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Plaintiff pro se Hui Zhang Altman ("Plaintiff" or "Altman") filed a complaint against Defendant New York City Board of Education ("BOE") and four individual Defendants, David Kroun, Claralee Irobunda, Steven Chernigoff, and Olivia Ifill-Lynch. Plaintiff alleged that she was discriminated and retaliated against on the basis of her national origin, in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, see 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e — 2000e-17 (2007), and age, in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ("ADEA"), see 29 U.S.C. §§ 621 — 634 (2007). On March 23, 2007, I dismissed Plaintiff's claims against the individual Defendants in their individual capacities.See Altman v. N.Y. City of Dep't of Educ., 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20418, at *5-7 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 23, 2007).
Defendants then filed a motion for summary judgment. On May 3, 2007, I denied Defendants' motion for summary judgment on the Title VII claims because, using the more liberal test allowed to a party that proceeds pro se, I determined that issues of material fact remained. However, I granted Defendants' motion for summary judgment on the ADEA claim, because Plaintiff did not state facts sufficient to support those claims. The Bench Trial began on July 30, 2007 and concluded on July 31, 2007.
Plaintiff pro se Hui Zhang Altman ("Altman" or "Plaintiff") is a 48-year old woman of Chinese national origin. See Pl. Compl. at 3, 5. Altman was hired to teach at Morris High School ("Morris"), where her claims arose, in September 1998. Tr. at 158. At the time of her hiring Plaintiff was licensed in English but not in English as a Second Language ("ESL"), Plaintiff nonetheless began teaching both classes.
Jose Ruiz, who began at Morris as the principal in 2001, testified that "sometimes there are not enough classes for one teacher, one subject, so what we do is give them either ESL classes and some English or some English classes and some additional ESL. Tr. at 175-76.
At the time of Plaintiff's arrival, Morris was one of the lowest-performing high schools in the Bronx, with meager attendance and graduation rates and conversely high dropout rates. Tr. at 229-30. One of the ways that the administration at Morris sought to address these concerns was to regularly observe teachers in their classroom environment in order to identify areas for improvement in how the school might more effectively fulfill its educational mission. This evaluation policy was in place even before Plaintiff's arrival at Morris and continued throughout her tenure there. Thus, soon after her arrival in 1998, Plaintiff's supervisors began visiting her classes and providing evaluations based on their observations.
Claralee Irobunda, who arrived at Morris as an assistant principal in 2001, testified that when she began, the school had only a 66 percent attendance rate, that "they were taking a class of 400 to 600 students and only 69 students would graduate," and that the dropout rate was approximately 30 percent. Tr. at 202, 229-30.
Iris Zucker ("Zucker"), who from 1997 to 2002 was the assistant principal for foreign languages and ESL at Morris, visited Plaintiff's class at least five times between November 13, 1998 and May 25, 1999; after each visit, Zucker rated Plaintiff "Satisfactory." Def. Ex. A, B, C, D, and E. On May 5, 2000, the assistant principal for English, Michael Nemoytin, observed Plaintiff in her class and likewise gave her a rating of "Satisfactory." Def. Ex. F. Later, on October 23, 2000, Plaintiff received another "Satisfactory" rating, this time from Joseph Sherman, another assistant principal.
At the beginning of the 2001 academic year, Morris brought in several new people to join the administration: Steven Chernigoff ("Chernigoff") was hired as the assistant principal for English, Tr. at 98; Jose Ruiz ("Ruiz") was hired as the principal, Tr. at 174; and Claralee Irobunda ("Irobunda") was hired as assistant principal for guidance, Tr. at 202. As with their predecessors, these three continued the policy of observing Morris teachers — including Plaintiff — in the classroom.
In September 2001, then — Assistant Principal Chernigoff identified Plaintiff as one of the teachers in need of extra support and observation. Tr. at 98. Chernigoff testified that "there were many times in which I went in to observe her formally and to give her an evaluation and the lesson was not strong enough in order to get a satisfactory observation." Tr. at 100. He states he "worked with Ms. Altman in order not to give her an unsatisfactory, but in order to work with her and support her and help her in getting a satisfactory observation." Id. It appears, though, that these efforts were not successful. In December 2002, Chernigoff rated Plaintiff's lesson "unsatisfactory," explaining that "[Altman] did not achieve her objectives for the lesson." Def. Ex. M. Chernigoff also observed that Plaintiff displayed poor classroom management skills and pedagogical techniques, and did not engage the students or solicit adequate class participation during her lesson. See,e.g., id.
In response to this rating, Plaintiff wrote a complaint letter to Principal Ruiz on January 3, 2003, stating that she had never before received a rating of "Unsatisfactory," and opining that for Chernigoff to give her an unsatisfactory rating "he has to have so much hatred and prejudice against me in his heart." Def. Ex. CCC.
Later in 2003, Plaintiff left Morris to teach ESL at the High School of Violin and Dance. Tr. at 171. Plaintiff did not remain in her new position for very long and returned to Morris after only one semester. Tr. at 173. Once back at Morris, Plaintiff resumed teaching ESL. On March 10, 2004, Chernigoff again observed Plaintiff's class and again rated Plaintiff "Unsatisfactory." In his review, Chernigoff stated: "[a]s a teacher of language and literature, you must model appropriate language usage for your students. The . . . handout sheet [you prepared] was littered with incorrect spellings, inconsistencies, and grammatical errors . . ." Def. Ex. II. Chernigoff also noted that the lesson Plaintiff assigned to her students did not comport with the book that Plaintiff was assigned to teach. Id.
Joseph Sherman, the principal of the High School of Violin and Dance, told Ruiz he did not need Plaintiff for the following school year, remarking that "she was not working out well in his school as a teacher."
Once again, Plaintiff wrote a letter of complaint, this time addressed to Principal Claralee Irobunda and dated March 18, 2004. Def. Ex. DDD. In that letter, Plaintiff recounted how well she felt the class that Chernigoff observed had been conducted, and declared that "Mr. Chernigoff knows that I will be getting tenured by the end of this semeseter. By giving my [an Unsatisfactory] rating, he is abusing his power and damaging my future! He is using the power to fulfill his personal revenge against me." Subsequently, Plaintiff's superiors agreed to her request to hold a meeting with Plaintiff, her union representative, Chernigoff, and Irobunda on April 15, 2004 to discuss a "helping plan" for the Plaintiff. Def. Ex. LL.
Despite these accommodations, Plaintiff continued to receive unsatisfactory ratings. On April 30, 2004, Principal Irobunda rated Plaintiff "unsatisfactory," stating that Plaintiff "did not model language appropriately," and, for example, mispronounced the words "ornament," "foamy," "wreckage," and "hasten." Def. Ex. NN. Irobunda also noted that "[s]tudents did not produce enough oral language for an ESL class. . . . the implementation of the lesson was flawed. . . . [Altman had] low expectation of [her] students . . . [Altman's] cell phone went off . . . and [Altman] answered it." Id.
Once again May 24, 2004, Principal Irobunda observed Plaintiff's class and rated her "unsatisfactory" because of her inability to "model properly." Def. Ex. QQ. Thereafter, Irobunda apparently notified Olivia Ifill-Lynch ("Ifill-Lynch"), the superintendent, that Irobunda "would like to rate [Plaintiff] unsatisfactory and would like the superintendent to deny her completion of probation" for her ESL license. Tr. at 246. As a result, Ifill-Lynch sent David Kroun ("Kroun"), an administrator in the New York school system, to observe Plaintiff and provide an evaluation. Kroun visited Plaintiff's class on June 15, 2004, and his evaluation matched Irobunda's rating of unsatisfactory. Included in some two-dozen areas of concern that Kroun identified in his detailed report were Plaintiff's failure to have a lesson plan, to properly prepare students, to give an appropriate assignment on written exercises, to give appropriate guidelines for completing class work, to give clear expectations regarding assignments, and to provide students with feedback on their writing. Def. Ex. RR. Kroun recommended to the Superintendent that Plaintiff be denied completion of probation. Id. Superintendent Olivia Ifill-Lynch denied Plaintiff her completion of probation, stating that Plaintiff's employment would terminate effective August 20, 2004. Id.
Kroun testified that "the chancellor's regulations at the time [provided] that superintendents or their designee must examine the work of unsatisfactory teachers." Tr. at 257. Kroun went on to explain that "the superintendent asked me to investigate the matter, and I reviewed the file for that year, and then indicated to the superintendent that I think it would be appropriate if I made a visit, and the purpose of the visit was to make a recommendation to the superintendent as to whether they should deny completion of probation or not do that, with the final decision resting with the superintendent." Tr. at 246.
Plaintiff appealed this decision to the to the Chancellor's Committee, who also denied. See Ex. KK. Plaintiff filed a complaint with the New York State Division of Human Rights on December 14, 2004 and was dismissed on April 20, 2004. The EEOC mailed Plaintiff a "right-to-sue" letter on June 7, 2006. On July 12, 2006, Plaintiff filed this complaint alleging she was discriminated and retaliated against on the basis of her national origin, in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, see 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e — 2000e-17 (2007), and age, in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ("ADEA"), see 29 U.S.C. §§ 621 — 634 (2007).
To establish a prima facie case of discrimination with respect to Title VII, a plaintiff must show that (1) she is a member of a protected class; (2) she was qualified for the job; (3) she suffered an adverse employment action; and (4) the adverse employment action occurred under circumstances that give rise to an inference of discriminatory intent. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973); see also Sanders v. New York City Human Res. Admin., 361 F.3d 749, 755 (2d Cir. 2004). If plaintiff establishes these elements, the burden of going forward shifts to the employer to "articulate some legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the employer's rejection."McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. 792, 802. If the employer is able to do so, then the plaintiff, who has the burden of proof throughout, must show that the stated reason is pretextual.
Defendants concede that Plaintiff has made out the first three elements of her prima facie case leaving opposition only to the fourth element — that the material adverse employment action occurred under circumstances giving rise to an inference of discriminatory intent.
Plaintiff alleges that "[t]hey fired me by blaming [sic] not to be able to pronounce English correctly because I have a Chinese accent." Pl. Comp. at 6. As courts have recognized, "comments about a person's accent may be probative of discriminatory intent." See Thelusma v. New York City Bd. of Educ., 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 64855, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 26, 2006) citing Rivera v. Baccarat, Inc., 10 F. Supp. 2d 318, 324 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) ("Accent and national origin are obviously inextricably intertwined in many cases"); see also Fragante v. City and County of Honolulu, 888 F.2d 591, 596 (2d Cir. 1989). "[A]n adverse employment decision may be predicated upon an individual's accent when — but only when — it interferes materially with job performance." Meng v. Ipanema Shoe Corp., 73 F. Supp. 2d 392, 399 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) (Scheindlin, J.), quoting Fragante v. City and County of Honolulu, 888 F.2d 591, 596-97 (9th Cir. 1989). However, "[t]here is nothing improper about an employer making an honest assessment of the oral communications skills of a candidate for a job when such skills are reasonably related to job performance." Id.
Here, some of Defendants' stated reasons for terminating Plaintiff's employment clearly implicate her accent and ability to speak English. For instance, in Irobunda's April 30, 2004 "unsatisfactory" rating of Plaintiff, one of the of her expressed concerns was that Plaintiff "did not model language appropriately," and mispronounced the words "ornament," "foamy," "wreckage," and "hasten." Def. Ex. NN. This assessment was reiterated in Irobunda's May 2004 observation report. Def. Ex. QQ.
However, the Defendants made clear that their assessments of Plaintiff's teaching ability were based on numerous legitimate pedagogical concerns that cannot be said to have anything to do with Plaintiff's accent or national origin. As further noted in her review, Irobunda observed that, because of Plaintiff's mispronunciations, many of the students had difficulty understanding Plaintiff; Irobunda noted that this disrupted the class and, as a consequence, valuable teaching time was lost. Tr. at 216-217. There was concern as well about her poor management of students and her inability to plan an effective teaching lesson. In an informal visit in December 2002, Chernigoff indicated Altman did not write any standards on the board and had difficulty formulating a goal for that day's lesson. Def. Ex. U. Chernigoff indicated: "[Altman] did not achieve her objectives for the lesson," failed to maintain order in the classroom, and did not interact with or solicit student participation in the day's lessons. Def. Ex. M.
It should also be noted that a number of these concerns were expressed repeatedly over a long period of time. For instance, on December 11, 2001, Chernigoff noted his concern that Plaintiff needed to improve her time management skills in class so that each part of the day's lesson could be adequately covered. Def. Ex. K. This concern was voiced again in a review dated October 1, 2003, Def. Ex. AA, and yet again in a review from January of the following year.
Other than complaining that her lessons ought not to have been rated "unsatisfactory," Plaintiff has not shown any discriminatory intent on the part of her supervisors and related to her termination. In other words, Plaintiff confuses unsatisfactory ratings of her teaching performance with inferences of discriminatory intent. For example, in response to a rating from her supervisor stating she "did not model properly, as we have discussed," Ex. QQ. Plaintiff answers that "this is a lie" and is "because [she is] from China." Tr. at 80. At Morris during the relevant time, however, Plaintiff concedes that another teacher of Chinese national origin, Ms. Xu, who also had an accent, received all satisfactory ratings from her supervisors. Chernigoff states that between 2001 and 2004, Ms. Xu taught English and ESL, had an accent, but always received satisfactory ratings. Tr. at 155. Chernigoff opined that when he started at Morris in September 2001, he paid more attention to all of the weaker teachers, which included Plaintiff but not to those other teachers of Chinese national origin, whose teaching performance was satisfactory. Tr. at 98. Chernigoff testified that he gave Plaintiff's lessons unsatisfactory ratings, not because of Plaintiff's national origin, but simply because her lessons were unsatisfactory. Tr. at 101.
I found the combined testimony of the witnesses as to these pedagogical concerns highly credible. The witnesses all have had extensive experience as educators and educational administrators; concomitantly, they have extensive familiarity with teaching methods as well as practice in making legitimate evaluations of such. Mr. Chernigoff testified that prior to coming to Morris as assistant principal in 2001, he taught English and ESL classes at other schools for twelve years. Tr. at 97. Ms. Irobunda testified that she started teaching in 1986, and has since held a number of administrative posts including head of an academic achievement committee, her time at Morris as assistant principal, and her position at the time of trial as principal of an intermediate school.
Q: Approximately how many teachers have you supervised over the course of your career?
Q: And based on your experience, how would you describe the plaintiff's overall performance as a teacher?
A: Relative to the others?
A: She was one of the weakest I have ever supervised. Tr. at 156.
Q: . . . I repeat, there was a technicality. I could not rate [Plaintiff] unsatisfactory.
A: Would you if you had the opportunity?
Q: Yes, sure. Tr. at 159-60.
Q: Was Mr. Jose Ruiz your principal during the 2002-2003 school year?
Q: And he conducted a formal observation of one of your classes, do you recall that?
Q: And in that observation, he graded the lesson as satisfactory, is that right?
Q: But he told you that you needed to make numerous improvements, is that right?
Q: In fact, he recommended that you make pretty much the same improvements that Mr. Chernigoff recommended you make, is that right?
Q: Did Mr. Ruiz discriminate against you because you are from China?
Q: But Mr. Chernigoff did?
Q: So in the letter, you don't say anything about Mr. Chernigoff discriminating against you because you're from China, is that right?
A: Do I have to say it?
Q: Does it say it?
A: Must I say it?
Q: Did you say it in the letter, in writing?
A: I said harassment. Harassing.
Q: But you didn't say because you're from China.
Q: And you didn't say that he gave you a negative evaluation because of your accent?
A: That's my first U rating. I didn't realize until later, I realize yes, that's the reason.
Q: And in this letter [to Principal Irobunda] you don't say anything about Mr. Chernigoff discriminating against you because you're from China.
Q: And you don't say anything about him disliking you because you're from China, right?
Q: Did you say it?
A: No, I didn't say it, but obviously it's the truth.
Tr. at 88. Nor, by Plaintiff's own admission, did she allege national origin discrimination in the grievance she filed to have the negative evaluations removed from her record, or in the hearing based on that grievance, claiming that she didn't realize it was national origin discrimination "until later." Tr. at 91-92.
I realized because the union person [Plaintiff's representative at the grievance hearing], the final meeting, the grievance from three different principals, then we have a union person representative and he mentioned about my voice, my accent, my English, using this, I said, that's right, I realize. Before I questioning it, but I didn't — I wasn't sure, until that meeting, and, before I feel, I feel yes, somehow it's not right, why did they attack my English, I speak, they know well I speak, and who would write that accuse for attack my — they know I'm from China, I make mistakes. Other people make mistakes. President Bush makes mistakes? Why do they write it down in terms of terminating my job. I think deeply later, a lot of things I discovered later, I didn't realize until, that's right, this is, this is, this the goal, this their purpose. Tr. at 92.
Altman claims that Chernigoff did not allow her to read the English listening passage to students during the annual administration of the Regents Exam at Morris. Tr. at 110. Chernigoff disputed this claim, though, testifying that when he arrived at Morris in 2001, Plaintiff and the other Chinese teacher, Ms. Xu, came to his office separately to inform him that they would rather not read the listening passage on the English Regents Exam and would instead prefer other teachers to do it. Chernigoff states that he acquiesced to Plaintiff's request. Tr. at 111. Plaintiff in turn disputes Chernigoff's account, averring that she wanted to read the passage, but that Chernigoff refused. Tr. at 111. There is no evidence either way. What is not in dispute, though, is that Altman had never been one of the teachers to read the listening passage on the Regents Exam since the beginning of her employ at Morris in 1998 — prior to Chernigoff's arrival — and when Plaintiff came to Chernigoff in 2004 seeking to read the listening passage, she was allowed to read it. Because Plaintiff did not provide any corroboration for her claim that earlier on she was prevented from reading the passage — and in light of the fact that as soon as she requested to read it in 2004, Chernigoff agreed — this is a far cry from providing an inference of discriminatory intent.
Plaintiff also offers in support of her position an incident that occurred in the teacher's lounge. Tr. at 204. Mr. Contaves, a computer technician at Morris, complained that Plaintiff was spitting in the teacher's lounge sink. Id. Irrobunda testified that Contaves reported the incident and that Plaintiff likewise wrote to her about the incident, accusing Contaves of using a racial slur. Id. Pursuant to the usual practice at Morris when such an incident occurred, the administration conducted an investigation. As to the results of that investigation, Irrobunda testified, "Ms. Altman accused the gentleman of calling her a dirty Chinese or something like that," but the investigation provided no evidence for the alleged claim and concluded that, "nothing like that occurred." Tr. at 205.
Mr. Contaves was a technical employee who worked with computers at Morris. He was not in any supervisory position and was not responsible at all for any adverse employment action at Morris.
It is also worth noting that Contaves was not Altman's supervisor and thus did not have the capacity to take any adverse action against her. Interestingly, during the time that Plaintiff complained about her unsatisfactory ratings to her superiors, filed her original grievance, and met with her union representative, she never once complained of adverse treatment because of discrimination based on her national origin. Tr. at 92. Only after meeting with her union representative does Plaintiff allege discrimination based on her national origin.
In short, Plaintiff has failed to show any evidence of discriminatory intent, and her Title VII discrimination claim must be dismissed.
To establish a prima facie case under the anti-retaliation provision of Title VII, a plaintiff must show (1) participation in a protected activity, (2) knowledge by plaintiff's employer of the protected activity, (3) "materially adverse" employment action, (4) a causal connection between the protected activity and the materially adverse employment action. See Thomas v. iStar Fin., Inc., 438 F. Supp. 2d 348, 364 (S.D.N.Y. 2006), citing Burlington Northern Santa Fe Ry. V. White, 126 S. Ct. 2405 (2006).
As to the first factor — participation in a protected activity — the protected activity typically takes the form of the filing of a lawsuit or of a formal complaint with an agency. See, e.g.,Johnson v. Palma, 931 F. 2d 203, 207 (1991); Hollander v. American Cyanamid Co., 895 F.2d 80, 85 (2d Cir. 1990); DeCintio v. Westchester County Medical Center, 821 F.2d 111, 115 (2d Cir. 1987). In Grant v. Hazelett Strip-Casting Corp., 880 F. 2d 1564, 1569 (2d Cir. 1989), the Court stated, "Congress sought to protect a wide range of activity in addition to the filing of a formal complaint." See e.g. EEOC v. Crown Zellerbach Corp., 720 F.2d 1008, 1012-1014 (9th Cir. 1983) (writing letter to customer of employer complaining about inadequacies in employer's affirmative action program); Payne v. McLemore's Wholesale Retail Stores, 654 F.2d 1130, 1136-37 (5th Cir. 1981) (boycotting and picketing of store), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1000 (1982);Coleman v. Wayne State University, 664 F.Supp. 1082, 1092 n. 5 (E.D.Mich. 1987) (stating repeatedly in public and private that university engaged in discriminatory employment practices).
In the present case, however, Plaintiff provided no evidence to establish any instance of retaliation. Plaintiff did not even allege — let alone prove — that there was retaliation for any of her actions that might in the typical case be seen as likely triggers for such retaliation by the Department of Education — e.g. her complaint letters concerning Chernigoff's evaluations, or her grievance to have those evaluations removed from her record. On the contrary, the record makes clear that the efforts to accommodate Plaintiff were frequent — for example, Chernigoff and Ruiz both testified that when they observed classes that they felt would have deserved an unsatisfactory rating, they postponed their evaluation in the hopes that Plaintiff would be able to improve in the interim; in addition, after Plaintiff complained about Chernigoff's second unsatisfactory rating to Irobunda, the school held a meeting — at Plaintiff's behest — and discussed a "helping plan" to come up with strategies for Plaintiff to improve her performance.
In the face of these examples of conduct that seem to go directly against her claim of retaliation. Plaintiff simply alleges that upon her return to Morris after teaching for a semester at the High School of Violin and Dance, Mr. Chernigoff "avenge[d] and retaliat[ed against]" her. Tr. at 15. There is simply no substantiation for this statement. As discussed above, Plaintiff's supervisors had legitimate pedagogical reasons for the unsatisfactory ratings and for ultimate termination. There is no connection and certainly no proof that Plaintiff's return to Morris High School signaled retaliation of any sort. Indeed, but for her termination, which meets the materially adverse employment action element, there is no proof of any of the three remaining strings to the retaliation bow, and the complaint will be dismissed in its entirety.
For the reasons above, the complaint is dismissed. The Clerk of the Court is instructed to close this matter and remove it from my docket.

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§ 55-2 Payments into fund.
§ 55-3 Appropriation and agreement.
§ 55-11 Vote to withdraw from PMRS.
§ 55-12 Application to withdraw.
§ 55-15 Establishment of new retirement plan.
§ 55-16 Deposits in good standing.
§ 55-17 Collective bargaining agreement; savings provision; repealer; effective date.
§ 55-19 Eligibility for participation.
§ 55-20 Age and service requirements.
§ 55-21 Military leave credit.
§ 55-24 Allocation of commonwealth funds.
§ 55-26 Return of member contributions with interest.
§ 55-27 Pension benefits not subject to legal process.
§ 55-29 Pension trust revoked.
§ 55-30 Transfer of assets and liabilities.
§ 55-31 Delegation of authority to perfect details.
§ 55-32 Service by retired police employees.
§ 55-33 Amendments to plan.
§ 55-34 Consent for lump-sum distributions.
§ 55-35 Amendment and restatement of plan.
Firemen's Relief Fund — See Ch. 25.


Different federal and state laws provide very different definitions of the terms “disability” or “special needs”. You may be surprised to learn that many individuals whom their families, doctors, or communities consider to have special needs are not protected by all of the laws that use the word “disability”. Indeed, the courts often narrowly interpret the word to exclude some people with special needs.
The Americans with Disabilities Act defines “disability” as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual; a record of such an impairment; or being regarded as having such an impairment. 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1)(A)-(C). The Act further breaks down the term “major life activities”, which include operation of a major bodily function, “caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting, bending, speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating, and working.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A)-(B). This is not an exclusive list of major life activities. Whether the impairment “substantially limits” a major life activity is determined without considering the effects of assistive devices, medical equipment, or accommodations. 42 U.S.C. § 12102(4)(E).
A number of court cases have significantly narrowed the scope of the ADA’s definitions of disability and related terms. See, e.g., Sutton v. United Airlines, 527 U.S. 471 (1999) (phrase “substantially limits” requires that the individual is “presently – not potentially or hypothetically – substantially limited in order to demonstrate a disability”); see also Toyota Motor Manufacturing v. Williams, 534 U.S. 184 (2002); Murphy v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 527 U.S. 516 (1999); Albertson’s, Inc., v. Kirkingburg, 527 U.S. 555 (1999).
Other federal laws define disability differently. For example, the Social Security Administration uses the following definition in evaluating adult eligibility for SSI benefits: “the inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity (SGA) by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment(s) which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” The SSA’s definition for children with disabilities is slightly different.
In Illinois, the Human Rights Act defines “disability” as a “determinable physical or mental characteristic of a person, including, but not limited to, a determinable physical characteristic which necessitates the person’s use of a guide, hearing or support dog, the history of such characteristic, or the perception of such characteristic by the person complained against, which may result from disease, injury, congenital condition of birth or functional disorder”. 775 Ill. L.C.S. 5/1-103(I). As you can see, the Human Rights Act’s definition of disability differs quite a lot from the ADA and the SSA’s definitions. The Act goes on to list a number of limitations from and inclusions in the definition relating to various provisions in the rest of the Act; for example, mental, psychological, or developmental disabilities, including autism spectrum disorders, are considered disabilities for purposes of part but not all of the Act. Id. Further, the Illinois Department of Human Services Division of Developmental Disabilities has its own definition of “developmental disability” which differs substantially from the definitions use by the ADA as well as by SSA.
There are many other state and federal laws that variously define the words “disability”, “special needs”, “handicap”, or “incapacity”. If you are interested in learning more about these different definitions under the law, start by reading this FAQ about how lawmakers developed the laws’ wording.


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“Celebrity Big Brother” Recap: Who Was Evicted First?
“Survivor” Recap: Who Was Voted Out Fourth On “Heroes v. Healers v. Hustlers”?
“Survivor” Recap: Who Was Voted Out Third On “Heroes v. Healers v. Hustlers”?
“Survivor” Recap: Who Was Voted Out Second On “Heroes v. Healers v. Hustlers”?
Halle Berry Makes Jenna Dewan Chug Whiskey On “Live” To Get Payback On Channing Tatum – WATCH VIDEO!
“Survivor: Game Changers” Recap: Who Was Voted Out 13th And 14th?

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TeamWork will remove any content that infringes upon the copyright of any person under the laws of the United States upon receipt of such a statement (or, more specifically, any statement in conformance with 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(3)). United States law provides significant penalties for submitting such a statement falsely.
Upon receipt of the written notification containing the information as outlined in 1 through 6 above: (1) TeamWork Online LLC may remove or disable access to the material that is alleged to be infringing; (2). TeamWork Online LLC may forward the written notification to such alleged infringer; and (3). TeamWork Online LLC may take reasonable steps to promptly notify the alleged infringer that it has removed or disabled access to the material.
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Upon receipt of a Counter-Notification containing the information as outlined in 1 through 4 above: (1) TeamWork Online LLC may promptly provide you with a copy of the Counter-Notification; (2) TeamWork Online LLC may inform you that it will replace the removed material or cease disabling access to it within ten (10) business days; and (3) TeamWork Online LLC may replace the removed material or cease disabling access to the material within ten (10) to fourteen (14) business days following receipt of the Counter-Notification, provided TeamWork Corporation's Copyright Agent for Notice has not received notice from you that an action has been filed seeking a court order to restrain Subscriber from engaging in infringing activity relating to the material on TeamWork Corporation's network or system. You may want to seek the advice of independent legal counsel before filing a notification or counter-notification.
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49 CFR 571.205 - Standard No. 205, Glazing materials. § 571.205 - Standard No. 205, Glazing materials.
§ 571.205 - Standard No. 205, Glazing materials.
S1. Scope. This standard specifies requirements for glazing materials for use in motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment.
(a) This standard applies to passenger cars, multipurpose passenger vehicles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, slide-in campers, pickup covers designed to carry persons while in motion and low speed vehicles, and to glazing materials for use in those vehicles.
(b) For glazing materials manufactured before September 1, 2006, and for motor vehicles, slide-in campers and pickup covers designed to carry persons while in motion, manufactured before November 1, 2006, the manufacturer may, at its option, comply with 49 CFR 571.205(a) of this section.
Prime glazing manufacturer means a manufacturer that fabricates, laminates, or tempers glazing materials.
S5.1 Glazing materials for use in motor vehicles must conform to ANSI/SAE Z26.1-1996 (incorporated by reference, see § 571.5), unless this standard provides otherwise. SAE Recommended Practice J673 (1993) (incorporated by reference, see § 571.5) is referenced in ANSI/SAE Z26.1-1996.
S5.1.1 Multipurpose passenger vehicles. Except as otherwise specifically provided by this standard, glazing for use in multipurpose passenger vehicles shall conform to the requirements for glazing for use in trucks as specified in ANSI/SAE Z26.1-1996 (incorporated by reference, see § 571.5).
S5.1.2 Aftermarket replacement glazing. Glazing intended for aftermarket replacement is required to meet the requirements of this standard or the requirements of 49 CFR 571.205(a) applicable to the glazing being replaced.
S5.1.3 Location of arrow within “AS” markings. In ANSI/SAE Z26.1-1996 (incorporated by reference, see § 571.5) Section 7. “Marking of Safety Glazing Materials,” on page 33, in the right column, in the first complete sentence, the example markings “AS↓1”, “AS↓14” and “AS↑2” are corrected to read “A↓S1”, “A↓S14” and “A↑S2”. Note that the arrow indicating the portion of the material that complies with Test 2 is placed with its base adjacent to a horizontal line.
S5.2 Each of the test specimens described in ANSI/SAE Z26.1-1996 (incorporated by reference, see § 571.5) Section 5.7 (fracture test) must meet the fracture test requirements of that section when tested in accordance with the test procedure set forth in that section.
S5.3 Shade Bands. Shade band areas for windshields shall comply with the requirements of either S5.3.1 or S5.3.2.
S5.3.1 Shade bands for windshields shall comply with SAE Recommended Practice J100 (1995) (incorporated by reference, see § 571.5).
S5.3.2 Except as provided in S5.3.2.1, the lower boundary of shade bands for windshields shall be a plane inclined upwards from the X axis of the vehicle at 7 degrees, passing through point V1, and parallel to the Y axis. The coordinate system and point V1 shall be as specified in Annexes 18 and 19 of European Commission for Europe (ECE) Regulation No. 43 Revision 2 - Amendment 1.
S5.3.2.1 In the area 300 mm wide centered on the intersection of the windshield surface and longitudinal vertical median plane of the vehicle, the lower boundary of shade bands for windshields shall be a plane inclined upwards from the X axis of the vehicle at 3 degrees, passing through point V1, and parallel to the Y axis.
S5.4 Low speed vehicles. Windshields of low speed vehicles must meet the ANSI/SAE Z26.1-1996 specifications for either AS-1 or AS-4 glazing.
S5.5 Item 4A Glazing. Item 4A glazing may be used in all areas in which Item 4 safety glazing may be used, and also for side windows rearward of the “C” pillar. I.e., Item 4A glazing may be used under Item 4A paragraph (b) of ANSI/SAE Z26.1-1996 only in side windows rearward of the “C” pillar.
S6.2 A prime glazing manufacturer certifies its glazing by adding to the marks required by section 7 of ANSI/SAE Z26.1-1996, in letters and numerals of the same size, the symbol “DOT” and a manufacturer's code mark that NHTSA assigns to the manufacturer. NHTSA will assign a code mark to a manufacturer after the manufacturer submits a written request to the Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 400 Seventh Street, SW., Washington, DC 20590. The request must include the company name, address, and a statement from the manufacturer certifying its status as a prime glazing manufacturer as defined in S4.
(b) Certify that its product complies with this standard in accordance with 49 U.S.C. 30115.
[37 FR 12239, June 21, 1972] Editorial Note:For Federal Register citations affecting § 571.205, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the Finding Aids section of the printed volume and at www.fdsys.gov.


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For error analysis and in the case of an attack on the network infrastructure, we evaluate the data stored in the log files to improve and assert or defend against legal claims.
for any questions about your order (we use your telephone number exclusively for this purpose).
The data processing is based on your request and is in accordance with Art. 6 para. 1 p. 1 lit. b and lit. f DSGVO for the stated purposes for the fulfillment of the contract and for other pre-contractual measures as well as our legitimate interests for the listed purposes.
The personal data processed by us for the order will be stored until the expiry of the statutory warranty obligation and then automatically deleted, unless we are under Article 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. c GDPR are obliged to store for a longer period of time due to tax and commercial requirements for storage and documentation (HGB, StGB or AO) or you are obliged to make further storage in accordance with Art. 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. a GDPR have consented.
In addition, you can voluntarily provide further information.
to settle possible warranty claims as well as the assertion of any claims against you.
We store the personal data collected by us for the registration and log-in until you give us a request for deletion via our contact form. We will comply with your request without delay. In the case of the deletion request, we only store the necessary information about your orders if further storage on the basis of Art. 6 para. 1 sentence 1 letter b GDPR is required to fulfill the contract or if we are required by Article 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. c GDPR are obliged to store for a longer period of time due to tax and commercial storage and (German) documentation obligations (from HGB, StGB or AO).
If your desired item is out of stock or not yet available, and you would like a notification as soon as the item is (re-) available, we only need your e-mail address.
for promotional purposes (for example, to give you a voucher if the item should no longer be available).
The data processing is based on your request and is in accordance with Art. 6 para. 1 p. 1 lit. b GDPR on pre-contractual measures and Art. 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. f GDPR due to our legitimate interests for the aforementioned purposes.
The personal data collected by us will be deleted after completion of the request made by you, unless we have to hold this because of the nature of your request or if we are required under Article 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. c GDPR are obliged to store for a longer period of time due to tax and commercial storage and documentation obligations (from HGB, StGB or AO).
You can send general inquiries via the contact form provided on our website. Here we ask for your name and a valid e-mail address, the subject of your request and your message to us. This information we need to answer your request.
Any additional personal information such as your customer or telephone number will not be recorded, unless you provide this information voluntarily.
The personal data collected by us for the use of the contact form will be anonymized after completion of the request you have made, unless we have to hold this due to the nature of your request or if we are required under Article 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. c DSGVO are obliged to store for a longer period of time due to tax and commercial storage and documentation obligations (from HGB, StGB or AO).
If you have a customer account with us or have expressed to us the desire to receive our print catalog, we process your first and last name, address and possibly further voluntary information, such as your e-mail address. If you have voluntarily provided us with your e-mail address, we also use it for advertising purposes. We will forward your name and address to our printing house and shipping service for shipment.
The data processing is based on your request and is in accordance with Art. 6 para. 1 p. 1 lit. f GDPR required for advertising purposes.
As a customer or prospective customer we would like to send you our newsletter. If you are not a customer and still want to receive our newsletter, we only need your e-mail address for the newsletter.
The sending takes place on the basis of your explicit consent (Art. 6 (1) sentence 1 letter a GDPR).
If you are already a customer of ours, we will send you e-mails on the basis of Art. 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. f DSGVO and our legitimate interests to inform you about current product recommendations (advertising).
The newsletter is sent by Episerver Campaign (formerly optivo® broadmail), an e-mail marketing software from Episerver GmbH, Wallstraße 16, 10179 Berlin. The e-mail addresses of our newsletter recipients are located on Episerver servers in data centers in Germany. This service provider has been carefully selected and commissioned by us, is bound by our instructions and is regularly monitored, especially with regard to the appropriate technical and organizational measures for data security. Data transmission in non-EEA countries does not take place.
Episerver uses this information to send and evaluate the newsletters on our behalf. The newsletters contain pixel tags (see point IV), which are retrieved from the Episerver server when the newsletter is opened. This request collects technical information, such as information about your browser or system, as well as your IP address and the time of retrieval. Statistical surveys include determining whether the newsletters are opened, when they are opened, and which links are clicked. This is to identify the reading habits of our users and to adapt our content to them or to send different content according to the interests of our customers and prospects.
You can unsubscribe from our newsletters at any time without giving reasons, e.g. via a link at the end of each newsletter. Alternatively you can also send your unsubscribe request to news@my.stylefile.de by e-mail. Your personal data processed in this context and solely for the purpose of sending out the newsletter will be deleted immediately after deregistration, however, we hold the fact that you have objected and your e-mail address, so as not to inadvertently send you newsletters in the future.
In particular, to the extent as it is permitted by law and as it is required pursuant to Art. 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. b GDPR for the settlement of contractual relationships with you, your personal data will be passed on to third parties.
This includes the transfer of payment data to payment service providers or credit institutions in order to carry out a payment transaction. For the settlement, it may be necessary for us to forward the personal data collected during the payment process, such as name, address, telephone number, e-mail address, credit card or bank account details, and transaction data to the payment service provider. In part, the payment service providers collect these data themselves.
The transferred data may be used by the third party exclusively for the stated purposes.
For the payment we use the payment service "Computop" of Computop Wirtschaftsinformatik GmbH, Schwarzenbergstr. 4, D-96050 Bamberg (hereinafter "Computop"). Computop is certified by the credit card issuers according to the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) to ensure the security of credit card information.
Computop integrates various payment methods such as credit and debit cards, bank payments, e-banking and e-wallets. When you submit a payment request on our website, Computop will forward the payment information you provided to the payment method providers. We have no access to the personal data collected by Computop. Computop is responsible for their processing.
For payment purposes, we use the payment service provider ConCardis of ConCardis GmbH, Helfmann-Park 7, 65760 Eschborn (hereinafter referred to as "ConCardis"). ConCardis is certified according to the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) of credit card companies to ensure the security of credit card information.
We use ConCardis to integrate the payment method Credit Card Payment. When you submit a payment request on our website, ConCardis will forward the payment information you provide to your credit card provider.
We also offer payment processing via the payment service PayPal from PayPal (Europe) S.à r.l. et Cie, S.C.A., 22-24 Boulevard Royal, L-2449 Luxembourg (hereinafter "Paypal").
If you pay with your PayPal account, you will be redirected to PayPal's website. There you can log in with your account data and instruct the payment. If you choose the methods of payment "direct debit", "credit card" or "purchase on account", you can also be redirected to PayPal's website. There you can instruct the payment with or without PayPal account, indicating the payment information. We do not have access to the personal data collected by PayPal. PayPal is responsible for their processing.
In order to be able to send your order in our shop (article 6 paragraph 1 p. 1 letter b GDPR) as well as due to our legitimate interests to make the shipping as uncomplicated as possible for you (article 6 paragraph 1 p f GDPR), we transmit your data, which you as delivery address as well as your telephone number to shipping service providers, which convey your consignment exclusively for purposes of the goods delivery as well as goods delivery announcement. These service providers are subject to postal secrecy.
for reporting and marketing purposes (e.g., Google Analytics). The transmission takes place on the basis of Art. 6 para. 1 p. 1 lit. f GDPR and our legitimate interests in a pseudonymous evaluation of data by SIGNA.
You may prohibit the promotional use of your personal data as described in V. and VI. described at any time, without giving any reason to object. In this case, SIGNA will no longer be able to access the personal data relating to you.
the disclosure pursuant to Art. 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. f DSGVO is required to assert, exercise or defend legal claims and there is no reason to assume that you have a predominantly legitimate interest in not disclosing your data.
The cookie is saved with the information about the specific device that was used. However, this does not mean that we are immediately aware of your identity.
As part of our online offer, we also use pixel tags (also called counting pixels or tracking pixels). Pixels are small graphics that are integrated via the HTML code of our site. The pixel tag itself does not store or change any information on your device, so pixels on your device do not cause any damage, do not contain viruses, Trojans or other malware.
Pixels can send personal information, such as your IP address, the referrer URL of the website visited, the time the pixel was viewed, the browser you are using, and previously set cookie information to a web server. This makes it possible to carry out range measurements and other statistical evaluations, which serve to optimize our offer.
In addition, to improve usability, we also use temporary so-called comfort cookies, which are stored on your device for a specific period of time. If you visit our site again to take advantage of our services, it will automatically recognize that you have already been with us and what inputs and settings you have made, so you do not have to re-enter them. As a rule, these are deleted after a maximum of 30 days. Only such comfort cookies that affect language settings store these 365 days.
2. What are the legal bases for processing using cookies and pixel tags?
The data processed by cookies and pixel tags are for the purposes stated in order to safeguard our legitimate interests in the analysis, optimization and economic operation of our offer and the legitimate interests of third parties pursuant to Art. 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. f GDPR required.
Most browsers accept cookies and pixels automatically. However, you can configure your browser so that no cookies are stored on your computer or always a hint appears before a new cookie is created.
You can also use appropriate tools or browser add-ons, the use of pixels on our pages stop (for example, by the add-on "AdBlock").
The tracking and targeting measures listed below and used by us are based on Art. 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. f GDPR.
With the tracking measures used, we want to ensure a needs-based design and the continuous optimization of our website. On the other hand, we use the tracking measures to statistically record the use of our website. We also want to make sure that only advertisements that are based on your actual or perceived interests are displayed on your end devices.
The respective data processing purposes and data categories can be found in the description of the corresponding tracking tools.
We use conversion tracking from Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052-6399, USA. This allows us to track user activity on our website when it has reached our website through advertisements from Bing Ads.
If you reach our website via a Bing Ads ad, a cookie will be placed on your computer. This information is stored by Microsoft about the use of the website (for example, length of stay, which areas of the website has been accessed and which ad you have come to our website) and in the case of an order based on the order value and the time of the order. Information about your identity will not be collected.
If you do not want to participate in the tracking process, you can also refuse the required setting of a cookie - for example, via a browser setting that generally disables the automatic setting of cookies. For more information about privacy and cookies used by Microsoft Bing, visit the Microsoft Web site.
This website uses Criteo SA (32 Rue Blanche, 75009 Paris, France) technology to collect and store data for marketing and optimization purposes.
By using Criteo, additional pixels are being loaded by contractors with whom Criteo works. An overview of all publishers and networks that load pixels can be found here.
You can contradict this pseudonymous analysis of your surfing behavior at any time. For instructions on disabling Criteo's service, see the Criteo link below.
Please note that if you opt out of displaying personalized ads from Criteo and other affiliates, you will still receive advertisements that are less tailored to your interests / browsing habits.
Information on your user behavior on our website is collected and evaluated on our website by means of cookies (see IV) by our service provider CrossEngage GmbH (Bertha-Benz-Strasse 5, 10557 Berlin). This allows us to tailor our marketing efforts to your actual or perceived interests and display them on other websites or other advertising channels.
If you do not agree, you can prevent this by opting out of this collection and use of the future by emailing optout@crossengage.io. For more information about privacy related to CrossEngage, click here.
We use Facebook Website Custom Audiences of Facebook Ireland Limited (4 Grand Canal Square, Dublin 2, Ireland). This is a Facebook marketing service. This allows us to display personalized and interest-based advertising on Facebook for certain groups of pseudonymised visitors to our website who also use Facebook.
There is a Facebook Custom Audience Pixel Tag integrated on our website. This is a Java Script code used to store non-personal information about your use of the Site. These include your IP address, the browser you are using, and the source and destination pages. This information is transmitted to Facebook servers in the United States. Facebook is subject to the EU-US Privacy Shield, which guarantees an appropriate level of privacy.
There is an automatic comparison of whether you have saved a Facebook cookie. The Facebook cookie automatically determines whether you belong to the relevant target group for us. If you belong to the target group, we will show you relevant ads on Facebook. In this process, you will not be personally identified by us or Facebook.
You may object to the use of the Custom Audiences service on the Facebook website. After logging in to your Facebook account, you will be taken to the settings for Facebook ads.
If you do not have a Facebook account, you can prevent Facebook from retrieving data by clicking on this Link that data get to Facebook. The click creates a blocking cookie in the background to ensure this. When the function is triggered, no pop-up or similar will appear.
In addition, we have entered into a contract processing agreement for the use of Google Analytics. By this contract, Google assures that they process the data in accordance with the Data Protection Regulation and ensure the protection of the data subject's rights.
This information may also be transferred to third parties if required by law or if third parties process this data in the order. Under no circumstances will your IP address be merged with any other data provided by Google. The IP addresses are anonymized, so that an assignment is not possible (IP masking).
We also use Google Optimize. This is a web analytics service provided by Google LLC, which is integrated with Google Analytics. Google Optimize allows us to perform A / B and multi-variant tests. This will let us know which version of our website users like more. More information about this service can be found here.
On our website, cookies are used to collect and evaluate information for the optimization of advertising. We use Google Ireland Limited, Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Ireland targeting technologies (Double Click, Double Click Exchange Buyer, Double Click Bid Manager). These technologies enable us to target you with individual interest-based advertising. The cookies used, for example, provide information about which of our products you are interested in. On the basis of the information, we can also display offers on the part of third parties that are specifically oriented towards your interests, as they result from your previous user behavior. The collection and evaluation of your user behavior is exclusively pseudonymous and does not enable us to identify you. In particular, the information is not merged with personally identifiable information about you.
If you do not want to receive interest-based advertising, you can make this setting here.
On this website we use the technology of trbo GmbH, Römerstraße 6, 80801 Munich (hereinafter "trbo") and process data from which usage profiles are created using pseudonyms. For this purpose, cookies are used to enable the recognition of an Internet browser (see section 4). This IP address is truncated by the last 8 digits before being sent to trbo. These pseudonymous usage profiles are used to analyze visitor behavior and are evaluated to improve and tailor our services. The pseudonymous user profiles will not be combined with personal data about the bearer of the pseudonym without a specific, express consent of the person concerned.
We have concluded a contract with trbo for order processing. Through this agreement, trbo assures that they process the data in accordance with the Data Protection Regulation and ensure the protection of the data subject's rights.
We use so-called social media buttons (also social media plugins) of the social networks Facebook and Instagram on our website. These are small buttons that allow you to post content from our website on social networks under your profile.
If you activate such a button, a connection is established between our website and the social network. In addition to the content in question, the operator of the social network receives additional personal information. This includes the fact that you are visiting our site.
Our platform uses social media plugins from Facebook Ireland Limited, 4 Grand Canal Square, Dublin 2, Ireland, Europe ("Facebook") to personalize their use. For this we use the "LIKE" or "SHARE" button.
If you access a page of our website, no connection will be established with the Facebook servers. If you click on the corresponding button, they will be redirected to a Facebook website. On this you can either share or like our content by clicking again. We have no influence on the processing of personal data on websites of third parties.
If you are logged in to Facebook and interact with the plugins on the Facebook website, for example, by pressing the "LIKE" or "SHARE" button, the corresponding information is also transmitted directly to a Facebook server and stored there. The information will also be posted on Facebook and displayed to your Facebook friends.
On our website, we use your consent in accordance with Art. 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. a DSGVO the Instagram plug-in operated by Instagram LLC, 1601 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA ("Instagram"). The plugins are marked with an Instagram logo, for example in the form of an "Instagram camera".
If you visit a page of our website that contains such a plugin and activate it with a click, your browser establishes a direct connection to the Instagram servers. By clicking, you agree that the content of the Instagram plugin is transmitted directly to your browser and incorporated into the site. Through this integration, Instagram receives the information that your browser has accessed the corresponding page of our website, even if you do not have an Instagram profile or are currently not logged in to Instagram.
If you do not want Instagram to directly map the data collected through our website to your Instagram account, you'll need to log out of Instagram before visiting our website.
If your personal data are processed based on legitimate interests in accordance with Art. 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. f GDPR, you have the right to file an objection against the processing of your personal data in accordance with Art. 21 GDPR, provided that there are reasons for this arising from your particular situation or the objection is directed against direct mail. In the latter case, you have a general right of objection, which is implemented by us without specifying any particular situation.
All personal data transmitted by you will be encrypted using the generally accepted and secure standard TLS (Transport Layer Security). TLS is a safe and proven standard, e.g. is also used in online banking. You will see a secure TLS connection, including the attached s at the http (ie https: // ..) in the address bar of your browser or the lock icon at the top of your browser.
where you can retrieve at print it at any time.

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A. Maurel, V. Pagneux, F. Barra & F. Lund, Wave propagation through a random array of pinned dislocations: Velocity change and attenuation in a generalized Granato and Lucke theory, Phys. Rev. B, 72(17): 174111 (2005) (pdf).
A. Maurel, V. Pagneux, D. Boyer & F. Lund, Elastic wave propagation through a distribution of dislocations, Materials Science & Engineering: A. 400: 222-225 (2005) (pdf).
A. Maurel, J.-F. Mercier & F. Lund, Scattering of an elastic wave by a single dislocation, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 115(6): 2773-2780 (2004) (pdf).
A. Maurel, J.-F. Mercier & F. Lund, Elastic wave propagation through a random array of dislocations, Phys. Rev. B, 70:024303 (2004) (pdf).

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