With these words, Alaa al-Faqeer, a member of the Violation Document Center in Syria (“VDC”), describes the first time the regime forces dropped an explosive barrel on Da'el city in Daraa on 18-7-2012. The explosion caused the death of four people whose bodieswere consequently torn into fragments. It also completely destroyed two houses.
“Imad Syrian", an activist and member of the VDC who is from the eastern neighborhoods of Aleppo, says that the Syrian regime began by bombing the city of Aleppo with vacuum rockets and "regular" explosive barrels stuffed with T. N. T., scrap, nails and other types of iron. However, it has recently begun to fill “water tanks and containers, weighing up to about 1000 kg” with such explosive materials and throw them onto civilian neighborhoods from helicopters. In October 2013, moreover, the regime forces dropped "garbage containers” packed with stones onto Safira in the countryside near to Aleppo, deliberately and indiscriminately targeting rebellious neighborhoods. The eastern neighborhoods were particularly targeted. As the bombing mostly targeted residential communities with large human populations, the majority of the casualties were "civilians". For example the Alhaidariya Square, which is the main station for buses going from Aleppo to most villages and towns in the countryside surrounding northern Aleppo, was targeted on 2-11-2013.
Imad Syrian adds, “The antiaircraft weapons owned by Opposition battalions cannot shoot the helicopters down since these usually fly at an altitude of several-kilometers”. He also added that most of the helicopters shelling the cities and neighborhoods of Aleppo are reported to take off from "Hama Military Airport".
Many neighborhoods of Eastern Aleppo, as well as some villages and towns to the north of the city, have been exposed to hundreds of illegal airstrikes which have horrifically massacred civilians. Martyring hundreds and wounding thousands, these massacres were a main reason for the displacement of more than 600,000 civilians. The same airstrikes also damaged more than 1400 houses, 900 of these being completely destroyed.
Some of these displaced civilians sought refuge in the countryside around Aleppo while others headed to Turkey. However, a few thousand of them went to the regime-controlled western neighborhoods, whereupon they were reported by activists to have been detained by the regime.
The regime forces’ airstrikes were most severe from the middle of December 2013 when dozens of highly populated civilian neighborhoods were targeted. During that period, many systematic airstrikes against civilian neighborhoods were recorded claiming the lives of hundreds, injuring hundreds of thousands and causing heavy losses to civilian property including houses, shops and commercial institutions.
This report covers the period between 1st November 2013 until the end of January 2014, during which VDC documented more than 266 airstrikes by the Syrian regime air force on several neighborhoods, cities and villages of Aleppo. These killed more than 1395 martyrs. 14 were members of the fighting battalions and more than 1380 were civilians, including 441 children and 78 women.
As noted earlier, it was the eastern neighborhoods of Aleppo that suffered most of the 64 massacres caused by the regime forces’ "explosive barrels and containers filled with explosive materials". Here, more than 1200 martyrs fell, including 366 children and 156 women. In more than 152 airstrikes, the regime air force dropped more than 305 barrels, more than 125 of which were recorded in December 2013, and more than 132 of which were recorded in January 2014. Only four barrels that were dropped did not explode.
Only seven non-civilians died in these airstrikes, while the rest of the casualties were local citizens. It should be noted that these numbers are not final; they may increase due to the great numbers of wounded. Hundreds of serious cases were taken to hospitals in Turkey or near the Turkish borders, these hospitals being much better equipped to receive such cases than the medical points and field hospitals in the eastern neighborhoods of Aleppo, which lack the necessary medical equipment and the capacity to accommodate such huge numbers.
In cooperation with several activists, doctors and nurses, VDC could estimate the number of casualties during the last three months. All those with whom VDC has conducted interviews confirmed that Aleppo is targeted every day by explosive barrels. The casualties are being moved to ten medical points, hospitals and dispensaries, each of which fills up every day despite having the capacity to receive at least 60 cases. More than 20 of these cases are critical ones, while others die as soon as they reach the medical point. Among these hospitals, only four are equipped to perform surgeries. It is a tragic situation. During November 2013 to January 2014 alone, there have been more than 20,000 thousand casualties, many of them were women and children.
This report draws upon the testimonies of eyewitnesses, field and media activists and survivors, in addition to doctors and nurses who received hundreds of casualties. It also analyzes tens of videos and photos of the attacks that were taken by media activists, as well as hundreds of reports about the destruction and massacres that followed every attack on the city or the villages of Aleppo, especially in the countryside to the north of Aleppo. The report shows the time of every attack and the demographic status of each affected district, in terms of population and the status of opposition military forces in these districts.
1- Regular Russian-made Barrels. These are believed to have been used by the Russian Army in the middle of the previous century. They were brought from Russia 'ready to use'. The regime has owned them for decades. Their weight ranges between 300 to 500 kg and they're filled with TNT and metallic scraps. There're extremely destructive, yet their range is more limited than that of the other kinds.
2- Medium Destruction Barrels. These are believed to be made by the regime in 'Defense Factories' in al-Safira, in the Valley of al-Waha. Most of the helicopters taking off from this valley dropped these barrels on the districts of Aleppo. The weight of these barrels ranges from 400 to 500 kg.
3- Highly Destructive Barrels. These are the most dangerous and destructive of all. Weighing more than 600 kg, they take many shapes like containers, cisterns and, in some cases, green rubbish containers.
Al -Hamoud added that Russian-made Barrel Bombs have a fan at the bottom of the barrel which makes it relatively precise, whereas the other kinds are dropped indiscriminately for the sake of killing and destroying. The regime stopped using the first kind months ago; all the recent attacks on the villages and cities of Aleppo were done using Medium Destruction Barrels and Highly Destructive Barrels.
The shapes of the barrels were shown in many pictures taken by activists. One of these pictures, published by Aleppo News Channel, shows an unexploded barrel that was dropped on a park near Qadi Askar-Al Mayser Road on 28-11-2013. This picture was supported with a video published by activists, which is believed to have captured the same barrel as the one in the picture. The video shows the nature of the explosive material inside the barrel and the thickness of the iron used.
This month witnessed the fall of 145 civilian martyrs due to barrel attacks, 46 of whom were children and 27 of whom were women.
The first attack was on 1 Nov 2013 as the regime forces targeted Tal Aran in al-Safira; three houses were destroyed in addition to the fall of one martyr. The second attack was on 14 Nov 2013; a massacre was carried out by the regime in Ebtin Village in the countryside to the south of Aleppo. There were more than 25 casualties and 15 civilian martyrs, 9 of whom were children. The third attack was on 17 Nov 2013, in al-Jazmati Square, which was targeted by a barrel. In this attack 2 people were martyred, more than 10 were wounded and five houses were destroyed. The fourth attack was on Soran in Izaz City on 21 Nov 2013 when six martyrs fell immediately. The fifth attack was on 23 Nov 2013 in Tadef in al-Bab City when 8 martyrs fell and more than five houses were destroyed.
On 23 Nov 2013, the regime committed a massacre in Tariq al-Bab District, near al-Halwania Square; the number of martyrs was more than 25, four of them "unidentified" as they were torn up into pieces. It's well known that this district is a very crowded one as there is a market and a bus station, from which the buses goes to many areas in the northern Aleppo Countryside like al-Bab, Tadif and many others. According to eyewitnesses, two barrels were dropped; the first was near Al-Halwania Square and the second was 1 km away from the first, on an eastern district of Aleppo called Karm al-Beik.
"I was only 50m away from the target of the first barrel in Al-Halwania Square. A few minutes later, I went to the strike location. There was so much dust and there were so many people burning. One building was completely destroyed and more than 20 others were partially damaged. Tens of martyrs and casualties were lying on the ground as the street is more like a market and full of hawkers. It's well known that there are more than 100 hundred street vegetables sellers and a station of minibuses in the area. 6 minutes later, a second barrel was dropped nearby; we rushed to the place to find massive destruction of civilian houses, three of which were completely destroyed. That was in addition to the fall of another 7 martyrs.
Jihad confirmed that there is no military presence in either of the two targeted locations, both civilian areas being deliberately targeted.
In November, deliberately indiscriminate attacks by regime forces on the most crowded civilian areas continued; at the same day when al-Halwania Square was hit, 9 martyrs and many casualties fell when a charitable society in the city of al-Bab was targeted. The eighth strike was in al-Safira on 29 Nov 2013, where 4 martyrs of civilians fell. The ninth and tenth strikes were in Qadi Askar District on 28 Nov 2013, where more than 15 martyrs fell - 12 of them were from the district itself and the rest were from nearby. Among the martyrs, there was a lady with her two sons and a pregnant woman, in addition to many children. On that same day, 4 barrels were dropped on Deir Hafir in the countryside near Aleppo, killing 5 civilians.
The last two strikes in November were on the 31st, when the regime's forces committed two horrible massacres in al-Bab City. al-Bab is one of the biggest and most important cities in the of the vicinity of Aleppo, only 38km away from the center of Aleppo itself. The regime air force dropped an 'explosive container' on a market at midday. A few hours later, another 'container' was dropped on a poor district in the northern area of al-Bab. That day, VDC could document 30 martyrs, among them eight woman and three children.
Activist Marwan A (22 years), a member of al-Bab Coordination told the VDC that the regime’s strikes increased soon after its forces had regained Brigade 80, which had been under the rule of many rebellious factions, particularly al-Tawheed Brigade. These strikes led to the displacement of tens of thousands of civilians to Turkey and to villages nearby, which already contain thousands of displaced people from other cities like Homs. The population of the city before the last movement of displacement was 200,000, having been 300,000 before the revolution began in 2011.
Regarding the two massacres, Marwan said, "Around 12:30, I was taking photos somewhere in the city when a helicopter dropped an explosive-laden 'container', which is different from the barrel as it's bigger, near the Municipality Building and the market. The container fell amid a very crowded street. I rushed to the place to find tens of charred bodies and carnages. There were more than 20 martyrs and 30 casualties which later caused difficulties in hospitals and medical points.
The second strike was at 03:30 pm; it was near our office and it was so strong that we thought it was in our building. We rushed out to find out that a barrel was dropped amid the poor neighbourhoods south of the city. It affected a 500 sq. meter area, completely destroyed 5 buildings and partially damaged ten others. More than 10 martyrs and 20 casualties fell, many of them were of al-Sukar Family as the barrel fell on their house.
Marwan added that neither of the two places had any military presence; that they are purely civilian and that all the casualties were civilians.
On the 1st of Dec 2013, the barrels continued to be dropped, and the regime's forces committed a massacre against Aleppo civilians by hitting a crowded market. VDC documented 31 martyrs from this attack. Just one of them was armed; the other 30 were civilians, 7 of them children and 2 of them women. There were also 55 casualties.
"The Helicopter was couple of kilometres high; it was clearly visible to the naked eye. This was at around 12 pm, which is the rush hour in the markets. The barrel fell on an old market that contains many wholesale and watch shops, in addition to food shops that sell rice, lentils, sugar and other food.
December 2013 was the bloodiest month in terms of number of martyrs, due to a series of explosive 'barrel'-borne massacres. VDC could document more than 631 martyrs, only four of whom were armed; the rest were all civilians (138 of them boys, 59 of them girls and 63 of them women). As usual, there were many civilian injuries, too. The most violent massacres were those that took place on 15, 16, 17 December, when tens of barrels were dropped on the eastern districts of Aleppo causing massive destruction and a huge number of casualties.
As we mentioned above, the strikes started in al-Bab City in the northern countryside. We preferred to talk about this massacre directly after the first massacre in the city on 30 Nov 2013. In terms of enumerations, however, the martyrs of this massacre were included in the enumerations of December. After that, there was a massacre against 7 civilians of 'Aloosh Family' on 6 Dec 2013 in the Village of al-Owaija. That same day, 25 people were massacred in Bazaa, near the City of al-Bab, involving when the city was raided with four air strikes, two of which used 'explosive containers' at the time of Holy Friday prayers. More than 10 houses were leveled to the ground and tens of civilians were injured.
On 7 Dec 2013, an explosive barrel was dropped by Air Forces on the Village of al-Widahi in just outside Aleppo causing the death of 5 civilians. The very next day, another barrel was dropped on the area between Bab al-Nayrab and al-Hawooz Square killing more than 10 civilians.
On 14 Dec 2013, there were many raids carried out by Air Forces as 5 barrels were dropped on the neighborhoods of al-Ashrafia, Karm al-Mayser, Masakin Hanano and the highway between al-Sakhour and al-Haidarya in Eastern Aleppo. The result was more than15 martyrs, all of them civilians, in addition to tens of casualties and massive destruction to infrastructure.
The days of 15, 16 and 17 of Dec 2013 have witnessed the bloodiest massacres in Aleppo since the beginning of the revolution. More than 100 barrels were dropped on the eastern districts of Aleppo by the regimes air forces, killing 190 civilians in 24 massacres.
During this day, more than 15 barrels were dropped on the city causing 9 massacres in the neighbourhoods of al-Ard al-Hamra, al-Saliheen, al-Marja, al-Ansari, al-Shaar, Tariq al-Bab, al-Sakhour, al-Fardos and al-Haydaria Square. VDC could document the names of more than 100 martyrs, 99 of whom were civilians (26 of them boys, 8 of them girls and 10 of them women).
“There were many martyrs under the debris, but we couldn't get them out and there were more than 50 casualties. The situation was extremely tragic."
“They started shelling our district at 11:45 am and continued until 03:30 pm. The first barrels were near the Media Centers, another one was on the district park. Some other barrels fell on the police station'. That day, we could count more than 30 destroyed houses. Tens of martyrs were under the rubbles, but we couldn't remove their bodies. The medical points in the area were full of casualties. It was total chaos."
Seven strikes were carried out on the districts of al-Inzarat, Dhaheret Awada, Qadi Asker, al-Qaterji, al-Shaar and Saif al-Dawla. During these strikes, 9 barrels filled with explosive materials were dropped causing many massacres, the biggest of which was in al-Intharat, in Masakin Hanano, as one of the barrels fell on a wall of 'Taiba School' killing 15 civilians, among them 5 children and 2 teachers.
This day is the bloodiest in terms of the total of martyrs, massacres and barrels dropped on the neighborhoods of Aleppo. VDC could document more than 105 martyrs, all of whom were civilian. Among them were 28 boys, 6 girls and 5 women. 11 barrels were dropped causing more than 10 massacres and massive destruction. Hundreds of civilians were injured too.
The explosive barrels targeted more than 10 neighbourhoods including: al-Mashad, al-Shaar, Karm al-Jazmati, Dhaheret Awada, Tariq al-Bab, and al-Maadi, in addition to the neighbourhoods adjacent to al-Hilwania Square, Zabdieh, and al-Bab City in the suburbs and immediate vicinity of Aleppo.
The massacre of al-Shaar was the cruelest as one of the barrels was dropped on a six-floor building, levelling it to the ground and causing massive destruction to adjacent houses and shops. VDC could document more than 27 martyrs and dozens of casualties.
Air raids on Aleppo and its eastern neighborhoods didn't stop after that date. On 20 Dec 2013, more than 15 martyrs fell as a result of barrel raids on neighbourhoods like al-Sukari and Tariq al-Bab, as well as on al-Bab in the countryside.
"The point had already had about 80 casualties from the previous days, 75% of them children and women. All the cases we received on 20 Dec were so critical that we had to transfer them to Turkish hospitals immediately."
People in these neighbourhoods woke up to the sounds of new explosions and 'death barrels' falling on Masakin Hanano - al-Sakhour Highway, and al-Ahmadia District near al-Jomaa Market, killing and injuring tens of civilians. A big (Pullman) bus happened to be passing through the targeted area during the incident; most of the passengers were killed. A few minutes after that a helicopter, probably the same one, dropped 4 barrels on Al-Sakhour causing another massacre and massive destruction.
VDC documented more than 95 martyrs, most of whom were from Masakin Hanano, al-Ahmadia District while the rest were from al-Sakhour neighborhood. More than ten houses were destroyed in al-Ahmadia District. Many other houses were destroyed in al-Sakhour District, too. All documented martyrs were civilians, among them were 9 boys, 4 girls and 10 women.
Dr. Diaa al-Abdullah said to VDC that the medical point he works in received lots of cases, among them 4 children and 5 women from al-Sakhour neighbourhood. Other cases were also received from al-Ahmadia neighbourhood, two of them children. In the medical point, there was an acute shortage of apparatus and cadres. The other medical points also received hundreds of similar cases.
""Air Forces attacked Masakin Hanano in the morning with a ‘vacuum missile' to be followed by a barrel at 12:30 pm near al-Jomaa Market. As the area was so crowded, the number of martyrs and casualties was very high; more than 40 martyrs fell that day in addition to tens of casualties. A bus that happened to be in the area was destroyed and most of its 15 passengers were killed on the spot. Regarding al-Sakhour neighborhood, at 12:30 pm, four barrels were dropped on the district by the same helicopter that struck Masakin Hanano. Another barrel was dropped on al-Ard al-Hamra neighbourhood, where more than 10 civilians lost their lives. I have been to both places and seen the damages myself."
"The street became very dark; the buildings were falling on us. We heard the voice of a little girl shouting 'get us out of here'. We followed the voice and got her out along with her family. The barrel was dropped on the 'Wax Market' and there were more than 50 martyrs or casualties, most of whom were children."
That day, when ‘explosive barrels’ were dropped in al-Marja neighborhood, VDC could document more than 75 martyrs, among them were 21 boys, 10 girls and 8 women. The Al-Marja bombing, however, was not the only one that day; two more barrels were dropped, one on al-Harabla District and another on a building that belongs to the 'al-Wawi Family'.
This massacre, hitting the eastern districts, was the penultimate barrel massacre in Aleppo during the period concerned. VDC could document 45 martyrs who were felled that day by a series of strikes on the areas of Owais Mosque, al-Ekhlas Mosque, al-Wakalat St and al-Albisa St. Eyewitnesses said that one of the raids was near the vegetables market and there were dozens of casualties in addition to massive destruction of infrastructure.
The two massacres in Tariq al-Bab and Karm al-Mayser neighborhoods were the final ones. On 31 Dec 2013, however, the Syrian regime forces targeted a civilian bus in al-Hilwania Square with a mortar missile and all the passengers were killed. Added to the martyrs in the street, the final death toll from that attack was 30 martyrs.
In Tariq al-Bab massacre, a barrel dropped by air forces killed 20 martyrs, 4 of them were children.
In Karm al-Mayser neighborhood, VDC documented 17 martyrs due to the barrel that was dropped near al-Rashidin Mosque.
“I was at home at about ten o'clock in the morning when I heard the sound of a rocket falling down from the sky. A few seconds later, there was a massive explosion near my house. I went out immediately to see what had happened. Cars and people were rushing toward the vegetables market, which was very crowded at that time of day. Then, I went immediately to where the barrel fell, which was near al-Halawaniah, west of the vegetable market.
January 2014 was one of the worst months for the people of Aleppo. Not only were there 17-plus massacres, in which explosive barrels used by the regime claimed the lives of at least 424 civilians including 85 boys, 38 girls, and 66 women; the 140-plus 140 barrels dropped in these attacks completely destroyed at least 670 homes and displaced tens of thousands of people from different areas of Eastern Aleppo. Many activists have estimated the number of displaced people during November ’13 through January ‘14 at more than 350,000people, the overwhelming number of whom were displaced during January 2014.
Activist Imad Syrian told VDC that more than 22,000 families were displaced from Sha’ar neighborhood alone, while the majority of the displaced were from Masakin Hanano neighborhood which witnessed an unprecedented displacement movement. According to Imad, more than 200,000people fled Masakin Hanano. Meanwhile Abu al-Majd, one of the field activists in Mayser neighborhood, estimated the number at 60,000 people, most of whom went to the countryside of Aleppo.
01/01/14 witnessed the first massacre of this month when 30 martyrs fell in several neighborhoods of Aleppo including al-Sukari neighborhood, which witnessed a horrific massacre by regime forces uses explosive barrels to kill 20 civilians. One of those barrels was dropped on Masakin Hanano, while another was dropped on Sheik Najjar neighborhood claiming the lives of five civilians. A third barrel fell on Kafr Sgheir Village killing three civilians, and a forth fell on Deir Jamal killing one civilian.
On 02/01/2014, a barrel fell on Sakhour neighborhood but caused no loss of life.
The second massacre happened on 06/01/2014, the town of Bazaah in the countryside of Aleppo where an explosive barrel fell near a school, killing 17 civilians. By the end of that day, no less than six barrels had fallen on the town.
“Six barrels were dropped. There were two helicopters, each of which dropped three barrels. The first barrel fell at the town borders near a farm, so the damage was limited to property. The second barrel fell near “Ahmad Na’asan al-Sheikh School”, about 500 meters from the first barrel, causing the death of several civilians and significant damage to machinery including a truck. The third and the fourth barrels fell near the Grand Mosque at the town center, pecifically on the house of Al –Akhras Family, which led to the fall of many martyrs and complete destruction of the house. As for the fifth and the sixth barrels, they fell near Hasoun Family's Bakery causing the destruction of several buildings, in addition to several martyrs and casualties, the most critical of which were hospitalized in Turkey."
The seventh of January witnessed a continuous bombardment by the regime using explosive barrels on areas such as Sheikh Najjar. Particularly affected was the Industrial Zone, an airstrike against which killed more than ten, including one al-Khudr Family (the father, the mother and their four children) who had previously been displaced from Masakin Hanano. On the same day, another airstrike was launched against al-Saliheen neighborhood claiming the lives of seven people. Consequently, the number of martyrs of that day amounted to 17.
“During the clashes between the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (“Daash”) and brigades of the Free Syrian Army (FSA), specifically at 7:00 am, a helicopter dropped a barrel on a very crowded market in al-Bab city called "Novoteh Market" causing dozens of casualties and the complete destruction of a building.
The second barrel fell on al-Masari Alley near the combat line between the fighters. However, all the martyrs were civilians. We hurried to the place, where bodies were scattered everywhere. There were about 50 casualties in addition to a child whose limbs were cut off. Trying to save the injured was dramatic for lack of means to help; people were using their bare hands to reach those who were trapped under the debris . Ambulances were slow to arrive for fear of being kidnapped by “Daash”.
"On that day, VDC documented 29 martyrs who died by those attacks. Among them were five boys, two girls and eleven women."
Aleppo witnessed the fiercest attacks on 18/01/2014 and 19/01/2014 when more than 130 citizens were martyred. Then, the regime forces showered many areas with explosive barrels to massacre civilians.
On 18/01/2014, more than 70 civilians were killed by regime attacks on Aleppo neighborhoods. The barrel fell on the neighborhoods of Sakhour, Masakin Hanano, Karm al-Mayser (near Afar Mosque), Tariq al-Bab (near al-Kifah School and on al-Joura district), Bab al-Nayrab, Karm al-Nahhas, al-Bab city in the countryside of Aleppo, Al-Marjeh district, near al-Hawooz Square in Qadi Asqar neighborhood and many other places. Fifteen explosive barrels were dropped on that day.
On 19/01/14, civilians and their properties continued to be bombarded, with more than sixty people massacred. Most of these martyrs fell in Karm al-Mayser neighborhood, on which five barrels were dropped. Other barrels fell on the road between the Eastern neighborhood of al-Ansari and Zebdieh neighborhood, in al-Ansari neighborhood itself, al-Marjeh, Karm al-Tarab, al-Ard al-Hamra, Masakin Hanano, al-Manasher district in Sheikh Najjar, Banan al-Hes Village, Barda Village and Tal al-Damman in the southern countryside, al-Hader Village, Karm al-Jazmati and Bab al-Neirab. Another barrel fell on al-Fardos neighborhood, but did not explode. 21 barrels were dropped on that day, excluding 3 others that did not explode.
The daily massacres in Aleppo did not stop for the last 10 days of January, during which time dozens of barrels kept showering the civilian houses. These killed hundreds of people and displaced thousands of them. During those 10 days, VDC documented more than 203 martyrs due to air bombardment involving mainly explosive barrels targeted at several eastern neighborhoods of Aleppo such as al-Mashhad neighborhood. Massacre after massacre has been committed against civilians.
"The shelling of the neighborhood started at about nine in the morning. On that day, the regime aircraft dropped more than 14 barrels and vacuum rockets, all of which targeted civilian buildings. Two of the barrels did not explode. In the building where I live, four civilians (a father and his three daughters) were killed when the last floor was shelled. Because the civil defense teams arrived late as a result of the large number of areas targeted by the regime aircraft, this family could not be saved. This also forced the residents to run away, especially to the countryside. A few others fled to Turkey. "
"Most of the cases received at the hospital result from the regime forces’ military operations. Those cases are either shrapnel or airstrike injuries. The hospital has many specialties including general, bone and vascular surgeries. As for the critical injuries, especially head injuries, they are transferred into Turkey.
During the recent attacks we received more than 60 cases every day, not to mention those who died as soon as they got to the hospital. Moreover, every three patients were being taken to the operation room together, while the less serious cases were being treated in the waiting room due to the lack of space.
Sometimes the orthopedicdoctor had to operate nine surgeries a day, especially in cases of massacres. With one case in 60 requiring amputation, there are cases of amputation every day. Injuries among children and women vary, but we can certainly say that more than 20% of the injuries are inflicted on women and children. There is a shortage in the availability of blood bags, but we are trying to obtain additional ones through daily calls to donors."
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has concluded that the situation in Syria is a non-international armed conflict since July 2012. This has not been contested by the Syrian government or by any other international organization concerned with the situation in Syria.
Accordingly, the rules of international law are fully applicable, particularly the international human rights law and the relevant rules of international humanitarian law.
In addition, all parties to the conflict are bound by customary rules of international humanitarian law applicable to armed conflict of non-international character.
The principle according to which “parties to the conflict must at all times distinguish between civilians and combatants” is the cornerstone of customary international humanitarian law. Attacks may only be directed against combatants. Attacks must not be directed against civilians. This principle is also embedded in Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions (1949), and is thus applicable in domestic armed conflicts.
The prohibition on targeting civilian populations and objects in armed conflicts affects the way the parties to an armed conflict can conduct the hostilities and the types of weapons they can use. In particular, indiscriminate attacks are prohibited in all types of conflicts.
This report documents dozen of attacks by the Assad regime’s air force that took place between November and January 2014.
The areas targeted in all the attacks are by nature, location and purpose civilian from the perspective of the applicable international humanitarian law.
More specifically, all of the attacks targeted densely populated dwellings in urban neighborhoods and villages. In many instances, the targeted areas were neighborhoods in which citizens regularly gather.
For example, on 23/11/2013, the attack on Triq al-Bāb neighborhood near al Jazmatīyah road targeted an area usually frequented by street vendors selling vegetables and other household needs. This crowded area also serves as an important hub for private and public micro buses.
On 30/11/2013, the attack on the town of al-Bāb targeted a densely populated residential neighborhood, and a market trading of watches and other items such as rice and lentils. Eyewitness testimonies documented in the report mentioned that this attack caused the destruction of a nearby mosque and a bakery.
The attack on 16/12/2013, on the Intharāt neighborhood part of Masakin Hanano district, hit the wall of a primary school [for children with special needs], resulting in the death of five pupils and two teachers.
The overwhelming majority of casualties of all these attacks are civilians. In November 2013, the attacks resulted in 145 civilian casualties including 46 child and 27 women. The same can be reported about the casualties of attacks of December 2013. The Violations Documentation Center documented 595 dead, only three of whom were combatants. There were 195 children and 62 women killed in these attacks.
The attacks documented in this report do form a pattern of attacking civilian places and populations. The consistency with which densely populated areas have been targeted makes it more likely that the regime air force was not directing the attack on any specific military objective. This is further confirmed by the fact that only three of the 595 casualties of the December 2013 attacks documented in this report were combatants. .
The ICRC study made a very strong case that the rule according to which “the use of weapons which are by nature indiscriminate is prohibited” in non-international armed conflicts, is part of customary international law. It is thus binding on all parties to the armed conflict in Syria.
According to Customary International Humanitarian Law10, indiscriminate attacks on civilians are serious violations of International Humanitarian Law. They accordingly constitute war crimes, criminal responsibility for which rests with the individual commanders who gave the orders for such attacks, as well as anyone who has committed or facilitated the attacks, and anyone who has assisted, aided or abetted them.
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court makes it a war crime, in the context of a non-international armed conflict, to “intentionally direct attacks against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians not taking direct part in hostilities” (article 8 §2 (e) (ii)).
In a great number of cases, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) convicted war criminals for the indiscriminate bombing of the civilian population, stating that the “indiscriminate character of the weapon used” is conclusive evidence of a “direct attack on civilians”.
The attacks documented in this report are likely to constitute crimes against humanity as defined by the case law of international criminal tribunals and article 7 of the Rome Statute.
Firstly, the killing of civilians in violation of international humanitarian law (see above) constitutes “murder” i.e. one of the underlying offences of crimes against humanity.
Secondly, the multiplicity of such murders documented in this report indicate a more general “attack against the civilian population”, which is the contextual condition for crimes against humanity.
This attack against the civilian population seems to exhibit – in itself – both a “widespread” and a “systematic” character, thereby reaching the level of a crime against humanity. The scale of the attacks documented in this report, including the number of deaths resulting from them, confer to it a widespread character. Its systematic character can be inferred, notably, from the source of all attacks documented in this report: the Syrian air force, which suggests high-level planning and use of public resources. This also indicates that the attacks documented in the report all pursue the same objective, namely the destruction, persecution or – at the very least – weakening of a particular group of people: the civilian population living in non-government-controlled areas in Aleppo and its surroundings.
Accordingly, the bombing campaign carried out by the Syrian air force and documented in this report constitutes in itself a widespread and/or systemic attack against the civilian population. Every single death arising from this campaign constitutes a murderous crime against humanity.
 Syria: ICRC and Syrian Arab Red Crescent maintain aid effort amid increased fighting, Operational Update (July 17, 2012). Retrieved January 3, 2014, from http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/update/2012/syria-update-2012-07-17.htm.
 The Syrian Arab Republic ratified the four Geneva Conventions on 02.11.1953.
 ICRC 2005, Customary International Humanitarian Law, vol. 1, Henckaerts, J.-M., Doswald-Beck, L., & Alvermann, C. eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, at p. 3 (Rule 1).
 Id., at p. 25 (Rule 7).
 Id., at p. 29 (Rule 8).
 Resolution 2675 (XXV). Basic Principles for the Protection of Civilian Populations in Armed Conflicts (December 9 1970), UN, General Assembly. Retrieved October, 2013, from http://www.un.org/documents/resga.htm.
 United Nations, General Assembly, Official Records, 25th Session: 1922nd Plenary Meeting (Wednesday, December 9, 1970), UN Doc. A/P.V. 1922 (1970), at p. 12.
 ICRC 2005, Customary International Humanitarian Law, at p. 34 (footnotes omitted).
 ICRC 2005, Customary International Humanitarian Law, vol. 1, at p. 244-250 (Rule 71).
 Id., at p. 568 (Rule 156).
 ICTY, Prosecutor v. Milan Martić, Trial Chamber Judgment (2007), § 472. See also ICTY, Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaškić, Trial Chamber Judgment (2000), § 512 and ICTY, Prosecutor v. Stanislav Galić, Trial Chamber Judgment (2003), § 596.
 See Elements of Crime adopted by the Assembly of States Parties to the International Criminal Court, Article 7, Introduction, § 3.
 See ICTY, Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaškić, Trial Chamber Judgment (2000), § 206.


§101. Establishing of Office of Code Enforcement.
§102. Duties and Powers of Code Enforcement Officer.
§103. Permits, Certificates and Fees.
§104. Violations and Penalties and Nuisances.
§204. Administration, Enforcement and Fees.
§301. Flood Damage Control Regulations.
§304. Warning and Disclaimer of Liability.
§405. Penalties and Other Remedies.
§502. Adoption of the Uniform Construction Code.
§505. Prior Building Code Ordinances.


The Court of Federal Claims (CFC) has ruled that AmerGen Energy may not include nuclear decommissioning and similar future dismantlement liabilities assumed on the purchase of nuclear plants in its tax basis. AmerGen Energy Co. v. United States, ___ Fed. Cl. ___ (Oct. 8, 2013). The CFC accepted the IRS position that obligations assumed in an asset purchase are not includable in cost basis, and not subject to depreciation or amortization, until the purchaser satisfies the economic performance requirement of Section 461(h) of the Internal Revenue Code. Because economic performance of the decommissioning and similar obligations will not occur until AmerGen closes the plants, AmerGen was not permitted to currently include such obligations in basis. The decision results in asymmetrical treatment of the sellers and buyers in these transactions.
Taxpayers like AmerGen, who acquire assets that carry substantial future decommissioning, dismantlement, or similar liabilities, need to be alert for the potentially costly impact of this result. If the AmerGen reasoning stands, where a buyer acquires assets in exchange for cash and assumption of a liability that has not yet satisfied the economic performance standard, the buyer's cost basis may be limited to the cash paid until such time as economic performance occurs. Where the assumed liability is of significant magnitude, as is the case for nuclear decommissioning liabilities, application of the economic performance requirement can result in significant distortions of the buyer's cost basis and income in the years following the acquisition.
AmerGen purchased three nuclear plants in exchange for cash and the agreement to assume the nuclear decommissioning and similar liabilities associated with each plant. In addition to depreciable assets, the sellers had previously established two trusts for each plant to fund decommissioning: (i) qualified nuclear decommissioning reserve funds under Section 468A (qualified trusts), which were not at issue in the case, and (ii) grantor trusts that were not qualified under Code Section 468A (nonqualified trusts). The issue in the case was whether AmerGen could include the assumed nuclear decommissioning liabilities in its cost basis under Code Section 1012, including in the basis of the assets included in the nonqualified trusts. As explained below, the CFC determined this issue adversely for AmerGen, which created significant phantom gains for AmerGen on routine sale of the assets in the nonqualified trusts and reinvestment of the proceeds.
The parties agreed that, with respect to the nuclear decommissioning and similar liabilities assumed by AmerGen, the fact of liability was established and the amount of the liabilities could be determined with reasonable accuracy. The IRS argued that AmerGen, an accrual basis taxpayer, could not include the decommissioning liabilities in its cost basis until economic performance had occurred. The IRS relied upon the third prong of the "all events" test in Code Section 461(h), which Congress added in 1984. AmerGen, in opposition, argued that whether liabilities were included in basis should be determined under the contingency test that courts applied under Section 1012 prior to enactment of Section 461(h), and the decommissioning liabilities were not so contingent so as to be excluded from basis under that test. See, e.g., Albany Car Wheel. Co. v. Comm'r, 40 T.C. 841 (1963) (taxpayer's obligation under labor contract was of such contingent character that it could not be considered part of the cost of acquired assets under Section 1012).
The CFC, in a case of first impression, found that the plain meaning of Section 461(h) was that the economic performance test applied to "any item," not limited to deductions and, in the CFC's view, including basis determinations. The CFC reasoned that prior to Section 461(h), courts applied the all events test to determine basis, and the economic performance test is now a part of the all events test. However, the cases cited by the CFC do not involve determinations of cost basis under Section 1012. See, e.g., ExxonMobil Corp. v. Comm'r, 114 T.C. 293 (2000) (applying all-events test to additions to basis, not cost basis); La Rue v. Comm'r, 90 T.C. 465 (1988) (applying all events test to partnership liabilities included in basis under Section 752). In this sense, the CFC opinion breaks new ground. The CFC also relied upon Treasury Regulation § 1.446-1(c)(1)(ii), providing that a liability is taken into account for Federal income tax purposes by an accrual basis taxpayer only after economic performance has occurred. Although this regulation was controversial when promulgated, the CFC said that the regulation was a valid interpretation of the statute and entitled to deference. Moreover, the CFC held that the regulation applies in determining cost basis under Section 1012 in a taxable purchase transaction. Accordingly, the CFC found that the decommissioning and similar liabilities assumed by AmerGen could not be taken into account in computing basis because economic performance had not yet occurred.
AmerGen argued that applying the economic performance requirement to cost basis determinations based on Treasury Regulations § 1.446-1(c)(1)(ii), which is by its terms applicable only to accrual basis taxpayers, would create separate rules for determining cost basis for taxpayers on the accrual basis, compared to cash basis taxpayers. The CFC did not address this argument, holding that AmerGen was too late in raising this argument in its reply brief. It remains to be seen whether different rules apply for taxpayers on the cash basis, although the AmerGen Court did not appear likely to be swayed by this argument.
The AmerGen decision created asymmetrical results for the sellers of the nuclear plants, and AmerGen as buyer of the plants. The IRS apparently issued PLR 200243024 (Oct. 25, 2002) in the administrative consideration of the AmerGen case, or at least the ruling covers a very similar situation. In the PLR, the IRS addressed the tax consequences of nuclear decommissioning and similar liabilities assumed in a purchase for both the seller and the buyer and held that the economic performance test was satisfied for the seller, but not the buyer. For the seller the economic performance test was deemed satisfied at the time of the sale of the trade or business under Treasury Regulation § 1.461-4(d)(5) (sale of trade or business along with liability satisfies economic performance requirement). For the buyer economic performance was deemed not to be satisfied, and the buyer could not increase its cost basis, until the plants were closed and the decommissioning funds were spent. This asymmetrical treatment of the sellers and buyer is an odd result in a taxable transaction.
The consequences of this asymmetrical treatment appear to have been particularly onerous for AmerGen because of the relative size of the nuclear decommissioning liabilities that AmerGen assumed in the transaction. Under the CFC's ruling, the basis in the investment assets held in the nonqualified trusts for decommissioning costs could include only the cash paid by AmerGen, which AmerGen had to allocate in a cascading sequence among the various classes of assets that AmerGen acquired in the transaction. See Code § 1060; Treas. Reg. §§ 1.1060-1(c), 1.338-6, 1.338-7 (sequential allocation among assets in classes I (cash) through VII (goodwill)). AmerGen's cash consideration in the purchases was insufficient to bring its cost basis in the assets in the non-qualified trusts up to fair market value. As a result, AmerGen had over $80 million in gains from sales of the investment assets; gains which would not have been realized had AmerGen been permitted to include the decommissioning liabilities in basis.
In sum, the Court of Federal Claims has upheld the IRS position that liabilities assumed in an asset purchase are not includible in cost basis until the purchaser satisfies the economic performance requirement with respect to such obligations. For AmerGen, the inability to include assumed decommissioning and similar liabilities in cost basis resulted in a reduction in depreciation and amortization deductions for assets purchased. More significantly, however, it also appears to have resulted in significant phantom gains on investment assets held in trust to fund the decommissioning liabilities in question received as part of the purchase.


This page covers legal information specific to the State of Texas. For more general information, see the Legal Guide page on Using the Name or Likeness of Another; for other states, see State Law: Right of Publicity.
Generally speaking, the Right of Publicity in Texas protects against unauthorized uses of a person's name or likeness for commercial purposes. Texas has two systems of Right of Publicity law: a statutory posthumous right, and a common law right.
Texas codifies its statutory Right of Publicity at Title 4, Chapter 26 of the Property Code. You should first familiarize yourself with that statute. Texas has not distinguished its common law right of publicity from misappropriation, using those concepts interchangeably. See Henley v. Dillard Dep't Stores, 46 F.Supp.2d 587 (N.D. Tex. 1999) ("The tort of misappropriation of one's name or likeness is generally referred to as the ‘Right of Publicity.'").
Texas's statutory Right of Publicity is a property right that protects a person's right in his or her name and likeness after his or her death. The statute applies to anyone who died on or after January 1, 1937, whose identity has commercial value at or after the time of his or her death. Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 26.003(2). The Right of Publicity lasts for 50 years after the death of the individual. Tex. Prop. Code Ann. §§ 26.003(1), 26.012(d).
The term "name" applies only to the "actual or assumed name used by an individual which, when used in conjunction with other information, is intended to identify a particular person." Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 26.001.
The term "photograph" includes still or moving pictures or reproductions of an individual in which a viewer could "reasonably determine" the individual's identity with the naked eye. Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 26.001; see also Faloona v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 607 F.Supp. 1341 (N.D. Tex. 1985).
The term likeness has not been explicitly defined, but this category includes pictures, drawings, and the use of a singer's voice. It does not include accounts of general incidents from one's life or one's life story, especially if they are fictionalized. See Matthews v. Wozencraft, 15 F.3d 432 (5th Cir. 1994); see also O'Grady v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 2003 WL 24174616 (E.D. Tex. Dec. 19, 2003).
The Right of Publicity is a transferable, descendible property right. Tex. Prop. Code Ann. §§ 26.004-.005. Because the right is freely transferable in whole or part, only an individual who owns more than half may exercise that right and have standing to sue for infringement. Whitehurst v. Showtime Networks, Inc., 2009 WL 3052663 (E.D. Tex. Sept. 22, 2009). The right can be transferred before or after death by contract, trust, or testamentary documents. Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 26.004. If the Right of Publicity has not been transferred before or upon death, it vests in the individual's spouse and children or grandchildren. Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 26.005. In addition, if the Right of Publicity does not vest by transfer or operation of law within a year of the individual's death, it is terminated. Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 26.010.
As in California, to exercise this Right of Publicity within the first year of the individual's death, the holder must register the property right claim with Texas's Secretary of State. Tex. Prop. Code Ann. §§ 26.006-.008. After a year has passed, the owner may exercise the Right of Publicity whether or not the property right claim is registered. Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 26.009. Registered claims constitute prima facie evidence of a "valid claim to a property right" that will generally prevail over a conflicting, unregistered claim. Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 26.007.
Under Texas's statute, a person may not, without the written consent of the property right holder, use a deceased individual's name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness, "in connection with products, merchandise, or goods; or for the purpose of advertising, selling, or soliciting the purchase of products, merchandise, goods, or services." Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 26.011.
The Texas statute does not provide for a specific test for identifying an unauthorized use associated with the Right of Publicity, though courts have often applied the common law test discussed below.
an advertisement for the above uses.
Tex Prop. Code Ann. § 26.012; see also Whitehurst v. Showtime Networks, Inc., 2009 WL 3052663 (E.D. Tex. Sept. 22, 2009).
Texas common law recognizes a right of publicity that protects the name or likeness of living persons (in contrast to the statutory right, which arises after death). Treated more as a privacy right than property right, this common law right of publicity has not been distinguished from misappropriation. See Henley v. Dillard Dep't Stores, 46 F.Supp.2d 587 (N.D. Tex. 1999); see also Brown v. Ames, 201 F.3d 654 (5th Cir. 2000); Express One Int'l, Inc. v. Steinbeck, 53 S.W.3d 895, 900 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2001).
This right protects an individual's "name or likeness," which has been interpreted as an individual's "identity." See Henley v. Dillard Dep't Stores, 46 F.Supp.2d 587 (N.D. Tex. 1999). Texas courts have interpreted this in a similar manner to the statutory right, with the same limitation on the use of one's life story. See Whitehurst v. Showtime Networks, Inc., 2009 WL 3052663 (E.D. Tex. 2009). Like the statute, the common law intends to protect the value associated with a name or identity rather than the name per se. See Henley v. Dillard Dep't Stores, 46 F.Supp.2d 587 (N.D. Tex. 1999).
Did the defendant appropriate the plaintiff's name or likeness for its value rather than incidentally or for a newsworthy purpose?
Can the plaintiff be identified from the publication?
Did the defendant receive an advantage or benefit as a result of the appropriation?
See, e.g., Matthews v. Wozencraft, 15 F.3d 432 (5th Cir. 1994); Henley v. Dillard Dep't Stores, 46 F.Supp.2d 587 (N.D. Tex. 1999). If the answer to all three questions is yes, then there has been an unauthorized use of an individual's name or likeness.
It is sufficient to satisfy the third prong of this test if the defendant's use of the individual's name likely led to some benefit, commonly commercial, that the defendant would otherwise not have received. The plaintiff generally does not need to prove that the defendant actually made a profit from the use, though the benefit cannot be purely incidental. See Henley v. Dillard Dep't Stores, 46 F.Supp.2d 587 (N.D. Tex. 1999); Topheavy Studios, Inc. v. Doe, 33 Media L. Rep. 2192, 2005 WL 1940159 (Tex. App. Aug. 11, 2005).
Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 26.013.
A plaintiff may recover general damages for a right of publicity/misappropriation claim, which may include claims for mental and physical pain and suffering. See National Bank of Commerce v. Shaklee, 503 F.Supp. 533 (W.D. Tex. 1980). Special damages and punitive damages may be recovered in exemplary and/or intentional cases, such as when the plaintiff's endorsement has been sold on the open market rather than used without authorization by the defendant alone. See National Bank of Commerce v. Shaklee, 503 F.Supp. 533 (W.D. Tex. 1980); see also Mantle v. Upper Deck Co., 956 F.Supp. 719 (N.D. Tex. 1997).
All right of publicity claims, whether under the statute or common law, are limited by the First Amendment's free speech defenses, such as those related to public figures and manners of public interest. As mentioned above, the Texas statute also contains internal protections for speech by providing exceptions for art, books, uses of political or newsworthy value, and more. Tex Prop. Code Ann. § 26.012. Accordingly, courts often rely upon the statutory safe harbor rather than address the First Amendment defenses directly. See Whitehurst v. Showtime Networks, Inc., 2009 WL 3052663 (E.D. Tex. Sept. 22, 2009).
The First Amendment is more often applied in common law right of publicity cases brought by living individuals, given the lack of statutory exemptions. For example, in Busch v. Viacom, the court ruled that a fake endorsement as part of a news satire program that made use of a video clip in the public domain was a protected use of the plaintiff's name and likeness under the First Amendment's protection of parody. Busch v. Viacom, 477 F. Supp. 2d 764 (N.D. Tex. 2007).
Texas's statute also provides for a defense to a Right of Publicity claim if the user "has acted in reliance on the results of a probate proceeding governing the estate of the deceased personality in question." Tex Prop. Code Ann. § 26.015; see also Whitehurst v. Showtime Networks, Inc., 2009 WL 3052663 (E.D. Tex. Sept. 22, 2009); Mantle v. Upper Deck Co., 956 F.Supp. 719 (N.D. Tex. 1997).
In addition, the property right holder's consent to the use of an individual's name or likeness bars recovery, though this may depend on the scope and form of the consent. See King v. Ames, 1997 WL 86416 (N.D. Tex Feb. 18, 1997); Kimbrough v. Coca-Cola/USA, 521 S.W.2d 719 (Tex. Civ. App. 1975). For example, one case was remanded to determine whether an athlete's consent to use of his name and likeness in an advertisement for a college football program extended to his likeness portrayed in a Coca-Cola advertisement included in that football program. See Kimbrough v. Coca-Cola/USA, 521 S.W.2d 719 (Tex. Civ. App. 1975).
The common law right of publicity claim is likely subject to Texas' general two-year statute of limitations for personal injury actions. Whitehurst, 2009 WL 3052663 at *5 (citing Tex. Civ. Prac & Rem. Code § 16.003(a)). Although no case has yet addressed the limitations period applicable to the statutory right, it is likely that it would also be subject to the limitations period in Tex. Civ. Prac & Rem. Code § 16.003(a) as an injury to a property right.


text:
LOCOSSELLI, GIULIANO MASELLI; DE CAMARGO, EVELYN PEREIRA; LOPES MOREIRA, TIANA CARLA; TODESCO, ENZO; ANDRADE, MARIA DE FATIMA; SALDIVA DE ANDRE, CARMEN DIVA; DE ANDRE, PAULO AFONSO; SINGER, JULIO M.; FERREIRA, LUCIANA SCHWANDNER; NASCIMENTO SALDIVA, PAULO HILARIO; BUCKERIDGE, MARCOS SILVEIRA. The role of air pollution and climate on the growth of urban trees. Science of The Total Environment, v. 666, p. 652-661, MAY 20 2019. Citações Web of Science: 0.
SINGER, JULIO M.; ROCHA, FRANCISCO M. M.; ANDRE, CARMEN D. S.; ZERBINI, TALITA. Fitting mixed models to messy longitudinal data: A case study involving estimation of post mortem intervals. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS, v. 33, n. 1, p. 161-183, FEB 2019. Citações Web of Science: 0.
LOCOSSELLI, GIULIANO MASELLI; CHACON-MADRID, KATHERINE; ZEZZI ARRUDA, MARCO AURELIO; DE CAMARGO, EVELYN PEREIRA; LOPES MOREIRA, TIANA CARLA; SALDIVA DE ANDRE, CARMEN DIVA; DE ANDRE, PAULO AFONSO; SINGER, JULIO M.; NASCIMENTO SALDIVA, PAULO HILARIO; BUCKERIDGE, MARCOS SILVEIRA. Tree rings reveal the reduction of Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb pollution in the central region of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Environmental Pollution, v. 242, n. A, p. 320-328, NOV 2018. Citações Web of Science: 1.
MOREIRA, TIANA C. L.; AMATO-LOURENCO, LUIS F.; DA SILVA, GISELA T.; SALDIVA DE ANDRE, CARMEN D.; DE ANDRE, PAULO A.; BARROZO, LIGIA V.; SINGER, JULIO M.; SALDIVA, PAULO H. N.; SAIKI, MITIKO; LOCOSSELLI, GIULIANO M. The Use of Tree Barks to Monitor Traffic Related Air Pollution: A Case Study in Sao Paulo-Brazil. FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, v. 6, JUL 13 2018. Citações Web of Science: 3.
PASQUA, LEONARDO ALVES; DAMASCENO, MAYARA VIEIRA; CRUZ, RAMON; MATSUDA, MONIQUE; MARTINS, MARCO GARCIA; LIMA-SILVA, ADRIANO EDUARDO; MARQUEZINI, MONICA; NASCIMENTO SALDIVA, PAULO HILARIO; BERTUZZI, ROMULO. Exercising in Air Pollution: The Cleanest versus Dirtiest Cities Challenge. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH, v. 15, n. 7 JUL 2018. Citações Web of Science: 0.
DE LIMA TAGA, MARCEL F.; SINGER, JULIO M. Simple linear regression with interval censored dependent and independent variables. STATISTICAL METHODS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH, v. 27, n. 1, p. 198-207, JAN 2018. Citações Web of Science: 0.
ZERBINI, TALITA; PERCINIO GIANVECCHIO, VICTOR ALEXANDRE; REGINA, DAMARIS; TSUJIMOTO, TAMY; RITTER, VICTOR; SINGER, JULIO M. Suicides by hanging and its association with meteorological conditions in Sao Paulo. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC AND LEGAL MEDICINE, v. 53, p. 22-24, JAN 2018. Citações Web of Science: 1.
ROCHA, FRANCISCO M. M.; SINGER, JULIO M. Selection of terms in random coefficient regression models. Journal of Applied Statistics, v. 45, n. 2, p. 225-242, 2018. Citações Web of Science: 1.
LOCOSSELLI, GIULIANO MASELLI; BUCKERIDGE, MARCOS SILVEIRA. Dendrobiochemistry, a missing link to further understand carbon allocation during growth and decline of trees. TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, v. 31, n. 6, p. 1745-1758, DEC 2017. Citações Web of Science: 6.
ZACCARELLI-MARINO, MARIA ANGELA; SALDIVA ANDRE, CARMEN DIVA; SINGER, JULIO M. Overt Primary Hypothyroidism in an Industrial Area in Sao Paulo, Brazil: The Impact of Public Disclosure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH, v. 13, n. 11 NOV 2016. Citações Web of Science: 1.

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Procedure for a plate to be removed from this site.
- Belgian plates are anonymous (no one except the Police can know who own them).
- The driver of a car can be a different person from the registered holder of the plate.
- Holders of personalized Belgian plates have paid an important amount. It is definitly to be seen.
Therefore, we accept to remove pictures according the Privacy Law of those who wish to do so, but we need to be sure that you are the real registered holder.
- if the plate is registered by a company, the extract from the official Belgian journal (Moniteur Belge) that proves that you can act on behalf of the company.
These documents are request in respect with Art. 10 §1 of the Privacy Law (FR, NL or EN) and will be deleted immediately after processing.
You'll receive an answer under 30 days according Art. 12 §3.
Please note that only physical persons can request for removal. Vehicles registered at the name of a company can't pretend being protected by Privacy Law according Art. 1 §1.
This procedure is build according to the Privacy Commission.

matches:
Art. 10
§1
Art. 12
§3
Art. 1
§1


The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California recently ruled that a company’s promotional text message platform did not constitute an automated telephone dialing system (“ATDS”) as defined by the federal Telephone Consumer Protection Act, 47 U.S.C. § 227(a) (“TCPA”). The Court also held that the FCC has no authority to modify or definitively interpret § 227(a) of the TCPA, in which the term ATDS is defined.
The defendant company (Vendor) operated a gym which used a third-party web-based platform to send promotional text messages to its members and prospective customers’ cell phones.
The phone numbers were inputted into the platform by one of three methods: (1) when vendor or another authorized person manually uploaded a phone number onto the platform; (2) when an individual responded to vendor’s marketing campaigns via text message (a “call to action”); and (3) when an individual manually inputted the phone number on a consent form through vendor’s website which interfaced with the platform.
The plaintiff consumer (Consumer) joined Vendor’s gym sometime before November 20, 2012. He alleged that he received three unwanted text messages from Vendor between November 20, 2012 and October 18, 2013. He filed a putative class action alleging violation of the TCPA.
As you may recall, an ATDS is equipment that “has the capacity (A) to store or produce numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number generator; and (B) to dial such numbers.” See 47 U.S.C. § 227(a)(1).
The Court granted Vendor’s motion for summary judgment.
First, the Court rejected Consumer’s efforts to rely on FCC commentary in support of his position. Section 227(a)(1) defines an ATDS. In contrast to § 227(b) and (c), section 227(a) does not include a provision giving the FCC rulemaking authority. Further, § 227(b) and (c) expressly limited rulemaking authority to those subsections. Thus, the Court held that any attempt by the FCC to modify the statutory language of § 227(a) was impermissible.
The Court acknowledged that FCC commentary broadly interpreted the definition of ATDS as “any equipment that has the specified capacity to generate numbers and dial them without human intervention regardless of whether the numbers called are randomly or sequentially generated or come from calling lists.” See In the Matter of Rules and Regulations Implementing the Tel. Consumer Prot. Act of 1991, 27 F.C.C.R. 15391, 15392, n. 5 (2012).
However, the Court noted that because the definition of ATDS was clear and unambiguous, the FCC’s statutory interpretation of an ATDS was not binding on the court. See Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984).
Next, the Court noted that other courts have defined “capacity” in the context of the definition of an ATDS as “the system’s present, not potential, capacity to store, produce or call randomly or sequentially generated telephone numbers.” See Gragg v. Orange Cab Co., 995 F.Supp.2d 1189, 1193 (W.D. Wash. 2014).
Next, the Court concluded that even if potential or future capacity to randomly or sequentially autodial numbers were fairly included in the definition of ATDS, Vendor’s contractual obligations precluded such a finding in this case. The Vendor used a third-party platform that audited users’ accounts pursuant to an “Anti-Spam Policy,” and it was contractually banned from inputting numbers into the system without either a response to a call for action or written consent.
Finally, the Court distinguished the case from a prior ruling from the Ninth Circuit in which a predictive dialer at issue in that case was treated as an ATDS because it had the “capacity to dial numbers without human intervention.” See Meyer v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs. LLC, 696 F.3d 943, 950 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting 18 F.C.C.R. 14014, 14092 (2003)). The Court noted that the Meyer opinion was inapplicable because challenges to the FCC’s authority regarding the definition of an ATDS had been waived at the district court level, and therefore were not at issue in the appeal.
Accordingly, the Court granted Vendor’s motion for summary judgment.


The claimant was represented by Amy M. Stone, Esq., O’Brien, Shafner, Stuart, Kelly & Morris, P.C., 475 Bridge Street, P.O. Drawer 929, Groton, CT 06340.
The respondent employer and insurer were represented at the trial level and initially on appeal by Mark H. Pearson, Esq., Mullen & McGourty, 60 Trumbull Street, New Haven, CT 06510. Attorney Pearson was replaced on appeal by Robert Bystrowski, Esq., Morrison Mahoney LLP, One Constitution Plaza, 10th Floor, Hartford, CT 06103.
The respondent Second Injury Fund was represented by Yinxia Long, Esq., Assistant Attorney General, 55 Elm Street, Fifth Floor, P.O. Box 120, Hartford, CT 06141-0120.
This Petition for Review from the January 5, 2004 Finding and Award of the Commissioner acting for the Second District was heard January 21, 2005 before a Compensation Review Board panel consisting of the Commission Chairman John A. Mastropietro and Commissioners Stephen B. Delaney and Michelle D. Truglia.
JOHN A. MASTROPIETRO, CHAIRMAN. This appeal arises from the January 5, 2004 Finding and Award of the Commissioner acting for the Second District. The only issue on appeal is whether the trial commissioner erred in failing to award the claimant § 31-308(a) benefits for the period between January 2, 2002 to November 24, 2002. While the claimant underwent a number of consultations and examinations in relation to her claim for benefits we have limited our discussion to those factual circumstances we believe pertinent.
The claimant began employment with the respondent Norwich Free Academy in 1974. She was hired as a pottery assistant. Between 1974 and 1982, the claimant’s assistance to the pottery teacher required her to prepare and maintain supplies relative to pottery instruction. Part of the claimant’s tasks was the recycling of fifty pounds of clay per day. This particular task put pressure on the claimant’s palms and thumbs. Between 1974 and 1982, the claimant recycled clay for approximately one hour per day.
In 1982 the respondent hired a new pottery teacher. The new instructor’s methods required claimant to recycle clay for approximately four hours per day. In 1984, the pottery instructor left her teaching position. The respondent decided not to hire another pottery instructor but to assign the general art teachers to teach pottery classes. Because the general arts teachers were less familiar with the process of pottery instruction the claimant, in effect, assumed the duties of her own job as well as directly instructing students in pottery methods.
In 1998, the claimant began to experience pain in her hands. She was initially diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome, deQuervain’s disease and epicondylitis. The claimant underwent nerve conduction studies and on March 19, 1999 had carpal tunnel surgery on her right hand. On April 6, 1999, a nerve conduction study was performed which indicated claimant had carpal tunnel of the left hand.
In July 1999, Dr. Cherry examined the claimant. Dr. Cherry noted significant carpal tunnel symptomatology in the left hand. Claimant informed him that she did not want to undergo surgery on her left hand as she had not fully regained strength in her right hand following her carpal tunnel surgery. In September 1999 the claimant again complained of symptoms in her right hand. She stated that her symptoms were worse at the end of her work day and so severe that after concluding a day’s work she was unable to hold a pen. The claimant and Dr. Cherry attributed her increase in symptoms to her clay recycling tasks.
In January 2000 the claimant underwent surgery on her left hand. Initially she experienced improvement. On February 28, 2000 Dr. Cherry noted claimant’s complaints as to her left hand and right elbow. Dr. Cherry informed the claimant she could return to work but should refrain from such tasks as recycling clay and throwing pots. As these tasks were significant components of claimant’s work tasks, Dr. Cherry opined, “it was medically probable that she would not be able to return to those work duties.” Finding ¶26.
Thereafter, the respondent employer provided the claimant with light duty at her regular pay in the day care center. Subsequently, the respondent eliminated the day care center. On August 28, 2000 Dr. Cherry noted the claimant was returning to work part-time at Three Rivers Community College. That position did not require the claimant to recycle clay. On October 23, 2000, Dr. Cherry stated claimant’s most recent nerve conduction studies reflected abnormalities but her condition was stable. He also noted claimant’s complaints of pain in her thumbs. He further opined that the claimant was at maximum medical improvement and he believed her thumb problem was unrelated to her carpal tunnel problem but could not provide an explanation for her thumb issues.
On October 27, 2000 the claimant informed Dr. Cherry that she was unsatisfied with his explanation of her thumb symptom etiology. The claimant then saw Dr. Zeppieri for an evaluation of her thumb problems. Due to his impending retirement, Dr. Zeppieri referred the claimant to Dr. Ashmead. Voluntary agreements were approved July 13, 2001 providing claimant with a 10.5% loss of use of the master wrist and 8.5% of the non-master wrist.
On November 27, 2001, the claimant was examined by Dr. Ashmead who opined the claimant suffered from bilateral wrist and CMC joint degeneration with her left hand being more problematic. Dr. Ashmead recommended tendon suspension arthroplasty. In a follow up visit, Dr. Ashmead indicated the claimant’s degenerative problem with her thumbs was not work related but was a “condition [that] is sufficiently common in women of her age bracket that even her hand-intensive work may have had nothing whatsoever to do with the development of arthritis.” See Finding ¶39. Claimant testified she was unable to provide Dr. Ashmead with specific details of her job. Finding ¶40.
Thereafter both parties agreed to refer the claimant to Dr. Marvin Arons for an independent medical examination to evaluate her thumbs and hands. Unfortunately, in his November 25, 2002 examination Dr. Arons was only authorized to evaluate the claimant’s hands. When first evaluated by Dr. Arons the claimant provided details as to her clay recycling activities associated with her job as a pottery assistant. Claimant was again seen by Dr. Arons on January 20, 2003 for the purpose of evaluating her thumbs. Dr. Arons diagnosed the claimant as having Stage IV pantrapezial joint arthritis with a fractured trapezium carpal bone. At that time Dr. Arons also recommended that the claimant’s right carpal tunnel surgery be re-done.
Dr. Arons opined that claimant’s “work activities were 50% responsible for the degenerative arthritis in her thumbs and that she was not at maximum medical improvement. On or about April 11, 2003 the claims adjuster informed Dr. Arons that she had not authorized his examination of the claimant. Dr. Arons was ultimately authorized to be the claimant’s treating physician and on May 21, 2003 again evaluated the claimant. He noted claimant was experiencing pain from her forearms into her elbows. He diagnosed the claimant as suffering a cumulative trauma disorder of her upper extremities along with her carpal tunnel syndrome and arthritis. On August 21, 2003 Dr. Arons operated on claimant’s left thumb at which time she was deemed totally disabled.
On July 31, 2003 an order for § 31-308a was issued for 30.82 weeks of benefits starting on May 28, 2001. No appeal was taken of this order, nor were benefits paid. The trial commissioner ordered the respondent’s to pay penalties pursuant to § 31-303 on the basis of respondent’s failure to pay § 31-308a benefits ordered July 31, 2003.1 The trial commissioner also concluded in his January 5, 2004 Finding and Award , inter alia, that the respondents pay temporary partial benefits pursuant to § 31-308(a) benefits from November 25, 2002 through August 21, 2003 based upon claimant’s earnings at Three Rivers Community College. However, the trial commissioner failed to award these benefits for the period from January 2, 2002 to November 24, 2002.
On appeal, the claimant contends that given the factual findings of the trial commissioner the trial commissioner must award the claimant § 31-308(a) benefits for the period from January 2, 2002 to November 24, 2002. We agree with the claimant insofar as the need for the trial commissioner to articulate the basis for his denial of the benefits in dispute.
Specifically, we note the commissioner found the testimony of the claimant credible. He also credited the opinion of Dr. Arons. See Finding ¶¶A-B. In this case we are unable to infer the basis of the trier’s denial of benefits between January 2, 2002 and November 24, 2002 in light of the credibility he accords the testimony of the claimant and Dr. Arons. As we cannot properly review the legal appropriateness of the trier’s dismissal of the claim for benefits between January 2, 2002 and November 24, 2002 without the trial commissioner’s articulation, we are remanding this matter.
We therefore remand the instant matter for the trial commissioner’s articulation of the basis of his dismissal of § 31-308(a) benefits for the period between January 2, 2002 through November 24, 2002.
Commissioners Stephen B. Delaney and Michelle D. Truglia concur.


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In some cases it was possible to obtain the answer from the jury verdict; however R v Derek Malcolm Finch  14 Cr. App. R. (S) 226 held that where a factual question, material only to sentence, has not been resolved by the verdict of the jury, and has not been the subject of evidence called during the trial, it may be appropriate to conduct a Newton hearing after the verdict has been returned.
The judge himself hears evidence and comes to his own conclusion (acting so to speak as his own jury).
The judge listens to submissions (but hears no evidence). However if this course is adopted and there is substantial conflict between the two versions then the defence version would be accepted. Jordan Sheard v R  EWCA Crim 1161 demonstrates the difficulty in relying on this course of action. The Court of Appeal felt unable to disturb a sentence which the Attorney General had referred as being unduly lenient, as no evidence had been called following the provision of a basis of plea which contained assertions that the prosecution did not accept. If there is a dispute, the calling of witnesses is usually the best way of establishing the facts.
It is the responsibility of the Defence to take the initiative and alert the prosecution to areas of dispute.
The prosecution should not be taken by surprise and can take time to consider its position and the interests of justice.
1. The prosecution may accept and agree the defendant's account. If so it should be reduced to writing and signed by both advocates (if unsigned the judge can ignore it , see R v Temple  EWCA Crim 2511). It should be provided to the judge, if possible before he is invited to accept pleas. If pleas have been accepted then it should be available before the sentence hearing begins.
2. If the prosecution rejects the defence version the areas of dispute should be identified in writing.
After submissions from the parties the judge should decide how to proceed. He may approve the prosecution's acceptance of pleas. If the judge does not accept an important and relevant part of the basis of plea he should make it clear so that the defence can decide how they wish to proceed (R v Lucien  EWCA Crim 2004). However the judge is not bound by any agreement and could of his own motion order a Newton hearing and it is the duty of the prosecution to assist the court by calling evidence and testing any defence evidence (R v Beswick  1 Cr. App. R. (S) 343 and R v Munson  EWCA Crim 1258).
The prosecution should call appropriate evidence and should test the evidence advanced by the defence. (See earlier reference to the case of Jordan Sheard v R  EWCA Crim 1161 on the desirability of calling live evidence rather than relying on written statements).
Similarly the defence should call relevant evidence. If the issue is within the exclusive knowledge of the defendant he should be prepared to give evidence. Where he fails to do (and subject to any explanation) the judge may draw such inferences as he thinks fit.
An adjournment to hold a Newton hearing should usually be unnecessary. Where there is a late guilty plea and relevant witness are at court it should proceed immediately.
The judge may reject the prosecution evidence. Equally he can reject assertions advanced by the defendant, or his witnesses, even if the prosecution does not offer positive contradictory evidence.
The judge must apply the criminal burden and standard of proof and any relevant directions he would have given to a jury e.g. Turnbull guidelines if identity is in issue.
If during the trial the defendant changes his plea but on a different basis to the prosecution case he should be given an opportunity to call evidence. (R v Mottram  3 Cr. App. R. (S) 123).
Nicholls v Director of Public Prosecutions  EWHC 4365 (Admin) held that there was no requirement for the court to address the question of guilt at the Newton hearing. The purpose of a Newton hearing is to resolve issues between prosecution and defence which have been identified before the hearing and recorded in writing in the basis of plea. However one of the consequences of a Newton hearing, which the defence have to accept, is that the court may hear evidence which may cast the case in a different light to the way the prosecution puts its case on paper.
Where the impact of the dispute would have a minimal effect on the eventual sentence. (See R v Hawkins 7 Cr. App. R. (S) 351).
The defence version can be regarded as absurd or obviously untenable.
Where the issue requires a verdict from the jury e.g. whether there is the necessary intent under section 18 of the OAPA 1861 (GBH).
Where the findings of fact would be inconsistent with the pleas to the counts accepted. Care needs to be taken when dealing with multi count indictments and cases involving a number of defendants.
Where there is a joint enterprise the judge must bear in mind the seriousness of that joint enterprise and so set the individual pleas into context.
Generally matters of mitigation are not dealt with by a Newton hearing. However it is always open for the court to allow the defendant to give evidence of matters of mitigation which are within his own knowledge, for example defendants in drugs cases asserting they were acting under duress, not amounting in law to a defence (R v Broderick  15 Cr. App. R. (S) 476).
The defendant can put forward mitigation through counsel or by calling evidence. If it is done through a pre-sentence report then the prosecution and court must be notified and the issue resolved (R v Tolera  1 Cr. App. R. (S) 25).
The prosecution is not bound to challenge the defence assertions through cross-examination.
If the defence knows that the prosecution has rebuttal evidence then they are almost duty bound to call evidence to support their assertions (R v Noonan  2 Cr. App. R. (S) 35).
Even if the prosecution do not challenge the defence assertions the court does not have to accept them.
In relation to extraneous matters of mitigation the civil burden of proof applies.
That the evidence given during the trial was not tested by cross-examination on behalf of the defendant who pleaded guilty.
That self serving statements are likely to be untrue.
Therefore the defendant to be sentenced should be given a proper opportunity to give evidence of his version of the facts. (R v Smith (Patrick)  10 Cr. App. R. (S) 271 as applied in R v Simpson  EWCA Crim 1919).
The restrictions under section 41(1) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 relating to adducing evidence and cross examining about the complainants sexual behaviour also applies to Newton hearings.
Where the Newton hearing is resolved entirely in the defendant's favour, credit for a guilty plea should not be reduced.
If however the defendant is disbelieved, or obliges the prosecution to call evidence from the victim, who is then subjected to cross-examination, which, because it is entirely unfounded, causes unnecessary and inappropriate distress, or if the defendant conveys to the judge that he has no insight into the consequences of his offence and no genuine remorse, these are all matters which may lead to a reduction in the discount.
In exceptional cases the normal entitlement to credit may be wholly dissipated by the Newton hearing. In such cases the judge should explain his reasons.
(iv) If after pleading guilty there is a Newton hearing and the offender's version of the circumstances of the offence is rejected, this should be taken into account in determining the level of reduction."
This guideline was considered by the Court of Appeal in R v Martin  EWCA Crim 2565. It was held that it would be difficult to think of any circumstances in which a judge ought to give an indication of sentence in advance of a Newton hearing, not only because the judge would find it hard to predict what basis he would be sentencing upon, but because he will not know to what extent he will need to reduce the amount of credit for his plea. It follows that there is a wide discretion on the part of the sentencing judge as to the extent of the reduction to be given in these circumstances.

matches: EWCA EWCA EWCA EWCA EWCA EWCA EWCA


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Items where Author is "Czank, Michael"
Rozhdestvenskaya, I., Mugnaioli, E., Czank, M., Depmeier, W., Kolb, U., Reinholdt, A. and Weirich, T. (2010) The structure of charoite, (K,Sr,Ba,Mn)(15-16)(Ca,Na)(32) (Si(70)(O,OH)(180)) (OH,F)(4.0)center dot nH(2)O, solved by conventional and automated electron diffraction. Mineralogical Magazine, 74 (1). pp. 159-177. DOI 10.1180/minmag.2010.074.1.159.
Maresch, W. V., Welch, M. D., Gottschalk, M., Ruthmann, W., Czank, M. and Ashbrook, S. E. (2009) Synthetic amphiboles and triple-chain silicates in the system Na(2)O-MgO-SiO(2)-H(2)O: phase characterization, compositional relations and excess H. Mineralogical Magazine, 73 (6). pp. 957-996. DOI 10.1180/minmag.2009.073.6.957.
Maresch, W. V. and Czank, M. (2007) The significance of the reaction path in synthesizing single-phase amphibole of defined composition. Amphiboles: Crystal Chemistry, Occurrence, and Health Issues, 67 . pp. 287-322. DOI 10.2138/rmg.2007.67.8.
Nemcsics, A., Kovacs, S., Labadi, Z., Hesse, K. F., Czank, M., Turmezei, P. and Motrya, S. (2005) Novel material for an electrochemical solar cell. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 89 (2-3). pp. 175-183. DOI 10.1016/j.solmat.2005.02.012.
Castellanos-Guzman, A. G., Correa-Gomez, A., Czank, M., Singh, G., Tiwari, V. S. and Wadhawan, V. K. (2004) Ferroic phase transitions in Zn3B7O13X boracites. Ferroelectrics, 301 . pp. 219-223. DOI 10.1080/00150190490455953.
Gardolinski, J., Lagaly, G. and Czank, M. (2004) On the destruction of kaolinite and gibbsite by phenylphosphonic, phenylphosphinic and phenylarsonic acids: evidence for the formation of new Al compounds. Clay Minerals, 39 (4). pp. 391-404. DOI 10.1180/0009855043940142.
Katzke, H., Czank, M. and Toledano, P. (2004) Lifshitz-point instabilities and re-entrant incommensurability in LixV2O5. Europhysics Letters, 65 (3). pp. 358-364. DOI 10.1209/epl/i2003-10093-3.
Castellanos-Guzman, A. G. and Czank, M. (2003) Transmission electron and optical microscopy of the domain structure in ferroic Co3B7O13Cl boracite. Ferroelectrics, 290 . pp. 15-22. DOI 10.1080/00150190390222231.
Zhigadlo, N. D., Czank, M. and Depmeier, W. (2003) Phase transitions and twin lamellae in the (Bi,Pb)2223 phase: in situ high temperature electron diffraction studies. Physica C: Superconductivity, 400 (1-2). pp. 19-24. DOI 10.1016/j.physc.2003.06.001.
Campa-Molina, J., Blanco, O., Correz-Gomez, A., Czank, M. and Castellanos-Guzman, A. G. (2002) Electron and light microscopy studies on the domain structures of Zn(3)B(7)O(13)Cl,Zn(3)B(7)O(13)Br and Zn(3)B(7)O(13)I ferroic boracites. Journal of Microscopy, 208 . pp. 201-211. DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2818.2002.01077.x.
Castellanos-Guzman, A. G., Czank, M., Campa-Molina, J., Bucio, L., Munoz-Sandoval, E., Escudero, R., Kumar, A., Singh, G., Tiwari, V. S. and Wadhawan, V. K. (2002) Boracites: A structural family presenting ferroic phase transitions. Ferroelectrics, 267 . pp. 229-236. DOI 10.1080/00150190211030.
Bindi, L., Czank, M., Rothlisberger, F. and Bonazzi, P. (2001) Hardystonite from Franklin furnace: A natural modulated melilite. American Mineralogist, 86 (5-6). pp. 747-751.
Castellanos-Guzman, A. G., Czank, M., Kumar, A., Singh, G., Tiwari, V. S. and Wadhawan, V. K. (2001) Calorimetric, optical and electron microscopy studies of Co3B7O13Cl ferroic boracite. Ferroelectrics, 251 (1-4). pp. 61-68. DOI 10.1080/00150190108008501.
Hesse, K. F., Czank, M. and Nemcsics, A. (2001) Crystal structure of cadmium germanium selenide, Cd4GeSe6. Zeitschrift Fur Kristallographie-New Crystal Structures, 216 (1). pp. 39-40.
Eckardt, C., Nicolai, U., Czank, M. and Schmidt, D. (1993) [Ocular tissue after intravitreous silicone oil injection. Histologic and electron microscopy studies]. Ophthalmologe, 90 (3). pp. 250-7.
Eckardt, C., Nicolai, U., Czank, M. and Schmidt, D. (1992) Identification of silicone oil in the retina after intravitreal injection. Retina, 12 (3 Suppl). S17-22.
Benn, H. P., von Gaudecker, B., Czank, M. and Loeffler, H. (1990) Crystalline and amorphous gold in chrysiasis. Arch Dermatol Res, 282 (3). pp. 172-8.
Eckardt, C., Schmidt, D. and Czank, M. (1990) Intraocular tolerance to silicone oils of different specific gravities. An experimental study. Ophthalmologica, 201 (3). pp. 133-9.
Castellanos-Guzman, A. G., Trujillo-Torrez, M. and Czank, M. (2005) Transmission electron and optical microscopy of the domain structure of Ni3B7O13Br ferroic boracite. Materials Science and Engineering B-Solid State Materials for Advanced Technology, 120 (1-3). pp. 59-63. DOI 10.1016/j.mseb.2005.02.028.
Castellanos-Guzman, A. G., Trujillo-Torrez, M. and Czank, M. (2005) Transmission electron and optical microscopy of the domain structure of Ni3B7O13Br ferroic boracite. Materials Science and Engineering B, 120 (1-3). pp. 59-63. DOI 10.1016/j.mseb.2005.02.028.
This list was generated on Sun Apr 21 01:13:51 2019 CEST.

matches: V. V. V. V. V. V. V.


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“FBI: Rahmani Linked to Bombs in New York and New Jersey,” NBC News, September 19, 2016, http://www.nbcnews.com/video/fbi-rahmani-linked-to-bombs-in-new-york-and-new-jersey-768647747830. No one was injured in the remaining three IED attacks attributed to Rahami, two of which he failed to detonate.Tom Winter, Jonathan Dienst, Pete Williams, and Chris Francescani, “Terror Timeline: The NY/NJ Bombings, From First Blast to Arrest,” NBC News, September 19, 2016, http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ny-nj-bombings/terror-timeline-ny-nj-bombings-first-blast-arrest-n650716.
After a days-long manhunt, Rahami was found and arrested on September 19 in Linden, New Jersey, close to his parents’ home in neighboring Elizabeth.Marc Santora, William K. Rashbaum, Al Baker, and Adam Goldman, “Ahmad Khan Rahami Is Arrested in Manhattan and New Jersey Bombings,” New York Times, September 19, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/20/nyregion/nyc-nj-explosions-ahmad-khan-rahami.html. After engaging in a shootout with police, Rahami was taken into custody and transferred to University Hospital in Newark, New Jersey. Rahami was charged later that day with seven counts, including five counts of attempted murder of a police officer, with his bail set at $5.2 million.Marc Santora, William K. Rashbaum, Al Baker, and Adam Goldman, “Ahmad Khan Rahami Is Arrested in Manhattan and New Jersey Bombings,” New York Times, September 19, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/20/nyregion/nyc-nj-explosions-ahmad-khan-rahami.html. On September 20, 2016, the U.S. brought formal charges against Rahami, including use of weapons of mass destruction and bombing a place of public use.“Criminal Complaint: United States of America v. Ahmad Khan Rahami a/k/a/ ‘Ahmad Rahimi,’ defendant,” U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York,” September 20, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/file/894396/download. A notebook belonging to Rahami and discovered by law enforcement upon Rahami’s arrest allegedly included messages praising Osama bin Laden and U.S.-born al-Qaeda cleric Anwar al-Awlaki.“Criminal Complaint: United States of America v. Ahmad Khan Rahami a/k/a/ ‘Ahmad Rahimi,’ defendant,” U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York,” September 20, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/file/894396/download.
“Criminal Complaint: United States of America v. Ahmad Khan Rahami a/k/a/ ‘Ahmad Rahimi,’ defendant,” U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York,” September 20, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/file/894396/download.
Tom Winter, Miguel Almaguer, Jonathan Dienst, and Corky Siemaszko, “Ahmad Rahami, Suspect in N.Y. and N.J. Bombings, Charged With Attempted Murder,” NBC News, September 19, 2016, http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ny-nj-bombings/ahmad-rahami-identified-n-y-n-j-bombings-suspect-officials-n650306. The unexploded bomb in Chelsea also contained a cellphone that was registered in the name of one of Rahami’s family members.“Criminal Complaint: United States of America v. Ahmad Khan Rahami a/k/a/ ‘Ahmad Rahimi,’ defendant,” U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York,” September 20, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/file/894396/download.
Katie Little and Christine Wang, “NY/NJ Bombing Suspect Charged with 5 Counts of Attempted Murder of a Law Enforcement Officer: NBC,” CNBC, September 19, 2016, http://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/19/ahmad-rahami-in-custody-after-shooting-police-officer-in-linden-nj-wnbc-citing-source.html.
For years before the series of bomb attacks in September 2016, Rahami had shown few signs of radicalization, according to several friends and neighbors. Born in Afghanistan, Rahami and his family came to the United States in 1995 after Rahami’s father claimed asylum.Shane Harris, Nancy A. Youssef, Katie Zavadski, and Katie Briquelet, “Ahmad Khan Rahami, Accused NYC Bomber, Traveled to Pakistan Undetected by U.S.,” Daily Beast, September 19, 2016, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/09/19/ahmad-khan-rahami-arrested-but-questions-remain-about-bombings.html. Rahami grew up in Elizabeth, New Jersey, attending local public school and residing with his family in an apartment above their family-run restaurant, First American Fried Chicken. The restaurant—a fast-food joint described in news outlets as “always open”—received a series of noise complaints from neighbors.N. R. Kleinfeld, “Ahmad Rahami: Fixture in Family’s Business and, Lately, a ‘Completely Different Person,’” New York Times, September 19, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/20/nyregion/ahmad-khan-rahami-bombing-suspect.html. In June 2010, two of Rahami’s brothers—identified as Mohammad K. and Mohammad Q.—were arrested after engaging in an altercation with police who had come to the restaurant to close it down for the evening. One of the brothers was not charged, while the other pled guilty to charges and paid a $100 fine.N. R. Kleinfeld, “Ahmad Rahami: Fixture in Family’s Business and, Lately, a ‘Completely Different Person,’” New York Times, September 19, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/20/nyregion/ahmad-khan-rahami-bombing-suspect.html. In 2011, Rahami’s parents filed an unsuccessful lawsuit against the city and its police department, accusing them of religious-based harassment and intimidation.N. R. Kleinfeld, “Ahmad Rahami: Fixture in Family’s Business and, Lately, a ‘Completely Different Person,’” New York Times, September 19, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/20/nyregion/ahmad-khan-rahami-bombing-suspect.html.
Spencer Ackerman, Paul Owen, and Amber Jamieson, “Ahmad Khan Rahami’s Father Contacted FBI in 2014 over Terrorism Worry,” Guardian (London), September 20, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/sep/20/ahmad-khan-rahami-father-fbi-terrorism-bombing. The FBI claimed that it had conducted “internal database reviews, interagency checks, and multiple interviews” as part of its preliminary investigation, but none of the inquiries “revealed ties to terrorism.”Spencer Ackerman, Paul Owen, and Amber Jamieson, “Ahmad Khan Rahami’s Father Contacted FBI in 2014 over Terrorism Worry,” Guardian (London), September 20, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/sep/20/ahmad-khan-rahami-father-fbi-terrorism-bombing.
Because Rahami was not placed on a watch list as a result of the FBI investigation, he was able to travel to the Afghanistan-Pakistan region at least three times between 2014 and 2016 without detection by law enforcement, according to U.S. officials.Shane Harris, Nancy A. Youssef, Katie Zavadski, and Katie Briquelet, “Ahmad Khan Rahami, Accused NYC Bomber, Traveled to Pakistan Undetected by U.S.,” Daily Beast, September 19, 2016, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/09/19/ahmad-khan-rahami-arrested-but-questions-remain-about-bombings.html. Following Rahami’s return to the United States, he became noticeably more religiously observant, according to patrons at the Rahamis’ family-run restaurant. Customers noticed that Rahami started to wear more traditional Muslim clothing, sport a beard, and pray in the back of the restaurant.N. R. Kleinfeld, “Ahmad Rahami: Fixture in Family’s Business and, Lately, a ‘Completely Different Person,’” New York Times, September 19, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/20/nyregion/ahmad-khan-rahami-bombing-suspect.html.
Though Rahami may have been radicalized to extremist ideology during his visits to the Af-Pak region, Rahami had a prior history of arrests and violence dating back to 2008. On one occasion in 2012, Rahami spent a day in jail after allegedly violating a restraining order filed against him.N. R. Kleinfeld, “Ahmad Rahami: Fixture in Family’s Business and, Lately, a ‘Completely Different Person,’” New York Times, September 19, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/20/nyregion/ahmad-khan-rahami-bombing-suspect.html. In another incident in 2014, Rahami spent three months in jail on charges of aggravated assault and illegal possession of a firearm after allegedly stabbing a relative in the leg.N. R. Kleinfeld, “Ahmad Rahami: Fixture in Family’s Business and, Lately, a ‘Completely Different Person,’” New York Times, September 19, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/20/nyregion/ahmad-khan-rahami-bombing-suspect.html. It was reportedly this violent incident in 2014 that prompted Rahami’s father to contact the FBI and request an investigation.Spencer Ackerman, Paul Owen, and Amber Jamieson, “Ahmad Khan Rahami’s Father Contacted FBI in 2014 over Terrorism Worry,” Guardian (London), September 20, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/sep/20/ahmad-khan-rahami-father-fbi-terrorism-bombing.
According to reports, Rahami may have begun planning for the New York and New Jersey attacks as far back as February 2015, when he allegedly purchased the first of two flip phones used as timers for the IEDs.“Criminal Complaint: United States of America v. Ahmad Khan Rahami a/k/a/ ‘Ahmad Rahimi,’ defendant,” U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York,” September 20, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/file/894396/download. In June 2016, Rahami allegedly began purchasing bomb-related materials off of eBay, according to the criminal complaint filed against him.“Criminal Complaint: United States of America v. Ahmad Khan Rahami a/k/a/ ‘Ahmad Rahimi,’ defendant,” U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York,” September 20, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/file/894396/download. Two days before the September 17 attacks, Rahami was recorded on a family member’s cellphone lighting “incendiary materials” in a “cylindrical container,” according to the criminal complaint.“Criminal Complaint: United States of America v. Ahmad Khan Rahami a/k/a/ ‘Ahmad Rahimi,’ defendant,” U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York,” September 20, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/file/894396/download.
“Criminal Complaint: United States of America v. Ahmad Khan Rahami a/k/a/ ‘Ahmad Rahimi,’ defendant,” U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York,” September 20, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/file/894396/download. On February 13, 2018, Rahami was sentenced to life in prison and five years of supervised release. He was also ordered to pay $562,803 in restitution. Rahami still faces charges in New Jersey in connection with his alleged attempts to detonate explosives in Seaside Park and Elizabeth.“Chelsea Bomber Ahmad Khan Rahimi Sentenced to Life in Prison for Executing September 2016 Bombing and Attempted Bombing in New York City,” U.S. Department of Justice, February 13, 2018, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chelsea-bomber-ahmad-khan-rahimi-sentenced-life-prison-executing-september-2016-bombing-and.
Ahmad Rahami“Chelsea Bomber Ahmad Khan Rahimi Sentenced to Life in Prison for Executing September 2016 Bombing and Attempted Bombing in New York City,” U.S. Department of Justice, February 13, 2018, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chelsea-bomber-ahmad-khan-rahimi-sentenced-life-prison-executing-september-2016-bombing-and.
Ahmad Khan Rahimi“Chelsea Bomber Ahmad Khan Rahimi Sentenced to Life in Prison for Executing September 2016 Bombing and Attempted Bombing in New York City,” U.S. Department of Justice, February 13, 2018, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chelsea-bomber-ahmad-khan-rahimi-sentenced-life-prison-executing-september-2016-bombing-and.
Ahmad Rahimi“Criminal Complaint: United States of America v. Ahmad Khan Rahami a/k/a/ ‘Ahmad Rahimi,’ defendant,” U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York,” September 20, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/file/894396/download.
Type[s] of Organization Not determined.
Type[s] of Ideology Not determined.
Place of Residence Elizabeth, New Jersey, U.S.
Ahmad Khan Rahami carried out the New York and New Jersey bombings, planted on September 17 and September 18, 2016.Marc Santora, William K. Rahami—an Afghan-born U.S.

matches: v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v.