder, CMOS, power, energy, reliability.
1. M. Alioto, and G. Palumbo, “High-speed/low-power mixed full adder chains: Analysis and comparison versus technology,” Proc. ISCAS, New Orleans, LA USA, May 2007, pp. 2998–3001.
2. S. Aunet, et al., “Multifunction subthreshold gate used for a low power full adder,” Proc. NorChip, Oslo, Norway, Nov. 2004, pp. 44– 47.
3. S. Goel, et al., “Design of robust, energy-efficient full adders for deep-submicrometer design using hybrid-CMOS logic style,” IEEE Trans. VLSI Syst., vol. 14, Dec. 2006, pp. 1309–131.
4. K. Granhaug, and S. Aunet, “Six subthreshold full adder cells characterized in 90nm CMOS technology,” Proc. DDECS, Prague, Czech Republic, Apr. 2006, pp. 25–30.
6. H. Iwai, “Roadmap for 22nm and beyond” (invited), Microelectr. Eng., vol. 86, Jul.-Sep. 2009, pp. 1520–1528.
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9. T. J. Dysart, and P. M. Kogge, “Analyzing the inherent reliability of moderately sized magnetic and electrostatic QCA circuits via probabilistic transfer matrices,” IEEE Trans. VLSI Syst., vol. 17, Apr. 2009, pp. 507–516.10. H. B. Marr, et al., “Increased energy efficiency and reliability of ultralow power arithmetic,” Proc. MWSCAS, Knoxville, TN, USA, Aug. 2008, pp. 366–369.
11. W. Ibrahim, et al., “On the reliability of majority gates full adders,” IEEE Trans. Nanotech., vol. 7, Jan. 2008, pp. 56–67.
12. W. Ibrahim, and V. Beiu, “Threshold voltage variations make full adders reliabilities similar,” IEEE Trans. Nanotech., vol. 9, Nov. 2010, pp. 664–667.
13. M. H. Sulieman, V. Beiu, and W. Ibrahim, “Low-power and highly reliable logic gates: Transistor-level optimizations,” Proc. IEEENANO, Seoul, Korea, Aug. 2010, pp. 254–257.
14. Y. Li, et al., “Large-scale atomistic approach to random-dopantinduced characteristic variability in nanoscale CMOS digital and high-frequency integrated circuits,” Proc. ICCAD, San Jose, CA, USA, Nov. 2008, pp. 278–285.
15. W. Ibrahim, and V. Beiu, “Using Bayesian networks to accurately calculate the reliability of complementary metal oxide semiconductor gates,” IEEE Trans. Reliab., Sep. 2011 (to appear).
16. D. Bol, “Robust and energy-efficient ultra-low-voltage circuit design under timing constraints in 65/45nm CMOS,” J. Low Power Electr. Appl., vol. 1, Jan. 2011, pp. 1–19.
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Keywords: RCA, KS, SKS, Spanning tree, Brentkung adder.
3. K. Vitoroulis and A. J. Al-Khalili, “Performance of Parallel Prefix Adders Implemented with FPGA technology,” IEEE Northeast Workshop on Circuits and Systems, pp. 498-501, Aug. 2007.
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Abstract: Theory of wavelet transform is a young branch of applied mathematics extensively developing from early 1980's. Recently, the wavelet transform is studied as applications to digital signal processing. Its application to biomedical signal processing has been found particularly useful in the study of the signals like ECG. In this review, the emerging role of the wavelet transform in the interrogation of the ECG is discussed in detail. In this paper an algorithm has been proposed to determine the r peaks and the number of betas in sampled signal. In the first step an attempt was made to generate ECG waveforms by developing a suitable MATLAB simulator and in the second step, using wavelet transform, the ECG signal was denoised by removing the corresponding wavelet coefficients at higher scales. Then R-Peak in QRS complexes were detected and the last step is to calculate the beat. For this Mat lab 7.4.0 environment has been, used and Db4 taken as mother wavelet. The maximum value of the approximation coefficients of level 4 is selected as the indicating parameter.
Keywords: ECG, Wavelet transform, beat calculation, R-peak.
1. Almagro1,JM Quero21Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 2University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
3. Gordan, Cornelia, Reiz Romulus,”ECG Signal processing using wavelets”,Vol.2, No.1, March 2011DOI : 10.5121/sipij.2011.2113 178.
4. A CONTEMPORARY APPROACH FOR ECG SIGNAL COMPRESSION USING WAVELET TRANSFORMS Pranob K Charles1, Rajendra Prasad K..
5. ECG analysis using wavelet transform: application to myocardial ischemia detection P. Ranjith a, P.C. Baby a, P. Joseph b,*29 January 2002.
6. ECG SIGNALS PROCESSING USING WAVELETS Gordan Cornelia, Reiz Romulus. University of Oradea: Electronics Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering.
8. DOI 10.1007/s13534-011-0016-9 A New Method of ECG Feature Detection Based on Combined Wavelet Transform for u-health Service Min Soo Kim, Young Chang Cho, Suk-Tae Seo, Chang-Sik Son and Yoon-Nyun Kim.
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12. John Darrington, "Towards real time QRS detection: A fast method using minimal pre-processing", Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 1 (2006) 169-176.
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BioI. Mag., vol. 17, pp. 50-58, 1998.
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Abstract: Need of global networking is increasing day by day and is as a primary need. This paper state the issues related to Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) routing protocol, currently that supports routing of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and 6 (IPv6) and study both the strong and weak points of IS-IS routing protocol. This paper illustrate the working of IS-IS and issues (Routing, addressing, packet format, area and domain) related to IS-IS because it will be helpful for understanding the key things related to IS-IS. There are various intra routing protocols among which OSPF is very popular but IS-IS is more flexible than OSPF. This paper also gives some prospective ideas that why we can’t ignore IS-IS. This paper also describe the issues that are related to different resources utilization in IS-IS and in similar link state routing protocol such as OSPF and describe the proper difference why and in which situations IS-IS is better than OSPF.
1. Jeff Learman, “Integrated IS-IS Tutorial” SIF-AR-9907-082, 08/07/1999.
2. Martin, Christian “Advantages of IS-IS over OSPF”.
6. Stefano Previdi and Paul Horrocks “Integrated IS-IS Design and Deployment Guide” version 1.0, 03/12/1998.
Abstract: In any industry, the three top operating expenses are often found to be on energy, labor and materials. If one were to find out the potential cost savings in each of the components, energy would invariably emerge at the top, and thus energy management function constitutes a strategic area for cost reduction. This paper discusses the common aspects of electrical energy management in small- and medium-sized industries. It contains the findings and the analysis of the results obtained from the electrical energy audit program employed in an industrial unit, Loknayak J.P.Narayan Shtekari Sahakari Sootgirni, Untawad Hol, Shahada.Dist.-Nandurbar. The electrical energy audit was carried out under three major heads: (i) lighting audit, (ii) power load audit (motors, meters, etc.), and (iii) harmonic analysis. Readings were taken under these heads and analyzed to find the scope of energy conservation opportunities in the selected test case industrial unit.
Keywords: Energy audit, energy conservation opportunities, harmonic analysis, industrial unit.
1. S. K. Aggarwal, M. Kumar, L. M. Saini, and A. Kumar, "Short-term load forecasting in deregulated electricity markets using fuzzy approach", Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 24-30, Jan-Jun2011.
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6. B. Huyck, and J. Cappelle, "Electrical energy management for low-voltage clients", International Conference on Clean Electrical Power, IEEE, 2007.
7. X. W. Chen, "Energy Audit of Building: A Case Study of A Commercial Building in Shanghai", Power and Energy Engineering Conference, Asia-Pacific, 2010.
8. A. Tyagi, "Hand Book of Energy Audit & Management" India: TERI Press; 2000.
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13. Havells Catalouge: Energy Efficient Three phase Induction Motors" arranged from Branch office. Chandigarh: 2008.
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Abstract: Communication between humans was first by sound throughvoice. With the desire for slightly more distance communication came, devices such as drums, then, visual methods such as signal flags and smoke signals were used. These optical communication devices, of course, utilized the light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. It has been only very recent in human history that the electromagnetic spectrum, outside the visible region, has been employed for communication, through the use of radio. One of humankind’s greatest natural resources is the electromagnetic spectrum and the antenna has been instrumental in harnessing this resource. The design of a single-feed small micro strip antenna with circular polarization (CP) radiation is described. This design is achieved by cutting slits in the square patch and, by adjusting the lengths of the slits; the micro strip antenna can perform CP radiation with a reduced patch size at a fixed operating frequency. This design also provides a wide CP bandwidth and relaxed fabrication tolerances. In cavity, it is shown that for a feed offset from one corner of the patch, the perturbation segment (∆S) is increased, thereby reducing the effect of manufacturing errors.
Keywords: Single feed, micro strip antenna, single feed.
1. J.R. James and P.S. Hall, Hand Book of Micro strips Antenna, Vol. 1, Peter Peregrines Ltd., 1989.
2. C.A. Balanis, “Antenna Theory Analysis and Design”, 2nd ed; Willey New York, 1997.
3. G. Kumar and K.P. Ray, “Broadband Micro strip Antennas”, Artech House, 2000.
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Abstract: The narrow BW of microstrip antenna is one of the important features that restrict its wide usages. This paper present omnidirectional microstrip patch antenna with wide bandwidth has been designed with centre frequency of 2GHz. In order to achieve BW enhancement a rectangular cut structure have been introduced in the simple rectangular patch antenna with ground optimization. It has been analyzed that Broad BW of 2.46 GHz at 2 GHz is achieved & omnidirectional pattern obtained, the results were obtained using the simulation software HFSS.
Keywords: BW, rectangular microstrip patch antenna, ground variation, symmetrical cuts, return loss, radiation efficiency.
2. M. H. Diallo Yaccoub, Achraf Jaoujal, Mohammed Younssi, Ahmed El Moussaoui, and Noura Aknin “Rectangular Ring Microstrip Patch Antenna for Ultra-wide Band Applications” ISSR Journals 2013.
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Abstract: The automotive industry is currently spending millions of dollars on NVH work to develop new materials and damping techniques. The new design methods are starting to consider NVH issues throughout the whole design process. This involves integrating extensive modeling, simulation, evaluation, and optimization techniques into the design process to insure both noise and vibration comfort. New materials and techniques are also being developed so that the damping treatments are lighter, cheaper, and more effective. Some of the methods used to control noise, vibration, and harshness include the use of different carpeting treatments, the addition of rubber or asphalt material to car panels, gap sealant, and the injection of expandable foam into body panels. The carpeting treatments include varying types of foam padding combined with different weights of rubber-backed carpet. The overall result of this technique is a mass-spring system that acts as a vibration absorber. The rubber or asphalt materials are attached to various car panels to add damping and mass loading to reduce vibration levels and the rattling sounds from the panels. Sealant is applied to close gaps in order to increase the transmission loss from the engine, wind, and road noise sources to the vehicle interior. Expandable foam injected between panels, such as the dashboard and firewall, helps to add stiffness and vibration absorption. All of these current methods are effective at reducing sound and vibration levels in a vehicle at higher frequencies. However, some of the treatments become almost ineffective at lower frequencies below 200 Hz. The treatments also add a substantial amount of weight to the vehicle, thus affecting its fuel economy, as well as adding cost. Choosing the correct product for your application can be really easy if you properly identify the noise from the start. There are many contributors to automotive noise and the noise exists across a wide bandwidth of frequencies. To effectively reduce the noise floor within a vehicle, a combination of materials must be used. This technique will result in a greatly reduced installation time, a serious reduction in the amount of added weight to the vehicle and bunch of money saved in your wallet. When trying to reduce or eliminate various types of automotive noise, it is often necessary to utilize a variety of specialized noise control materials.
Keywords: Noise, vibration, and harshness, Floor Barrier, vinyl barrier, Thermo-Acoustic under hood Liner, Gasketing Foam.
Abstract: This paper presents the definition and history of internet trolling as espoused by different views and some varied ways it is practiced. A link between the Ghanaian cyber communication space and this online practice is verified and substantiatedwith an empirical study with regards to some social media platforms. The social implications are analyzed and some recommendations are made.
Keywords: Trolling; troller; social media.
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5. Brail, Stephanie. 1996. The price of admission: Harassment and free speech in the Wild, Wild West. In Wired_women: Gender and new realities in cyberspace, eds. L. Chermy and E. R. Weise, pp. 141-157. Seattle: Seal Press.
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10. Collins-Jarvis, Lori. 1997. Discriminatory messages and gendered power relations in online discussion groups. Paper presented at the 197 annual meeting of the National Communication Association. Chicago.
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16. Herring, Susan C. and Carole G. Nix. 1997. Is “Serious Chat” an oxymoron? Pedagogical vs. social issues of internet relay chat. Paper presented at the American Association of Applied Linguistics Annual Conference, Orlando, Florida. 11 March.
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21. Hardaker, C. (2013). “Uh….not to be nitpicky,,,,, but….the past tense of drag is dragged, not drug.” Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict. 58-88.
Abstract: Radar system has many applications in the military and civilian fields; it is utilized for targets detection, obtaining the range, the direction, altitude and velocity (for moving target). These information can be extracted from target signal. Target effects on the transmitted signal, such effects are delayed and Doppler shift for moving targets. Generally, the development of radar systems and radar signal processing are always in progress and real radar systems are not always available for testing these developments. This work required computer simulators which are used to test the modification and development of these systems. In this paper, the two types of targets (moving and fixed) signals are simulated. In order to implement the target block, the transmitted signals and antenna location signals must be generated as inputs to target block. The target block is simulated using MATLAB Simulink, this block is designed by specifying the parameters of target block such as the velocity, range, azimuth of a target (direction), the direction of the target movement angle and wavelength. This block is tested for all different types of radars such as pulse radar, pulse compression radar, continuous wave radar and frequency modulation continuous wave (FM-CW) radar.
Keywords: Radar system, target signal simulation, Doppler effect, radar signals.
1. M. A. Al-Zubaidy, S. S. Al-Shamaa , and K.H. Sayidmarie,” A PC-Based Radar System Simulator,” IEEE 2005 International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and ECM Technologies for Wireless Communications (MAPE 2005), Beijing, China, 8-12 August 2005.
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3. B. R. Mahafza, “Radar Systems Analysis and Design using MATLAB,” CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC, 2000.
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Abstract: Data aggregation and storage has become very important issue in Sensor networks for future information retrieval. Storage nodes serve as an intermediate tier between sensors and a sink for storing data and processing queries in wireless sensor networks. The importance of storage nodes also makes them attractive to attackers. Data Storage is happens via the Forwarding nodes and Storage nodes. Storage nodes are introduced in this paper to store collected date from the sensors in their proximities, It reduce the energy cost and communication cost induced by network query. Aim of the project is to deploy the storage nodes and secure data transmission for cluster-based WSNs (CWSNs), where the clusters are formed dynamically and periodically. We propose two Secure and Efficient data Transmission (SET) protocols for CWSNs, called SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS, by using the Identity-Based digital Signature (IBS) scheme and the Identity-Based Online/Offline digital Signature (IBOOS) scheme, respectively. The cluster routing protocol LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is considered and improved. We propose a clustering routing protocol named Enhanced LEACH, which extend LEACH protocol by balancing the energy consumption in the network. The simulation results show that Enhanced LEACH outperforms LEACH in terms of network lifetime and power consumption minimization.
Keywords: LEACH, SET, SET-IBS, SET-IBOOS.
1. S. Sharma and S. K. Jena, “A survey on secure hierarchical routing protocols in wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. ICCCS, 2011.
2. Heinzelman W. B., Chandrakasan A. P., Balakrishnan H., ”An applicationspecific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks,” IEEE Trans on Wireless Communications, Vol. 1, No. 4, 2002, pp. 660-670, doi: 10.1109/TWC.2002.804190.
4. P.T.V.Bhuvaneswari and V.Vaidehi ”Enhancement techniques incorporated in LEACH- a survey”Department of Electronics Engineering, Madras Institute Technology, Anna University Chennai, India, 2009.
5. Wu Xinhua and Huang Li ”Research and Improvement of the LEACH Protocol to Reduce the Marginalization of Cluster Head”Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol. 35, No. 1, Feb. 2011, pp. 79-82, doi:10.3963/j.issn.1006-2823.2011.01.019 (in Chinese).
6. Tao, L, Zhu, QX, Zhang, L. An Improvement for LEACH Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network.Proc.5th IEEE Conf. Indust.Electr. Appl. 2010;1:1811-4.
7. S.K. Singh, M.P. Singh, and D.K. Singh, ”A survey of Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Cluster-based Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks”, International Journal of Advanced Networking and Application (IJANA), Sept.-Oct. 2010, vol. 02, issue 02, pp. 570-580.
9. Thiemo Voigt, Hartmut Ritter, Jochen Schiller, Adam Dunkels, and Juan Alonso, ”. Solar-aware Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the NinthIEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, June 2004.
11. Fan Xiangning1,2 Song Yulin ”Improvement on LEACH Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network” International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications 2007.
12. Rajashree.V.Biradar, Dr.S.R. Sawant, Dr. R. R. Mudholkar, Dr. V. C. Patil ”Multihop Routing In Self-Organizing Wireless Sensor Networks” IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 8, Issue 1, January 2011.
Abstract: Digital multipliers are the core components of all the digital signal processors (DSPs) and the speed of the DSP is largely determined by the speed of its multipliers. So the Implementation of Vedic Mathematic techniques and their application to the complex multiplier provide substantial reduction in propagation delay, execution time in comparison with the existing methods. This paper proposed the design of high speed Vedic Multiplier using the techniques of Ancient Indian Vedic Mathematics that have been modified to improve performance. The techniques described in this paper are Nikhilam Sutra, Urdhva Tiryakbhyam and Karatsuba-ofman and the performance analysis of these techniques is obtained. Modelsim tool is used for simulation and the results obtained are compared on the basis of time delay of multiplication.
Keywords: Vedic mathematics, urdhva triyakbhyam sutra, karatsuba - ofman algorithm.
1. Wallace, C.S., “A suggestion for a fast multiplier,” IEEE Trans. Elec. Comput., vol. EC-13, no. 1, pp. 14–17, Feb. 1964.
2. Booth, A.D., “A signed binary multiplication technique,” Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, vol. 4, pt. 2, pp. 236– 240, 1951.
3. Jagadguru Swami Sri Bharath, Krsna Tirathji, “Vedic Mathematics or Sixteen Simple Sutras From The Vedas”, Motilal Banarsidas, Varanasi(India),1986.
4. A.P. Nicholas, K.R Williams, J. Pickles, “Application of Urdhava Sutra”, Spiritual Study Group, Roorkee (India),1984.
7. Thapliyal H. and Srinivas M.B. “High Speed Efficient N x N Bit Parallel Hierarchical Overlay Multiplier Architecture Based on Ancient India Vedic Mathematics”, Transactions on Engineering, Computing and Technology, 2004, Vol.2.
8. “A Reduced-Bit Multiplication Algorithm For Digital Arithmetic” Harpreet Singh Dhilon And Abhijit Mitra, International Journal of Computational and Mathematical Sciences, Waset, Spring, 2008.
9. “Lifting Scheme Discrete Wavelet Transform Using Vertical and Crosswise Multipliers” Anthony O’Brien and Richard Conway, ISSC, 2008, Galway, June 18-19.
Abstract: A Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of spatially distributed sensor to monitor physical conditions and pass their data through network to the sink node. Topology control is an important technique used in WSN to achieve energy conservation and extend network lifetime without affecting important network performance such as connectivity and throughput. Topology control can be implemented in following ways: power adjustment technique, power mode technique, clustering technique. In each of these techniques, there are some limitations. To overcome the limitations of the existing schemes, new hybrid scheme is proposed by integrating the above mentioned schemes. It is proved that the proposed hybrid approach excels in the performance compared to the existing schemes in terms of energy savings.
Keywords: Cluster, cluster head, idle mode, sleep mode.
2. Handy M. J, Haase M., Timmermann D. “Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy with Deterministic Cluster-Head Selection”,4th International workshop on Mobile and Wireless Communications Network, pp.368-372,2004.
3. Ossama Younis, Sonia Fahmy, “HEED: A Hybrid, Energy-Efficient, distributed Clustering Approach for Ad Hoc Sensor Network”, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol.3, No.4, pp.366-379,2004.
5. Azrina Abd Aziz, Y.Ahmet S, ekercioglu, Paul Fitzpatrick, and Milosh Ivanovich, “ A Survey on Distributed Topology Control Techniques for Extending the Lifetime of Battery Powered Wireless Sensor Networks” IEEE conference on Communications Surveys and Tutorials, pp.1-24,2012.
6. C. Schurgers, V. Tsiatsis, and M. B. Srivastava. STEM- topologymanagement for energy efficient sensor networks. In 2002 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings-, volume 3, pages 3–1099, 2002.
journal on Procedia Technology, pp.158-162,2012.
10. Ameer Ahmed Abbasi, Mohamed Younis, “A Survey on clustering algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks”, Elseiver journal on computer communications,Vol.30, pp-2846-2841,2007.
11. Jaya Rao, Abraham, Fapojuwo O.”Battery Aware Distributed Clustering and Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks”,International IEEEconference on Wireless Communications and Networking, pp.1538-1543,2012.
12. Qi Zhang, Weiqing Qu, “An Energy Efficient Approach in Wireless Sensor Networks”, International IEEE conference on Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, pp.541-544,2012.
Abstract: Microelectromechanical system based silicon pressure sensors have undergone a significant growth in the last few years. The sensitivity, maximum measurable pressure and linear range of pressure sensors highly depend upon the diaphragm structure. In this work, single and double diaphragm based pressure sensors are designed and simulated and these can be used for high pressure measurements. A novel method of sensitivity enhancement by optimizing the thickness of double diaphragms is presented in this work. Also a study of the bulk micromachined silicon piezoresistive pressure sensor and surface micromachined stacked diaphragm pressure sensor are presented, simulated and compared with respect to deflection and sensitivity. Microelectromechanical system pressure sensors have been simulated with different diaphragm structures for obtaining wider operation range with better sensitivity. The performance of silicon and silicon on insulator pressure sensors at a given pressure are compared. The doping concentration of the piezoresistor is varied from 1015 cm-3 to 1020cm-3 and the sensitivity of pressure sensors are compared. Evaluating different structures of pressure sensors and optimizing doping concentrations as 1017cm-3, the double SOI sensor shows better pressure sensitivity.
Keywords: MEMS, Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor, Surface micromachining, Bulk micro machining, Sensitivity.
1. M. X. Zhouet. Al, “A Novel Capacitive Pressure Sensor Based on Sandwich Structures”, Journal of microelectro mechanical system, Vol. 14, pp.1272-1282,2005.
2. Bernd Folkmer, Peter Steiner, Walter Lang, A pressure Sensor Based on a nitride membrane using single - crystalline piezoresistors, Sensors and Actuators A 54 (1996) 488–492.
3. A. Berns, U. Buder, E. Obermeier, A. Wolter, A. Leder, Aero MEMS sensor array for high-resolution wall Pressure measurements, Sensors and Actuators A 132 (2006) 104–111.
4. Ingelin Clausen, Ola Sveen, Die separation and packaging of a Surface micromachined piezoresistive pressure sensor, Sensors and Actuators A 133 (2007) 457–466.
5. A.Wisitsoraat, V.Patthanasetakul, T. Lomas, A. Tuantranont, Low cost thin film based piezoresistive MEMS tactile sensor, Sensors and Actuators A 139 (2007) 17–22.
6. Shyam Aravamudhan, Shekhar Bhansali, Reinforced Piezoresistive pressure sensor for ocean depth measurements, Sensors and actuators A 142 (2008) 111–117.
14. Donald A Neamen, “Semiconductor physics and devices,” Tata McGraw-Hill 2007.

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U.S. Supreme Court. United States v. Hale, 422 U.S. 171 (1975). United States v. Hale. No. 74-364. Argued April 14, 1975. Decided June 23, 1975. 422 U.S. 171.
Some (but not all - read Rule 10.2 et seq) rules of thumb to keep in mind - ... parties or legal titles [rule 10.2.1(a) & 10.2.1(e)]. Dagobert et al. v. Hale, Administrator becomes Dagobert v. Hale ... Angus Moore, 23 Ill. 458 (1990) becomes State v.
Case opinion for WI Supreme Court STATE v. MOORE. Read the Court's full decision on ... See also 2 Wayne R. LaFave et al., Criminal Procedure § 6.2(c), at 629–36 (3d ed.2007). ...... Hale, 2005 WI 7, ¶ 60, 277 Wis.2d 593, 691 N.W.2d 637.
Aug 30, 2013 ... E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co. v. Kolon. Indus., Inc., No. ..... Letter from David M . Howard et al., to Hon. David G. ..... MOORE ET AL., MOORE'S FEDERAL PRACTICE. § 26.22[a][i] (3d ed. ...... See Anderson v. Hale, 2001.
Data were collected for all 111 schools at each of three time points: baseline, 4 month and 12 ... of government funded school breakfast initiatives (e.g., see Shemilt et al ). ..... Laurence Moore is supported by a Public Health Career Scientist Award funded ... Carol Desousa: ku.ca.ffidrac@CasuoseD; Janine Hale: ku.vog.


If you’re short on time, I have a much shorter blog entry here.
It does not even resolve the specific question whether Citizens United may be required to finance some of its messages with the money in its PAC. The conceit that corporations must be treated identically to natural persons in the political sphere is not only inaccurate but also inadequate to justify the Court’s disposition of this case.
The majority’s approach to corporate electioneering marks a dramatic break from our past. Congress has placed special limitations on campaign spending by corporations ever since the passage of the Tillman Act in 1907. We have unanimously concluded that this “reflects a permissible assessment of the dangers posed by those entities to the electoral process,” and have accepted the “legislative judgment that the special characteristics of the corporate structure require particularly careful regulation,”. The Court today rejects a century of history when it treats the distinction between corporate and individual campaign spending as an invidious novelty born of Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce. Relying largely on individual dissenting opinions, the majority blazes through our precedents, overruling or disavowing a body of case law.
The Court’s ruling threatens to undermine the integrity of elected institutions across the Nation. The path it has taken to reach its outcome will, I fear, do damage to this institution.
The first reason is that the question was not properly brought before us. In declaring §203 of BCRA facially unconstitutional on the ground that corporations’ electoral expenditures may not be regulated any more stringently than those of individuals, the majority decides this case on a basis relinquished below, not included in the questions presented to us by the litigants, and argued here only in response to the Court’s invitation. This procedure is unusual and inadvisable for a court. Our colleagues’ suggestion that “we are asked to reconsider Austin and, in effect, McConnell,” would be more accurate if rephrased to state that “we have asked ourselves” to reconsider those cases.
it is “only in the most exceptional cases” that we will consider issues outside the questions presented, Stone v. Powell. The appellant in this case did not so much as assert an exceptional circumstance, and one searches the majority opinion in vain for the mention of any. That is unsurprising, for none exists.
This Court has repeatedly emphasized in recent years that “[f]acial challenges are disfavored. By declaring §203 facially unconstitutional, our colleagues have turned an as-applied challenge into a facial challenge, in defiance of this principle. This is not merely a technical defect in the Court’s decision. The unnecessary resort to a facial inquiry “run[s] contrary to the fundamental principle of judicial restraint that courts should neither anticipate a question of constitutional law in advance of the necessity of deciding it nor formulate a rule of constitutional law broader than is required by the precise facts to which it is to be applied.”. Scanting that principle “threaten[s] to short circuit the democratic process by preventing laws embodying the will of the people from being implemented in a manner consistent with the Constitution.” These concerns are heightened when judges overrule settled doctrine upon which the legislature has relied. The Court operates with a sledge hammer rather than a scalpel when it strikes down one of Congress’ most significant efforts to regulate the role that corporations and unions play in electoral politics. It compounds the offense by implicitly striking down a great many state laws as well.
The problem goes still deeper, for the Court does all of this on the basis of pure speculation.
By reinstating a claim that Citizens United abandoned, the Court gives it a perverse litigating advantage over its adversary, which was deprived of the opportunity to gather and present information necessary to its rebuttal.
“Claims of facial invalidity often rest on speculation,” and consequently “raise the risk of premature interpretation of statutes on the basis of factually barebones records.” In this case, the record is not simply incomplete or unsatisfactory; it is nonexistent. Congress crafted BCRA in response to a virtual mountain of research on the corruption that previous legislation had failed to avert. The Court now negates Congress’ efforts without a shred of evidence on how §203 or its state-law counterparts have been affecting any entity other than Citizens United.
Faced with this gaping empirical hole, the majority throws up its hands. … While tacitly acknowledging that some applications of §203 might be found constitutional, the majority thus posits a future in which novel First Amendment standards must be devised on an ad hoc basis, and then leaps from this unfounded prediction to the unfounded conclusion that such complexity counsels the abandonment of all normal restraint. Yet it is a pervasive feature of regulatory systems that unanticipated events, such as new technologies, may raise some unanticipated difficulties at the margins. The fluid nature of electioneering communications does not make this case special. The fact that a Court can hypothesize situations in which a statute might, at some point down the line, pose some unforeseen as-applied problems, does not come close to meeting the standard for a facial challenge.
The whole point of this test was to make §203 as simple and speech-protective as possible. The Court does not explain how, in the span of a single election cycle, it has determined THE CHIEF JUSTICE’s project to be a failure. In this respect, too, the majority’s critique of line-drawing collapses into a critique of the as-applied review method generally.
There is no legitimate basis for resurrecting a facial challenge that dropped out of this case 20 months ago.
Consider just three of the narrower grounds of decision that the majority has bypassed. First, the Court could have ruled, on statutory grounds, that a feature-length film distributed through video-on-demand does not qualify as an “electioneering communication” under §203 of BCRA.
Finally, let us not forget Citizens United’s as-applied constitutional challenge. Precisely because Citizens United looks so much like the MCFL organizations we have exempted from regulation, while a feature-length video-on-demand film looks so unlike the types of electoral advocacy Congress has found deserving of regulation, this challenge is a substantial one. As the appellant’s own arguments show, the Court could have easily limited the breadth of its constitutional holding had it declined to adopt the novel notion that speakers and speech acts must always be treated identically-and always spared expenditures restrictions-in the political realm. Yet the Court nonetheless turns its back on the as-applied review process that has been a staple of campaign finance litigation since Buckley v. Valeo, and that was affirmed and expanded just two Terms ago in WRTL.
This brief tour of alternative grounds on which the case could have been decided is not meant to show that any of these grounds is ideal, though each is perfectly “valid,”. It is meant to show that there were principled, narrower paths that a Court that was serious about judicial restraint could have taken. There was also the straightforward path: applying Austin and McConnell, just as the District Court did in holding that the funding of Citizens United’s film can be regulated under them. The only thing preventing the majority from affirming the District Court, or adopting a narrower ground that would retain Austin, is its disdain for Austin.
The final principle of judicial process that the majority violates is the most transparent: stare decisis. … But if this principle is to do any meaningful work in supporting the rule of law, it must at least demand a significant justification, beyond the preferences of five Justices, for overturning settled doctrine. “[A] decision to overrule should rest on some special reason over and above the belief that a prior case was wrongly decided.” No such justification exists in this case, and to the contrary there are powerful prudential reasons to keep faith with our precedents.
The Court’s central argument for why stare decisis ought to be trumped is that it does not like Austin. The Court proclaims that “Austin is undermined by experience since its announcement.” This is a curious claim to make in a case that lacks a developed record. The majority has no empirical evidence with which to substantiate the claim; we just have its ipse dixit that the real world has not been kind to Austin. Nor does the majority bother to specify in what sense Austin has been “undermined.” Instead it treats the reader to a string of non sequiturs: “Our Nation’s speech dynamic is changing,” “[s]peakers have become adept at presenting citizens with sound bites, talking points, and scripted messages,” ibid.; “[c]orporations … do not have monolithic views,” ibid. How any of these ruminations weakens the force of stare decisis, escapes my comprehension.
Although the majority opinion spends several pages making these surprising arguments, it says almost nothing about the standard considerations we have used to determine stare decisis value, such as the antiquity of the precedent, the workability of its legal rule, and the reliance interests at stake. It is also conspicuously silent about McConnell, even though the McConnell Court’s decision to uphold BCRA §203 relied not only on the antidistortion logic of Austin but also on the statute’s historical pedigree, and the need to preserve the integrity of federal campaigns.
Pulling out the rug beneath Congress after affirming the constitutionality of §203 six years ago shows great disrespect for a coequal branch.
Consider just one example of the distortions that will follow: Political parties are barred under BCRA from soliciting or spending “soft money,” funds that are not subject to the statute’s disclosure requirements or its source and amount limitations. Going forward, corporations and unions will be free to spend as much general treasury money as they wish on ads that support or attack specific candidates, whereas national parties will not be able to spend a dime of soft money on ads of any kind. The Court’s ruling thus dramatically enhances the role of corporations and unions-and the narrow interests they represent-vis-á-vis the role of political parties-and the broad coalitions they represent-in determining who will hold public office.
In fact, no one has argued to us that Austin’s rule has proved impracticable, and not a single for-profit corporation, union, or State has asked us to overrule it. Quite to the contrary, leading groups representing the business community, organized labor, and the nonprofit sector, together with more than half of the States, urge that we preserve Austin.
In the end, the Court’s rejection of Austin and McConnell comes down to nothing more than its disagreement with their results. Virtually every one of its arguments was made and rejected in those cases, and the majority opinion is essentially an amalgamation of resuscitated dissents. The only relevant thing that has changed since Austin and McConnell is the composition of this Court.
Neither Austin nor McConnell held or implied that corporations may be silenced; the FEC is not a “censor”; and in the years since these cases were decided, corporations have continued to play a major role in the national dialogue. Laws such as §203 target a class of communications that is especially likely to corrupt the political process, that is at least one degree removed from the views of individual citizens, and that may not even reflect the views of those who pay for it. Such laws burden political speech, and that is always a serious matter, demanding careful scrutiny. But the majority’s incessant talk of a “ban” aims at a straw man.
The dissent begins on page 88. It should be required reading. There is so much more.


THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. DANIEL A. HYDE, Defendant and Appellant.
Handy Horiye, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
John K. Van de Kamp, Attorney General, Robert M. Foster and John W. Carney, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Defendant Daniel Hyde moved in with his girl friend, Jeanne Caulfield, in August of 1981. In March of the following year, Caulfield decided to terminate her relationship with Hyde because she wanted to date other men. She agreed to allow Hyde to continue living in her apartment until he received his income tax refund.
Hyde was not happy about Caulfield's decision and he made it apparent to her. On one occasion in April, she received a telephone call at work from a caller who identified himself as Steve Steinbeck, a man she had been dating the previous two weeks. She told the caller about Hyde's harassment of her, but then recognized that the caller was in fact Hyde. Becoming upset and frightened she called the police who met her at her apartment and ordered Hyde to leave.
Following his eviction, Hyde spoke to Caulfield on several occasions and learned from her that Steve Steinbeck was from Iowa and drove a truck. Hyde apparently located where Steinbeck lived and worked. He called Steinbeck's apartment, located at 1845 Hornblend St., and visited the Hub Liquor store where he worked, each time identifying himself as "Richard," a supposed friend of Steinbeck's from Iowa. Thereafter, Steinbeck's truck was vandalized when someone put sugar in the gas tank. Hyde admitted to Caulfield he knew about the incident but he disclaimed personal responsibility. On May 7, after Steinbeck was no longer seeing Caulfield, he returned to his apartment and discovered a man underneath his truck with a wrench and drain pan, loosening the bolts on the differential cover. When confronted, the man sprayed Steinbeck with a mace-type substance and fled. Hyde, a former police reserve officer with the San Diego Police Department, was trained in the use of mace. Steinbeck's description of his assailant generally matched Hyde, but when asked to view a photo lineup, Steinbeck identified the picture of another person as being closest to the man who attacked him.
Hyde became angry when Caulfield refused to resume their relationship. Caulfield attempted to get out of the car but was grabbed by Hyde who began crying. When she again told Hyde she did not want to get back together, he hit her across the face and began choking her. Caulfield lost consciousness.
Caulfield regained consciousness soon thereafter and was aware that Hyde was checking her pulse and giving her mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Hyde then started the car and drove toward the house where he was staying. On the way, he told Caulfield he was not taking her back where she could turn him in for attempted murder and that the incident was all her fault because she wanted to date other people. Hyde stopped at a restaurant parking lot near his house and had Caulfield get out of the car to see if she could walk. He told her not to think about screaming for help. He then took her to his house where they spent the night.
The next morning Hyde acted as though the couple had never broken up. He drove her back to the Sambo's restaurant where they had breakfast. Hyde began to cry, telling Caulfield he just wanted her to be happy and that he was not going to see her again. Caulfield then drove home.
Caulfield's respite proved short-lived. Approximately a week later, as she was driving to her sister's home in El Cajon where she was staying, Caulfield noticed Hyde's car following her. Becoming frightened, she drove immediately to the El Cajon Police Department. As she attempted to enter the parking lot, Hyde cut in front of her, causing their cars to collide. Hyde then got out of his car and began to pound his fists on the hood of Caulfield's car. Hyde moved and Caulfield was able to drive into the parking lot where a blast on her car's horn summoned six police officers who talked with her and Hyde separately.
At about this same time, Caulfield with Felix Olivier's help contacted an attorney to obtain a restraining order against Hyde. The request for an order to show cause and temporary restraining order was filed with the court on May 11 and served on Hyde on May 13.
Olivier lived with his parents in a house on Waring Road in San Diego. Caulfield spent the week of May 9 with the Oliviers, returning to her apartment only to pickup clothes. During that week, Olivier's father, also named Felix, received a phone call from a caller who identified himself as "Richard" and asked if Mr. Olivier's son still lived on Waring Road. The caller, who refused to leave a phone number, said he was a friend of Felix from high school. During the conversation, Mr. Olivier informed the caller that Felix worked for Hewlett-Packard in Rancho Bernardo and that he drove a Fiat.
During the next week, Caulfield's car was sabotaged on two occasions. On May 14, the car would not start and it was discovered that more than a gallon of water had been poured into the fuel tank. On May 17, someone drained all the fluid from the car's differential, causing nearly $500 damage.
The following week, Caulfield and Olivier spoke by phone but agreed to meet only once, clandestinely, at a movie theater on May 23, Felix Olivier's birthday. The next day, May 24, the couple spoke by phone and planned to go to Universal City on the upcoming Memorial Day weekend. That afternoon, Olivier left his parent's house between 1 and 2 and went to work at Hewlett-Packard in Rancho Bernardo.
Because he was a former reserve police officer, Hyde had access to numerous items of police equipment. A search of his residence, garage and car after his arrest yielded the following items: uniform pants, shirt, tie, belt and shoes of the type commonly worn by San Diego police officers; a police-type gun belt and revolver; ammunition for the revolver; police handcuffs, flashlight and whistle; a set of universal keys for San Diego police vehicles, fn. 3 a police reserve parking permit; a .22 calibre rifle and a 20-guage shotgun; diving equipment; a business card with the name "Hewlett-Packard" written on the back; an envelope with the written words, "Steve, 3757 Miss. Blvd., 488-4373, 1845 Hornblend"; and a receipt from Hub Liquor and Delicatessen with the words "Richard stopped by to see Steve. 274-1306" written on the back.
Not long after San Diego police received the report of Felix Olivier's disappearance from his parents and had talked to Jeanne Caulfield, their suspicion focused on Hyde. fn. 4 They had Caulfield place a note on Hyde's windshield asking him to call her. The phone call, which was tape recorded, indicated that Hyde knew various details about Olivier and his relationship with Caulfield that he could have only learned from Olivier. Further, Hyde's comments during the conversation strongly suggest he knew something about the reason for Olivier's disappearance. fn. 5 Later in the conversation, [166 Cal. App. 3d 471] Hyde indicated he would no longer continue talking to Caulfield unless she immediately came over to his house. Otherwise, he explained, "[e]verything else can remain a mystery for the rest of your life ...."
Considerable evidence was also presented indicating that Felix Olivier had no reason to suddenly and voluntarily leave the San Diego area.
Hyde makes three contentions regarding the correctness of the instructions given to the jury on which it was to base its verdict on the first degree murder charge. He argues that certain instructions which were given (i.e., alternative theories of first degree murder) should not have been and that certain instructions which were not given (voluntary manslaughter) should have been. Proper evaluation of these contentions requires a close analysis of the facts, the inferences which the jury could have drawn from the facts, and the strength of those possible inferences.
There appear to be two preliminary facts the jurors would have to determine before there would be any need to apply any of the murder or manslaughter instructions. They would first need to conclude that Hyde was the "police officer" who was observed stopping Olivier on Interstate 15 and pushing him into the back seat of a marked patrol car on May 24, 1982. Of this the evidence demonstrates there can be no doubt and Hyde realistically concedes the fact in his brief. The jury would next need to find that Hyde caused Olivier's death at some point after he kidnaped him. Again, this fact likely posed no stumbling block for the jury. Olivier had no reason to voluntarily disappear. He was last observed being forced into the police car by Hyde. Hyde's comments to Caulfield in the tape-recorded phone conversation indicate he knew what had happened to Olivier. Absent additional evidence, the only reasonable conclusion is that Hyde killed Olivier at some point after he kidnaped him.
Having drawn these conclusions, the only remaining task for the jury would be to assess Hyde's mental state with respect to the killing of Felix Olivier. It is in this context that Hyde's three instructional contentions become relevant.
 Hyde initially contends the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on voluntary manslaughter as a lesser included offense of murder. The court refused Hyde's request for the instruction, concluding there was no evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that Hyde was guilty of voluntary manslaughter. (See People v. Flannel (1979) 25 Cal. 3d 668, 684-685 [160 Cal. Rptr. 84, 603 P.2d 1].) Hyde contests that conclusion, pointing to evidence he claims would support a "heat of passion" theory. He further argues that the failure to instruct on manslaughter had the effect of creating an unconstitutional presumption of malice from proof by the [166 Cal. App. 3d 473] prosecution of an unlawful killing. We are unable to accept either contention.
 Hyde further suggests that the trial court's failure to give a voluntary manslaughter instruction may have been due to application of the principles found in Penal Code section 1105. That section provides that where the defendant is shown to have committed a homicide, the burden of producing evidence to justify, excuse or mitigate the homicide devolves upon the defendant unless such evidence was already part of the prosecution's case. (People v. Cornett (1948) 33 Cal. 2d 33, 42 [198 P.2d 877]; People v. Kelley (1980) 113 Cal. App. 3d 1005, 1008-1013 [170 Cal. Rptr. 392]; People v. Loggins (1972) 23 Cal. App. 3d 597, 601 [100 Cal. Rptr. 528].) Noting that he failed to testify in his own defense and recognizing that the circumstantial evidence demonstrating he killed Olivier was overwhelming (see ante, p. 472) Hyde argues that the lack of a voluntary manslaughter instruction amounted to an unconstitutional presumption of malice prohibited by a series of United States Supreme Court cases beginning withMullaney v. Wilbur (1975) 421 U.S. 684 [44 L. Ed. 2d 508, 95 S. Ct. 1881] and includingSandstrom v. Montana (1979) 442 U.S. 510 [61 L. Ed. 2d 39, 99 S. Ct. 2450]. He explains that even if the trial court correctly concluded the evidence would not reasonably support a finding of voluntary manslaughter, the failure to give that instruction improperly removed the issue of malice from the jurors and forced them to find him guilty of murder once they concluded he killed Olivier.
 Properly interpreted, section 1105 merely reflects the commonsense observation that the circumstances of a killing may and often do suggest an inference of malice. fn. 9 Under such circumstances, a prima facie case of murder is established and the burden of producing evidence negating malice falls to the defendant who is, needless to say, in the best position to produce such evidence. Where either the prosecution evidence or evidence presented by the defendant is sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt as to whether the killing was malicious, the prosecution bears the burden of persuading the jury as to the defendant's actual mental sta te. Where such evidence is nonexistent, however, the prosecution's burden has already been met. It is simply incorrect to contend, however, as Hyde does here, that the jury could have concluded it was "as likely as not" he killed Olivier without malice but nonetheless convicted him of murder. The jury necessarily found under the instructions as given that Hyde acted with malice in killing Felix Olivier.
Even if his requested instruction on voluntary manslaughter was properly refused, Hyde argues the evidence was insufficient to support the instructions which were given on first degree murder. The jury was presented with two first degree murder theories with which to analyze the case. Instructions were given on standard premeditated first degree murder and first degree murder under a "lying in wait" theory. Hyde's argument with respect to the "lying in wait" instruction requires that we explore the legal parameters of that theory of first degree murder.
 In order to establish that the murder was by means of lying in wait, "the elements of waiting, watching, and concealment for the purpose of [166 Cal. App. 3d 476] taking the victim unawares" must be proven. (Id, at p. 480; People v. Tuthill (1974) 31 Cal. 2d 92, 100-101 [187 P.2d 16]; Domino v. Superior Court (1982) 129 Cal. App. 3d 100, 1007 [181 Cal. Rptr. 486]; see also People v. Atchley (1959) 53 Cal. 2d 160, 175 [346 P.2d 764].) Hyde concedes there is ample evidence of his watching and waiting for Felix Olivier. He argues, however, that there is insufficient evidence of any concealment on his part and that the killing of Felix Olivier, if it occurred, was not the result of Hyde's watchful waiting. Accordingly, he contends the trial court erred in presenting the "lying in wait" theory to the jury.
Here, Hyde's true identity and purpose were concealed from Olivier because Hyde was disguised as a police officer. Not only did the disguise conceal Hyde but it also facilitated his obtaining "a position of advantage" over Olivier (Ward, supra, 27 Cal.App.3d at p. 230) by virtue of the usual deference accorded law enforcement officials by citizens, which enabled Hyde to easily control and later dispose of his victim. Concealment by disguise is, in our view, sufficient to support the giving of a "lying in wait" instruction.
Nor are we persuaded by Hyde's contention that there is an insufficient temporal nexus between the killing and the "watchful waiting." The facts at trial indicated that Hyde stalked the Hewlett-Packard facility for several days prior to Olivier's disappearance, waiting for an opportune moment. On May 24, Hyde parked outside the Hewlett-Packard gate waiting for Olivier to leave. He followed and stopped Olivier in the guise of a police officer making a traffic stop. His identity and purpose still concealed, Hyde then kidnaped his victim in order to remove him to a less visible location to accomplish the killing. We view that kidnaping as a logical and integral part of Hyde's homicidal plan which does not mean that the killing "did not follow on the heels of the watchful waiting." (People v. Merkouris (1956) 46 Cal. 2d 540, 560 [297 P.2d 999].) Rather, each step in the planned sequence of events followed uninterrupted from the prior step, indicating that [166 Cal. App. 3d 477] "the killing was accomplished by the means of his watching and waiting in concealment." (People v. Harrison (1963) 59 Cal. 2d 622, 631 [30 Cal. Rptr. 841, 381 P.2d 665].) The "lying in wait" instruction was, therefore, properly given.
 Relying onPeople v. Anderson (1968) 70 Cal. 2d 15, 26-27 [73 Cal. Rptr. 550, 447 P.2d 942], Hyde also contends the court erred in instructing the jury on premeditated first degree murder. In Anderson, the Supreme Court structured a framework for analyzing sufficiency-of-the-evidence contentions as they relate to premeditated first degree murder. According to the Anderson court, evidence which would support a finding of premeditation generally falls into three categories:"(1) facts about how and what defendant did prior to the actual killing which show that the defendant was engaged in activity directed towards, and explicable as intended to result in, the killing--what may be characterized as 'planning' activity; (2) facts about the defendant's prior relationship and/or conduct with the victim from which the jury could reasonably infer a 'motive' to kill the victim, which inference of motive, together with facts of type (1) or (3), would in turn support an inference that the killing was the result of a 'preexisting reflection' and 'careful thought and weighing of considerations' rather than 'mere unconsidered or rash impulse hastily executed' [citation]; (3) facts about the nature of the killing from which the jury could infer that the manner of killing was so particular and exacting that the defendant must have intentionally killed according to a 'preconceived design' to take his victim's life in a particular way for a 'reason' which the jury can reasonably infer from facts of type (1) or (2).
In the present case, because Olivier's body was never found, there is no category (3) or "manner"-type evidence. Nonetheless, evidence falling within the first two categories is substantial. Hyde concocted an elaborate scheme which began more than a week before Olivier's death when he contacted Olivier's father using an assumed name and learned where Olivier worked and the model car he drove. Hyde then stole a police car on not one but several occasions in order to stalk Olivier, and impersonated a police officer on each of those occasions. Given the severe legal consequences associated with stealing a police car, impersonating a police officer and kidnaping, it is unlikely Hyde would have risked those consequences if the object of his planning was other than to kill Olivier. Further, the fact that Olivier's body was never found circumstantially suggests a preconceived plan to dispose of the body.
As to motive, Hyde's actions toward Caulfield and the men she dated after the breakup demonstrate a pattern of increased hostility and violence. When his harassment of Caulfield did not cause her to change her decision to date other people, Hyde resorted to vandalizing Steve Steinbeck's truck and Caulfield's car. He assaulted Steinbeck with a can of mace and physically assaulted Caulfield when she again refused to resume their relationship. When Olivier helped Caulfield obtain a restraining order against Hyde's conduct, Hyde threatened Caulfield and it is reasonable to assume he determined more severe tactics were required against both Caulfield and Olivier. It appears at that point that Hyde's primary motivation changed from resuming his relationship with Caulfield to exacting revenge.
Finally, we cannot ignore Hyde's statements to Caulfield in the recorded phone conversation. (See ante, fn. 5.) Once it was established to the jury's satisfaction that Hyde had killed Olivier (see ante, p. 472), Hyde's comments permit the inference not that he was concealing his guilt but rather that he was savoring the results of a vengeful plot by giving Caulfield hints which would cause her to discover Olivier's fate and suspect Hyde was responsible. Such a frame of mind strongly suggests that Olivier's death was the planned and anticipated result of Hyde's elaborate scheme.
In explaining its decision to inform the venire that this was not a potential death penalty case, the court stated as follows: "I do this only because I am aware of human nature and I am aware of certain individuals that just would not feel comfortable in serving on a case if they thought that at sometime in the future they would have to deal with the penalty question, and I know from past experience that if I don't inform them at the outset, then at sometime during the trial we are going to get that question from one of the jurors and we are going to have to meet that question then. I do not think it is inappropriate to come up front with the jury in this case or in any case where it doesn't prejudice the defendant."
We believe the trial court's comments were proper and prudent. The public commonly understands that in contrast to other criminal cases, the jury in a death penalty murder case must determine penalty as well as guilt. The moral and ethical questions surrounding the use of the death penalty have generated considerable social debate. It is reasonable to anticipate that a significant number of prospective jurors might question their ability to sit on a jury which potentially would have to consider imposition of a sentence of death. Not only did the trial judge's decision to raise and dispose of the issue at the outset save time and unnecessary strain on potential jurors' psyches, but it also avoided any possibility that a prospective juror's concern about serving on a death penalty case might skew his answers to voir dire questioning.
Furthermore, we think it impossible to contend that a jury charged with trying a murder defendant in a noncapital case is more likely to unfairly convict because of a diminished "sense of responsibility." The only contention which has been seriously advanced in this regard is that because the issue of the morality of the death penalty is independent of a defendant's guilt or innocence in an individual case, a juror morally opposed to the death penalty may be inclined to acquit a guilty defendant rather than impose [166 Cal. App. 3d 480] what he perceives to be an immoral penalty. (See § 1074, subd. 8; see alsoWitherspoon v. Illinois (1968) 391 U.S. 510, 522-523, fn. 21 [20 L. Ed. 2d 776, 785, 88 S. Ct. 1170].) We do not believe a defendant in a noncapital case is entitled to foster uncertainty with respect to potential penalties in hopes that one or more jurors conscientiously opposed to capital punishment will be unjustifiably swayed to acquit.
Lewis, J., and Lester, J., concurred.
FN 1. Certified for publication with the exception of section III.
FN 2. Three witnesses testified they saw a marked San Diego police car parked near the Hewlett-Packard offices during the week prior to Felix Olivier's disappearance. One of the witnesses, Officer Walter Hadaway of the San Diego Police Department, was on patrol in the Rancho Bernardo area when he spotted another police car at approximately 11:15 in the evening. He approached, intending to contact the other officer, but the second police vehicle started up and drove away. Hadaway identified Hyde as the driver of the parked police car.
FN 3. Personnel with the San Diego Police Department testified that officers are routinely issued three universal vehicle keys of the type found in the search of Hyde's residence. One key fits each of the three makes of police cars: Ford, Chrysler and General Motors. The keys will unlock and start any police car of the appropriate make. It was further explained that police cars not currently in use were left unlocked in parking lots at various police substations throughout the city and that no one checked to insure that a person taking a spare vehicle from a substation lot was authorized to do so.
FN 4. A member of the police surveillance team testified that on two successive dates during the week following Olivier's disappearance, Hyde drove to the area of Adobe Falls Road and Waring Road, near Caulfield's apartment.
"Hyde: [Felix] got what he wanted from you and then when he got it he didn't want to have anything to do with you, but he bullshitted you. He told you that you had too deep a personal problems and family problems and everything else. Obviously all he wanted was one thing from you and then he got it and then he didn't want to have anything to do with you. He managed to get you to go to the garage sale and everything else.
"Caulfield: Well, I am not going to call him if he doesn't call me. It just will be someone new. I will just find someone else. What are you talking about garage sale? My God, what are you, his best friend or something?
"Hyde You can always find somebody new. There is no problem there. There is no problem. Easy, no problem. You might even live with him for a year. No problem, easy, simple, but call him. I definitely guarantee you will be surprised.
"Caulfield: Call him about--what do you mean I'll be surprised?
"Hyde: Well, call him, you know. His parents answer the phone and you'll be surprised.
"Caulfield: What for? What are you matchmaking for me or something?
"Hyde: Go ahead, Babe. Go ahead. You will be very surprised and then you are really going to hate me and then we will be nice and even because you will hate me.
"Caulfield: Well, you have been following him, haven't you? You had to have been. What did you do to him? Why are you telling me to call him?
"Hyde: I don't know anything about the man.
"Caulfield: You don't know anything about him?
"Hyde: No he is just a boy. I don't know anything about boys.
"Caulfield: He is just a boy. Why will I hate you?
"Hyde: Call him. I guarantee it.
"Caulfield: Will you call me back later, please?
"Hyde: Probably not. You probably will be making a thousand phone calls.
"Caulfield: Did you do something to him?
"Hyde: Of course not, baby. I don't know anything about him. I don't even know his name--(unintelligible). But just remember, remember what I told you about the restraining order? What did I say would happen if you--tried to get one.
"Caulfield: Yes, you did, you did something to him. Now that I think of it, he was supposed to call me yesterday.
"Hyde: Remember what I said.
"Hyde: If you try to get a restraining order against me it will cost you nothing but money and heartache.
"Hyde: I called you the day you gave the phone to Felix, May the 8th, after he spent the night over there, and I said 'If you seek a restraining order against me, it will cost you nothing but money and heartache.' So far you have seen the money.
"Caulfield: Why are you telling me to call Felix now? He should be at work.
"Hyde: Go ahead and call his house.
"Caulfield: My God, what did you do to him? Why are you asking me to talk to him?
"Hyde: Go ahead, baby. Money and heartaches; and if you try and pursue it any further, the same thing will happen.
"Caulfield: What are you saying? I am confused. If I try to pursue what later the same thing will happen?
"Hyde: If you call him, you are going to get really pissed off."
FN 6. All statutory references are to the Penal Code.
FN 8. We recognize that our system precludes the court from overturning even an irrational verdict in a defendant's favor. To the extent Hyde is suggesting a defendant is entitled to instructions which cater to the possibility of such irrationality by providing a menu of criminal offenses not supported by the evidence, we do not agree.
FN 9. That such an inference is not mandatory is demonstrated by the statement in section 1105 that the evidence in the prosecution's case may itself indicate the killing was without malice.
FN 10. To these three categories we might suggest a fourth which we view as more or less implicit in the Anderson decision, that being statements or conduct of the defendant after the killing to the extent they indicate the killing was part of a preconceived and deliberate plan. We extrapolate this fourth category by negative implication from Anderson's warning that "cover-up" evidence is generally irrelevant because it only casts light on the defendant's mental state after the killing.(70 Cal.2d at p. 32.) Statements made after the killing, however, in the form of a confession or incriminatory admissions, may relate to a preexisting state of mind. Similarly in the present case, Hyde's statements to Caulfield after Olivier's disappearance, although hardly determinative on the issue, indicate his desire to use Olivier's death to punish Caulfield and thus suggest that Olivier's death was part of a preconceived plan of revenge.