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A portable electronic device having a touch screen display performs a set of operations, including displaying a plurality of key icons, each having an adjustable size hit region, and receiving a sequence of individual touch points input by a user on the touch screen display. The operations performed by the device further include processing the received individual touch points by: forming a user-input directed graph for the sequence of individual touch points received so far, determining a character corresponding to a last received individual touch point in accordance with the adjustable hit regions of the displayed key icons, displaying a sequence of characters corresponding to the sequence of individual touch points, and updating sizes of the adjustable hit regions for a plurality of the key icons in accordance with the sequence of individual touch points input by the user.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/010,619, “Method, Device, and Graphical User Interface Providing Word Recommendations for Text Input,” filed Jan. 9, 2008, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In accordance with some embodiments, a computer-implemented method, performed at a portable electronic device having a touch screen display, includes displaying a plurality of key icons, each key icon having an adjustable hit region of dynamically adjustable size, and receiving a sequence of individual touch points input by a user on the touch screen display. Each touch point is determined at lift off of a contact from the touch screen display. An image with an enlarged version of a character that will be selected as the character corresponding to an individual touch point is displayed prior to lift off of a respective contact, wherein the character image that is displayed prior to lift off is selected in accordance with the adjustable hit regions of the displayed key icons. After receiving each of the individual touch points, the method performs a set of operations, including: forming a user-input directed graph for the sequence of individual touch points received so far; determining a character corresponding to a last received individual touch point in accordance with the adjustable hit regions of the displayed key icons; displaying a sequence of characters corresponding to the sequence of individual touch points, including the determined character; and updating sizes of the adjustable hit regions for a plurality of the key.
In accordance with some embodiments, a computer readable storage medium, for use in conjunction with a portable electronic device having a touch screen display, stores one or more programs for execution by one or more processors of the portable electronic device. The one or more programs include instructions for displaying on the touch screen display a plurality of key icons, each key icon having an adjustable hit region of dynamically adjustable size. The one or more programs further include instructions for receiving a sequence of individual touch points input by a user on the touch screen display. Each touch point is determined at lift off of a contact from the touch screen display. An image with an enlarged version of a character that will be selected as the character corresponding to an individual touch point is displayed prior to lift off of a respective contact, wherein the character image that is displayed prior to lift off is selected in accordance with the adjustable hit regions of the displayed key icons. The one or more programs further include instructions for processing the received individual touch points by performing operations after receiving each of the individual touch points, the operations including: forming a user-input directed graph for the sequence of individual touch points received so far; determining a character corresponding to a last received individual touch point in accordance with the adjustable hit regions of the displayed key icons; displaying on the touch screen display a sequence of characters corresponding to the sequence of individual touch points, including the determined character; and updating sizes of the adjustable hit regions for a plurality of the key icons.
In accordance with some embodiments, a portable electronic device having a touch screen display includes one or more processors, memory, and one or more programs stored in the memory, the one or more programs configured to be executed by the one or more processors. The one or more programs include instructions for displaying on the touch screen display a plurality of key icons, each key icon having an adjustable hit region of dynamically adjustable size. The one or more programs further include instructions for receiving a sequence of individual touch points input by a user on the touch screen display. Each touch point is determined at lift off of a contact from the touch screen display. An image with an enlarged version of a character that will be selected as the character corresponding to an individual touch point is displayed prior to lift off of a respective contact, wherein the character image that is displayed prior to lift off is selected in accordance with the adjustable hit regions of the displayed key icons. The one or more programs further include instructions for processing the received individual touch points by performing operations after receiving each of the individual touch points, the operations including: forming a user-input directed graph for the sequence of individual touch points received so far; determining a character corresponding to a last received individual touch point in accordance with the adjustable hit regions of the displayed key icons; displaying on the touch screen display a sequence of characters corresponding to the sequence of individual touch points, including the determined character; and updating sizes of the adjustable hit regions for a plurality of the key icons.
In accordance with some embodiments, a portable electronic device having a touch screen display includes one or more processors and memory. The portable electronic device further includes means for displaying on the touch screen display a plurality of key icons, each key icon having an adjustable hit region of dynamically adjustable size, and means for receiving a sequence of individual touch points input by a user on the touch screen display. Each touch point is determined at lift off of a contact from the touch screen display. An image with an enlarged version of a character that will be selected as the character corresponding to an individual touch point is displayed prior to lift off of a respective contact, wherein the character image that is displayed prior to lift off is selected in accordance with the adjustable hit regions of the displayed key icons. The portable electronic device further includes means for processing the received individual touch points by performing operations after receiving each of the individual touch points, the operations including: forming a user-input directed graph for the sequence of individual touch points received so far; determining a character corresponding to a last received individual touch point in accordance with the adjustable hit regions of the displayed key icons; displaying on the touch screen display a sequence of characters corresponding to the sequence of individual touch points, including the determined character; and updating sizes of the adjustable hit regions for a plurality of the key icons.
In accordance with some embodiments, a computer-implemented method, performed at a portable electronic device having a touch screen display, includes displaying a plurality of key icons, receiving a sequence of individual touch points input by a user on the touch screen display, and displaying a sequence of characters corresponding to the sequence of individual touch points. The method also includes receiving a touch point corresponding to a deletion key icon, and deleting one or more of the displayed characters to produce a shortened sequence of characters. Then the method includes receiving additional individual touch points. After receiving each of the additional individual touch points, the method performs a set of operations, including displaying a current sequence of characters including characters associated with the additional individual touch points, and determining and displaying a suggested character string only when the suggested character string starts with the shortened sequence of characters and the suggested character string meets predefined character string suggestion criteria.
In accordance with some embodiments, a computer readable storage medium, for use in conjunction with a portable electronic device having a touch screen display, stores one or more programs for execution by one or more processors of the portable electronic device. The one or more programs include instructions for displaying on the touch screen display a plurality of key icons, for receiving a sequence of individual touch points input by a user on the touch screen display, and for displaying on the touch screen display a sequence of characters corresponding to the sequence of individual touch points. The one or more programs also include instructions for receiving a touch point corresponding to a deletion key icon, and for deleting one or more of the displayed characters to produce a shortened sequence of characters. The one or more programs further include instructions for receiving additional individual touch points, and instructions for processing the received individual touch points by performing operations after receiving each of the additional individual touch points, including displaying a current sequence of characters including characters associated with the additional individual touch points, and determining and displaying a suggested character string only when the suggested character string starts with the shortened sequence of characters and the suggested character string meets predefined character string suggestion criteria.
In accordance with some embodiments, a portable electronic device having a touch screen display includes one or more processors, memory, and one or more programs stored in the memory, the one or more programs configured to be executed by the one or more processors. The one or more programs include instructions for displaying on the touch screen display a plurality of key icons, for receiving a sequence of individual touch points input by a user on the touch screen display, and for displaying on the touch screen display a sequence of characters corresponding to the sequence of individual touch points. The one or more programs also include instructions for receiving a touch point corresponding to a deletion key icon, and for deleting one or more of the displayed characters to produce a shortened sequence of characters. The one or more programs further include instructions for receiving additional individual touch points, and instructions for processing the received individual touch points by performing operations after receiving each of the additional individual touch points, including displaying a current sequence of characters including characters associated with the additional individual touch points, and determining and displaying a suggested character string only when the suggested character string starts with the shortened sequence of characters and the suggested character string meets predefined character string suggestion criteria.
In accordance with some embodiments, a portable electronic device having a touch screen display includes one or more processors and memory. The portable electronic device further includes means for displaying on the touch screen display a plurality of key icons, and means for receiving a sequence of individual touch points input by a user on the touch screen display, and means for displaying on the touch screen display a sequence of characters corresponding to the sequence of individual touch points. The portable electronic device also includes means for receiving a touch point corresponding to a deletion key icon, and means for deleting one or more of the displayed characters to produce a shortened sequence of characters. The portable electronic device further includes means for receiving additional individual touch points, and means for processing the received individual touch points by performing operations after receiving each of the additional individual touch points, including displaying a current sequence of characters including characters associated with the additional individual touch points, and determining and displaying a suggested character string only when the suggested character string starts with the shortened sequence of characters and the suggested character string meets predefined character string suggestion criteria.
In accordance with some embodiments, a computer-implemented method, performed at a portable electronic device having a touch screen display, includes: displaying a current character string being input by a user with a soft keyboard in a first area of the touch screen display; displaying a suggested replacement character string for the current character string in a second area of the touch screen display, wherein the second area includes a suggestion rejection icon adjacent to the suggested replacement character string; replacing the current character string in the first area with the suggested replacement character string in response to detecting user activation of a key on the soft keyboard associated with a delimiter; and keeping the current character string in the first area and ceasing to display the suggested replacement character string and the suggestion rejection icon in response to detecting a finger gesture on the suggested replacement character string displayed in the second area.
In accordance with some embodiments, a computer readable storage medium has stored therein instructions, which when executed by a portable electronic device with a touch screen display, cause the portable electronic device to: display a current character string being input by a user with a soft keyboard in a first area of the touch screen display; display a suggested replacement character string for the current character string in a second area of the touch screen display, wherein the second area includes a suggestion rejection icon adjacent to the suggested replacement character string; replace the current character string in the first area with the suggested replacement character string in response to detecting user activation of a key on the soft keyboard associated with a delimiter; and keep the current character string in the first area and cease to display the suggested replacement character string and the suggestion rejection icon in response to detecting a finger gesture on the suggested replacement character string displayed in the second area.
In accordance with some embodiments, a portable electronic device includes: a touch screen display; one or more processors; memory; and one or more programs. The one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors. The one or more programs include instructions for: displaying a current character string being input by a user with a soft keyboard in a first area of the touch screen display; displaying a suggested replacement character string for the current character string in a second area of the touch screen display, wherein the second area includes a suggestion rejection icon adjacent to the suggested replacement character string; replacing the current character string in the first area with the suggested replacement character string in response to detecting user activation of a key on the soft keyboard associated with a delimiter; and keeping the current character string in the first area and ceasing to display the suggested replacement character string and the suggestion rejection icon in response to detecting a finger gesture on the suggested replacement character string displayed in the second area.
In accordance with some embodiments, a graphical user interface on a portable electronic device with a touch screen display includes a first area of the touch screen display; a current character string being input by a user with a soft keyboard in the first area of the touch screen display; and a second area of the touch screen display that includes a suggested replacement character string and a suggestion rejection icon adjacent to the suggested replacement character string. In response to detecting user activation of a key on the soft keyboard associated with a delimiter, the current character string in the first area is replaced with the suggested replacement character string. In response to detecting a finger gesture on the suggested replacement character string displayed in the second area, the current character string is kept in the first area and display of the suggested replacement character string and the suggestion rejection icon are ceased.
FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary derivation of candidate words based on text input in accordance with some embodiments.
FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate an exemplary method for dynamically adjusting hidden hit regions associated with soft keyboard keys as a word is typed with the soft keyboard keys in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary derivation of candidate words based on text input in accordance with some embodiments.
FIGS. 10A and 10B are flow diagrams illustrating text input processes in accordance with some embodiments.
FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate an exemplary user interface for inputting text in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 12 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for inputting text on a portable electronic device with a soft keyboard and a touch screen display in accordance with some embodiments.
The touch screen in the display system 112 may use LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, or LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, although other display technologies may be used in other embodiments. The touch screen in the display system 112 and the display controller 152 may detect contact and any movement or breaking (lift off) thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with a touch screen in the display system 112. A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of the display system 112 may be analogous to the multi-touch sensitive tablets described in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,323,846 (Westerman et al.), 6,570,557 (Westerman et al.), and/or 6,677,932 (Westerman), and/or U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0015024A1, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. However, a touch screen in the display system 112 displays visual output from the portable device 100, whereas touch sensitive tablets do not provide visual output. The touch screen in the display system 112 may have a resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In an exemplary embodiment, the touch screen in the display system has a resolution of approximately 168 dpi. The user may make contact with the touch screen in the display system 112 using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which are much less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position (e.g., a touch point position) or command for performing the actions desired by the user.
A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of the display system 112 may be as described in the following applications: (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,313, “Multipoint Touch Surface Controller,” filed on May 2, 2006; (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,862, “Multipoint Touchscreen,” filed on May 6, 2004; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/903,964, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed on Jul. 30, 2004; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/048,264, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed on Jan. 31, 2005; (5) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/038,590, “Mode-Based Graphical User Interfaces For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed on Jan. 18, 2005; (6) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,758, “Virtual Input Device Placement On A Touch Screen User Interface,” filed on Sep. 16, 2005; (7) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,700, “Operation Of A Computer With A Touch Screen Interface,” filed on Sep. 16, 2005; (8) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,737, “Activating Virtual Keys Of A Touch-Screen Virtual Keyboard,” filed on Sep. 16, 2005; and (9) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/367,749, “Multi-Functional Hand-Held Device,” filed on Mar. 3, 2006. All of these applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
Also in memory 102 are one or more dictionaries 132 and a word recommendation module (or set of instructions) 134. In some embodiments, a dictionary contains a list of words and corresponding usage frequency rankings. The usage frequency ranking of a word is the statistical usage frequency for that word in a language, or by a predefined group or people, or by the user of the device 100, or a combination thereof. As described below, a dictionary may include multiple usage frequency rankings for regional variations of the same language and/or be tailored to a user's own usage frequency, e.g., derived from the user's prior emails, text messages, address book, and other previous input from the user. The word recommendation module identifies word recommendations for presentation to the user in response to text input by the user.
In some embodiments, the candidate words are split into two groups based on their usage frequency rankings within the dictionary (402). A first group includes the candidate words whose usage frequency rankings exceed a predefined threshold. The second group includes the candidate words whose usage frequency rankings does not exceed the threshold. With each of the two groups, the candidate words are sorted by their candidate word scores.
More generally, the value assigned for a character comparison is γN, where N is a predefined value, γ=1 for an exact match, and γ may vary based on some function of the “distance” on the layout between the character in the candidate word and the corresponding character in the input sequence. For example, γ may be 1 for an exact match, 0.5 for a neighbor, and 0 otherwise. As another example, γ may be 0.5 for a neighbor (a 1-key radius), 0.25 for keys that are two keys away (a 2-key radius), and 0 for keys that are three or more keys away. In some embodiments, N is equal to 1.
The collection of dictionary words with the highest probabilities may be presented in a display for user consideration, for example as described in “Method, System, and Graphical User Interface for Providing Word Recommendations” (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/620,642, filed Jan. 5, 2007), the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the top-ranked word is presented for selection by the user as described below with respect to FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 12. In some embodiments, the top-ranked word is selected for the user by the device without user intervention.
In some embodiments, a user interface object is activated if the determined touch point position falls within a user interface object's “hit region” (or equivalently, “hit area”) and there are no overlapping objects with larger hit regions. The hit region of a user interface object may be the same size as, or larger, or smaller, than the visible size of the user interface object as it is displayed on the touch screen. As explained below, an object (e.g., a high-probability next character in a keyboard during text input) may have a hit region that is larger than the visible size of the user interface object as it is displayed on the touch screen (e.g., key icon “O” has an enlarged hit region denoted by the dotted line around the “O” key icon in FIG. 8B). For such objects, the portion of the hit region that is larger than the corresponding user interface object is called a hidden hit region.
K=an empirically determined, positive constant that depends on the size of the keys on the touch screen display.
For this example, the total hit area, ATotal(i) is never less than the visible key area, AVisible(i). The adjustable hit region for a key icon includes a visible key area displayed on the touch screen display and a hidden hit region not displayed on the touch screen display. In some embodiments, the visible key area AVisible(i) for a given key is constant, while the hidden hit area AHidden(i) is dynamic, thereby making the total hit area ATotal(i) dynamic as well. K can be determined by trial and error by observing users interacting with a particular keyboard. K approaches zero as the size of the visible keys increases on the touch screen. In other words, if the key icons become comparable to or larger than the finger contact areas on the touch screen, hidden hit regions are no longer needed to help identify the key icon that the user probably intended to hit.
FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate an exemplary method for dynamically adjusting hidden hit regions associated with soft keyboard keys as a word is typed with the soft keyboard keys in accordance with some embodiments. The user interface includes an input field 5620 and a soft keyboard 5640. A user selection of any key icon of the soft keyboard 5640 enters a corresponding user-selected character in the input field 5620. For illustrative purposes, as shown in FIG. 8A, all the key icons initially have the same size hit regions, which correspond to the visible boundaries of the keys.
FIG. 8B depicts changes in the sizes of hidden hit regions associated with different key icons after two characters “G-O” are entered into the input field 5620. The sizes of the hidden regions for the keys have been adjusted in accordance with the previously entered characters. For example, the size of the hidden hit region for the key icon “D” increases because “God” is a common English word. Thus, the key icon “D” may be activated even if the next finger contact (as illustrated by the “+” sign in FIG. 8B) is on the visible area of the key icon “F.” In some embodiments, if the hidden hit regions of two (or more) keys overlap with the finger contact (or with a touch point position derived from a finger contact), then the key with the largest hit region ATotal(i) (including its hidden hit region AHidden(i)) is selected. Similarly, the hidden hit regions associated with key icons “A” and “O” are also increased because each of the strings “Goa” and “Goo” leads to one or more legitimate English words such as “Goal”, “Good”, or “Goad.” In some embodiments, the hit regions of unlikely next characters (e.g., key icon “K” is unlikely because the string “Gok” is not found at the beginning of any common English words) shrink so that the hit area is less than the visible area of the key. In some embodiments, the hit regions of unlikely next characters do not shrink. Such keys will not be selected in the areas where they overlap with keys with enlarged hit regions.
FIG. 8C depicts the updated hidden hit regions associated with different key icons after another character “a” is entered into the input field 5620. Given the string “Goa” that has been entered, the user may be typing the word “Goal.” Accordingly, the size of the hidden hit region associated with the key icon “L” increases, whereas the hidden hit region associated with the key icon “O” drops (e.g., to it default initial value) because the string “Goao” is not found at the beginning of any common English words.
FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary derivation of candidate words based on text input in accordance with some embodiments. A set of key icons (e.g., soft keyboard 5640, FIG. 8A) are displayed on a touch screen display, as discussed above. A first touch point input is received from the user, and is construed by the portable electronic device as the character “R,” because the probability of the character “R” is determined to be greater than the probability of other characters, such as “T,” based on the location of the first touch point input. For example, the first touch point may be on a key icon for the letter “R.” Alternately, the first touch point may be at a location that is between the key icons for the letters “R” and “T,” but closer to the letter “R.” With only a single touch point input so far, the probabilities are determined based solely or primarily on touch probabilities.
FIGS. 10A and 10B are flow diagrams illustrating text input processes 1000 and 1050 in accordance with some embodiments. The processes increase the accuracy of text entered on touch screen keyboards by touch input and the accuracy of suggested words, respectively. Process 1000 is performed at a portable electronic device having a touch screen display (e.g., device 100).
The device displays (1002) a plurality of key icons (e.g., in keyboard 5640, FIG. 8A), each key icon having an adjustable hit region of dynamically adjustable size (e.g., FIGS. 8B-8C). In some embodiments, the hit region of each key icon has a default size equal to a visible display size of the key icon (e.g., FIG. 8A).
The devices receives (1004) a sequence of individual touch points input by a user on the touch screen display. Each touch point is determined at lift off of a contact (e.g., a finger contact or a stylus contact) from the touch screen display. An image with an enlarged version of a character that will be selected as the character corresponding to an individual touch point is displayed prior to lift off of a respective contact (e.g., the letter “N” in FIG. 11A). The character image that is displayed prior to lift off is selected in accordance with the adjustable hit regions of the displayed key icons. For example, if the hidden hit regions of two (or more) keys overlap with the finger contact (or with a touch point position derived from a finger contact), then a character image that corresponds to the key with the largest hit region ATotal(i) (including its hidden hit region AHidden(i)) is selected for display.
updates sizes of the adjustable hit regions for a plurality of the key icons (1006).
As noted above, in some embodiments, if the hidden hit regions of two (or more) keys overlap with a finger contact (or with a touch point position derived from the finger contact), then the character corresponding to the key with the largest hit region (including its hidden hit region) is selected as the determined character.
In some embodiments, the device determines (1008) one of more alternate sequences of characters corresponding to the sequence of individual touch points, and determines a respective probability for each of the alternate sequences of characters and for the displayed sequence of characters. In some embodiments, the device displays a suggested replacement character string comprising a selected one of the alternate sequence of characters when the probability of the selected alternate sequence meets one or more predefined criteria with respect to the probability of the displayed sequence of characters [e.g., in FIG. 9, Ptouch(t)Pusage(t) Ptouch(h)Pusage(h) Ptouch(e)Pusage(e)>Ptouch(r)Pusage(r) Ptouch(h)Pusage(h) Ptouch(e)Pusage(e)].
In some embodiments, the device receives (1010) a touch point corresponding to a deletion key icon; deletes one or more of the displayed characters to produce a shortened sequence of characters; receives additional individual touch points; and after receiving each of the additional individual touch points: determines and displays a suggested character string only when the suggested character string starts with the shortened sequence of characters and the suggested character string meets predefined character string suggestion criteria (1010).
In some embodiments, the size of the adjustable hit region for a respective key icon is updated in accordance with the sequence of individual touch points input by the user. In some embodiments, updating the size of the adjustable hit region for a respective key icon includes determining a probability associated with the respective key icon and determining a size of the adjustable hit region in accordance with the determined probability. In some embodiments, the probability associated with the respective key icon is determined in accordance with the displayed sequence of characters (e.g., “Go” in FIG. 8B). In some embodiments, the probability associated with the respective key icon is determined in accordance with a plurality of character sequences including the displayed sequence of characters and at least one other sequence of characters consistent with the sequence of individual touch points input by the user. For example, the probability associated with the respective key icon may be based on the displayed sequence of characters (e.g., “Go” in FIG. 8B) and the top N (where N=1, 2, 5, etc.) candidate words (e.g., God, Goal, and Good for N=3) consistent with the sequence of individual touch points input by the user.
In some embodiments, the device determines a respective probability for each of a plurality of character sequences consistent with the sequence of individual touch points input by the user. The probability associated with the respective key icon is determined in accordance with determined probabilities of the plurality of character sequences, each of which comprises a potential prefix for a next character corresponding to a next touch point input by the user.
Process 1050 is performed at a portable electronic device having a touch screen display (e.g., device 100). The process increases the accuracy of suggested words by using information derived from character deletion by a user on the character string currently being entered. In the process, in addition to meeting other predefined word suggestion criteria, a word is not suggested unless the word starts with the shortened sequence of characters that remain after a user has deleted characters from the current character string being input by the user.
The device displays (1030) a plurality of key icons (e.g., soft keyboard 5640, FIG. 8A).
The device receives (1032) a sequence of individual touch points input by a user on the touch screen display.
The device displays (1034) a sequence of characters corresponding to the sequence of individual touch points.
The device receives (1036) a touch point corresponding to a deletion key icon.
The device deletes (1038) one or more of the displayed characters to produce a shortened sequence of characters.
The device receives (1040) additional individual touch points.
determines and displays a suggested character string only when the suggested character string starts with the shortened sequence of characters and the suggested character string meets predefined character string suggestion criteria (1042).
In some embodiments, the device determines a respective probability for the suggested character string and for the current sequence of characters. The predefined character string suggestion criteria include a requirement that the determined probability for the suggested character string be greater than the determined probability for the current sequence of characters.
In some embodiments, the predefined character string suggestion criteria include a requirement that the determined probability for the suggested character string be greater than the determined probability for the current sequence of characters by at least a predefined margin. For example, the margin may be a 10% margin, requiring that the probability for the suggested character string is at least 10% greater than the probability for the current sequence of characters.
In some embodiments, the determined probabilities are determined in accordance with the additional individual touch points input by the user.
In some embodiments, the determined probabilities are determined in accordance with the shortened sequence of characters and the additional individual touch points input by the user.
In some embodiments, the suggested character string comprises a complete word.
In some embodiments, the suggested character string comprises a complete word that includes at least one character not currently included in the plurality of displayed key icons. For example, if the user enters the letters “bete,” the suggested word may be “bête.” The suggested word includes “ê”, which may not be displayed on a key icon on the keyboard.
Insertion marker 656 (e.g., a cursor, insertion bar, insertion point, or pointer).
In some embodiments, a user can set whether the second area 644 with a suggested word is shown (e.g., by setting a user preference). In some embodiments, a letter is enlarged briefly before or after it is selected (e.g., an enlarged “N” 660 is displayed briefly while typing the “n” in “din” in FIG. 11A) to provide feedback to the user.
FIG. 12 is a flow diagram illustrating a process 1200 for inputting text on a portable electronic device with a soft keyboard and a touch screen display (e.g., device 100) in accordance with some embodiments. The process makes it very simple and intuitive for a user to accept or reject suggested words.
In a first area (e.g., text entry area 612) of the touch screen display, the device displays (1202) a current character string being input by a user with the soft keyboard (e.g., “din”, FIG. 11A).
In a second area 644 of the touch screen display, the device displays (1204) a suggested replacement character string for the current character string (e.g., “dinner” in area 644, FIG. 11A). In some embodiments, the second area 644 includes a suggestion rejection icon 645 adjacent to the suggested replacement character string (e.g., the circled “X” in area 644 adjacent to “dinner”).
The device replaces (1206) the current character string in the first area with the suggested replacement character string in response to detecting user activation of a key on the soft keyboard associated with a delimiter. For example, if the user activates the space bar key 646 on keyboard 615, the character string “din” in area 612 is replaced with the suggested replacement character string “dinner,” as shown in FIG. 11B.
The device keeps (1208) the current character string in the first area in response to detecting a finger gesture on the suggested replacement character string displayed in the second area (e.g., a tap gesture on the suggested replacement character string “dinner” ends display of the suggested replacement character string “dinner” and the suggestion rejection icon 645, while the current character string “din” is kept in area 612, not shown).
updating a size of an adjustable undisplayed hit region for at least one of the plurality of the key icons in accordance with the sequence of individual touch points input by the user, wherein the updating includes changing the size of at least one adjustable undisplayed hit region.
displaying a suggested replacement character string comprising a selected one of the alternate sequence of characters when the probability of the selected alternate sequence meets one or more predefined criteria with respect to the probability of the displayed sequence of characters.
3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the one or more predefined criteria include a requirement that the determined probability for the suggested replacement character string be greater than the determined probability for the displayed sequence of characters.
determining and displaying a suggested character string only when the suggested character string starts with the shortened sequence of characters and the suggested character string meets predefined character string suggestion criteria.
5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the adjustable undisplayed hit region of each key icon has a default size equal to a visible display size of the key icon.
updating the size of the adjustable undisplayed hit region for a respective key icon includes determining a probability associated with the respective key icon and determining a size of the adjustable undisplayed hit region in accordance with the determined probability.
7. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, wherein the probability associated with the respective key icon is determined in accordance with the displayed sequence of characters.
8. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, wherein the probability associated with the respective key icon is determined in accordance with a plurality of character sequences including the displayed sequence of characters and at least one other sequence of characters consistent with the sequence of individual touch points input by the user.
wherein the probability associated with the respective key icon is determined in accordance with determined probabilities of the plurality of character sequences, each of which comprises a potential prefix for a next character corresponding to a next touch point input by the user.
if the hidden hit regions of two or more key icons overlap with a touch point position that corresponds to the last received individual touch point, then the character corresponding to the key icon in the two or more overlapping key icons with the largest adjustable undisplayed hit region is the determined character.
if the hidden hit regions of two or more key icons overlap with a finger contact that corresponds to the last received individual touch point, then the character corresponding to the key icon in the two or more overlapping key icons with the largest adjustable undisplayed hit region is the determined character.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the user-input directed graph is a directed graph formed by the sequence of individual touch points input by the user on the plurality of key icons, the plurality of key icons being part of a virtual keyboard.
updating a size of an adjustable undisplayed hit region for at least one of the plurality of the key icons in accordance with the sequence of individual touch points input by the user wherein the updating includes changing the size of at least one adjustable undisplayed hit region.
display a suggested replacement character string comprising a selected one of the alternate sequence of characters when the probability of the selected alternate sequence meets one or more predefined criteria with respect to the probability of the displayed sequence of characters.
15. The computer readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the one or more predefined criteria include a requirement that the determined probability for the suggested replacement character string be greater than the determined probability for the displayed sequence of characters.
determine and display a suggested character string only when the suggested character string starts with the shortened sequence of characters and the suggested character string meets predefined character string suggestion criteria.
17. The computer readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the adjustable undisplayed hit region of each key icon has a default size equal to a visible display size of the key icon.
19. The computer readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the probability associated with the respective key icon is determined in accordance with the displayed sequence of characters.
20. The computer readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the probability associated with the respective key icon is determined in accordance with a plurality of character sequences including the displayed sequence of characters and at least one other sequence of characters consistent with the sequence of individual touch points input by the user.
25. The portable electronic device of claim 24, wherein the portable electronic device comprises a portable communications device.
27. The device of claim 26, wherein the one or more predefined criteria include a requirement that the determined probability for the suggested replacement character string be greater than the determined probability for the displayed sequence of characters.
29. The device of claim 24, wherein the adjustable undisplayed hit region of each key icon has a default size equal to a visible display size of the key icon.
31. The device of claim 30, wherein the probability associated with the respective key icon is determined in accordance with the displayed sequence of characters.
32. The device of claim 30, wherein the probability associated with the respective key icon is determined in accordance with a plurality of character sequences including the displayed sequence of characters and at least one other sequence of characters consistent with the sequence of individual touch points input by the user.
GB2433002A (en) 2003-09-25 2007-06-06 Canon Europa Nv Processing of Text Data involving an Ambiguous Keyboard and Method thereof.
CALL Centre 1999, "Word Prediction," Copyright (c) The CALL Centre & Scottish Executive Education Dept., pp. 63-73.
Dyslexic.com, "AlphaSmart 3000 with CoWriter SmartApplet: Don Johnston Special Needs," http://www.dyslexic.com/procuts.php?catid=2&pid=465&PHPSESSID=2511b800000f7da..., downloaded Dec. 6, 2005, 13 pages.
Final Office Action dated Feb. 1, 2010, received in U.S. Appl. No. 11/549,624.
Final Office Action dated Jun. 25, 2010, received in U.S. Appl. No. 11/620,641.
Final Office Action dated Nov. 29, 2010, received in U.S. Appl. No. 11/620,642.
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International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application PCT/US2007/088872, mailed May 8, 2008.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application PCT/US2007/088873, mailed May 8, 2008.
MacTech, "KeyStrokes 3.5 for Mac OS X Boosts Word Prediction," http://www.mactech.com/news/?p=1007129, printed Jan. 7, 2008, 3 pages.
Mobile Tech News, "T9 Text Input Software Updated," htpp://www.mobiletechnews.com/info/2004/11/23/122155.html, Nov. 23, 2004, 4 pages.
NCIP: Word Prediction Collection, "What is Word Prediction?" http://www2.edc.org/NCIP/library/wp/What-is.htm, printed Jan. 7, 2008, 2 pages.
NCIP: Word Prediction Collection, "What is Word Prediction?" http://www2.edc.org/NCIP/library/wp/What—is.htm, printed Jan. 7, 2008, 2 pages.
NCIP: Word Prediction Collection, NCIP Library: Word Prediction Collection, http://www2.edc.org/NCIP/library/wp/toc.htm, printed Jan. 7, 2008, 4 pages.
Notice of Allowance dated Jun. 3, 2010, received in U.S. Appl. No. 11/549,624.
Office Action dated Apr. 1, 2010, received in Australian Patent Application No. 2007342164, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 11/620,641.
Office Action dated Apr. 10, 2009, for U.S. Appl. No. 11/549,624.
Office Action dated Dec. 7, 2010, received in European Patent Application No. 07 869 922.0, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 11/620,641.
Office Action dated Feb. 18, 2011, received in U.S. Appl. No. 11/620,642.
Office Action dated Jul. 22, 2009, for U.S. Appl. No. 11/549,624.
Office Action dated Mar. 30, 2010, received in U.S. Appl. No. 11/620,642.
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Office Action dated May 26, 2010, received in European Application No. 07 869 922.0, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 11/620,641.
Office Action dated May 26, 2010, received in European Application No. 07 869 923.8, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 11/620,642.
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Office Action dated Nov. 20, 2009, received in U.S. Appl. No. 11/620,641 (related).
Office Action dated Nov. 25, 2010, received in Chinese Patent Application No. 200780052020.1, which corresponds to U.S. Appl. No. 11/620,641.

matches:
Application No. 61
Application No. 2007342164
Application No. 07
Application No. 07
Application No. 07
Application No. 200780052020


text:
Ontario Business Corporation Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. B.16 [OBCA].
 OBCA, note 1, s.1(1), definition of “offering corporation”.
 OBCA, note 1, ss. 148, 149(1).
 OBCA, note 1, s. 149(1).
 OBCA, note 1, s. 111.
 OBCA, note 1, s. 112.
 OBCA, note 1, s. 115(2).
 OBCA, note 1, Part XV.
 OBCA, note 1, s. 115(1).
 OBCA, note 1, s. 134(1).
 BCE Inc. v. 1976 Debentureholders, 2008 SCC 69,  3 S.C.R. 560.
 OBCA, note 1, s. 134(2).
 OBCA, note 1, s. 134(3).
 OBCA, note 1, s. 136.
 OBCA, note 1, s. 119(4).
 OBCA, note 1, s. 116(2).
 OBCA, note 1, s. 154(1).
 OBCA, note 1, s. 168(1).
 OBCA, note 1, s. 92(1); the common law allows courts to “pierce the corporate veil” in order to access shareholders’ personal assets in very limited cases that are outside the scope of this Report.
 Law Commission of Ontario, “Joint and Several Liability Consultation Paper – April 2010” Available online: <http://www.lco-cdo.org/en/joint-several-liability-consultation-paper>.
 Negligence Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. N.1.
 The Ontario Trial Lawyers Association [OTLA] Submission at 2 (on file with the LCO).
 William Sasso of Sutts, Strosberg LLP Submission at 1-2 (on file with the LCO); British Columbia Investment Management Corporation [bcIMC] Submission at 2-3 (on file with the LCO); The Advocates’ Society Submission at 6-7 (on file with the LCO).
 bcIMC Submission, note 29 at 2.
 David Debenham, “One Percent at Fault, One Hundred Percent Liable to Pay: A Look at Accountants” Solidary Liability in Canada” 8:3 (2010) Commercial Law Review 1.
 Solicitors Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. S.15.
 Solicitors Act, note 32, s. 22.
 CBCA, note 25, s. 237.3(1).
 CBCA, note 25, s. 237.1, definition of “financial loss”.
 CBCA, note 25, s. 237.4(1).
 CBCA, note 25, s. 237.3(4).
 CBCA, note 25, ss. 237.2(2), 237.5(1)(b); Canada Business Corporations Act Regulations, 2001 (SOR/2001-512), s. 95.
 CBCA, note 25, s. 237.6(1).
 OTLA Submission, note 28 at 9-10.
 OTLA Submission, note 28 at 10.
 bcIMC Submission, note 29, at 1.
 OSA, note 5, s. 130(8).
 OSA, note 5, s. 138.3.
 OSA, note 5, s. 138.5.
 OSA, note 5, s. 138.1, definition of “liability limit”.
 OSA, note 5, s. 138.1.
 OSA, note 5, s. 138.6(2).
 The Advocates’ Society Submission, note 29 at 9.
 The Advocates’ Society Submission, note 29 at 10.
 Siskinds LLP Submission at 3 (on file with the LCO).
 Siskinds LLP Submission, note 52.
 Alberta Law Reform Commission, Contributory Negligence and Concurrent Wrongdoers, 1979.
 Uniform Law Conference of Canada, Consolidation of Uniform Acts, 1985.
 British Columbia Law Reform Commission, Report on Shared Liability, 1988.
 Ontario Law Reform Commission, Report on Contribution Among Wrongdoers, 1988.
 Ontario Ministry of Financial Institutions, Final Report of the Ontario Task Force on Insurance, 1986.
 Law Reform Commission of Saskatchewan, The In Solidum Doctrine and Contributory Negligence, 1998.
 Standing Senate Committee on Banking, Trade and Commerce, Joint and Several Liability and Professional Defendants, 1998.
 Law Reform Commission of Saskatchewan, note 59.
 Pub. L. No. 104-67, 109 Stat. (1995) [PSLRA]. The Act became law on December 22, 1995 when Congress overrode the then-President’s veto.
 Standing Senate Committee, note 60 at 18.
 U.K. Department of Trade and Industry, Professional Liability: Report of the Study Teams.
 Companies Act 2006, c.46, ss. 534-538.
 Companies Act 2006, note 70, s. 507.
 Companies Act 2006, note 70, s. 493.
 Companies Act 2006, note 70, s. 503.
 Companies Act 2006, note 70. s. 519(3).
 Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario [ICAO] Submission at 13 (on file with the LCO).
 Richard Snyder Submission (on file with the LCO).
 ICAO Submission, note 75; The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario, “The Legal Environment: Frequently Asked Questions” online: <http://www.casforchange.ca/LE/index.aspx#faq7> [The Legal Environment].
 See, e.g., the submission of defence counsel The Advocates Society, note 29 at 17.
 Richard Hardingham Submission (on file with the LCO).
 Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario Submission to the Federal Competition Policy Review Panel, “Appendix A: An Issue for Bay Street and Main Street”, online: <http://www.icao.on.ca/Public/LiabilityReform/CompPolicy/1009page8343.pdf>.
 Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario Submission to the Federal Competition Policy Review Panel, “Appendix G: How Big is the Problem?”, online: <http://www.icao.on.ca/Public/LiabilityReform/CompPolicy/1009page8349.pdf>.
 ICAO, “The Legal Environment”, note 77.
 ICAO Submission, note 75 at 14.
 J. Rob Collins, Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP Submission, on behalf of the ICAO and large accounting firms (on file with the LCO).
 Richard Hardingham Submission, note 79.
 ICAO Submission, note 75 at 22-23.
 Ontario Society of Professional Engineers [OSPE] Submission (on file with the LCO).
 The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario, “Ontario Needs a Legal Liability Framework that Contributes to Prosperity” The Globe and Mail (25 March 2008), online: <http://www.casforchange.ca/LE/documents/Page3.pdf>.
 ICAO Submission. note 75 at 11-12.
 ICAO Submission, note 75 at 12.
 The Association of Municipalities of Ontario [AMO] Submission at 1, 3 (on file with the LCO).
 Standing Senate Committee on Banking, Trade and Commerce. Joint and Several Liability and Professional Defendants: Options Discussion Paper (October 1997) at 36.
 ICAO Submission, note 75 at 34.
 ICAO Submission, note 75 at 15.
 Sasso Submission, note 29 at 3.
 Hercules Managements Ltd. v. Ernst & Young,  2 S.C.R. 165 [“Hercules”].
 OTLA Submission, note 28 at 20-21.
 Ontario Bar Association [OBA] Submission at 6 (on file with the LCO); Accountability Research Corporation Submission at 2 (on file with the LCO).
 See generally, bcIMC Submission, note 29.
 OTLA Submission, note 28 at 13-14.
 OTLA Submission, note 28 at 17; Knutsen Submission at 3 (on file with the LCO).
 OTLA Submission, note 28 at 11-12.
 Siskinds LLP Submission , note 52, at 2.
 OBA Submission, note 105 at 7.
 OTLA Submission, note 28 at 11, quoting Debenham.
 Richard Hardingham Submission, note 79; See generally, ICAO Submission, note 75; for counterpoints, see OTLA Submission, note 28 at 16 and Knutsen Submission, note 109.
 OTLA Submission, note 28 at 17.
 See generally, OTLA Submission, note 28.
 Standing Senate Committee on Banking, Trade and Commerce, note 98 at 36.
 Wayne Gray Submission at 3 (on file with the LCO).
 Lawrence A. Cunningham, “Securitizing Audit Failure” 49 William & Mary Law Review 3 (2007) 14.
 Cunningham, note 122 at 20; also see Collins Submission, note 88 at 1-2.
 Cunningham, note 122 at 25.
 Cunningham, note 122 at 27.
 See generally, Cunningham, note 122.
 Cunningham, note 122 at 34.
 Cunningham, note 122 at 35.
 Cunningham, note 122 at 38.
 Kamloops (City of) v. Nielsen,  2 S.C.R. 2 [“Kamloops”].
 Hercules, note 103 at para. 20.
 Hercules, note 103, at paras. 33-35.
 OBA Submission, note 105 at 6; Hercules, note 103 at para. 37.
 Hercules, note 103 at para. 32.
 Hercules, note 103, at para. 36.
 For a more detailed analysis of this area, see, e.g., Snell v. Farrell,  2 S.C.R. 311; Athey v. Leonati,  3 S.C.R. 458; Resurfice Corp. v. Hanke,  1 S.C.R. 333.
 Final Report of the Ontario Task Force on Insurance (1986) at 12.

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G.R. No. L-22533 February 9, 1967 - PLACIDO C. RAMOS, ET AL. v. PEPSI-COLA BOTTLING CO. OF THE P.I., ET AL.
G.R. No. L-22729 February 9, 1967 - PHILIPPINE AIR LINES, INC. v. HON. FRANCISCO ARCA, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-25999 February 9, 1967 - ASSOCIATED LABOR UNION v. JUDGE AMADOR E. GOMEZ, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-18461 February 10, 1967 - NORTON & HARRISON CO., ET AL. v. NORTON & HARRISON CO., ET AL.
G.R. No. L-19280 February 10, 1967 - EUGENIA CORPUS v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-22065 February 10, 1967 - FRANCISCO ORTIZ v. HON. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-22568 February 10, 1967 - DIOSCORO V. ASTORGA v. FIDEL FERNANDEZ, ET AL.
G.R. Nos. L-22785, L-22826, L-22937 February 10, 1967 - CHAMBER OF TAXICAB SERVICES, ET AL. v. PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-19485 February 17, 1967 - RIZAL SURETY & INSURANCE CO. v. MANILA RAILROAD CO. ET AL.
G.R. No. L-20525 February 18, 1967 - PETRONILA PINTO v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-21039 February 18, 1967 - FLORENTINO PILAR v. SEC. OF PUBLIC WORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-22238 February 18, 1967 - CLAVECILLA RADIO SYSTEM v. AGUSTIN ANTILLON, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-22780 February 18, 1967 - AMERICAN INSURANCE CO. v. MANILA PORT SERVICE, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-24110 February 18, 1967 - LEONCIO BARRAMEDA v. CARMEN GONTANG, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-25567 February 20, 1967 - CIRILO M. MANAOIS v. HON. JOSE S. DE LA CRUZ, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-19777 February 20, 1967 - CROMWELL COMMERCIAL CO. INC. v. CROMWELL COMMERCIAL EMPLOYEES AND LABORERS UNION, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-26053 February 21, 1967 - CITY OF MANILA v. GERARDO GARCIA, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-21012 February 25, 1967 - GLICERIO TINIO, ET AL. v. RODRIGO MACAPAGAL, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-20445 February 25, 1967 - ANICIA V. MERCED, ET AL. v. COLUMBINA VDA. DE MERCED, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-21696 February 25, 1967 - VISAYAN STEVEDORE TRANS. CO., ET AL. v. COURT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-24769 February 25, 1967 - VICTORIAS MILLING CO., INC. v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-18707 February 28, 1967 - AGUSTIN O. CASEÑAS v. CONCEPCION SANCHEZ VDA. DE ROSALES, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-20192 February 28, 1967 - REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES v. HEIRS OF CRESENCIO V. MARTIR, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-18930 February 28, 1967 - PHILIPPINE SUGAR INSTITUTE v. COURT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-21120 February 28, 1967 - PHILIPPINE AIR LINES, INC. v. PHILIPPINE AIR LINES EMPLOYEES ASSOCIATION, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-21894 February 28, 1967 - LOPE DESIATA v. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-22677 February 28, 1967 - PEDRO III FORTICH-CELDRAN, ET AL. v. IGNACIO A. CELDRAN, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-23098 February 28, 1967 - DOMINGO T. JACINTO v. HON. AGUSTIN P. MONTESA, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-25044 February 28, 1967 - SAN PABLO OIL FACTORY, INC. v. COURT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-26816 February 28, 1967 - PABLO DE JESUS, ET AL. v. GREGORIO N. GARCIA, ET AL.
G.R. No. L-27191 February 28, 1967 - ADELAIDA TANEGA v. HON. HONORATO B. MASAKAYAN, ET AL.

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This privacy statement is currently valid and dated May 2018.

matches:
Art. 6
Art. 6
Art. 6
Art. 6
Art. 77
Art. 6
Art. 21


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a bona fide holder of them for value before maturity, and such averment is traversed, it is competent for him, notwithstanding the presumption of law in his favor, to maintain the issue by direct affirmative proof.
2. It is no defense to the action that the company, which was a de facto corporation when the subscription was made, had not been organized within the time prescribed by its charter, and that when the bonds were issued a suit to restrain the issue of them was pending, however it may have ultimately resulted, if the holder had no actual notice thereof and was a purchaser of them for value before they matured.
3. Where the holder of the coupons, by producing them on the trial and by other proof, shows a clear right to recover and the matters put in evidence by the county do not tend to defeat that right, it is not error to instruct the jury to find for him.
4. The doings of a county court of Missouri can be shown only by its record.
5. Sec. 14, art. 11, of the Constitution of Missouri of 1865 did not take away from a county the authority, which had been previously conferred by statute, to subscribe for stock in a railroad company.
"issued under and pursuant to orders of the County Court of Macon County, for subscription to the stock of the Missouri and Mississippi Railroad Company, as authorized by an Act of the General Assembly of the State of Missouri entitled 'An Act to incorporate the Missouri and Mississippi Railroad Company,' approved Feb. 20, 1865."
The declaration alleges that the county paid the interest on the bonds for the year 1870, and that the coupons sued on were, on their becoming due, presented at the place where they were payable, and that payment was refused. It also alleges that the plaintiff is the holder of the coupons for value.
that on June 11, 1870, a suit, in which process was duly served, was commenced in the Circuit Court of Macon County by two taxpayers against the county court and the company to annul the pretended order of subscription and cancel the bonds, and that it was pending and undetermined when the plaintiff and those under whom he claims purchased the bonds and coupons; that said subscription not having been made by the assent of two-thirds of the qualified voters of the county expressed at any election, was repugnant to the Constitution of Missouri; and that the plaintiff had due and full notice of the foregoing facts when he purchased the bonds and coupons.
The plaintiff filed a replication denying all the allegations of the answer and averring specially that he was a holder for value before maturity of the instruments sued on, without notice, actual or constructive, of the defenses set up.
The plaintiff, to maintain the issue on his part, having produced one of said bonds and all the coupons sued on, the order of the county court of April 12, 1870, making the subscription, the resolution of the board of directors of the railroad company accepting the same, and the charter of the company, offered evidence to prove that he was a bona fide holder and owner for value before maturity of the coupons sued on, without notice. The county objected to the offered evidence, but the court admitted it. The county thereupon excepted.
The county then introduced evidence as to the alleged frauds and irregularities in issuing the bonds, and offered to prove by depositions what had taken place in the county court touching its action respecting said subscription. The plaintiff objected on the ground that the proceedings of the court could be proved only by its record, or a certified copy thereof. The objection was sustained and an exception noted.
1. In admitting evidence to prove that the plaintiff was a bona fide holder and owner for value before maturity of the coupons sued on without notice.
2. In excluding the evidence offered by the defendant at the trial of the cause.
3. In instructing the jury to find for the plaintiff.
4. In not giving judgment for the defendant.
5. In holding that the county court had authority to subscribe $175,000 to the capital stock of the Missouri and Mississippi Railroad Company, on the twelfth day of April, 1870, without the assent of two-thirds of the qualified voters of Macon County.
6. In not holding the subscription void on account of the fraud, bribery, and corruption by which it was secured, and the constructive notice thereof which the plaintiff below had.
"SEC. 13. It shall be lawful for the corporate authorities of any city or town, the county court of any county desiring so to do, to subscribe to the capital stock of said company, and may issue bonds therefor, and levy a tax to pay the same, not to exceed one-twentieth of one percent upon the assessed value of taxable property for each year. "
"The General Assembly shall not authorize any county, city, or town to become a stockholder in, or loan its credit to, any company, association, or corporation, unless two-thirds of the qualified voters of such county, city, or town, at a regular or special election to be held therein, shall assent thereto."
The declaration in this case covers a hundred and eleven printed pages. Each count is upon a coupon averred to have been detached from a bond for $1,000, issued by the County of Macon on the 2d of May, 1870, and payable to the Missouri and Mississippi Railroad Company or bearer at the National Bank of Commerce in the City of New York on the second day of May, 1890, with interest at the rate of eight percent per annum, to be paid semiannually on the presentation of the coupons attached. It is further averred that the bond was issued pursuant to the orders of the County Court of Macon County in payment of the subscription to the stock of the railroad company, and was authorized by the Act of the General Assembly of the State entitled "An act to incorporate the Missouri and Mississippi Railroad Company, approved Feb. 20, 1865," and that the bond so recites on its face.
It is also alleged that the defendant paid the interest on the bond for the year 1870, and that the plaintiff is the holder and bearer of the coupon for value. There are other averments which show the liability of the defendant and make the count good. The further counts are upon coupons taken from other bonds of the same issue. The counts are all alike mutatis mutandis.
The defendant filed a multitude of pleas. It is not necessary particularly to advert to any of them.
Upon the trial the defendant took an elaborate bill of exceptions.
Our remarks will be confined to the errors assigned.
The plaintiff had a right to prove that he was a bona fide holder of the coupons.
The petition averred the fact. It was denied by the answer. It is true the presumption of law, prima facie, was that the plaintiff was such holder. But if he chose to meet the issue by direct affirmative proof, it was clearly competent for him to do so.
The testimony tending to show fraud and irregularities touching the issuing of the bonds and in disposing of them was properly rejected. The plaintiff being a bona fide holder of the coupons, it was incompetent to affect his rights. He could not be expected to know, and was not bound to know, the facts sought to be established. So far as the testimony respected the action of the county court, it was liable to the further objection that a court of record can speak, and its doings can be shown, only by the record. None of the evidence offered was of this character. Irrelevant and incompetent testimony should always be carefully excluded, because the tendency of both is to mislead and confuse the minds of the jury, and thus defeat the ends of justice.
"It cannot be shown in defense to a suit of a corporation that the charter was obtained by fraud; neither can it be shown that the charter has been forfeited by misuser or nonuser. Advantage can only be taken of such forfeiture by process on behalf of the state instituted directly against the corporation for the purpose of avoiding its charter, and individuals cannot avail themselves of it in collateral suits until it be judicially declared."
See also Smith v. County of Clarke, 54 Mo. 58, which is to the same effect. This case being a Missouri case, these authorities are conclusive. Olcott v. Bynum, 17 Wall. 44.
issuing of the bonds was competent in the case as it stood for any purpose. No further remark upon the subject is necessary.
The proceedings in Newmeyer v. Missouri & Mississippi Railroad Co., reported in 52 Mo. 81, offered in evidence, decided nothing finally. The bill of the complainants was demurred to by the defendants. The demurrer was overruled and the case remanded to the lower court. Whatever the result, it could not affect the rights of a bona fide purchaser of the bonds and coupons without notice.
The objection claimed to arise from the Constitution of 1865 is without foundation. That instrument took effect on the 4th of July, 1865, and the act of incorporation on the 20th of February of that year. The Constitution looked entirely to the future. Its language is: "The General Assembly shall not authorize," &c., . . . "unless two-thirds of the qualified voters of such county, city, or town, at a regular or special election to be held therein, shall assent thereto." Const.Mo., sec. 14, art. 11.
The act was in the past. The constitution, therefore, had no effect upon it. This point has been so decided by the Supreme Court of Missouri and by this Court, following the adjudication of that tribunal. State of Missouri v. Macon County Court, 41 Mo. 453; State ex rel. v. Greene County, 54 id. 540; County of Henry v. Nicolay, 95 U. S. 619.
The thirteenth section of the charter authorized the county court to subscribe and issue the bonds. No limit is prescribed either as to the time or amount of the subscription.
The court instructed the jury to find for the plaintiff.
It appears that the evidence is all in the record. The plaintiff had shown a clear right to recover. The defendant had shown no defense. There was no question for the jury to pass upon.
Under these circumstances, it is always competent for the court to instruct accordingly, and it is not error to do so. Merchants' Bank v. State Bank, 10 Wall. 604; Railroad Company v. Jones, 95 U. S. 439.
power under any circumstances to issue such securities, the bona fide taker has a right to presume they were issued under circumstances which gave the requisite authority and that they are no more liable to be impeached for any infirmity in the hands of the holder than any other commercial paper. Supervisors v. Schenck, 5 Wall. 772.
The function of making the subscription and issuing the bonds was confided to the county court. They had jurisdiction over the entire subject. They were clothed with the power and duty to hear and determine. The power was exercised and the duty performed. In this case as it is before us, the result is conclusive, and the county is estopped to deny that such is its effect. Lynde v. The County, 16 Wall. 6.
Where a loss is to be suffered through the misconduct of an agent, it should be borne by those who put it in his power to do the wrong, rather than by a stranger. Hern v. Nichols, 1 Salk. 289; Merchants' Bank v. State Bank, supra.
"Some things lie too deep in the common sense and common honesty of mankind to require either argument or authority to support them, and this, I think, is one of them."

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text: 1st person present perfect tense of কাটা: কাটন [ kāṭana ] n act of cutting or hewing or cleaving or chopping or carving or mowing or lopping or trimming or paring or amputating or incising or operating or biting or eating or penning through or striking off or deducting or digging or sinking or drawing or painting or writing out or mending or sharpening or refuting or protesting or constructing or capping or reciting or picking or pinching or passing or dispelling or dispersing or lifting or giving the slip to or being sold or selling or being in demand or having recognition or flowing or coming out or being in the act of doing etc. (see কাটা v.). 1st person present perfect tense of কাটা: কাটা [ kāṭā ] v to cut; to hew, to cleave; to chop; to carve (মাংস কাটা); to mow (ঘাস কাটা); to lop (গাছের ডাল কাটা); to trim; to pare (নখ কাটা); to amputate; to incise, to operate, to lance (ফোড়া কাটা); to bite (জিভ কাটা); to eat (পোকায় কাটা); to pen through, to strike off (লেখা কাটা, নাম কাটা); to deduct (পাওনা কাটা); to dig (পুকুর কাটা); to sink (কুয়ো কাটা); to draw (লাইন কাটা, দাগ কাটা); to write (আঁক কাটা); to write out (চেক কাটা); to paint (তিলক কাটা); to mend or sharpen (কলম বা পেনসিল কাটা); to refuse (যুক্তি কাটা); to say in retort, to protest (কথা কাটা); to construct (পথ কাটা); to compose, to recite, to cap (ছড়া কাটা); to pinch or pick (পকেট কাটা); to pass (সময় কাটা); to disperse (মেঘ কাটা); to lift (কুয়াশা কাটা); to be dispelled (ভয় কাটা); to make a slip in (তাল কাটা, সুর কাটা); to be sold, to sell, to be in demand (বাজারে মাল কাটা); to be in the act of doing, to do (সাঁতার কাটা). ☐ a. cut; hewn, cleft, cloven; chopped; carved; moved, mown; lopped; amputated; incised, operated, lanced; eaten; penned through, struck off; mended, sharpened; used in cutting or chopping (পেনসিল-কাটা ছুরি, মাংস-কাটা ছুরি). ☐ n. cutting; hewing; cleaving; chopping; carving; mowing; lopping; trimming; paring; amputation; incision, operation; a mark of cutting or incision or operation; biting; eating; penning through, striking off; deduction; digging; sinking; drawing; writing, writing out; painting; mending or sharpening কথা কাটা v. to answer in retaliation, to retort. কাটা কাপড় textile fabrics for making garments, piecegoods. কাটা ঘায়ে নুনের ছিটা দেওয়া to add insult to injury. ঘাস কাটা v. to mow grass; (sarcas.) (to be able) to do nothing. ছড়া কাটা v. to cap or recite a rhyme. জিভ কাটা v. to show the tip of one's tongue and press it with the teeth, to bite one's tongue (as a mark of bashfulness or in apology.) ট্রেনেকাটা a. run-over by a railway train. ফাঁড়া কাটা v. to avoid or escape a possible or impending calamity. ফুট কাটা v. to let fall in drops; (pop.) to interpose, to chip in. ফোঁড়া কাটা v. to let fall in drops; to put a holy mark between the eyebrows or on the fore head; (pop.) to interpose, to chip in. ভারে কাটা v. to pull one's weight. সাঁতার কাটা v. to swim. সিঁথি কাটা v. to part hair. সিঁধ কাটা v. to break stealthily into a mud house, to burgle; to crack a crib. সুতো কাটা v. to spin.

matches: v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v.


Chapter VI.29512951 Upon the title of this chapter given in the majority of the mss., see above, chap. 5, note 1.—Copy of an Imperial Epistle in which Money is granted to the Churches.29522952 The accompanying epistle furnishes the first instance which we have of financial support furnished the clergy by the state. From this time on the old system of voluntary contributions fell more and more into disuse, and the clergy gained their support from the income upon the church property, which accumulated rapidly, in consequence of special grants by the state and voluntary gifts and legacies by pious Christians, or from imperial bounties, as in the present case. Chrysostom, however, complains that the clergy in his time were not as well supported as under the ancient voluntary system. The accuracy of his statement, however, is open to doubt, as is the accuracy of all such comparisons between an earlier age and our own, unless it be based upon exhaustive statistics. Upon the general subject of the maintenance of the clergy in the early Church, see Bingham’s Antiquities, Bk. V. Compare also Hatch’s Constitution of the Early Christian Churches, p. 150 sq. Upon the Montanistic practice of paying their clergy salaries, see above, Bk. V. chap. 18, note 8, and for an example of the same thing among the Theodotians, see Bk. V. chap. 28, § 10.
1. “Constantine Augustus to Cæcilianus,29532953 On Cæcilianus, see above, chap. 5, note 20. bishop of Carthage. Since it is our pleasure that something should be granted in all the provinces of Africa and Numidia and Mauritania to certain ministers of the legitimate29542954 ἐνθέσμου. and most holy catholic religion, to defray their expenses, I have written to Ursus,29552955 Ursus is an otherwise unknown personage. the illustrious finance minister29562956 καθολικόν. Cf. Bk. VIII. chap. 11, note 3. of Africa, and have directed him to make provision to pay to thy firmness three thousand folles.29572957 φόλλεις. We learn from Epiphanius (De pond. et mens., at the end of the work; Dindorf’s ed. IV. p. 33) that there were two folles, one a small coin, and the other a sum of money of uncertain value. The latter is evidently referred to here. According to one computation it was worth 208 denarii. If this were correct, the present sum would amount to over ninety thousand dollars; but the truth is, we can reach no certainty in the matter. For an exhaustive discussion of the subject, see Petavius’ essay in Dindorf’s edition of Epiphanius, IV. p. 109 sq.
2. Do thou there383fore, when thou hast received the above sum of money, command that it be distributed among all those mentioned above, according to the brief29582958 βρεού& 187·ον; probably for the Latin breviarium. sent to thee by Hosius.29592959 Doubtless to be identified with the famous Hosius, bishop of Cordova in Spain, who was for many years Constantine’s most influential adviser and took a prominent part in all the great controversies of the first half of the fourth century, and who died shortly before 360, when he was upwards of a hundred years old. Upon his life, see especially the exhaustive article by Morse, in the Dict. of Christ. Biog.
3. But if thou shouldst find that anything is wanting for the fulfillment of this purpose of mine in regard to all of them, thou shalt demand without hesitation from Heracleides,29602960 Heracleides is, so far as I am aware, mentioned only here. our treasurer,29612961 τοῦ ἐπιτρόπου τῶν ἡμετέρων κτημ€των. whatever thou findest to be necessary. For I commanded him when he was present that if thy firmness should ask him for any money, he should see to it that it be paid without delay.
2951 Upon the title of this chapter given in the majority of the mss., see above, chap. 5, note 1.
2952 The accompanying epistle furnishes the first instance which we have of financial support furnished the clergy by the state. From this time on the old system of voluntary contributions fell more and more into disuse, and the clergy gained their support from the income upon the church property, which accumulated rapidly, in consequence of special grants by the state and voluntary gifts and legacies by pious Christians, or from imperial bounties, as in the present case. Chrysostom, however, complains that the clergy in his time were not as well supported as under the ancient voluntary system. The accuracy of his statement, however, is open to doubt, as is the accuracy of all such comparisons between an earlier age and our own, unless it be based upon exhaustive statistics. Upon the general subject of the maintenance of the clergy in the early Church, see Bingham’s Antiquities, Bk. V. Compare also Hatch’s Constitution of the Early Christian Churches, p. 150 sq. Upon the Montanistic practice of paying their clergy salaries, see above, Bk. V. chap. 18, note 8, and for an example of the same thing among the Theodotians, see Bk. V. chap. 28, § 10.
2953 On Cæcilianus, see above, chap. 5, note 20.
2955 Ursus is an otherwise unknown personage.
2956 καθολικόν. Cf. Bk. VIII. chap. 11, note 3.
2957 φόλλεις. We learn from Epiphanius (De pond. et mens., at the end of the work; Dindorf’s ed. IV. p. 33) that there were two folles, one a small coin, and the other a sum of money of uncertain value. The latter is evidently referred to here. According to one computation it was worth 208 denarii. If this were correct, the present sum would amount to over ninety thousand dollars; but the truth is, we can reach no certainty in the matter. For an exhaustive discussion of the subject, see Petavius’ essay in Dindorf’s edition of Epiphanius, IV. p. 109 sq.
2958 βρεού& 187·ον; probably for the Latin breviarium.
2959 Doubtless to be identified with the famous Hosius, bishop of Cordova in Spain, who was for many years Constantine’s most influential adviser and took a prominent part in all the great controversies of the first half of the fourth century, and who died shortly before 360, when he was upwards of a hundred years old. Upon his life, see especially the exhaustive article by Morse, in the Dict. of Christ. Biog.
2960 Heracleides is, so far as I am aware, mentioned only here.
2961 τοῦ ἐπιτρόπου τῶν ἡμετέρων κτημ€των.
2962 This would seem to be a reference to the Donatists. If it is, it leads us to suppose that Constantine had heard about the troubles in Carthage before he received the communication from Anulinus referred to in the previous chapter; for we can hardly suppose that pending the trial of Cæcilian Constantine would show him such signal marks of favor, which would lay him at once open to the charge of partiality, and would be practically a prejudgment of the case. On the other hand, he could not have referred to the Donatists in this way after the trial of the case, for his words imply that he is referring, not to an already well-established and well-known party, but simply to individuals whom he has recently learned to be making some kind of trouble in the church. These considerations seem to me to lead to the conclusion that this epistle preceded the one to Miltiades quoted in the previous chapter, and also the one from Anulinus to Constantine (see notes 16 and 19 on that chapter). If this be so, it must have been written as early as April, 313, and therefore soon after the epistle to Anulinus quoted in the previous chapter, § 15 sq. We might then be led to suppose that it was in consequence of this grant made by Constantine solely to Cæcilian and the clergy under him that the Donatists decided to appeal to the emperor, his treatment of all who were opposed to Cæcilian showing them that he had heard reports of them by no means to their advantage, and thus impelling them to try and set themselves right in his eyes and in the eyes of the world by a public investigation of their cause. There are difficulties connected with the exact order of events at this point which beset any theory we may adopt, but the one just stated seems to me most in harmony with our sources and with the nature of the case. For a full, though not altogether satisfactory, discussion of the matter, which I cannot dwell upon here, see Walch’s Ketzergeschichte, IV. p. 116 sq.
2963 This Patricius is known to us, so far as I am aware, from this passage only.
2964 τῷ οὐικαρί& 251· τῶν ἐπ€ρχων, which doubtless represents the Latin Vicarius Præfectorum, the vicar or deputy of the prefects. See Valesius’ note ad locum and the note of Heinichen (Vol. III. p. 463), with the additional references given by him.
2965 This is the first instance we have of an effort on Constantine’s part to suppress schismatics. In 316 he enacted a stringent law against the Donatists (see the previous chapter, note 16), which, however, he withdrew within a few years, finding the policy of repression an unwise one. The same was done later in connection with the Arians, whom he at first endeavored to suppress by force, but afterward tolerated. His successors were in the main far less tolerant than he was, and heretics and schismatics were frequently treated with great harshness during the fourth and following centuries.


[*1] Emperor Indus., Inc. v Rothbaum 2007 NY Slip Op 52142(U) [17 Misc 3d 1125(A)] Decided on November 8, 2007 Supreme Court, New York County Fried, J. Published by New York State Law Reporting Bureau pursuant to Judiciary Law § 431. This opinion is uncorrected and will not be published in the printed Official Reports.
Barry Rothbaum a/k/a Barry Roth, Defendant.
Plaintiff Emperor Industries, Inc. ("Emperor" or "Plaintiff") brings this motion for summary judgment in lieu of complaint, pursuant to C.P.L.R. § 3213, seeking judgment against Defendant, Barry Rothbaum, in the amount of $219,585.75 plus interest and costs.
The basis for Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment in lieu of complaint is a memorandum, dated June 3, 2006 (the "Memo"). (See Wong Aff. Exh. A.) The Memo is addressed to the attention of "Waalce," from "Fories" and Re: "Loan of Barry." It contains a table, with columns for date, loan amount, bonus, deduction of sales commission, and balance. At the top of the column labeled, "Loan" and containing sums which appear to be the amount of each loan, the words, "To Barry" are written in by hand. The last amount appearing in the "Balance" column is $267,146.29. Appearing below the table, near the bottom of the page, is a mark that, according to Plaintiff, represents the Defendant's initials. This is not disputed by the Defendant.
Section 3213 provides for accelerated judgment in an action that is "based upon an instrument for the payment of money only or upon any judgment." In such an action, the plaintiff may serve the defendant with a summons and, in lieu of a complaint, a notice of motion for summary judgment and supporting papers. The purpose of the rule is "to provide a speedy and effective means of securing a judgment on claims presumptively meritorious." Interman Indus. Prods., Ltd. v. R.S.M. Electron Power, 37 NY2d 151 (1975); see also David D. Siegel, New York Practice 448 (3d ed. 1999) ("CPLR 3213 recognizes that some claims have greater presumptive merit than others and should have easier access to the courts than an ordinary plenary action gets.").
Here, however, the proper question is not whether an account stated is sufficient to support a motion for summary judgment in lieu of complaint, but rather, whether, on this particular statement of account, the terms of the loan agreement are set forth with sufficient [*3]clarity as to warrant accelerated judgment.
In Seaman-Andwall Corp. v. Wright Mach. Corp., 31 AD2d 136 (1st Dep't 1968) aff'd 29 NY2d 617 (1971), the Appellate Division set forth what the Court of Appeals later referred to as "the most cogent analysis of the standard to be applied in ascertaining whether an instrument qualifies for CPLR 3213 treatment." Interman, 37 NY2d at 155. The Seaman-Andwall Court determined that a plaintiff makes out a prima facie case for summary judgment in lieu of complaint by proof of an instrument and the defendant's failure to make payment according to its terms. 31 AD2d at 137 (emphasis added). The terms of payment must therefore be apparent on the face of the instrument itself. See Stern v. Chemical Bank, 83 Misc 2d 508, 514 (NY Civ. Ct. 1975) ("An instrument within the intent of the statute is one which clearly, unequivocally and unconditionally sets forth the basis for liability and the particular liability involved."). If outside proof, other than "simple proof of nonpayment or a similar de minimis deviation from the face of the document," is needed to establish the prima facie case, then the accelerated relief of § 3213 is unavailable. Weissman v. Sinorm Deli, 88 NY2d 437, 444 (1996); Kerin v. Kaufman, 296 AD2d 336, 337 (1st Dep't 2002).
Although from the face of the instrument upon which the present action is based, it appears that more than $300,000 in loans have been rendered "to Barry," and that the balance remaining is $267,146.29, there is no indication as to how or when - or even to whom - the payments should be made. There is also no indication of what interest rate should apply; and although Mr. Wong asserts in his affidavit that the loan was to be "without interest so long as defendant continued in his employment with plaintiff and its affiliated companies" (¶ 5), it is unclear whether, at the termination of Mr. Rothbaum's employment, the loans would simply start accruing interest, or whether the entire outstanding balance would become payable immediately. Furthermore, Mr. Wong avers that he has demanded that Mr. Rothbaum "repay to plaintiff the outstanding indebtedness" (¶ 8), but there is no indication of whether that demand was for a single payment of the entire balance or for a series of payments in smaller amounts.
These deficiencies require me to look toward "outside proof," i.e. something beyond the four corners of the Memo itself, in order to determine whether and to what extent the Defendant has failed to honor his obligation to repay Emperor. Where the terms of the loan arrangement are not apparent from the face of the instrument itself, a prima facie case for summary judgment in lieu of complaint has not been met. Seamann-Andwall, 31 AD2d at 137; Weissman, 88 NY2d at 444. Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment in lieu of complaint is therefore denied.