Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 331 › Railroad Trainmen v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co.
Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen v. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co.
1. Under § 17(11) of the Interstate Commerce Act, as amended by the Transportation Act of 1940, a union duly designated as the representative of employees of a railroad is given an absolute right, within the meaning of Rule 24(a)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, to intervene in a suit brought under § 16(12) to enjoin the railroad and its employees from violating an order of the Interstate Commerce Commission where the injunction sought would prevent the railroad from carrying out a contract with the union and was directed in part against the employees. Pp. 331 U. S. 525-526.
(a) The right of intervention granted to representatives of employees of carriers by § 17(11) applies to a court proceeding under § 16(12), and not merely to proceedings before the Commission. Pp. 331 U. S. 526-530.
(b) The right to intervene granted by § 17(11) is absolute, and not merely permissive. Pp. 331 U. S. 530-532.
(c) A suit is one "affecting such employees" within the meaning of § 17(11) if the employees would be prejudiced or bound by any judgment that might be entered in the case. Pp. 331 U. S. 530-531.
2. An order of a district court denying a union the right under § 17(11) to intervene in such a case is appealable to this Court, which has jurisdiction to consider the appeal on its merits. Pp. 331 U. S. 524-525, 331 U. S. 531-532.
A district court denied a petition of a union of railroad employees to intervene under § 17(11) of the Interstate Commerce Act and Rule 24(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in a suit brought under § 16 (12) to enjoin the railroad and its employees from violating an order of the Interstate Commerce Commission. On appeal to this Court, reversed, p. 331 U. S. 532.
Our concern here is with the intervention rights of representatives of railroad employees in a suit brought against the railroad under § 16(12) of the Interstate Commerce Act, 49 U.S.C. § 16(12).
The origin of this suit is to be found in an order issued by the Interstate Commerce Commission on May 16, 1922. Chicago Junction Case, 71 I.C.C. 631. See also Chicago Junction Case, 264 U. S. 258. The Commission there approved the purchase by the New York Central Railroad Co. (Central) of all the capital stock of the Chicago River & Indiana Railroad Co. (River Road); it also authorized the leasing to River Road of all the properties of the Chicago Junction Railway Co. (Junction) for 99 years and thereafter, at the lessee's option, in perpetuity. Among the properties in question were trackage and switching facilities at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Illinois, connecting with various trunk lines. Prior to the Commission order, the practice had been for the trunk line railroads to use their own power and crews to move their empty and loaded livestock cars over these tracks to and from the loading places in the Union Stock Yards. For the privilege of so moving their cars, the railroads were charged $1.00 per car, loaded or empty.
existing between the Junction and River Road and all carriers operating in Chicago shall be continued, insofar as such matters are within the control of the Central."
A stipulation of facts was then filed. After describing the change in handling the cars, it pointed out that this change resulted from a settlement between the River Road and the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen of a labor dispute over the work involved in these livestock car movements. The Brotherhood was the bargaining agent under the Railway Labor Act for the River Road trainmen. It made a demand, based upon its contract with River Road, that these trainmen be given the work of moving and switching the livestock cars over the River Road trackage. The Brotherhood threatened to call a strike unless this demand was met before 10:30 p.m., January 23, 1946, a threat that was backed by an almost unanimous strike vote of the trainmen. Under this threat, River Road made an agreement with the Brotherhood shortly before the scheduled strike hour, as a result of which the River Road trainmen were to be permitted to move and switch the cars. The notice to the trunk line railroads of this change in practice subsequently followed.
Three days after the preliminary injunction became effective, the Brotherhood asked leave to file its special appearance for the purpose of moving to vacate the injunction and to dismiss the proceedings for failure to join the Brotherhood and its members as indispensable parties. This motion was denied. River Road then filed its answer to the original complaint, pointing out that the changed arrangement resulted from the labor dispute with the Brotherhood and contending that this new practice did not violate the 1922 Commission order. The Brotherhood thereafter filed its motion to intervene generally as a party defendant, alleging that the primary purpose of the suit was to nullify its agreement with River Road and to deprive the Brotherhood members of the work they were performing under that agreement, and that the Brotherhood members were therefore indispensable parties. The contention was made that the Brotherhood had an unconditional right to intervene by virtue of § 17(11) of the Interstate Commerce Act [Footnote 4] and Rule 24(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and 28 U.S.C. § 45a was later added in support of this contention. But the motion to intervene was denied by order, without opinion.
matter of right. We postponed further consideration of the question of our jurisdiction to review the order to the hearing of the appeal upon the merits.
Ordinarily, in the absence of an abuse of discretion, no appeal lies from an order denying leave to intervene where intervention is a permissive matter within the discretion of the court. United States v. California Canneries, 279 U. S. 553, 279 U. S. 556. [Footnote 5] The permissive nature of such intervention necessarily implies that, if intervention is denied, the applicant is not legally bound or prejudiced by any judgment that might be entered in the case. He is at liberty to assert and protect his interests in some more appropriate proceeding. Having no adverse effect upon the applicant, the order denying intervention accordingly falls below the level of appealability. But where a statute or the practical necessities grant the applicant an absolute right to intervene, the order denying intervention becomes appealable. Then it may fairly be said that the applicant is adversely affected by the denial, there being no other way in which he can better assert the particular interest which warrants intervention in this instance. And since he cannot appeal from any subsequent order or judgment in the proceeding unless he does intervene, the order denying intervention has the degree of definitiveness which supports an appeal therefrom. See Missouri-Kansas Pipe Line Co. v. United States, 312 U. S. 502, 312 U. S. 508.
court, and if there is no abuse of discretion, the order is not appealable, and we lack power to review it. In other words, our jurisdiction is identified by the necessary incidents of the right to intervene in each particular instance. We must therefore determine the question of our jurisdiction in this case by examining the character of the Brotherhood's right to intervene in the proceeding brought under § 16(12) of the Interstate Commerce Act.
"Upon timely application, anyone shall be permitted to intervene in an action: (1) when a statute of the United States confers an unconditional right to intervene; or (2) when the representation of the applicant's interest by existing parties is or may be inadequate and the applicant is or may be bound by a judgment in the action. . . ."
"Upon timely application, anyone may be permitted to intervene in an action: (1) when a statute of the United States confers a conditional right to intervene; or (2) when an applicant's claim or defense and the main action have a question of law or fact in common. In exercising its discretion, the court shall consider whether the intervention will unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of the rights of the original parties."
under Rule 24(b) is made, nor is there a contention that the District Court abused any discretion it might have had.
"Representatives of employees of a carrier, duly designated as such, may intervene and be heard in any proceeding arising under this Act affecting such employees."
First. It is unquestioned that the Brotherhood is the duly designated representative of the River Road trainmen.
Second. The right of intervention granted to such a representative by § 17(11) applies to a court proceeding under § 16(12) of the Act, the plain language of § 17(11) extending its reach to "any proceeding arising under this Act."
On this point, however, the appellee railroads contend that § 17(11) must be confined to proceedings before the Interstate Commerce Commission, to the exclusion of court proceedings. In support of this contention, they point to the fact that § 17 as a whole is primarily concerned with Commission procedure and organization. That fact is emphasized by the heading of § 17 as it appears in the Statutes at Large, 54 Stat. 913, and the United States Code, 49 U.S.C. § 17, a heading that reads: "Commission procedure; delegation of duties; rehearings." The inference is then made that paragraph (11), with which we are concerned, must be limited by that heading and by the general context of § 17 as a whole. The result of the contention is that the phrase "any proceeding arising under this Act," as found in paragraph (11), is rewritten by construction to refer only to "any proceeding before the Commission arising under this section."
"A new paragraph (9) is included providing that orders of a division, an individual Commissioner, or a board shall be subject to judicial review as in the case of full Commission orders, after an application for rehearing has been made and acted upon."
"A new paragraph is added at the end of section 17 providing that representatives of employees of a carrier may intervene and be heard in any proceedings arising under part I affecting such employees."
By such language in their reports, the framers of § 17 recognized the obvious fact that certain provisions of that section deal with something more than might be indicated by the heading.
the heading of a section cannot limit the plain meaning of the text. United States v. Fisher, 2 Cranch 358, 6 U. S. 386; Cornell v. Coyne, 192 U. S. 418, 192 U. S. 430; Strathearn S.S. Co. v. Dillon, 252 U. S. 348, 252 U. S. 354. For interpretative purposes, they are of use only when they shed light on some ambiguous word or phrase. They are but tools available for the resolution of a doubt. But they cannot undo or limit that which the text makes plain.
Here, the meaning of § 17(11) is unmistakable on its face. There is a simple unambiguous reference to "any proceeding arising under this Act" or, as the House committee paraphrased it, [Footnote 10] to "any proceedings arising under part I." There is not a word which would warrant limiting this reference so as to allow intervention only in proceedings arising under § 17 or in proceedings before the Commission. The proceedings mentioned are those which arise under this Act, an Act under which both judicial and administrative proceedings may arise. [Footnote 11] The instant case is a ready illustration of a judicial proceeding arising under this Act; a suit of this nature is authorized solely by § 16(12) of the Act. [Footnote 12] Hence, it is a proceeding to which the right of intervention may attach by virtue of § 17(11).
before the Commission. Occasions may arise, as in this case, where the employee representatives have no interest in intervening in the original administrative proceeding, but where they have a very definite interest in intervening in a subsequent judicial proceeding arising under the Act. When the framers have used language which covers both types of proceedings, we would be unjustified in formulating some policy which they did not see fit to express to limit that language in any way.
Third. This is a proceeding arising under the Act which affects the employees represented by the Brotherhood. Nothing could make this plainer than the fact that direct injunctive relief was sought and obtained against these employees. The appellee railroads sued to enjoin River Road and its employees from disobeying the third condition of the 1922 Commission order. It was alleged that this condition required River Road and its employees to permit the railroads to use their own power and crews in moving cars over the River Road line. Yet that was precisely the subject matter of the conflict between River Road and the Brotherhood, resulting in the insertion of important provisions in the contract between them. If the Commission order did require the River Road employees to forego operating the livestock cars, their contract rights with River Road were affected in a very real sense. Acts done by the employees in performance of this contract obviously prompted this suit, and any such acts performed after the issuance of an injunction might give rise to contempt action. It is thus impossible to say that this proceeding is not one "affecting such employees" within the meaning of § 17(11).
terms of "may intervene and be heard," which might be construed as giving only a discretionary right. But our view, as we have indicated, is that, once the requirements of § 17(11) have been met, the employees' representative acquires an absolute right of intervention.
Some statutes speak of intervention "as of right." Thus, where suit is brought by or against the United States to enforce or set aside a Commission order, the Commission or the parties in interest to the proceeding before the Commission "may appear as parties thereto . . . as of right." 28 U.S.C. § 45a. In such a case, the right to intervene is absolute and unconditional. Sprunt & Son v. United States, 281 U. S. 249, 281 U. S. 255.
No less absolute or unconditional is the right to intervene under § 17(11), which permits intervention where the employees are affected by the proceeding. To be sufficiently affected within the meaning of this provision requires that the employees be prejudiced or bound by any judgment that might be entered in the case, as is the situation relative to the River Road employees. Once it is clear that an effect of that degree is present, however, there is no room for the operation of a court's discretion. Whether the employees' interests should be asserted or defended in a proceeding where those interests are at stake is a question to be decided by the employees' representative, not by the court. The statutory term "may intervene" thus means "may intervene if the employees' representative so chooses," rather than "may intervene in the discretion of the court." And if the representative does choose to intervene, it may do so as a matter of right within the meaning of Rule 24(a)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Such is this case.
Brotherhood would have had such a right apart from § 17(11). It follows that we have jurisdiction to consider the appeal on its merits. And, in the exercise of that jurisdiction, we reverse the judgment of the District Court denying leave to the Brotherhood to intervene.
Baltimore & O. R. Co. v. United States (unreported), United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, Equity No. 3427, January 15, 1929. The court approved the Commission order as amended in 150 I.C.C. 32. That amendment is not germane to this case.
The Commission based its complaint upon § 5(8) of the Interstate Commerce Act, 49 U.S.C. § 5(8), which authorizes the Commission to seek, and grants jurisdiction to the federal district courts to issue, injunctive or mandatory relief to restrain violation of or compel obedience to an order issued under § 5.
On appeal by Junction, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the decree as to Junction, holding that Junction had no control over, and nothing to do with, the acts complained of by the appellees. Baltimore & O. R. Co. v. Chicago Junction R. Co., 156 F.2d 357.
See also Ex parte Cutting, 94 U. S. 14; Credits Commutation Co. v. United States, 177 U. S. 311; Ex parte Leaf Tobacco Board of Trade, 222 U. S. 578; In re Engelhard, 231 U. S. 646; City of New York v. Consolidated Gas Co., 253 U. S. 219; New York City v. New York Telephone Co., 261 U. S. 312.
"Representatives of employees of a carrier, duly designated as such, may intervene and be heard in any proceeding arising under this chapter and chapters 8 and 12 of this title affecting such employees."
"The provisions of section 12 and section 17 of chapter 1 of this title and sections 46-48 of this title shall apply with full force and effect in the administration and enforcement of this chapter."
H.Rep. No.1217, 76th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 13; H.Rep. No.2832, 76th Cong., 3d Sess., p. 72.
H.Rep. No.2016, 76th Cong., 3d Sess., p. 67; H.Rep. No.2832, 76th Cong., 3d Sess., p. 72.
H.Rep. No.1217, 76th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 15.
Section 17(11), by referring to proceedings arising under "this Act," also affects judicial and administrative proceedings arising under Parts II and III of the Act. See note 6 supra.
Section 16(12) is labeled "Proceedings to enforce orders other than for payment of money." 49 U.S.C. § 16(12). It provides that, if any carrier fails to obey a Commission order other than for the payment of money, the Commission, any injured party or the United States may apply to a federal district court for the enforcement of the order.


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1Harold Loyd William JOYCE (son of Elmer C. JOYCE and Mary C. KNOX) was born on 01 Jul 1911 in Wayne, Michigan, USA. He died on 15 Aug 1936 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA. He married Murriel Loretta SPIKERMAN ( of John SPIKERMAN and Maude Susan CLEAVE) on 02 Sep 1933 in Covington, Kenton, Kentucky, USA. She was born on 19 Jun 1911 in B 8 AM, Summit County, Akron, Ohio, 95 1/2 Ann ST. She died on 21 Jan 1991 in Springfield, Clark, Ohio, USA.
2. Elmer C. JOYCE (son of George W. JOYCE III and Samantha Martha DEWITT) was born on 19 Aug 1874 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He died on 24 Jul 1912 in Nashville, Holmes, Ohio, USA (Ohio Death Certificate). He married Mary C. KNOX (daughter of George W KNOX and Nancy J. HILE) on 20 Sep 1894 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
3. Mary C. KNOX (daughter of George W KNOX and Nancy J. HILE) was born on 13 Sep 1873 in Nashville, Holmes, Ohio, USA. She died on 19 Jun 1942 in Wooster, Wayne, Ohio, USA.
i. Nora Fay JOYCE (daughter of Elmer C. JOYCE and Mary C. KNOX) was born on 19 Nov 1895 in Big Prairie, Holmes, Ohio, USA. She died on 14 Nov 1937. She married James S PRICE (son of John PRICE and Elsie McKabe) on 29 Aug 1928 in Summit, Ohio, USA (Marriage Record, Probate Court). He was born about 1900 in Cleveland, Ohio, USA.She married ? CRAMER before 1919.She married Walter E DeBolt (son of George DeBOLT and Mary CUNNINGHAM) on 02 Sep 1919 in Summit, Ohio (per Marriage Record; machinist). He was born in 1893 in Mannington, West Virginia.
ii. Harley George JOYCE (son of Elmer C. JOYCE and Mary C. KNOX) was born on 20 Aug 1897 in Nashville, Ohio, USA (per Marriage Record). He died on 11 Sep 1978 in Santa Rosa, Sonoma, California, USA. He met Jane WOYAT on 09 Oct 1920. She was born on 28 Feb 1902 in Milton, Wayne, Ohio, USA. She died on 25 Jan 1999 in Wadsworth, Medina, Ohio, USA.He married Anna M Wagner (daughter of James Price and Selma Schantze) on 03 Nov 1917 in Summit, Ohio, USA. She was born on 08 Aug 1891 in Ayandotte, MI (per Marriage Record).
iii. Pauline L JOYCE (daughter of Elmer C. JOYCE and Mary C. KNOX) was born on 04 Feb 1900 in Ohio, USA. She died on 08 Jul 1981 in Springfield, Clark, Ohio, USA (Mercy Medical Center). She married Harold "Hod" FRANKS (son of William FRANKS and Sarah CONNELY) on 27 Feb 1919 in Summit, Akron, Ohio. He was born on 01 Feb 1897 in Wooster, Ohio, USA (1920 US Census).She married Harold FRANKS on 06 Dec 1937 in Summit, Ohio (Remarriage (divorce case 101043)).
August 2011 Phone Interview with Carl Joyce (nephew of Pauline).
He said laughingly that she was drunk all the time. Heard that from Jon Joyce too. Apparently she married five times, twice to the same guy.
iv. Harold Loyd William JOYCE (son of Elmer C. JOYCE and Mary C. KNOX) was born on 01 Jul 1911 in Wayne, Michigan, USA. He died on 15 Aug 1936 in Akron, Summit, Ohio, USA. He married Murriel Loretta SPIKERMAN (daughter of John SPIKERMAN and Maude Susan CLEAVE) on 02 Sep 1933 in Covington, Kenton, Kentucky, USA. She was born on 19 Jun 1911 in B 8 AM, Summit County, Akron, Ohio, 95 1/2 Ann ST. She died on 21 Jan 1991 in Springfield, Clark, Ohio, USA.
4. George W. JOYCE III (son of Samuel JOYCE and Eliza Ann CORRELL) was born in 1847 in Ohio, USA. He died on 12 Mar 1935 in Priarie, Holmes, Ohio, USA (Death certificate). He married Samantha Martha DEWITT (daughter of Barnard DEWITT and Susannah SHANK) on 29 Apr 1873 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
5. Samantha Martha DEWITT (daughter of Barnard DEWITT and Susannah SHANK) was born on 05 Mar 1855 in , Ohio, USA. She died on 28 Apr 1894 in ?.
i. Elmer C. JOYCE (son of George W. JOYCE III and Samantha Martha DEWITT) was born on 19 Aug 1874 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He died on 24 Jul 1912 in Nashville, Holmes, Ohio, USA (Ohio Death Certificate). He married Mary C. KNOX (daughter of George W KNOX and Nancy J. HILE) on 20 Sep 1894 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. She was born on 13 Sep 1873 in Nashville, Holmes, Ohio, USA. She died on 19 Jun 1942 in Wooster, Wayne, Ohio, USA.
ii. Harriet "Hattie" JOYCE (daughter of George W. JOYCE III and Samantha Martha DEWITT) was born on 08 Mar 1882 in Nashville, Holmes, Ohio, USA. She died on 23 Apr 1904 in Canton, Stark, Ohio, USA.
6. George W KNOX (son of John KNOX and Sophia Ann HOMER) was born in Nov 1851 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He died on 11 Jun 1907 in Wayne, Ohio, USA. He married Nancy J. HILE (daughter of George HILE and Sarah Nogle) on 24 Sep 1871 in Holmes County, Ohio, USA.
7. Nancy J. HILE (daughter of George HILE and Sarah Nogle) was born on 30 Jul 1847 in Wayne, Ohio, USA. She died on 31 Dec 1913 (Dilalation of heard; nephritis).
i. James C. KNOX (son of George W KNOX and Nancy J. HILE) was born about 1873 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
ii. Mary C. KNOX (daughter of George W KNOX and Nancy J. HILE) was born on 13 Sep 1873 in Nashville, Holmes, Ohio, USA. She died on 19 Jun 1942 in Wooster, Wayne, Ohio, USA. She married Elmer C. JOYCE (son of George W. JOYCE III and Samantha Martha DEWITT) on 20 Sep 1894 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He was born on 19 Aug 1874 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He died on 24 Jul 1912 in Nashville, Holmes, Ohio, USA (Ohio Death Certificate).She married Walter OBERHOLTZER. He was born in 1884 in Ohio, USA. He died in 1934.
iii. Wilson S. KNOX (son of George W KNOX and Nancy J. HILE) was born on 19 Feb 1875 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He died on 06 Dec 1952 in Wooster, Wayne, Ohio, USA. He married ?. She was born in Ohio, USA. She died before 06 Dec 1952.
iv. Effie Myrtle KNOX (daughter of George W KNOX and Nancy J. HILE) was born on 14 Sep 1876 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. She died on 11 Sep 1948 in Wooster, Wayne, Ohio, USA (Dad remembers her). She married Aaron BONHAM. He was born before 1948.
v. Myrtle E. KNOX (daughter of George W KNOX and Nancy J. HILE) was born in 1877 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
vi. Lucy May KNOX (daughter of George W KNOX and Nancy J. HILE) was born on 24 May 1878 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
vii. Ella KNOX (daughter of George W KNOX and Nancy J. HILE) was born in Nov 1879 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. She died after 1940 (Dad remembers her). She married Never MARRIED.
viii. Harry V Henry KNOX (son of George W KNOX and Nancy J. HILE) was born on 05 Feb 1882 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
ix. Lenora KNOX (daughter of George W KNOX and Nancy J. HILE) was born in 1883 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
x. Cleveland Edward KNOX (son of George W KNOX and Nancy J. HILE) was born on 09 Feb 1885 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
xi. Lena KNOX (daughter of George W KNOX and Nancy J. HILE) was born in 1887.
xii. Ida M KNOX (daughter of George W KNOX and Nancy J. HILE) was born on 20 Oct 1889.
8. Samuel JOYCE (son of George JOYCE II and Mary DUEY) was born on 31 Aug 1828 in Plain City, Wayne, Ohio, USA. He died on 12 Jul 1864 in Fort Ethan Allen, VA. He married Eliza Ann CORRELL (daughter of Abraham CORRELL and Lydia KASER) about 1846.
9. Eliza Ann CORRELL (daughter of Abraham CORRELL and Lydia KASER) was born on 08 Apr 1830 in Shanesville, . She died on 02 Feb 1923 in Loudonville, Ashland, Ohio, USA.
i.George W. JOYCE III (son of Samuel JOYCE and Eliza Ann CORRELL) was born in 1847 in Ohio, USA. He died on 12 Mar 1935 in Priarie, Holmes, Ohio, USA (Death certificate). He married Samantha Martha DEWITT (daughter Barnard DEWITT and Susannah SHANK) on 29 Apr 1873 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. She was born on 05 Mar 1855 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. She died on 28 Apr 1894 in ?.
ii. Laura Bell JOYCE (daughter of Samuel JOYCE and Eliza Ann CORRELL) was born on 16 Jul 1857 in Ohio, USA. She died on 11 Nov 1922 in Loudonville, Ashland, Ohio, USA. She married Barney SHANK (son of John SHANK and ELIZA) in 1878. He was born in Mar 1857 in Ohio, USA. He died after 1920 in Ohio, USA.
10. Barnard DEWITT (son of David Linn DEWITT and Sarah HEADLEY) was born on 21 May 1833 in Ohio, USA. He died about 25 Nov 1900. He married Susannah SHANK (biological daughter of John SHANK and step daughter of JULIANN) on 25 Nov 1851 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
11. Susannah SHANK (biological daughter of John SHANK and step daughter of JULIANN) was born on 01 Jan 1833 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. She died in Aug 1875 in Knox, Holmes, Ohio, USA.
i. Sarah (W or Ann) DEWITT (daughter of Barnard DEWITT and Susannah SHANK) was born on 19 Mar 1851 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. She died on 23 Jun 1909.
ii. Ashbury DEWITT (son of Barnard DEWITT and Susannah SHANK) was born on 24 Jan 1853 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He died in 1906 in Mansfield, Richland, Ohio, USA.
iii. Samantha Martha DEWITT (daughter of Barnard DEWITT and Susannah SHANK) was born on 05 Mar 1855 in , Ohio, USA. She died on 28 Apr 1894 in ?. She married George W. JOYCE III (son of Samuel JOYCE and Eliza Ann CORRELL) on 29 Apr 1873 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He was born in 1847 in Ohio, USA. He died on 12 Mar 1935 in Priarie, Holmes, Ohio, USA (Death certificate).
iv. Gilbert DEWITT (son of Barnard DEWITT and Susannah SHANK) was born on 11 Apr 1857 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
v. Frances Fanny DEWITT (daughter of Barnard DEWITT and Susannah SHANK) was born on 07 May 1859 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. She died on 20 Feb 1928.
vi. Barbara E DEWITT (daughter of Barnard DEWITT and Susannah SHANK) was born on 12 May 1861 in Knox, Holmes, Ohio, USA. She died on 12 Jan 1927 in Mansfield, Richland, Ohio, USA.
vii. Commodore Perry DEWITT (son of Barnard DEWITT and Susannah SHANK) was born on 10 Aug 1867 in Nashville, Holmes, Ohio, USA. He died on 02 Mar 1929 in Millersburg, Holmes, Ohio, USA.
viii. Thomas DEWITT (son of Barnard DEWITT and Susannah SHANK) was born on 27 Apr 1864 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He died on 11 Jan 1892 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
ix. Ray DEWITT (son of Barnard DEWITT and Susannah SHANK) was born on 18 Aug 1870.
x. Daniel DEWITT (son of Barnard DEWITT and Susannah SHANK). He died on 23 Sep 1877.
12. John KNOX (son of John KNOX Sr. and Nancy BITNER) was born on 17 Aug 1826 in Ohio, USA. He died on 05 Aug 1913 in Holmes County, Ohio, USA. He married Sophia Ann HOMER (daughter of John H HOMER and Elizabeth LEONARD) on 31 Oct 1850 in Ohio, USA.
13. Sophia Ann HOMER (daughter of John H HOMER and Elizabeth LEONARD) was born in 1829 in Pennsylvania, USA. She died on 01 Oct 1868 in Washington, Holmes, Ohio, USA (Death Record).
i. George W KNOX (son of John KNOX and Sophia Ann HOMER) was born in Nov 1851 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He died on 11 Jun 1907 in Wayne, Ohio, USA. He married Nancy J. HILE (daughter of George HILE and Sarah Nogle) on 24 Sep 1871 in Holmes County, Ohio, USA. She was born on 30 Jul 1847 in Wayne, Ohio, USA. She died on 31 Dec 1913 (Dilalation of heard; nephritis).
ii. Jarvis C KNOX (son of John KNOX and Sophia Ann HOMER) was born in 1853 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He died in 1927.
iii. Sarah Louise KNOX (daughter of John KNOX and Sophia Ann HOMER) was born in 1855 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. She married W. S. PARSONS.
14. George HILE (son of ? and ?) was born on 14 Aug 1812 in Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 06 Mar 1904 in Holmes, , USA. He married Sarah Nogle between 1836-1838.
15.Sarah Nogle was born in 1814 in Pennsylvania, USA. She died between 1850-1855 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
11/3/14 - 11/4/14 - at National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) - completed search for military service and pensions and bounty land.
The surname is an assumption based on the 1850 census and a hypothesized mother named Mary Nogle living with George Hile & Sarah.
i. John HILE (son of George HILE and Sarah Nogle) was born in 1838 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He married Margaret TEETERS. She was born in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
ii. Mary C HILE (daughter of George HILE and Sarah Nogle) was born in 1838 in Ohio, USA.
iii. Elizabeth A HILE (daughter of George HILE and Sarah Nogle) was born in 1840 in Ohio, USA.
iv. Wilson S HILE (son of George HILE and Sarah Nogle) was born in 1842 in Ohio, USA.
v. George HILE (son of George HILE and Sarah Nogle) was born in 1844 in Ohio, USA.
vi. Nancy J. HILE (daughter of George HILE and Sarah Nogle) was born on 30 Jul 1847 in Wayne, Ohio, USA. She died on 31 Dec 1913 (Dilalation of heard; nephritis). She married George W KNOX (son of John KNOX and Sophia Ann HOMER) on 24 Sep 1871 in Holmes County, Ohio, USA. He was born in Nov 1851 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He died on 11 Jun 1907 in Wayne, Ohio, USA.
vii. ? HILE (daughter of George HILE and Sarah Nogle) was born in 1847 in Ohio, USA.
viii. Barbry HILE (daughter of George HILE and Sarah Nogle) was born in 1848 in Ohio, USA.
ix. Ira K HILE (son of George HILE and Sarah Nogle) was born in 1849 in Ohio, USA.
x. Anna HILE (daughter of George HILE and Sarah Nogle) was born in 1853 in Ohio, USA.
16. George JOYCE II (son of George JOYCE I and 1st WIFE) was born in 1796 in Menallen, Adams, Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 21 Jul 1836 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He married Mary DUEY (daughter of Martin Duey) on 13 Jan 1820 in First Presbyterian Church, Carlisle, Cumberland County, PA.
17. Mary DUEY (daughter of Martin Duey) was born between 1795-1800 in Middleton, Cumberland, PA. She died after 1833 in Ohio, USA (1833 land sale to Charles Olroyd).
George and John Joyce were assigned George McGreal (McCreal, McGrail) as their guardian when father George Joyce I died. Guardians assigned for all minor children even when mother is alive, like their step-mom Elizabeth Hewitt Joyce was.
Mary, wife of Geo Joyce, joins church by "profession" (of faith) on 9 Nov 1822. Noted that she was previously baptized.
There are two Duey family histories at the York County Heritage Trust.
i. Jacob Duey JOYCE (son of George JOYCE II and Mary DUEY) was born on 24 Feb 1821 in Carlise, Cumberland, Pennsylvania, USA. He died in 1895 in Iowa, USA. He married Mary Ann "Maria" METCALF (daughter of ? and ?) on 31 Jan 1843 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. She was born about 1821 in Ohio, USA. She died in 1857.
ii. John JOYCE (son of George JOYCE II and Mary DUEY) was born on 14 Feb 1823 in Carlisle, Cumberland, Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 23 May 1876 in Ohio, USA.
iii. Caroline JOYCE (daughter of George JOYCE II and Mary DUEY) was born on 21 Jul 1825 in Wayne, Ohio, USA. She died in 1845. She married Robert T Thome on 26 Oct 1843 in Holmes County, Ohio, USA. He was born on 01 Jan 1823 in Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 30 Dec 1898.
iv. Samuel JOYCE (son of George JOYCE II and Mary DUEY) was born on 31 Aug 1828 in Plain City, Wayne, Ohio, USA. He died on 12 Jul 1864 in Fort Ethan Allen, VA. He married Eliza Ann CORRELL (daughter of Abraham CORRELL and Lydia KASER) about 1846. She was born on 08 Apr 1830 in Shanesville, Ohio. She died on 02 Feb 1923 in Loudonville, Ashland, Ohio, USA.
v. Mary Matilda JOYCE (daughter of George JOYCE II and Mary DUEY) was born on 04 Oct 1833 in Holmes County, Ohio, USA. She died on 05 Apr 1902 in Holmes County, Ohio, USA. She married Joseph Ralston "Roll" Peckham (son of ? and ?) on 02 Feb 1854 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He was born about 1827. He died on 23 Nov 1880 in Holmes County, Ohio, USA.
18. Abraham CORRELL (son of John Jacob Correll and Susanna Geiselman) was born on 08 Apr 1798 in York, Pennsylvania, USA. He died in 1880 in Ohio, USA. He married Lydia KASER about 1829.
19. Lydia KASER was born about 1798 in Pennsylvania, USA. She died in Ohio, USA.
i. Eliza Ann CORRELL (daughter of Abraham CORRELL and Lydia KASER) was born on 08 Apr 1830 in Shanesville, Ohio. She died on 02 Feb 1923 in Loudonville, Ashland, Ohio, USA. She married Samuel JOYCE (son of George JOYCE II and Mary DUEY) about 1846. He was born on 31 Aug 1828 in Plain City, Wayne, Ohio, USA. He died on 12 Jul 1864 in Fort Ethan Allen, VA.
ii. Cass CORRELL (daughter of Abraham CORRELL and Lydia KASER) was born in 1832 in Ohio, USA.
iii. Sarah CORRELL (daughter of Abraham CORRELL and Lydia KASER) was born in 1834.
iv. Hester Hetty CORRELL (daughter of Abraham CORRELL and Lydia KASER) was born on 12 Aug 1837. She died on 04 May 1915 in Nashville, Holmes, Ohio, USA (Death Certificate, dressmaker, widowed; Lydia Kaser as mother). She married ? Liggett.
v. William H CORRELL (son of Abraham CORRELL and Lydia KASER) was born in 1840.
vi. Jane CORRELL (daughter of Abraham CORRELL and Lydia KASER) was born in 1842.
vii. Milinia CORRELL (daughter of Abraham CORRELL and Lydia KASER) was born in 1844.
viii. Harriett M Lumpta CORRELL (daughter of Abraham CORRELL and Lydia KASER) was born on 17 Apr 1849. She died on 16 Aug 1916 in Sullivan Township, Ashland County, Ohio, USA (Mother as Lydia Caser on death certificate). She married Hyempsel J Shreve. He was born in 1841. He died in 1925.
20. David Linn DEWITT (son of Henry DeWitt and Elizabeth FRIEND) was born in 1801 in Allegany, Maryland, USA. He died in Sep 1877 in Richland, Holmes, Ohio, USA. He married Sarah HEADLEY on 21 Feb 1827 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
21. Sarah HEADLEY was born in 1808 in Pennsylvania, USA. She died in 1882 in Glenmont, Holmes, Ohio, USA.
i. Elizabeth (daughter of David Linn DEWITT and Sarah HEADLEY) was born about 1830 in Ohio, USA.
ii. John (son of David Linn DEWITT and Sarah HEADLEY) was born about 1831 in Ohio, USA.
iii. Barnard DEWITT (son of David Linn DEWITT and Sarah HEADLEY) was born on 21 May 1833 in Ohio, USA. He died about 25 Nov 1900. He married Susannah SHANK (biological daughter of John SHANK and step daughter of JULIANN) on 25 Nov 1851 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. She was born on 01 Jan 1833 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. She died in Aug 1875 in Knox, Holmes, Ohio, USA.
iv. Mary (daughter of David Linn DEWITT and Sarah HEADLEY) was born about 1837 in Ohio, USA.
v. Robert (son of David Linn DEWITT and Sarah HEADLEY) was born on 18 Mar 1840 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He died on 22 Mar 1926 in Ohio, USA. He married Hester BURRELL on 15 Sep 1870.
vi. Nancy (daughter of David Linn DEWITT and Sarah HEADLEY) was born about 1844 in Ohio, USA.
vii. Isaac (son of David Linn DEWITT and Sarah HEADLEY) was born about 1846 in Ohio, USA.
22. John SHANK (son of Daniel Schenk and SUSANNAH) was born on 15 Jul 1794 in Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 31 Jan 1870 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He married JULIANN.
23. JULIANN was born on 25 Feb 1805 in Pennsylvania, USA. She died on 09 Feb 1870 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
i. Susannah SHANK (biological daughter of John SHANK and step daughter of JULIANN) was born on 01 Jan 1833 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. She died in Aug 1875 in Knox, Holmes, Ohio, USA. She married Barnard DEWITT (son of David Linn DEWITT and Sarah HEADLEY) on 25 Nov 1851 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He was born on 21 May 1833 in Ohio, USA. He died about 25 Nov 1900.
ii.Daniel SHANK (son of John SHANK and JULIANN) was born in 1829 in Pennsylvania, USA.
iii. John SHANK (son of John SHANK and JULIANN) was born in 1831 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
iv. Mary SHANK (daughter of John SHANK) was born in 1835 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
v. Juliann SHANK (daughter of John SHANK and JULIANN) was born in 1837 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
vi. Jacob SHANK (son of John SHANK and JULIANA) was born in 1840 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
vii. Christopher SHANK (son of John SHANK) was born in 1844 in Holmes County, Ohio, USA.
viii. Cornelius SHANK (son of John SHANK) was born in 1846 in Holmes County, Ohio, USA.
ix. James SHANK (son of John SHANK) was born in 1845 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
x. Samuel SHANK (son of John SHANK) was born in 1844 in Ohio, USA.
24. John KNOX Sr. was born in 1796 in Pennsylvania, USA. He died in 1863. He married Nancy BITNER (daughter of John BITNER and Susannah NESTLERODE) about 1823.
25. Nancy BITNER (daughter of John BITNER and Susannah NESTLERODE) was born in 1803 in Pennsylvania, USA. She died in 1857.
i. Martin KNOX (son of John KNOX Sr. and Nancy BITNER) was born on 07 May 1823 in Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 20 Oct 1893. He married PATIENCE.
ii. Mary KNOX (daughter of John KNOX Sr. and Nancy BITNER) was born in 1825 in Pennsylvania, USA.
iii. John KNOX (son of John KNOX Sr. and Nancy BITNER) was born on 17 Aug 1826 in Ohio, USA. He died on 05 Aug 1913 in Holmes County, Ohio, USA. He married Sophia Ann HOMER (daughter of John H HOMER and Elizabeth LEONARD) on 31 Oct 1850 in Ohio, USA. She was born in 1829 in Pennsylvania, USA. She died on 01 Oct 1868 in Washington, Holmes, Ohio, USA (Death Record).He married Julia SMITH in 1882.
iv. Christine KNOX (daughter of John KNOX Sr. and Nancy BITNER) was born in 1829 in Ohio, USA.
v. Daniel KNOX (son of John KNOX Sr. and Nancy BITNER) was born in 1830 in Ohio, USA.
vi.David KNOX (son of John KNOX Sr. and Nancy BITNER) was born in 1832 in Ohio, USA. He died on 01 Jun 1911 Washington, Holmes, Ohio, USA. He married Rhoda J LEEE.
vii. Sarah KNOX (daughter of John KNOX Sr. and Nancy BITNER) was born in 1834 in Ohio, USA. She died in 1894. She married Samuel REYNOLDS.
viii. Samuel KNOX (son of John KNOX Sr. and Nancy BITNER) was born in 1835 in Ohio, USA.
ix. Robert KNOX (son of John KNOX Sr. and Nancy BITNER) was born on 28 Jan 1839 in Ohio, USA. He died on 16 Feb 1899. He married Priscilla REEED. She was born in 1837. She died in 1911.
x. William KNOX (son of John KNOX Sr. and Nancy BITNER) was born on 25 Nov 1840 in Ohio, USA. He died on 20 Mar 1898. He married Sarah Ellen REED.
26. John H HOMER (son of ? and ?) was born in 1803 in Pennsylvania, USA. He died between 1880-1890. He married Elizabeth LEONARD (daughter of ? and ?) about 1826 in Pennyslvania, USA.
27. Elizabeth LEONARD (daughter of ? and ?) was born in 1804 in Pennsylvania, USA.
i. Barby HOMER (daughter of John H HOMER and Elizabeth LEONARD) was born in 1827 in Pennsylvania, USA.
ii. Sophia Ann HOMER (daughter of John H HOMER and Elizabeth LEONARD) was born in 1829 in Pennsylvania, USA. She died on 01 Oct 1868 in Washington, Holmes, Ohio, USA (Death Record). She married John KNOX (son of John KNOX Sr. and Nancy BITNER) on 31 Oct 1850 in Ohio, USA. He was born on 17 Aug 1826 in Ohio, USA. He died on 05 Aug 1913 in Holmes County, Ohio, USA.
iii. Peter HOMER (son of John H HOMER and Elizabeth LEONARD) was born in 1830 in Pennsylvania, USA.
iv. Ephram HOMER (son of John H HOMER and Elizabeth LEONARD) was born on 14 Jan 1831 in Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 29 Apr 1909.
v. John W HOMER (son of John H HOMER and Elizabeth LEONARD) was born on 06 Jun 1833 in Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 05 Dec 1915 in Washington, Holmes, Ohio, USA. He married Mary D in 1857. She was born in Jun 1833.
vii. Jacob HOMER (son of John H HOMER and Elizabeth LEONARD) was born on 20 Nov 1838 in Ohio, USA. He died on 07 Aug 1918 (RIpley Township, Holmes County, Ohio). He married Sarah G. She was born in 1845. She died in 1937.
viii. Elizabeth HOMER (daughter of John H HOMER and Elizabeth LEONARD) was born on 03 Jan 1840 in Ohio, USA. She died on 21 May 1913 in Mansfield, Richland, Ohio, USA.
ix. Margaret R E HOMER (daughter of John H HOMER and Elizabeth LEONARD) was born on 22 Nov 1844 in Ohio, USA. She died on 27 Jul 1919 in Loudonville, Ashland, Ohio, USA. She married J.S. HERRRING.
x. Isabell HOMER (daughter of John H HOMER and Elizabeth LEONARD) was born in 1846 in Ohio, USA.
xi. Barnett HOMER (son of John H HOMER and Elizabeth LEONARD) was born on 12 Sep 1827 in Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 08 Feb 1912 in Monroe, Richland, Ohio, USA.
28. ? was born in Pennsylvania, USA. He married ?.
29. ? was born in Pennsylvania, USA.
i. George HILE (son of ? and ?) was born on 14 Aug 1812 in Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 06 Mar 1904 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He married Sarah Nogle between 1836-1838. She was born in 1814 in Pennsylvania, USA. She died between 1850-1855 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.He married Margaret STAVER (daughter of ? and ?) on 21 Jan 1855. She was born on 10 Feb 1818 in Pennsylvania, USA. She died on 10 Jan 1872.He married Mina LEYDA in 1874. She was born in Nov 1836 (Oh).
32. George JOYCE I (son of FATHER and MOTHER) was born about 1765 in Ireland. He died on 22 Aug 1807 in Menallen, Adams, Pennsylvania, USA. He married 1st WIFE about 1789.
1st WIFE She died about 1800.
Friend's Grove Cemetery - Levi Hutton 31 Jan 1758 22 Feb 1844. Levi is one of the names mentioned as land adjacent to George Joyce in 1828 announcement of sale of land.
i. Newel JOYCE (son of George JOYCE I and 1st WIFE) was born about 1789 in Menallen, Adams, Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 23 Mar 1855 in Bendersville, Menallen Twp, Adams County, PA.
Newell asked for George McGreal also. George and John Joyce were assigned George McGreal (McCreal, McGrail) as their guardian when father George Joyce I died. Guardians assigned for all minor children even when mother is alive, like their step-mom Elizabeth Hewitt Joyce was.
ii. William Henry JOYCE (son of George JOYCE I and 1st WIFE) was born on 24 Jun 1790 in Menallen, Adams, Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 20 Mar 1863 in Northwest Township, Williams County, Ohio. He married Elizabeth JOHNSTON (daughter of John JOHNSTON) about 1831. She was born in 1803 in Ireland. She died on 17 Nov 1874 in Ainger, Williams County, Ohio.
William petitioned the court to select John Wireman (Weirman) as his guardian. Guardians assigned for all minor children even when mother is alive, like their step-mom Elizabeth Hewitt Joyce was.
Graves of Veterans of War of 1812 and other information.
(birthdate calculated from tombstone death date). He was 24 when he enlisted in the U S Rifles Regiment August 2 1814 to serve for five years.
He married Mary Elizabeth Johnston in Richland county Ohio 28 October 1823.
Notes on FindAGrave: aged 71 yrs & 28 days, wife of Henry. Elizabeth's inscription is on the north side of the family marker. Elizabeth is the half aunt (through John Johnston) of Lottie E Underwood Waring who left several awesome family letters that provide the history of the John Johnston family. Elizabeth's mother is the first wife of John Johnston who was born in Ireland and remained there, at least for some time, when John emigrated to America.
iii.George JOYCE II (son of George JOYCE I and 1st WIFE) was born in 1796 in Menallen, Adams, Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 21 Jul 1836 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He married Mary DUEY (daughter of Martin Duey) on 13 Jan 1820 in First Presbyterian Church, Carlisle, Cumberland County, PA. She was born between 1795-1800 in Middleton, Cumberland, PA. She died after 1833 in Ohio, USA (1833 land sale to Charles Olroyd).
iv. John JOYCE (son of George JOYCE I and 1st WIFE) was born in 1797 in Menallen, Adams, Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 13 Apr 1875 in Wooster, Wayne, Ohio, USA (Congestion of the Lungs). He married ?. He married Isabella MCFARLAND on 27 Nov 1834 in Holmes County, Ohio, USA. She was born in 1810 in Ireland. She died on 30 Jun 1894.
34. Martin Duey was born between 1756-1765.
i. Mary DUEY (daughter of Martin Duey) was born between 1795-1800 in Middleton, Cumberland, PA. She died after 1833 in Ohio, USA (1833 land sale to Charles Olroyd). She married George JOYCE II (son of George JOYCE I and 1st WIFE) on 13 Jan 1820 in First Presbyterian Church, Carlisle, Cumberland County, PA. He was born in 1796 in Menallen, Adams, Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 21 Jul 1836 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.
36. John Jacob Correll was born in 1755. He married Susanna Geiselman.
37. Susanna Geiselman was born in 1765. She died in 1835.
1784. Executors: Michael Geiselman and Barnet Zeigler. Shrewsbury Township.
Hasler and Susanna wife of Jacob Carrel."
i. Abraham CORRELL (son of John Jacob Correll and Susanna Geiselman) was born on 08 Apr 1798 in York, Pennsylvania, USA. He died in 1880 in Ohio, USA. He married Lydia KASER about 1829. She was born about 1798 in Pennsylvania, USA. She died in Ohio, USA.
40. Henry DeWitt was born about 1770 in Friendsville, Garrett, Maryland. He married Elizabeth FRIEND (daughter of John Friend) about 1789 in Garrett, Maryland, USA.
41. Elizabeth FRIEND (daughter of John Friend) was born about 1770.
i. David Linn DEWITT (son of Henry DeWitt and Elizabeth FRIEND) was born in 1801 in Allegany, Maryland, USA. He died in Sep 1877 in Richland, Holmes, Ohio, USA. He married Sarah HEADLEY on 21 Feb 1827 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. She was born in 1808 in Pennsylvania, USA. She died in 1882 in Glenmont, Holmes, Ohio, USA.
ii. Barnard DEWITT (son of Henry DeWitt and Elizabeth FRIEND) was born in Aug 1799 in Maryland, USA. He died on 30 Nov 1873 in Knox, Holmes, Ohio, USA.
44. Daniel Schenk was born in 1763 in Manor, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA. He married SUSANNAH.
45. SUSANNAH was born in 1769 in Pennsylvania, USA.
i. John SHANK (son of Daniel Schenk and SUSANNAH) was born on 15 Jul 1794 in Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 31 Jan 1870 in Holmes, Ohio, USA. He married JULIANN. She was born on 25 Feb 1805 in Pennsylvania, USA. She died on 09 Feb 1870 in Holmes, Ohio, USA.He married JULIANA. She was born in 1806 in Pennsylvania, USA.
ii. Barby SHANK (daughter of Daniel Schenk and SUSANNAH) was born in 1800 in Pennsylvania, USA.
50. John BITNER (son of Hans Gorg BOETTNER and Elizabeth HERSCHBERGER) was born in 1776. He died on 24 Apr 1851 in Centre County, PA. He married Susannah NESTLERODE (daughter of Christian NESTLERODE and Anna Margaret BOTT) about 1801.
51.Susannah NESTLERODE (daughter of Christian NESTLERODE and Anna Margaret BOTT) was born in 1783. She died in 1835.
i. John BITNER (son of John BITNER and Susannah NESTLERODE) was born in 1802. He died in 1861.
ii.Christian BITNER (son of John BITNER and Susannah NESTLERODE) was born in 1803. He died in 1869.
iii. Nancy BITNER (daughter of John BITNER and Susannah NESTLERODE) was born in 1803 in Pennsylvania, USA. She died in 1857. She married John KNOX Sr. about 1823. He was born in 1796 in Pennsylvania, USA. He died in 1863.
iv. Susannah BITNER (daughter of John BITNER and Susannah NESTLERODE) was born in 1806. She died in 1884. She married ? ROCKWELL.
v. Barbara BITNER (daughter of John BITNER and Susannah NESTLERODE) was born in 1808. She died in 1869. She married ? LEATHERS.
vi. Catherine BITNER (daughter of John BITNER and Susannah NESTLERODE) was born in 1810. She died in 1882. She married ? WAGNER.
vii. Margaret BITNER (daughter of John BITNER and Susannah NESTLERODE) was born in 1812. She died in 1851. She married ? SOWER.
viii. Abraham BITNER (son of John BITNER and Susannah NESTLERODE) was born in 1814. He died in 1875.
ix. Martha BITNER (daughter of John BITNER and Susannah NESTLERODE) was born in 1818. She died in 1879. She married ? JOHNSTON.
x. Lydia BITNER (daughter of John BITNER and Susannah NESTLERODE) was born in 1820. She died in 1868. She married ? HEVERLY.
xi. Daniel BITNER (son of John BITNER and Susannah NESTLERODE) was born in 1822. He died in 1897.
xii. Samuel BITNER (son of John BITNER and Susannah NESTLERODE) was born in 1825. He died in 1836.
52. ? was born in PA. He married ?.
53. ? was born in PA.
i. John H HOMER (son of ? and ?) was born in 1803 in Pennsylvania, USA. He died between 1880-1890. He married Elizabeth LEONARD (daughter of ? and ?) about 1826 in Pennyslvania, USA. She was born in 1804 in Pennsylvania, USA.
54. ? was born in PA. He married ?.
55.? was born in PA.
i. Elizabeth LEONARD (daughter of ? and ?) was born in 1804 in Pennsylvania, USA. She married John H HOMER (son of ? and ?) about 1826 in Pennyslvania, USA. He was born in 1803 in Pennsylvania, USA. He died between 1880-1890.
64. FATHER He married MOTHER.
i. George JOYCE I (son of FATHER and MOTHER) was born about 1765 in Ireland. He died on 22 Aug 1807 in Menallen, Adams, Pennsylvania, USA. He married 1st WIFE about 1789. She died about 1800.He married Elizabeth HEWITT (daughter of George HEWITT and Deborah MORTON) on 21 Aug 1800 in Adams, Pennsylvania, USA. She was born on 16 Aug 1777. She died on 26 Feb 1832 in York, Pennsylvania, USA.
82. John Friend (son of ?) was born between 1755-1760.
i.Elizabeth FRIEND (daughter of John Friend) was born about 1770. She married Henry DeWitt about 1789 in Garrett, Maryland, USA. He was born about 1770 in Friendsville, Garrett, Maryland.
ii. Isaac Friend (son of John Friend).
iii. Pendry Friend (son of John Friend).
iv. Willis Friend (son of John Friend).
v. John Friend (son of John Friend).
vi. Andrew Friend (son of John Friend).
vii. Jacob Friend (son of John Friend).
viii. William E Friend (son of John Friend).
ix.Jonathan Friend (son of John Friend).
x.J G Friend (son of John Friend).
xi. J S Friend (son of John Friend).
100. Hans Gorg BOETTNER He married Elizabeth HERSCHBERGER.
i. John BITNER (son of Hans Gorg BOETTNER and Elizabeth HERSCHBERGER) was born in 1776. He died on 24 Apr 1851 in Centre County, PA. He married Susannah NESTLERODE (daughter of Christian NESTLERODE and Anna Margaret BOTT) about 1801. She was born in 1783. She died in 1835.
102. Christian NESTLERODE (son of John Christian Sardin NESSELROTH and Elizabeth KURTZ) was born in 1762 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 01 Apr 1835 in Centre County, PA. He married Anna Margaret BOTT.
103. Anna Margaret BOTT (daughter of Heinrich Henry BOTT and Elizabeth MUELLER) was born on 24 Jan 1762. She died in 1805 in Centre County, PA.
ii. Susannah NESTLERODE (daughter of Christian NESTLERODE and Anna Margaret BOTT) was born in 1783. She died in 1835. She married John BITNER (son of Hans Gorg BOETTNER and Elizabeth HERSCHBERGER) about 1801. He was born in 1776. He died on 24 Apr 1851 in Centre County, PA.
iii. Catherine E NESTLERODE (daughter of Christian NESTLERODE and Anna Margaret BOTT) was born in 1784 in Berks, Pennsylvania, USA. She died on 28 Oct 1840 in Clearfield, Pennsylvania, USA. She married John RORABAUGH. He was born in 1776. He died in 1850.
iv. Christian NESTLERODE (son of Christian NESTLERODE and Anna Margaret BOTT) was born in 1785. He died in 1865.
v. Barbara NESTLERODE (daughter of Christian NESTLERODE and Anna Margaret BOTT) was born in 1797. She in 1870. She married Jacob PLETCHER. He died in 1870.
vi. Daniel NESTLERODE (son of Christian NESTLERODE and Anna Margaret BOTT) was born on 11 Dec 1799 in Centre County, PA. He died on 26 Sep 1876. He married Margaret FRREY.
vii. Margaret NESTLERODE (daughter of Christian NESTLERODE and Anna Margaret BOTT) was born in 1816. She died in 1890. She married ? MANN.
i. John Friend (son of ?) was born between 1755-1760.
ii. Gabriel Friend (son of ?) was born in 1751.
204. John Christian Sardin NESSELROTH was born in 1737. He died in 1813. He married Elizabeth KURTZ.
i.Christian NESTLERODE (son of John Christian Sardin NESSELROTH and Elizabeth KURTZ) was born in 1762 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 01 Apr 1835 in Centre County, PA. He married Anna Margaret BOTT. was born on 24 Jan 1762. She died in 1805 in Centre County, PA.
ii. Israel NESSELROTH (son of John Christian Sardin NESSELROTH and Elizabeth KURTZ) was born in 1763. He died in 1833. He married Christine KLEIN.
iii. Daniel NESSELROTH (son of John Christian Sardin NESSELROTH and Elizabeth KURTZ) was born in 1769. He married Catherine GAATSHALL.
206. Heinrich Henry BOTT He married Elizabeth MUELLER.
i. Anna Margaret BOTT (daughter of Heinrich Henry BOTT and Elizabeth MUELLER) was born on 24 Jan 1762. She died in 1805 in Centre County, PA. She married Christian NESTLERODE. He was born in 1762 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 01 Apr 1835 in Centre County, PA.

matches: v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v.


text:
Density functional theory is herein employed to provide theoretical insight into the mechanism involved in 1O2 photosensitization by a gold–BODIPY combined complex proposed as a promising photodynamic therapy agent. The protocol is thus used to compute the non-radiative rate constants for the S1 → Tj intersystem crossing transitions. Calculations show that while the incorporation of an iodine atom into the core skeleton of BODIPY enhances the singlet–triplet intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiency due to the occurrence of the singlet–triplet transition between states with different orbital characters (ππ* → πn*), the presence of a gold atom, even if not directly anchored to the chromophore core but through a triplet bond, equally entails an increase of the spin–orbit coupling constant due to the heavy atom effect. In this way, the system is able to generate singlet molecular oxygen, the key cytotoxic agent in PDT. Our results fit well with the experimental singlet oxygen quantum yield and cytotoxicity determination.
Alongside the increasingly high use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in anti-cancer therapy1–4 and other diseases,5,6 the search for new and more efficient photosensitizers has grown significantly in the last few years.7–10 The photophysical mechanism on which PDT is based involves the excitation of a chromophore, a photosensitizer (PS), from the ground S0 to a singlet excited state that can transfer its energy, throughout an intersystem crossing (ISC) process, to a triplet state lying below. The subsequent transfer of energy from the triplet state of the PS to the molecular oxygen present in the irradiated tissues triggers the so-called type II photoreactions that lead to the production of one of the most active cytotoxic agents, 1O2, which immediately begins to destroy the surrounding sick tissues. Drugs for clinical PDT use must fulfill a series of indispensable requirements.9 The most important requirements can be summarized as follows: be non-toxic in the absence of light radiation, generate reasonable amounts of cytotoxic singlet molecular oxygen upon irradiation, be easily removed from the body, possess thermodynamic stability, not be subject to redox reactions, and absorb in the NIR region. Thus, from a photophysical point of view, the factors that are important to take into account in designing a new and effective photosensitizer for PDT include (i) the absorption wavelength, which has to fall within the therapeutic window (500 and 850 nm) so that the radiation can penetrate as deeply as possible into the tissues and, consequently, reduce the number of clinical treatments; (ii) the triplet excited-state energy, which has to be greater than the energy required to convert O2 from a fundamental state (3Σg−) to an excited one (1Δg) (0.98 eV);11 and (iii) the amplitude of the spin–orbit relativistic coupling (SOC) between the two states with different spin multiplicities, whose values are mainly responsible for an efficient kinetics for the ISC process, especially when heavy atoms are included in the molecular structures.
Herein, density functional theory (DFT) and its time-dependent formulation (TDDFT) are employed to provide theoretical insight into the mechanism involved in 1O2 photosensitization by a Au–BODIPY combined complex proposed as a promising PDT agent.20 For this purpose, the photophysical properties of intermediates involved in the synthesis of such a promising drug have also been elucidated in order to underline the characteristics that make the gold complex active toward 1O2 photosensitization, compared to a metal-free compound, and compared with iodine-containing BODIPY that was already proved to be an efficient photosensitizer.17 Previous theoretical investigations29–39 have established the reliability of such a tool not only to reproduce the photophysical properties of experimentally proposed photosensitizers for PDT application, but also to predict the properties with reasonable accuracy, helping the understanding of the mechanisms underlying this therapy, especially in metal-containing systems.40–42 This could be of help in selectively orienting the syntheses, the physico chemical characterization and the biological tests of new PDT drugs in a more rapid way and with considerable economic savings. The main aim of our study is to contribute in clarifying the role of gold in promoting the ISC process, correlating the values of the computed spin–orbit coupling with the quantum yields of singlet oxygen production experimentally determined.20 For selected non-radiative processes, the kinetic constants have been provided to better disentangle the most probable pathway for 1O2 photosensitization.
Quantum chemical optimizations have been performed at the density functional theory level (DFT) with Gaussian 09 code.43 No symmetry constraints have been imposed during the geometry optimizations performed by using the hybrid B3LYP44,45 exchange–correlation functional in conjunction with the 6-31G(d) basis set for all the atoms, except gold and iodine for which the SDD pseudopotential,46 the most used for Au-containing complexes,47–49 was employed. The choice of the computational protocol was dictated by our previous benchmarks in computing these properties for several compounds.30,34,35 All-real harmonic vibrational frequencies were obtained for the minimum energy optimized structures. The lowest twenty vertical excitation energies were calculated by the time-dependent density functional linear response formulation (TDDFT) on the previously optimized geometries by adding a diffuse function to the basis set. Solvent effects were evaluated by using the non-equilibrium implementation50 of the polarizable continuum model.51 The environment used in the experiments,52 dichloromethane (ε = 8.93), was simulated by means of the polarizable continuum model (PCM).
considering all the normal modes ωi.
Selected structural parameters of the optimized geometries at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory are reported in Fig. 1 while Cartesian coordinates are given in Table S1 of the ESI.† As it has already been observed on similar systems at both experimental14 and theoretical34 levels, in all the considered compounds, the BODIPY core appears completely planar with fluorine atoms that come out from the plane and phenyl in the meso position arranged in a pseudo-orthogonal fashion.
Fig. 1 Schematic structure of the investigated systems. Main structural parameters are included, distances in Å and angles in degrees.
Looking at the Au-bdp system, a covalent interaction between Au and the alkynyl ligand can be observed; the obtained Au–C distance (2.002 Å) agrees well with the corresponding distance in similar complexes like ClAu–CCH− (1.950 Å) and ClAu–CN− (1.993 Å) computed at the CCSD(T) level of theory.60 Similarly, the Au–P bond length is close to that previously obtained for analogous gold compounds (2.355 vs. 2.392 Å).61 The phenyl groups of the triphenylphosphine show torsional angles of about 35 degrees resulting from a balance between steric hindrance and electronic delocalization. In all the studied systems, whatever the substituent in the β position of BODIPY, the planar structure of the core and the meso-phenyl ring in perpendicular arrangement (about 89 degrees in all cases, see Fig. 1) remain unaltered.
The computed vertical excitation energies for both the low-lying singlet and triplet states are reported in Table 1. As already found for other BODIPY-based systems29,30,34,35 the values of the excitation singlet energies are overestimated with respect to the corresponding experimental values, by about 0.3 eV.20,62 The origin of this error was well documented37 and applying the suggested correction, based on the use of the coupled cluster method, the agreement with the experimental data improves significantly.
The introduction of iodine atoms or a Au moiety into the BODIPY core red-shifts the S1 band. In particular, the inclusion of iodine atoms in β positions of BODIPY increases the wavelength for the maximum absorption by 33 nm with respect to the naked bdp, while the presence of gold causes a more substantial red-shift (72 nm), as experimentally found (26 and 47 nm in the two cases, respectively).
In all cases, the excitation is due to a HOMO → LUMO transition that results in the ππ* nature depicted in Fig. 2 (for Au-bdp and I-bdp) and Fig. S1 (ESI†) (for bdp and Ac-bdp). The coordination of a BODIPY molecule to the Au center, through an acetylene linker, contributes to extending the conjugation of the π-system to the triple bond. The computed density difference plots between S1 and S0, which give an indication of the variation of the electronic density upon electronic excitations, in all cases involve the π-system of the BODIPY core (see Fig. S2, ESI†) with a small participation of the heavy atoms.
Fig. 2 HOMO−1 (H−1), HOMO (H) and LUMO (L) molecular orbital compositions for singlet and triplet excited states of Au-bdp and I-bdp systems.
For all the investigated compounds, below the S1 state, two excited triplet states (T1 and T2) were located. The energy gap between the ground state and first excited triplet state T1, extremely important to evaluate the possibility for molecular oxygen excitation (3Σg− → 1Δg), does not vary significantly, and reaches values close to 1.5 eV, sufficient to promote 1O2 formation. More significant variations were found for the T2 energies for the different compounds, which rank from 2.20 (I-bdp) to 2.76 eV (bdp). The triplet states, T1 and T2, originated from the HOMO → LUMO and HOMO−1 → LUMO transitions, respectively. For bdp and Ac-bdp, both the transitions are ππ* with the π*Ph orbital mainly localized on the meso-phenyl ring (see Fig. S1, ESI†). In Au-bdp triplets, the transition is also ππ* in nature but the π* orbital composition involves only the –PPh3 ligand (see Fig. 2). On the contrary, in I-bdp, the nature of the transition, in both T1 and T2 states, is πn* (Fig. 2).
The computed spin orbit coupling constants (〈ΨS1|ĤSO|ΨTj〉) are presented in Table 2, in which the fluorescence lifetime (ΦF) and the singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yields, experimentally measured,17,20 are also reported. The SOC small values computed for bdp and Ac-bdp suggest a low probability of intersystem crossing between S1 and Tj spin states that justifies the unrevealed 1O2 production by experimental measurement.17 Keeping in mind the El-Sayed63 rules, no significant changes in the composition of the molecular orbitals of the states involved in the transitions were found in these cases. However, in both Au-bdp and I-bdp, the presence of Au or I heavy atoms increases the SOC values by an order of magnitude. Although in the former case, the MO composition remains of the π type, the LUMO orbital of both triplet states is localized on the PPh3 ligand, contrariwise to that of S1, which involves almost exclusively the BODIPY core. This evidence suggests that accordingly the ISC efficiency should increase. SOC data agree with the experimental observations that show the production of singlet oxygen with good yields only if Au-bdp and I-bdp are used as photosensitizers.20 Furthermore, an inspection of the available experimental photophysical data reveals that only the Au- and I-containing BODIPY possess a very low fluorescence lifetime,20 essential to avoid the occurrence of other excited state deactivation pathways.
The greatest SOCs found for I-bdp are due to the significant changes in the composition of the molecular orbitals of the states involved in the transitions that, as previously discussed, are πn*. While in Au-bdp, the MO composition, though involving different parts of the molecule (see LUMO composition localized on –PPh3 ligand in Fig. 2), remains of the ππ* type. Indeed, it was already reported that the inclusion of a heavy atom directly on a BODIPY core has a great influence on the SOC values with respect to heavy atoms in peripheral positions.29 In view of the very small difference in the measured experimental values of 1O2 (ΦΔ in Table 2) quantum yield for the two compounds,20 the SOC values appear to be in contrast with what has been observed. However, even if the ISC rate constant considerably depends on the 〈S1|HSO|Tj〉 values, as underlined above, other terms take part in determining the rate of the whole radiationless process. As reported in the computational details section, in the limit of the Franck–Condon approximation in the non-adiabatic regime, the rate of the ISC process leading to the triplet state population, which needs to be populated for triggering 1O2 photosensitization, can be estimated by using the Fermi golden rule of eqn (1). The quantities computed for determining the kISC are presented in Table 3.
a Effective Huang–Rhys factor for the high frequency modes ωj > 1000 cm−1. b cm−1. c Debye. d eV. e s−1.
First, the kISC values for both possible non-radiative transitions were calculated only for I-bdp, while for Au-bdp, exclusively the kISC(S1 → T1) value was computed. This is because, in order to properly use the procedure for the vibrationally-resolved electronic spectra used to obtain all the quantities needed to calculate kISC, obviously both states have to be real minima, no imaginary frequencies should be found in any of the involved states. Unfortunately, for Au-bdp, all the attempts to find a real minimum for the T2 state failed. However, looking at kISC(S1 → Tj) computed for I-bdp, it appears clear that despite the substantial larger energy gap between the initial and the final states, S1–T1, with respect to the other, S1–T2, the rate constant is only slightly influenced. Therefore, we are quite sure that pathway (b) can be considered the most probable for both photosensitizers.
In this work, a DFT-based theoretical investigation is devoted to establishing whether the photophysical properties of a BODIPY compound can be affected by the formation of a gold(I) complex in view of its possible use as a photosensitizer in the PDT. Several photophysical properties, i.e. excitation energies, singlet–triplet energy gaps, spin orbit coupling constants and kISC between the low lying excited states, were also determined for an iodine-containing compound already proved to be an efficient PS. The absorption properties were shown to be influenced by the presence of the heavy atoms, iodine or gold, that entail a slight red-shift (a few nanometers) in the maximum absorption wavelengths, with the Q-band falling in the low region of the therapeutic window. For all the investigated compounds, the energy of the low-lying excited triplet state is enough to excite the oxygen molecules from the 3Σg− to 1Δg state (0.98 eV). Calculations clearly show that the presence of the heavy atom is essential to enhance the amplitude of the spin–orbit coupling matrix elements and then the ISC rate. In particular, the occurrence of a radiationless singlet–triplet transition between states with different orbital character (ππ* → πn*) has been found for the iodine-incorporated system I-bdp, while the inclusion of a gold atom not directly anchored to the chromophore core skeleton but through a triplet bond equally entails an increase of the spin–orbit coupling constant due to the heavy atom effect. These results agree very nicely with the experimental observation of a singlet oxygen quantum yield close to 0.8 in both cases. Thus, the computed properties, in satisfactory agreement with the available experimental findings, indicate that both Au-bdp and I-bdp can be equally considered as potential photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy.
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