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2011-05-26 Assigned to NEODYNE BIOSCIENCES, INC. reassignment NEODYNE BIOSCIENCES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DAUSKARDT, REINHOLD H., YOCK, PAUL, JACKSON, JASPER, ZEPEDA, JOHN A., BEASLEY, WILLIAM R.
A skin frame or other skin straining device strains skin on each side of a wound where a wound has been closed to off load stresses at the wound site. A dressing may be applied to the strained skin. The dressing may be integral with one or more elements of the skin straining device.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/854,859, filed on Aug. 11, 2010, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. This application is also related to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/888,978, filed on Aug. 3, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Scar formation in response to cutaneous injury is part of the natural wound healing process. Wound healing is a lengthy and continuous process, although it is typically recognized as occurring in stages. The process begins immediately after injury, with an inflammatory stage. During this stage, which typically lasts from two days to one week (depending on the wound), damaged tissues and foreign matter are removed from the wound. The proliferative stage occurs at a time after the inflammatory stage and is characterized by fibroblast proliferation and collagen and proteoglycan production. It is during the proliferative stage that the extracellular matrix is synthesized in order to provide structural integrity to the wound. The proliferative stage usually lasts about four days to several weeks, depending on the nature of the wound, and it is during this stage when hypertrophic scars usually form. The last stage is called the remodeling stage. During the remodeling stage the previously constructed and randomly organized matrix is remodeled into an organized structure that is highly cross-linked and aligned to increase mechanical strength.
While the histological features characterizing hypertrophic scars have been well documented, the underlying pathophysiology is not well known. Hypertrophic scars are a side effect of excessive wound healing, and generally result in the overproduction of cells, collagen, and proteoglycans. Typically, these scars are raised and are characterized by the random distribution of tissue bundles. The appearance (i.e., size, shape, and color) of these scars varies depending on the part of the body in which they form, and the underlying ethnicity of the person affected. Hypertrophic scars are very common, and may occur following any full thickness injury to the skin. Recently, it has been shown in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2006/0037091 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/135,992 entitled “Method for Producing Hypertrophic Scarring Animal Model for Identification of Agents for Prevention and Treatment of Human Hypertrophic Scarring,” filed May 24, 2005) which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, that mechanical stress may increase hypertrophic scarring in a murine model.
Keloids are typically characterized as tumors consisting of highly hyperplastic masses that occur in the dermis and adjacent subcutaneous tissue in susceptible individuals, most commonly following trauma. Keloids are often more severe than hypertrophic scars, since they tend to invade normal adjacent tissue, while hypertrophic scars tend to remain confined within the original scar border.
Devices, kits and methods described herein may be for wound healing, including the treatment, amelioration, or prevention of scars and/or keloids by applying and/or maintaining a strain, compression or stress in skin by to transferring a generally planar force from the device to the skin surface. Devices kits and methods herein may also include a dressing or other device that maintains the skin in a strained, compressed or stressed state to unload stresses on the skin at or near a wound site for a treatment period.
According to some variations, a skin frame or other skin straining device is provided that strains skin on each side of a wound to off load stresses at the wound site. A dressing may be applied to the strained skin. The dressing may be integral with one or more elements of the skin straining device.
According to some variations, a method of unloading stress experienced by skin or a wound of a subject comprises: straining skin on opposing sides of a treatment area wherein the treatment area comprises a previously closed wound; and applying a dressing to at least a portion of the treatment area to maintain at least a portion of the strain for a treatment period. According to some variations, the step of straining skin comprises straining skin to a measured amount. According to some variations, the step of straining skin to a measured amount comprises straining skin to a predetermined percent strain. According to some variations, the step of straining skin on opposing sides of a treatment area comprises applying a compressive stress to the skin. According to some variations, the step of straining skin on opposing sides of a treatment area comprises applying a measured strain to the skin. According to some variations, the step of straining skin on opposing sides of a treatment area comprises applying a measured force to the skin. According to some variations, the step of straining skin on opposing sides of a treatment area comprises applying a tensile stress to opposite sides of longitudinal edges of a wound. According to some variations, the step of straining skin opposing sides of a treatment area comprises applying a measured strain to the skin on opposite sides of longitudinal edges of a wound. According to some variations, the step of straining skin opposing sides of a treatment area comprises applying a measured force to the skin on opposite sides of longitudinal edges of a wound.
According to other variations, a skin straining device comprises: a first straining element comprising a first skin attachment structure; a second straining element comprising a second skin attachment structure; a handle structure coupled to at least one of the first straining element and the second straining element, configured to move the first straining element with respect to the second straining element; and wherein the first attachment structure and second attachment structure are configured to be positioned on opposite sides of a skin treatment region, and wherein the first and second straining elements are each configured to move with respect to each other in a manner that changes a distance between the first attachment structure and the second attachment structure; and a measuring element configured to determine a measurement corresponding to amount of force applied to the skin region. According to some variations the measurement comprises a predetermined amount of strain applied to the skin. According to some variations, the measurement comprises a predetermined amount of compressive strain applied to the skin. According to some variations the measurement comprises a predetermined amount of tensile strain applied to the skin. According to some variations, the measurement comprises a predetermined amount of compressive force applied to the skin. According to some variations, the measurement comprises a predetermined amount of tensile force applied to the skin. According to some variations, the device further comprises a dressing configured to be placed on a pre-strained skin region to maintain at least a portion of the strain. According to some variations, the device is further configured to apply a strain of at least about 20% to the skin region. According to some variations, the device is further configured to apply a strain of at least about 40% to the skin region. According to some variations, the straining structure comprises a first frame structure and the second straining structure comprises a second frame structure, wherein at least one of said first and second frame structures is configured to provide an area of space in which to guide positioning of a skin treatment region. According to some variations, the device further comprises a dressing removably coupled to the device, wherein the dressing is configured to be positioned on a skin region strained by the device. According to some variations, the first attachment structure and second attachment structure each comprise a plurality of attachment elements. According to some variations, each of the plurality of attachment elements of each of the first and second attachment structures provide a variable strain between an adjacent attachment element. According to some variations, the device further comprises a plurality of spring elements each of said plurality of spring elements positioned between adjacent attachment elements. According to some variations, the attachment structures comprise a skin adhesive.
FIG. 1A is a superior view of a skin treatment device in a first position; and FIG. 1B is a superior view of the skin treatment device of FIG. 1A in a second position.
FIG. 2A is a superior view of a skin straining device and dressing assembly in a first position. FIG. 2B is a superior view of the skin straining device of FIG. 2A in a second position; FIG. 2C is an inferior view of the skin straining device of FIG. 2A in the second position; FIG. 2D is a superior view of the skin straining device of FIG. 2A in a third position in a first configuration; FIG. 2E is a superior view of the skin straining device of FIG. 2D in a second configuration. FIG. 2F is a cross sectional view of FIG. 2A along line A-A OF FIG. 2A.
FIG. 3A is a superior view of a skin straining device and dressing assembly in a first position. FIG. 3B is a side elevational view of the device of FIG. 3A.
FIG. 4A is a superior view of a skin stress unloading or straining device in a first position; FIG. 4B is a superior view of the device of FIG. 4A in a second position.
FIG. 5A is a perspective view of a skin stress unloading or straining device in a first position; FIG. 5B is a perspective view of the device of FIG. 5A in a second position.
Previous attempts to treat scars and keloids have included surgery, silicone dressings, steroids, x-ray irradiation, and cryotherapy. Each of these techniques has disadvantages. Perhaps the biggest disadvantage is that none of them effectively prevent or ameliorate the formation of scars or keloids in the first instance. That is, these techniques have primarily been used to treat scars after they are already well established.
The mechanical environment of an injury may be an important factor in tissue response to that injury. The mechanical environment includes exogenous stress (i.e., physiological stress which includes stress transferred to the wound via muscle action or physical body movement) and endogenous stress (i.e., dermal stress originating from the physical properties of the skin itself, including stress induced at the wound site due to swelling or contraction of the skin). The devices, and methods described herein may control or regulate the mechanical environment of a wound to ameliorate scar and/or keloid formation. The mechanical environment of a wound includes stress, strain, and any combination of stress and strain. The control of a wound's mechanical environment may be active or passive, dynamic (e.g., by applying an oscillating stress) or static. The stresses and strains acting on the wound may involve the layers of the skin, such as the outer stratum corneum, the epidermis and dermis, as well as the underlying connective tissue layers, such as the subcutaneous fat. Devices and methods described here may shield a wound from its mechanical environment. The term “shield” is meant to encompass the unloading of stress experienced by the wound as well as providing a physical barrier against contact, contaminants, and the like. The devices and methods described here may shield a wound by unloading the wound and surrounding tissues from endogenous stress and/or exogenous stress. Thus, devices and methods described here may reduce the stress experienced by a wound and surrounding tissues to a lower level than that experienced by normal skin and tissue. Unloading of exogenous and/or endogenous stress in the vicinity of the wound may ameliorate the formation of scars, hypertrophic scars, or keloids.
A cell's external mechanical environment may trigger biological responses inside the cells and change cell behavior. Cells can sense and respond to changes in their mechanical environment using integrin, an integral membrane protein in the plasma membrane of cells, and intracellular pathways. The intracellular pathways are initiated by receptors attached to cell membranes and the cell membrane that can sense mechanical forces. For example, mechanical forces can induce secretion of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and other biologically active compounds that can increase or trigger the inflammatory response. Such secretions can act in the cells that secrete them (intracrine), on the cells that secrete them (autocrine), on cells surrounding the cells that secrete them (paracrine), or act at a distance from the point of secretion (endocrine). Intracrine interference can alter cell signaling, which can in turn alter cell behavior and biology including the recruitment of cells to the wound, proliferation of cells at the wound, and cell death in the wound. In addition, the extracellular matrix may be affected.
As noted above, the wound healing process may be characterized in three stages: early inflammatory phase, the proliferative phase, and remodeling. The inflammatory phase occurs immediately after injury and typically lasts about two days to one week. Blood clotting takes place to halt blood loss and factors are released to attract cells that can remove debris, bacteria and damaged tissue from the wound. In addition, factors are released to initiate the proliferative phase of wound healing. In the proliferative phase, which lasts about four days to several weeks, fibroblasts grow and build a new extracellular matrix by secreting collagen and proteoglycans. At the end of the proliferative phase, fibroblasts can act to contract the wound further. In the remodeling phase, randomly oriented collagen is organized and crosslinked along skin tension lines. Cells that are no longer needed can undergo apoptosis. The remodeling phase may continue for many weeks or months, or indefinitely after injury. Scars typically reach about 75-80% of normal skin breaking strength about 6-8 weeks after injury. In general, scars typically have a triangular cross-section. That is, a scar is usually smallest in volume near the skin surface (i.e., stratum corneum and epidermis) and increases in volume as it progresses into the deeper layers of the dermis.
There are three common possible outcomes to a wound healing process. First, a normal scar can result. Second, a pathologic increase in scar formation can result, such as formation of a hypertrophic scar or a keloid. Third, the wound may not heal completely and become a chronic wound or ulcer. The devices, kits and methods described herein can ameliorate the formation of any type of scar. In addition, the devices, kits and methods described here can be adapted for a variety of wound sizes, and for different thicknesses of skin, e.g., the devices may be configured for use in different areas of the body. In addition, the devices, kits and methods described here can be adapted to ameliorate scar formation in any type of skin, e.g., body location, age, race, or condition.
Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, we believe that mechanical strain acting on a wound or incision early in the proliferative phase of the wound healing process may inhibit cellular apoptosis, leading to a significant accumulation of cells and matrix, and hence increased scarring or the production of hypertrophic scars. Given the underlying similarities between hypertrophic scars and keloids with respect to excessive matrix formation, we believe that the devices and methods described herein may also be useful in preventing and treating keloids by offloading or neutralizing at least some of the strain that may be acting on the wound or incision. This tensile strain may be exogenous and/or endogenous strain, and may include but is not limited to the strain from the intrinsic tensile forces found in normal intact skin tissue.
Devices and methods are described herein for ameliorating the formation of scars and/or keloids at a wound site. The scars may be any type of scar, e.g., a normal scar, a hypertrophic scar, etc. In general, the devices may be configured to be removably secured to a skin surface near a wound. The devices may shield the wound from endogenous stress and/or exogenous stress. In some variations, the devices may shield the wound from endogenous stress without affecting exogenous stress on the wound, e.g., devices that modify the elastic properties of the skin, etc. In other variations, the devices may shield the wound from exogenous stress without affecting endogenous stress on the wound. Such variations may include situations where the musculature and surrounding wound tissue has been paralyzed, e.g., through the use of botulinum toxin or the like. In still other variations, the devices shield the wound from both endogenous and exogenous stress.
In such variations, a device may comprise a first device to temporarily exert forces that unload stresses or shield wounds from various stresses, and a second device to maintain at least some of such unloading or shielding for a period of time.
The devices described herein may ameliorate the formation of scars at wound sites by controllably stressing or straining the epidermis and deeper layers of dermal tissue around the wound, thereby reducing tensile or compressive stress at the wound site itself. The stress at the wound site may be reduced to levels below that experienced by normal skin and tissue. The stress or strain may be applied to surrounding tissue in one, two, or three directions to reduce endogenous or exogenous stress at the wound in one, two or three directions.
According to some variations of devices and methods herein, a first device may be used to compressively strain skin and then a second device may be used to hold or maintain at least a portion of the strain. According to variation of devices and methods herein a device used to strain skin may comprise a skin straining element and a strain holding element. According to variation of devices and methods herein, skin adjacent a wound or scar may be compressively stressed or strained to a desired or predetermined amount or force. According to some variations of devices and methods herein, skin adjacent a wound or scar may tensile stressed or strained to a desired or a predetermined amount or force. According to some variations of devices or methods herein, skin near a previously closed wound or incision, such as, a sutured wound or incision may be stressed or strained with the skin frame to unload stresses at the wound or incision site. A dressing may then be applied over stressed or strained skin to maintain at least a portion of the stress unloading or strain.
According to some variations of devices and methods herein as strain of greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60% may be applied to an area of skin. A dressing applied to the skin may maintain greater than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, or 20% of the strain applied to the skin.
FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate a skin frame 2200 configured to pre-strain skin prior to application of a skin treatment device to the skin that will hold the skin in a strained configuration. The frame 2200 comprises an inner sliding frame 2201 and an outer sliding frame 2202. Attachment structure 2206 is attached to the bottom of inner sliding frame 2201 on a first side 2203 of the skin frame 2200. Attachment structure 2207 is attached to the bottom of the outer sliding frame 2202 on a second side 2204 of the skin frame 2200. The attachment structures 2206, 2207 are configured to attach to skin, for example by way of adhesive, friction pads, microneedles and the like. The friction pads may comprise a silicone, a viscoelastic polymer such as styrenic block polymers, and the like. The skin frame 2200 may comprise a paperboard, plastic, rigid, semi-rigid or flexible material, including but not limited to, for example, a plastic, e.g., PVC or acrylic, or a paperboard, a laminate of a material, such as a solid bleach sulfate paperboard with a layer of flexible material between layers of paperboard, for example, silicone, polyurethane, low-density polyethylene or a rubber material. The material may also be a metal.
In use, the attachment structures 2206, 2207 are attached to skin when the skin frame is in the first position as shown in FIG. 1A. In the first position the distance between the attachment structures is L1. As shown in FIG. 1B, the sides 2203, 2204 of the skin frame are slid together by sliding inner frame 2201 and outer frame 2202 with respect to each other. Thus the distance between the attachment structures is L2 where L2 is less than L1, thus straining the skin to which the attachment structures 2206, 2207 are attached. A skin treatment device may then be placed through opening 2205 of the skin frame. The skin treatment device is configured to hold the skin in place. The skin treatment structure may be an unstrained or a strained treatment structure. For example such as the dressings, wound treatment device or skin treatment devices described herein or use with an applicator.
The skin frame 2200 may include a slot or guide rail on the underside or an inner window edge of the sliding outer frame 2202 on the first side of the skin frame 2200, that slidably couple the inner and outer frames 2201, 2202, for example. Alternatively, the slot or guide rail may be located on an inner window edge of the sliding outer frame 2202 that slidably couples to an outer edge of the inner frame 2201. The skin frame 2200 may also include a handle on the sliding inner frame 2201 on the first side 2203 of the skin frame 2200 for pulling or pushing the inner skin frame 2201 with respect to the outer skin frame 2202. A handle may also be provided on the sliding outer frame 2202 on the second side 2204 of the skin frame 2200 to assist in moving the inner and outer frames with respect to each other. Gripping surface material may also be provided on the handles or on the surfaces of the frame 2200 to facilitate squeezing of the frame 2200. The inside of the outer frame and/or the outside of the inner frame may be coated with a lubricious material such as Kapton tape or may be constructed of a low friction material such as HDPE or UHMWPE to permit ease of sliding.
The skin frame 2200 may be alternatively constructed where attachment structure 2206 is alternatively attached to the bottom of the inner sliding frame 2201 on the second side 2204 of the skin frame 2200 and attachment structure 2207 is alternatively attached to the bottom of the outer sliding frame 2202 on the first side 2203 of the skin frame 2200. In such a configuration FIG. 1B would represent a first configuration where the skin is not compressed by the skin frame. FIG. 1A would represent a second configuration in which skin is compressively strained between the inner sliding frame 2201 on the second side 2204 and the outer sliding frame 2202 on the first side 2203 by sliding the frames together to decrease the distance between attachment structures.
Referring to FIGS. 2A to 2F, another variation of a skin straining or compressing device 2300 is illustrated. The device 2300 comprises a skin compressing or straining portion 2310 comprising an outer frame structure 2311 and an inner frame structure 2331 that is slidable within the outer frame structure 2311, i.e., at least a portion of the inner frame structure is slidable within a slot or groove or rail of the outer frame structure and so that window portions of each of the inner and outer frame structures at least partially overlap as described herein. The outer frame structure 2311 includes sides 2312, 2313, 2314, 2315 that form a window portion 2316 through which a wound, incision, typically a closed wound incision, or scar or other area of treatment of a subject's skin may be viewed for placement of the skin frame. The outer frame structure 2311 may also include guides 2324 that may be used to position the wound or other skin area within the window portion 2316. The outer frame structure 2311 may also comprise markings 2325 to indicate a percent strain in the skin compression or other metrics or measurements indicating the amount of compression such as change in distance or length. The outer frame structure 2311 includes an opening or slot 2317 into or through which the inner frame structure 2331 may move or slide. The device 2300 may comprise a paperboard, plastic, rigid, semi-rigid or flexible material, including but not limited to, for example, a plastic, e.g., PVC or acrylic, or a paperboard, a laminate of a material, such as a solid bleach sulfate paperboard with a layer of flexible material between layers of paperboard, for example, silicone, polyurethane, low-density polyethylene or a rubber material. The material may also be a metal.
The inner frame structure 2331 includes a frame portion 2337 that slides or moves within the slot 2317. The inside of the slot and/or the outside of the inner frame may be coated with a lubricious material such as Kapton tape or may be constructed of a low friction material such as HDPE or UHMWPE to permit ease of sliding. Frame portion 2337 includes sides 2332, 2333, 2334, 2335 that form a window portion 2336 that at least partially overlaps window portion 2316 of the outer frame structure 2311 when the frame portion 2337 is positioned in the slot 2317. Inner frame structure 2331 also comprises a dressing carrier 2340 and a dressing 2342 separated from the frame portion 2337 by fold line 2341. The inner frame structure 2331 also comprises a straining handle or tab portion 2348 that is used to exert a compressive stressing or straining force to skin of a subject as described in more detail herein. The free end 2349 of the dressing carrier 2340 in this illustration acts as a straining handle or tab portion 2348 that is pulled to exert a compressive stressing or straining force as described in more detail herein.
The dressing 2342 is positioned in a cut out or opening 2344 in the dressing carrier 2340. The opening 2344 is defined by sides 2345 which do not contact the dressing 2342. A liner 2343 overlays an adhesive side 2346 of the dressing on the top side 2351 of the inner frame structure 2331 as shown in FIG. 2A. The dressing 2342 is removably coupled to the dressing carrier 2340 by way of a frame wrapper 2352 which is positioned over the dressing 2342 and opening 2344 and is attached to the dressing carrier 2340 on the back side 2353 of the inner frame structure 2340. The adhesive side 2346 of the dressing 2342 includes a layer of a skin adhesive, such as, for example a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) to be applied to the skin of a subject. The adhesive side 2346 is covered by an adhesive liner 2343 located on the top side 2351 on the dressing carrier 2340. When removed, the adhesive liner 2343 exposes the adhesive layer 2346 of the dressing 2342 at the top side 2351 of the inner frame 2331.
The outer frame structure 2311 includes an attachment structure 2362 such as a skin adhesive on the side 2312 on the bottom side 2361 of the frame structure 2311. The attachment structure is constructed to removably attach the device 2300 to a first side of a wound or other skin location. The inner frame structure 2331 includes an attachment structure 2363 such as a skin adhesive on the side 2334 of the back side 2353 of the inner frame structure 2331. The side 2334 of the inner frame structure includes an edge 2334 a that is exposed through window portion 2316 of the outer frame structure 2311. The attachment structures 2362, 2363 may be adhesives that are covered with a releasable liner prior to use.
The device 2300 is illustrated in FIG. 2A in a first initial configuration. In the initial configuration, the frame portion 2337 of the inner frame structure 2331 is positioned within the slot 2317 of the outer frame structure 2311 so that the edge 2334 a of the side 2334 of the frame portion 2337 of the inner frame structure 2312 aligns with first marking 2325 a. In this position the attachment structures 2362, 2363 are prepared to be applied to the skin of a subject e.g., in the case of an adhesive attachment structure, by removing an adhesive liner. The device 2300 is position on or over a wound or other treatment area of the skin of a subject by viewing the location of the wound or incision 2400 through the window portions 2316, 2336 of outer and inner frame structures 2311, 2331 respectively where the window portions 2316, 2336 overlap. The incision 2400 is positioned with its length aligned with markers 2324 on the top side 2360 of the outer frame structure 2311. The device 2300 is attached to the skin of the subject with attachment structures 2362, 2363 which are located on opposite sides of a wound, incision or other area to be treated 2400.
As shown in FIG. 2B, the handle 2348 of inner frame structure 2331 is pulled to draw the side 2334 of the inner frame 2331 towards the side 2312 of the outer frame structure 2311. The sides 2334 and 2312, being attached to the skin, compress the skin together or compressively strain the skin when pulled together. Markings 2325 on the outer frame structure 2311 indicate the amount the skin has been pulled together by where the edge 2334 a of the side aligns with the markings. As shown in FIG. 2B, the percentage of strain of the length of the skin between the sides 2312, 2334 is indicated. Such indications may be used to provide a predetermined, i.e., measured amount of force or strain as shown by the indications on the device. Alternatively, distance or change in distance between attachment structures may be indicated by the markings 2325. The adhesive liner 2343 of the dressing 2342 is removed to prepare the dressing 2342 for application to a compressed or strained area of skin.
When the skin has been compressed or strained to a desired degree, the dressing carrier 2340 is folded over at the fold line 2341 with the exposed adhesive 2346 of the dressing aligned with overlapping portions of the windows 2316, 2336, and is applied through the windows 2316, 2336 to the compressed skin. The dressing 2342 may then be released from the dressing carrier 2340 by removing the frame wrapper 2352 which holds the dressing 2342 to the dressing carrier 2340. The frame wrapper 2352 may be attached to the dressing carrier 2340 and/or the dressing 2342 for example, with a light tack adhesive, or a Mylar or polyester release liner that is already inherently tacky when placed on a silicone elastomer dressing. The frame wrapper may be constructed for example of an LPDE film or a paper liner. The frame wrapper 2352 has less adhesive strength than the attachment structures 2362, 2363 so that the frame wrapper 2352 may be removed without removing the attachment structures 2362, 2363 from the skin. After the frame wrapper 2352 is removed, the remaining elements of the device 2300 may then be removed from the patient by peeling the adhesive attachment structures 2362, 2363 off the skin of the subject leaving the dressing 2342 on the subject. The device 2300 may be disposed of after removal or it may be reloaded or reused with a new dressing.
FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate a variation of a skin straining or compression device 3000. The device 3000 comprises an outer frame structure 3011 and an inner frame structure 3031 that is slidable with respect outer frame structure 3011. The device 3000 may comprise a paperboard, plastic, rigid, semi-rigid or flexible material, including but not limited to, for example, a plastic, e.g., PVC or acrylic, or a paperboard, a laminate of a material, such as a solid bleach sulfate paperboard with a layer of flexible material between layers of paperboard, for example, silicone, polyurethane, low-density polyethylene or a rubber material. The material may also be a metal.
The outer frame structure 3011 includes handle portion 3012, first compression arm 3013 and second compression arm 3014. The compression arms 3013, 3014 may further comprise or are coupled to generally parallel compression bands or bars 3113, 3114 respectively that are coupled to a series of compression bands 3115 a, 3115 b, 3115 c and 3115 d extending across compression bars 3113, 3114. The compression bands 3115 a, 3115 b, 3115 c and 3115 d include a skin adhesive layer on the underside for attaching to an area of skin to be compressed or strained. The compression bands 3115 a, 3115 b, 3115 c and 3115 d are separated by spring members 3001, 3002, 3003 having spring rates, e.g., constants k1, k2 and k3 respectively. According to one variation k1>k2>k3. In other variations the spring constants may be equal or may vary in any manner as desired. The inner frame structure 3031 includes handle portion 3032, first compression arm 3033 and second compression arm 3034. The compression arms 3033, 3034 are coupled to generally parallel compression bars or bands 3133, 3134 respectively that are coupled to a series of compression bands 3135 a, 3135 b, 3135 c and 3135 d extending across compression bars 3133, 3134. Outer frame structure 3011 and inner frame structure 3031 are movably attached by the compression bars 3133, 3134 that are fixed to compression band 3135 a and are slidably coupled to the compression bands 3115 a, 3115 b, 3115 c, 3115 d. For example, the compression bars 3133 and 3134 may extend through openings, slots or rails in compression bands 3115 a, 3115 b, 3115 c, 3115 d. The compression bands 3135 a, 3135 b, 3135 c and 3135 d include a skin adhesive layer 3300 on the underside for attaching to an area of skin to be compressed or strained. The compression bands 3135 a, 3135 b, 3135 c and 3135 d are separated by spring members 3004, 3005, 3006 having spring constants k3, k2 and k1 respectively. According to one variation k1>k2>k3. In other variations the spring constants may be equal or may vary in any manner as desired.
The inside of the outer frame and/or the outside of the inner frame may be coated with a lubricious material such as Kapton tape or may be constructed of a low friction material such as HDPE or UHMWPE to permit ease of sliding.
The handle portions 3012 and 3032 of outer frame structure and inner frame structure respectively are used to exert a compressive stressing or straining force to skin of a by pulling the handles 3012, 3032 away from each other to draw bands 3115 a, 3115 b, 3115 c and 3115 d towards bands 3135 a, 3135 b, 3135 c and 3135 d to exert a compressive stressing or straining force to skin between bands 3115 a and 3135 a. The spring elements 3001, 3002, 3003, 3004, 3005, 3006 having varying rates act to controllably vary the compression between adjacent bands 3115 a-d or 3135 a-d. Thus compression may gradually be reduced or otherwise varied as the distance from the wound site increases.
The skin adhesive layers 3055 on the bands 3115 a-d of the outer frame structure 3011 are configured to removably attach the bands 3115 a-d to a first side of a wound or other skin location. The skin adhesive layers 3055 on the bands 3135 a-d of the inner frame structure 3031 are configured to removably attach the bands 3135 a-d a second side of a wound or other skin location. The adhesive layers 3055 may be covered with a releasable liner prior to use.
The device 3000 is illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B in a first initial configuration. In the initial configuration, the outer frame structure 3011 and the inner frame structure 3031 are positioned so that markers 3325 are aligned with the zero marking of the inner frame member indicating zero compression or strain. In this position the adhesive layers 3055 are prepared to be applied to the skin of a subject by removing one or more adhesive liners. The device 3000 is positioned on or over a wound or other treatment area of the skin of a subject by viewing the location of the wound through the window portions 3316. The incision is positioned with its length aligned with markers 3325 on the top side of the inner frame structure 3031. The device 3000 is attached to the skin of the subject with bands 3115 a-d and 3135 a-d.
The handles 3012, 3032 are pulled apart to draw bands 3135 a-d of the inner frame structure 3031 towards the bands 3115 a-d the outer frame structure 3011. Handles 3012, 3032 may include gripping features that may be used when they are pulled apart. The bands 3015 a-d and 3135 a-d being attached to the skin, compress the skin together or compressively strain the skin when pulled together. Markers 3324 on the outer frame structure 3011 indicate the amount the skin has been pulled together by alignment of markings 3324 with the band 3135 d. Having varying spring constants, spring elements 3001, 3002, 3003, 3004, 3005, 3006 control the movement of the bands 3115 a-d with respect to the bands 3135 a-d so that a reduced amount of strain is progressively applied between bands so that the strain is reduced at progressively more outward bands with respect to the wound. Where spring constants are the same, the strain is reduced at the same rate between bands where the springs are positioned. A locking mechanism may be provided to maintain the inner and outer frame structures in place after pulling the handles apart. For example, bars 3033, 3034 may include ratchet structures that engage with features in openings, slots or rails in compression bands 3115 a, 3115 b, 3115 c, 3115 d.
When the skin has been compressed or strained to a desired degree, a dressing may be applied over the areas of skin between the bands 3115 a-d and 3135 a-d. After the device 3000 is removed, an additional dressing may be applied over the initial dressings to maintain at least some of the strain imparted to the skin by the device 3000. Alternatively, a dressing may be placed over the bands 3115 a-d, 3135 a-d and bands and springs 3001-3006 which are left in place while the remaining portion of the device 3000 (e.g., the handle portions 3012, 3032) may be removable or separable from the bands 3113, 3114, 3313, 3314, e.g., there may be a perforation or manufactured line of direction weakness between the handle 3012, 3032 and the bands 3115 a, 3135 a that can be severed separated or cut in a direction e.g. orthogonal to the direction of compression applied to the skin.
Referring now to FIGS. 4A and 4B, a skin compressing device 4000 is illustrated. The device 4000 comprises opposing handle members 4101, 4102 that are pivotably attached by connector 4300 at a pivot point. Distal pivot arms 4200 extend from handle members 4101, 4102 and include attachment structures 4600 pivotably attached by pins 4500 at the ends 4400 of the distal pivot arms. According to some variations, the distance from the handle members 4101, 4102 to the connector 4300 or pivot point may be greater than the distance from the connector 4300 or pivot point to the attachment structures 4600 to provide a mechanical advantage at the handles. The attachment structures 4600 are configured to attach to the skin of a subject. The attachment structures 4600 may comprise, for example, a pressure sensitive adhesive. The handle members 4101, 4102 further comprise a measurement arm 4700 extending from a first handle member 4101 through a slot 4800 in a second handle member 4102. The measurement arm 4700 includes an indicator line 4750 that moves with handle. Markings 4950 on second measurement arm 4900 on the second handle 4102 represent the distance between the attachment structures 4600 when the handles 4101, 4102 are squeezed together and indicator line 4750 or the first measurement arm 4700 lines up with the handle 4102. The markings 4950 may also represent a percentage strain. The measurement arm 4900 may also comprise ratchets 4850 that engage with measurement arm 4700 and permit stepwise straining of the skin. The ratchets 4850 may also correspond with the markings 4950. Alternatively the attachment structures may have the force transducers shown in FIG. 5A or 5B to show the amount of force applied to the skin when used. Such markings or indications may be used to provide a predetermined, i.e., measured amount of force or strain as shown by the indications on the device. For example, the predetermined amount of strain may be a predetermined absolute percentage of strain or level of force that is independent of the shape and/or size of the treatment site. As a further example, this absolute percentage of strain or level of force may be independent of the minimum strain or force to achieve opposition of the incision edges of a treatment site, which can be characterized as a strain or force relative to a structural endpoint.
In use, a wound or area to be treated is positioned between the attachment structures 4600. The handle members 4101, 4102 are squeezed together to a desired degree to apply a compressive or compressively straining force to the skin where the device 4000 is attached. As the attachment structures 4600 move together, the distal pivot arms 4200 may pivot at pivot pins 4500 with respect to the attachment structures 4600 so that the forces applied to the attachment structures 4600 remain generally parallel. A dressing may then be applied to the wound and or area of compressed skin to maintain or hold at least a portion of the stress and or strain applied by the device 4000, after which the device 4000 may be removed from the skin, leaving the dressing in place.
Referring to FIGS. 5A to 5B, a skin tensioning device 5000 is illustrated. The device 5000 comprises opposing handle members 5100 that are pivotably attached by connector 5300. Distal pivot arms 5200 extend from handle members 5100 and include attachment structures 5600 pivotably attached by pins 5500 at the ends 5400 of the distal pivot arms 5200. According to some variations, the distance from the handle members 5101, 5102 to the connector 5300 or pivot point may be greater than the distance from the connector 5300 or pivot point to the attachment structures 5600 to provide a mechanical advantage at the handles. The attachment structures 5600 are configured to attach to the skin of a subject. The attachment structures 5600 may comprise, for example, a pressure sensitive skin adhesive. The attachment structures 5600 further comprise force transducers 5700 that sense the amount of force or change in forces applied to the skin. The attachment structures 5600 further comprise electrical connectors 5800 electrically coupled to the force transducers 5700, and for connecting a reading device to read and/or display the forces sensed by the force transducers corresponding to amount of force applied or percent strain on the skin. The force transducers 5700 comprise deflectable portions 5750 and transverse portions 5775. The transverse portions 5775 include an adhesive on the bottom surface to attach to the skin in an orientation that is transverse to the attachment structures 5600. The deflection of the deflectable portions 5750 corresponds to a function of the transverse force acting on the skin between the attachment structures 5600. Such measurements made by the force transducer may be used to provide a predetermined, i.e., measured amount of force or strain as shown by the indications by the device.
In use, the attachment structures 5600 are positioned at the ends 5950 of a wound or area of skin to be treated 5900. The handle members 5100 are squeezed together to a desired degree which applies a separation, straining or tensile stressing force to the longitudinal edges of a wound 5950 adjacent which the attachment structures 5600 are attached. As the attachment structures 5600 separate, the distal pivot arms 5200 may pivot with respect to pivot pins 5500 so that the forces applied to the attachment structures 5600 are generally parallel. The forces applied along an axis of the wound creates compressive stresses transverse, e.g. to the axis of the wound to unload stresses at the wound site where the wound has been closed, e.g., according to Poisson's ratio. If the wound has not been closed, the forces in addition to unloading stresses at the wound site, may also draw the transverse edges of the wound together creating tissue apposition. A dressing may then be applied to the wound to hold at least a portion of the stresses applied by the device 5000 after which the device 5000 may be removed from the skin, leaving the dressing in place.
According to some variations of devices and methods herein, including but not limited to devices shown in the FIGS. 1A to 5B, the distance between adhesive regions attached to the skin may vary from region to region or may depend on a number of factors such as skin buckling, desired size of dressing, wound dimensions, among other things. According to some variations the distance between the adhesive regions may be between 5 and 15 mm, and/or between 9 and 11 mm.
The dressings described herein may include any skin treatment device, wound treatment device, scar or keloid treatment device, scar or keloid amelioration or prevention device, bandage, or dressing that may be applied, attached to or coupled to one or more layers of the skin of a subject. A dressing may be elastic or inelastic. The dressing may comprise for example, a material such as silicone, polyethylene, woven or non-woven polyurethane, Rayon or polyester.
a dressing configured to be placed on a pre-strained skin treatment region to maintain at least a portion of the strain.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein the measurement comprises a predetermined amount of strain applied to the skin treatment region.
3. The device of claim 2 wherein the measurement comprises a predetermined amount of compressive strain applied to the skin treatment region.
4. The device of claim 2 wherein the measurement comprises a predetermined amount of tensile strain applied to the skin treatment region.
5. The device of claim 1 wherein the measurement comprises a predetermined amount of compressive force applied to the skin treatment region.
6. The device of claim 1 wherein the measurement comprises a predetermined amount of tensile force applied to the skin treatment region.
7. The device of claim 1 further configured to apply a strain of at least about 20% to the skin treatment region.
8. The device of claim 7 further configured to apply a strain of at least about 40% to the skin treatment region.
9. The device of claim 1, wherein the dressing is removably coupled to the device and is configured to be positioned on the skin treatment region strained by the device.
10. The device of claim 1 wherein the first skin attachment structure and second skin attachment structure each comprise a plurality of attachment elements.
11. The device of claim 10 wherein each of the attachment elements of each of the plurality of attachment elements of each of the first and second skin attachment structures provides a variable strain between an adjacent attachment element.
12. The device of claim 11 further comprising a plurality of spring elements each of said plurality of spring elements positioned between adjacent attachment elements.
13. The device of claim 1 wherein each of the skin attachment structures comprise a skin adhesive.
a measuring element configured to determine a measurement corresponding to amount of force applied to the skin treatment region, wherein the measuring element is configured to provide measurements of the amount of force applied to the skin treatment region while the first and second straining elements are selectively manipulated by the user.
15. The device of claim 14 wherein the measurement comprises a predetermined amount of strain applied to the skin treatment region.
16. The device of claim 15 wherein the measurement comprises a predetermined amount of compressive strain applied to the skin treatment region.
17. The device of claim 15 wherein the measurement comprises a predetermined amount of tensile strain applied to the skin treatment region.
18. The device of claim 14 wherein the measurement comprises a predetermined amount of compressive force applied to the skin treatment region.
19. The device of claim 14 wherein the measurement comprises a predetermined amount of tensile force applied to the skin treatment region.
20. The device of claim 14 wherein the device further comprises a dressing configured to be placed on a pre-strained skin treatment region to maintain at least a portion of the strain.
21. The device of claim 14 further configured to apply a strain of at least about 20% to the skin treatment region.
22. The device of claim 21 further configured to apply a strain of at least about 40% to the skin treatment region.
23. The device of claim 14 wherein the first straining element comprises a first frame structure and the second straining element comprises a second frame structure, wherein at least one of said first and second frame structures is configured to provide an area of space in which to guide positioning to the skin treatment region.
24. The device of claim 23 further comprising a dressing removably coupled to the device, wherein the dressing is configured to be positioned on the skin treatment region strained by the device.
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This is a collection of PDF, Postscript, and other formats of a selected few of my publications - they're not in any order. For a more complete list, please get a copy of my resume (in MSWord format).
Klein, D. V.; "Frank Lloyd Wright was Right!"
AusCERT and GOVCERT have been holding conferences for quite a few years, and the CERT/CC was founded over two decades ago. Yet in spite of these prominent centers of excellence, we keep seeing new attacks, new exploits, and new vulnerabilities - in simpler terms, "same stuff, different day". It's not because there are more bad guys out there (although there are), and it's not because the bad guys are smarter (but they are). In my opinion, it is because we are working with tools and systems that are fundamentally flawed. Our house of bricks is built on a sandy foundation, and we find ourselves at a crossroads - the same crossroads that every technology has faced in our history: start over again and do it right from the start, or keep doing it wrong until it all falls over in a heap.
This talk will try to take a lighthearted look at some really bad news. Either we will have to spend a lot of money redeveloping our basic tools, infrastructure, and operating systems properly, or we will have to spend a lot of money patching bugs and regularly recovering from security disasters (and continually be faced with the same basic problems). One way we have a lot of unhappy people now, the other will have a lot of unhappy people later.
In the 1950's, the architect Frank Lloyd Wright was given a tour of Pittsburgh, which ended atop Mt. Washington. He was asked "okay, what should we do?". In his inimicable style, he looked around and said "raze it and start over". Having lived in Pittsburgh for 35 years, I can tell you that he was right.
Copyright 2009 by Daniel V. Klein, unlimited rights of distribution are hereby granted, provided the file is distributed in its entirety, with full author attribution.
Klein, D. V.; "Security As If Your Life Depended On It (because it might!)"
If my computer crashes, it's not the end of the world - it just seems that way sometimes, when I lose 3+ hours of work. But computers are appearing everywhere - in our phones, cars, airplanes, medical devices and urban infrastructure in more ways that we imagine, and they are networked in more ways than we know.
Our telephone network is becoming more and more IP based. Generators and power systems are on the internet for "maintenance and diagnostic purposes", but they are also the targets of hackers (with catastrophic consequences). The new Boeing 787 will have in-flight internet access at each seat, but the same network will be connected to the avionics. Pacemakers can be hacked wirelessly. Suddenly a computer crash threatens more than 3 hours of work, it threatens my life! And while man-rated systems are rigorously tested for proper functioning, it is much harder to prove the negative that "you can't break in".
This talk will look at some fundamental assumptions about security that cannot be addressed with the "patch it in the next release" mentality - we have to get it right the first time. What I hope to convey is that Security (and paranoia) has to be a lifestyle choice and not just your job. And as security professionals, we need to convince everyone that there are no shortcuts - because the shortest path from 35,000 feet is straight down.
Copyright 2008 by Daniel V. Klein, unlimited rights of distribution are hereby granted, provided the file is distributed in its entirety, with full author attribution.
Klein, D. V.; "A Forensic Analysis of a Distributed Two-Stage Web-Based Spam Attack"
Best paper Honorable Mention at 2006 USENIX LISA Conference, Washington D.C.
Copyright 2006 by Daniel V. Klein, unlimited rights of distribution are hereby granted, provided the paper is distributed in its entirety, with full author attribution.
Invited talk at the 2006 USENIX LISA Conference, Washington D.C.
It is no secret that we are at the dawn of the digital age - our parents (and for some of us, even our grandparents) have computers, digital cameras, MP3 players, etc. We each have more computing power in our cell phones than the mainframes of 35 years ago, and everywhere we find data acquisition and tracking systems.
Privacy has never before been more zealously guarded nor more freely abandoned, and with the proliferation of digital data collection and dissemination have come new worries.
What is being recorded, why, and by whom? With literally billions of computers around us, how can we keep our data (and ourselves) safe? How can we prevent misappropriation or misuse of information about ourselves? How can we ever expunge flawed records, urban legends, or embarrassing facts? We have become the elephant who never forgets, but what are we remembering?
This talk will take a look at what our world is becoming, and perhaps suggest what we can do to make it a little less imperfect.
Invited talk at the 2004 USENIX LISA Conference, Atlanta GA.
Copyright 2004 by Daniel V. Klein, unlimited rights of distribution are hereby granted, provided the paper is distributed in its entirety, with full author attribution.
Klein, D. V.; "Foiling the Cracker; A Survey of, and Improvements to Unix Password Security"
This is my original paper on password security, which surveys nearly 15,000 accounts and reports on crackable and non-crackable paswords. The numbers are a bit dated (since then I have raised my cracking ability to better than 42%), but the warnings and fundamental findings are quite sound. In both Postscript and troff source form.
When you read this, remember this research was done in 1989. It took about 3 CPU-years on Sparc-1 and Sparc-2 computers. A few years ago (ca. 2006), programs like l0phtcrack on Windoze and Alec Muffet's Crack on Unix/Linux can accomplish the same results in a couple of months on a 1 GHz pentium-class computer, and a 32-way Sparc can do the same thing in a few days. Today (2010), computing in the cloud has reduced this to hours (or less, depending on how much computational horsepower you want to pay for).
Copyright 1990 by Daniel V. Klein, unlimited rights of distribution are hereby granted, provided the paper is distributed in its entirety, with full author attribution.
Bishop, M., and Klein, D.V.; "Achieving Password Security through Proactive Checking"
A paper written jointly by myself and Matt Bishop, which appears in "Computers and Security", and which discusses a proactive tool for password checking called "passwd+". In both Postscript and troff source form.
Copyright 1992, Matt Bishop and Daniel V. Klein.
Klein, D.V., "Defending against the Wily Surfer - Web-based Attacks and Defenses"
A paper describing a collection of attackes used by surfers and web sites against other web sites, as well as attacks by web sites against surfers. For many attacks, defenses are also proposed (with examples). Available in Postscript form (Microsoft Word available upon special request).
Copyright 1999 by Daniel V. Klein, unlimited rights of distribution are hereby granted, provided the paper is distributed in its entirety, with full author attribution. This paper was presented at the 1st USENIX Workshop on Detection Symposium and Network Monitoring in April 1999. Readers are encouraged to visit at http://www.usenix.org/events/detection99/ and attend future USENIX workshops.
Klein, D.V., "Succumbing to the Dark Side of the Force - The Internet as Viewed from an Adult Website".
The adult industry is by far the biggest consumer of net bandwidth. It is arguably also the largest cash source for content providers. Without getting into the politics or "political correctness" of the industry as a whole, this talk will examine the many facets of this much maligned (and hugely subscribed) dark side of the web. And politics aside, there are many valuable lessons to be learned that apply to more "legitimate" web sites.
We will examine what it means to be in a service industry (attitude, customer satisfaction, customer turnover, etc.), advertising (unlike other media, the web provides immediate and direct feedback on the efficacy of an ad), site scaling and bandwidth, monitoring, load sharing, load shedding, and load stealing. We'll look at issues of security, payment methods, billing, theft, and risk. We'll also see how data mining can be a boon (when you're the one with the pick-axe) and a bane (when you're being mined or otherwise hoisted on a petard), as well as issues of copyright protection and abrogation. Issues of spamming, being spammed, and even being targeted for an FBI sting operation will also be raised. And of course, the issues of site automation, what kind of people run adult sites, and "just how much money can you make doing this, anyway" will be explored.
While the entire adult industry is controversial at best, I believe that you will find the talk itself amusing, insightful, and thought provoking. And you will almost certainly walk away with information that can be applied to any web site, be it on the good side or the dark side of the force. This talk is gender neutral, and is rated PG-13. And yes, my Mother knows what I do for a living.
While the talk is far more interesting than the slides, many people have asked for copies of the slides, so here they are.
Copyright 1998, 2000, and 2002 by Daniel V. Klein, unlimited rights of distribution are hereby granted, provided the paper is distributed in its entirety, with full author attribution.
Klein, D.V., "150/5,000 Years of (E-)Commerce: History Repeats Itself (Again)"
Commerce has been around for at least 5,000 years, and e-commerce has arguably existed for nearly 150 years. Amazingly, the evolution of e-commerce has closely paralleled the evolution of "real" commerce. But it's in Internet time: 5,000 years of mistakes, failures, and successes in commerce have been repeated in less than 1% of the time.
This talk will look at that parallel evolution, with numerous amusing examples. Then we'll see how people actually make money on the Net. We'll wind up with some speculations on the future (you should bring your own grains of salt).
Copyright 2000, and 2002 by Daniel V. Klein, unlimited rights of distribution are hereby granted, provided the paper is distributed in its entirety, with full author attribution.
These are the web-page links that I referenced at my panel sesssion at Robert Morris University's Tech Now Conference.

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