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Read §1.1 through §1.4 in the textbook. Be sure you understand the derivations of Equations (1.2.4), (1.2.5), (1.2.9), and (1.2.10).
Read §1.5. Note similarities between the derivation of the heat equation in one dimension and in multiple dimensions.
Finish Homework 1 (due 4pm Thursday).
Finish deriving Laplace's equation in polar coordinates (solution in the notes from Thursday).
Read §2.1 and §2.2. Come to class knowing the definition of a linear operator and the principle of superposition.
Read §2.3. This is a long section, but the the first half (or so) should be somewhat familiar from class. Note what it means for functions to be orthogonal. Also note how infinite series are used in the solutions toward the end of this section.
Finish Homework 2 (due 4pm Thursday).
Read the §2.3 Appendix (pages 54–55). Also read §2.4, and make sure you understand the two examples in this section.
Read §2.5.1 and §2.5.2. Observe how separation of variables can be used to find equilibrium temperature distributions on a 2-dimensional region.
Finish Homework 3 (due 4pm Thursday).
Read §3.1, §3.2, and §3.3 up to page 100.
Read the rest of §3.3. Pay careful attention to the convergence of Fourier (sine/cosine) series.
Finish Homework 4 (due 4pm Thursday).
Complete the take-home exam (TeX source).
Read §3.4. Make sure you understand the conditions under which Fourier series may be differentiated term by term.
Fall break! No class Tuesday, October 17.
Read §3.5 (it's short!). Note what happens when you integrate Fourier series.
Do the problems on Homework 5. Typing solutions and turning them in for a grade is optional.
Read §4.1–4.4. Make sure you understand the derivation of the wave equation and the solution of the wave equation by separation of variables.
Read §5.1–§5.3. Observe that the Sturm-Liouville equation generalizes most of the differential equations that we have considered in this course. Also note the six theorems for the regular Sturm-Liouville problem (in the big box on page 157).
Finish Homework 6 (due 4pm Thursday).
Read §5.4. Note how the Sturm-Liouville theorems are applied and how the author shows that all eigenvalues are positive without knowing the eigenfunctions.
Read §5.5. Take special note of the linear operator notation that is used to simplify the Sturm-Liouville equation. Also note Lagrange's identity and observe how the proofs in this section follow from it.
Read the Final Project Information sheet and start thinking about what topic you might want to study.
Re-read §5.5 to understand the proofs within. If you want to better understand connections between differential equations and linear algebra, read the Appendix to 5.5.
Read §5.6. Observe how the Rayleigh quotient can provide a bound on the lowest eigenvalue.
Finish Homework 7 (due 4pm Thursday).
Read §6.1 and §6.2. Observe how Taylor series can be used to approximate the value of a derivative of a function using values of the function at nearby points.
Continue thinking about what you might want to work on for the Final Project.
Read §5.7. This example should look familiar now!
Read §6.3.1–§6.3.3. Observe how finite difference approximations for derivatives can be used to approximate solutions to the heat equation. Then take a look at the stability analysis in §6.3.4.
Finish Homework 8 (due 4pm Thursday).
Read §6.3.4, which expands on what we said in class about stability analysis. Read §6.3.6, about matrix notation, noting connections to linear algebra. Also take a look at the short subsections §6.3.7 and §6.3.8.
Complete the Project Planning Survey on Moodle.
Read §6.5. Observe how finite differences can be used to approximate the wave equation.
Finish Homework 9 (due 4pm Thursday).
Begin working on your project.
Work on your project. Identify sources, gather information, and make an outline for what you will include in your paper.
Upload your paper here, and prepare your presentation for tomorrow. Please complete the Final Project Evaluation (on Moodle).

matches: §1 §1 §1 §2 §2 §2 §2 §2 §2 §2 §3 §3 §3 §3 §3 §3 §4 §5 §5 §5 §5 §5 §6 §6 §5 §6 §6 §6 §6 §6 §6 §6


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This is a Merged Patch combining Better Settlers v. 0.96 (BS), The new settlers a plus Overhaul vanilla v. 1.2 (NS), and Beautiful Female Settlers v. 1.21 – Non-Replacer (BFS). Running the combined merge of all three will expand your possible unique settlers to almost 200, all with the Better Settlers perks and upgraded gear.
IT IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED THAT YOU UNINSTALL OR DISABLE ALL PREVIOUS VERSIONS OF THE NEW SETTLERS AND/OR BEAUTIFUL FEMALE SETTLERS DEPENDING ON THE VERSION OF THE MERGED PATCH YOU DECIDE TO USE, THESE MERGED PATCHES REPLACE THE ORIGINAL VERSIONS OF THOSE MODS.
V. 1.31 – New version of all three patches updated for the latest version of Better Settlers v. 0.96, to be loaded after your Better Settlers plugin and add-on packs in your load order.
Also added optional files for each version making all added settlers Mortal, for those of you running the Mortal option in Better Settlers.
V. 1.3 – Fixes issue of males showing up with female voices and adds new faces for the vanilla settlers. Before and after pix of the new vanilla settler faces can be seen here.
V. 1.2 – All faces ripped out of original files, checked for content and consistency with the original intent, and ripped into clean records for the new update. This is probably as clean as I can get this merge. I’ve spawned over 1000 settlers in testing this update and everything seems to be working the way it should. No mismatched skin tones.
This will spawn 4 random settlers from the list of all possible settlers in this mod. Repeat as many times as you want to spawn as many random settlers as you want.
This mod will not fix any file or save corruption issues caused by the original version of The New Settlers, unless it happens by accident. if you’re having problems associated with an earlier install of The New Settlers, you can try to keep New Settlers active and then make sure both Better Settlers and the Merged Patch are after New Settlers in your load order, it might help. No guarantees though.
Please let me know of any issues you have with THIS mod. Thanks.
There are three version of this Merged Patch.
Take your pick. They all require Better Settlers to run, and you should disable or uninstall any other versions of NS and BFS if you run the full merged patch, HOWEVER, if you’re having problems associated with an earlier install of The New Settlers, you can try to keep New Settlers active and then make sure both Better Settlers and the Merged Patch are after New Settlers in your load order, it might help. No guarantees though.
The NS and BFS settlers have their starting stats, perks, and inventory matched with BS, and are linked to the BS starting outfits and leveled lists.
Running the combined merge of all three will expand your possible unique settlers to almost 200.
BS and NS both replace vanilla settlers. but the vanilla settlers all got new faces in the 1.3 versions, BS got them in the original BS BFS Merge.
Props to Thom293 for Better Settlers and veter75n for The New Settlers, both great mods. Beautiful Female Settlers is my mod.

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Federal rates; adjusted federal rates; adjusted federal long-term rate and the long-term exempt rate. For purposes of sections 382, 1274, 1288, and other sections of the Code, tables set forth the rates for November 2017.
This notice invites public power providers (as defined in § 54C(d)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code (Code)) to submit applications for an allocation of the available authority (volume cap) to issue new clean renewable energy bonds under § 54C of the Code to finance qualified renewable energy facilities (as defined in § 54C(d)(1) of the Code).
This procedure provides the 2018 cost-of-living adjustments to certain items due to inflation as required by various provisions of the Code and Service guidance.
This notice provides rules claimants must follow to submit a claim for refund pursuant to the temporary relief provided in section 3.02 of Notice 2017–30, 2017–21 I.R.B. 1248. A claimant may submit a refund claim for the § 4081(a)(1) tax imposed on undyed diesel fuel and kerosene for fuel that is 1) removed from a Milwaukee terminal; 2) entered into a Green Bay terminal within 24 hours; and 3) subsequently dyed and removed from the Green Bay terminal.
Section 415 of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code) provides for dollar limitations on benefits and contributions under qualified retirement plans. Section 415(d) requires that the Secretary of the Treasury annually adjust these limits for cost of living increases. Other limitations applicable to deferred compensation plans are also affected by these adjustments under § 415. Under § 415(d), the adjustments are to be made under adjustment procedures similar to those used to adjust benefit amounts under § 215(i)(2)(A) of the Social Security Act.
This revenue ruling provides various prescribed rates for federal income tax purposes for November 2017 (the current month). Table 1 contains the short-term, mid-term, and long-term applicable federal rates (AFR) for the current month for purposes of section 1274(d) of the Internal Revenue Code. Table 2 contains the short-term, mid-term, and long-term adjusted applicable federal rates (adjusted AFR) for the current month for purposes of section 1288(b). Table 3 sets forth the adjusted federal long-term rate and the long-term tax-exempt rate described in section 382(f). Table 4 contains the appropriate percentages for determining the low-income housing credit described in section 42(b)(1) for buildings placed in service during the current month. However, under section 42(b)(2), the applicable percentage for non-federally subsidized new buildings placed in service after July 30, 2008, shall not be less than 9%. Finally, Table 5 contains the federal rate for determining the present value of an annuity, an interest for life or for a term of years, or a remainder or a reversionary interest for purposes of section 7520.
This notice provides rules claimants must follow to submit a claim for refund pursuant to the temporary relief provided in section 3.02 of Notice 2017–30, 2017–21 I.R.B. 1248, published on May 22, 2017. A claimant may submit a refund claim for the Internal Revenue Code (Code) § 4081(a)(1) tax imposed on undyed diesel fuel and kerosene for fuel that is 1) removed from a Milwaukee terminal; 2) entered into a Green Bay terminal within 24 hours of removal from that Milwaukee terminal; and 3) subsequently dyed and removed from that Green Bay terminal.
.01 West Shore Pipeline Shutdown and Emergency Fuel Tax Relief. On May 22, 2017, the Treasury Department and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) published Notice 2017–30 in response to energy emergencies in Wisconsin resulting from the permanent shutdown of the segment of the West Shore Pipeline between Milwaukee and Green Bay. Section 3.01 of Notice 2017–30 provides one time 180-day temporary emergency relief for fuel removals from Milwaukee terminals that take place on or after May 3, 2017, and before October 31, 2017.
Section 3.02 of Notice 2017–30 provides that once the 180-day temporary emergency relief expires, the Treasury Department and IRS will provide a temporary refund mechanism for the § 4081(a)(1) tax imposed upon removals of undyed diesel fuel and kerosene from a Milwaukee terminal when such fuel is subsequently removed from a Green Bay terminal as dyed fuel destined for a nontaxable use. Section 3.02 of Notice 2017–30 further states that the Treasury Department and the IRS will publish additional guidance on how persons eligible for relief under section 3.02 of Notice 2017–30 may submit claims for refund. This notice provides that guidance.
.02 Law. Section 4081(a)(1)(A)(ii) of the Code imposes tax on the removal of taxable fuel, which includes diesel fuel and kerosene, from any terminal.
Section 48.4081–1(b) of the Manufacturers and Retailers Excise Tax Regulations (regulations) defines “removal” as any physical transfer of taxable fuel, and any use of taxable fuel other than as a material in the production of taxable fuel or special fuels. Taxable fuel is not removed when it evaporates or is otherwise lost or destroyed.
Section 4081(a)(1)(B)(i) provides an exemption from the tax imposed by § 4081(a)(1)(A) for removals of taxable fuel transferred in bulk by pipeline or vessel to registered terminals.
Section 48.4081–2 of the regulations provides the rules regarding tax on the removal of taxable fuel at the terminal rack. Under § 48.4081–2(a), the position holder with respect to the fuel removed at the terminal rack is generally liable for the tax.
Section 4081(a)(2)(A)(iii) prescribes a tax rate of 24.3 cents per gallon of diesel fuel or kerosene for the tax imposed by § 4081(a)(1)(A).
Section 4081(a)(2)(B) imposes a tax of 0.1 cent per gallon (referred to as the Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund tax or the LUST tax) in addition to the tax imposed by § 4081(a)(1)(A)(ii).
Section 4081(e) provides that, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, if any person that paid the tax imposed by § 4081 with respect to any taxable fuel establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that a prior tax was paid (and not credited or refunded) with respect to such taxable fuel, then an amount equal to the tax paid by such person shall be allowed as a refund (without interest) to such person in the same manner as if it were an overpayment of tax imposed by § 4081.
Section 48.4081–7 sets forth the reporting requirements and other conditions for claiming a refund under § 4081(e).
Section 4082(a) provides that the tax imposed by § 4081 does not apply to diesel fuel and kerosene that is indelibly dyed in accordance with Treasury regulations, meets any marking requirements prescribed by Treasury regulations, and is destined for a nontaxable use.
Section 4082(b) prescribes the types of uses that are nontaxable for purposes of the exemption provided in § 4082(a).
Section 4082(f) provides that the exemption provided in § 4082(a) does not apply to the LUST tax. As a result, a person not liable for the tax on diesel fuel and kerosene because of the exemption provided in § 4082(a) is still liable for the LUST tax on the otherwise tax exempt diesel fuel and kerosene.
Sections 48.4082–1 and Notice 2005–80, 2005–2 C.B. 953, provide rules and conditions for the exemption provided by § 4082(a) to apply to the removal, entry, or sale of any diesel fuel or kerosene.
.01 Temporary Dyed Fuel Relief. For the period beginning on October 31, 2017, and ending on May 3, 2018, if any person (that is, the position holder) that removes diesel fuel or kerosene that satisfies the requirements of § 4082 from a Green Bay terminal establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that a prior tax was paid with respect to the removal of such fuel from a Milwaukee terminal, then an amount equal to the prior tax paid shall be allowed as a refund (without interest) to the position holder in the same manner as if it were an overpayment of tax imposed by § 4081.
The relief described in this section 3.01 is not available with respect to any transaction for which one or more conditions set forth in section 3.02 of this notice are not satisfied or for any refund claim that fails to comply with the procedures set forth in sections 3.03 and 3.04 of this notice.
(1) The segment of the West Shore Pipeline between Milwaukee and Green Bay remains permanently and completely shut down.
(2) All operators of terminals from which diesel fuel or kerosene is removed or entered pursuant to the relief described in section 3.01 of this notice must timely and accurately satisfy Excise Summary Terminal Activity Reporting System (ExSTARS) reporting obligations by filing Form 720–TO, Terminal Operator Report, as required by § 4101(d) and § 48.4101–1(h)(1)(iii). Form 720–TO filers are reminded of the information reporting requirements under § 4101(d) and the penalty provisions of § 6725 for any failure to report, and any failure to include, all of the information required to be shown on such report or the inclusion of incorrect information.
(3) All position holders with respect to diesel fuel or kerosene removed or entered pursuant to the relief described in section 3.01 of this notice must keep records pursuant to § 48.4101–1(h)(1)(ii) that sufficiently show tax liability under § 4081 and payments or deposits of such liability.
(4) The same person that removes undyed diesel fuel or kerosene from a Milwaukee terminal (that is, the position holder in the Milwaukee terminal) must enter the undyed diesel fuel or kerosene into a Green Bay terminal within 24 hours of its removal from the Milwaukee terminal.
(5) If a position holder at the Green Bay terminal commingles tax-paid diesel fuel or kerosene with untaxed diesel fuel or kerosene, the position holder must identify the undyed diesel fuel or kerosene destined for a nontaxable use by any reasonable method, including a first-in, first-out method applied either on a tank-by-tank basis or on an aggregate basis to all commingled undyed diesel or kerosene fuel held by the position holder at the Green Bay terminal.
(6) A position holder that removes undyed diesel fuel or kerosene from a Milwaukee terminal and enters the undyed diesel fuel or kerosene into a Green Bay terminal as described in section 3.02(4) of this notice must comply with the requirements of § 48.4081–7. Therefore, the position holder must prepare and file the report described in § 48.4081–7(c)(1) (the First Taxpayer’s Report) in the manner described in the regulations and the Instructions for Form 720. The position holder must provide a copy of the First Taxpayer’s Report to the purchasing position holder.
(7) A position holder that removes undyed diesel fuel or kerosene from a Milwaukee terminal and enters the undyed diesel fuel or kerosene into a Green Bay terminal as described in section 3.02(4) of this notice and who is also the position holder of that fuel when it is removed as dyed fuel from the Green Bay terminal, must file Form 720, Quarterly Federal Excise Tax Return, and remit the § 4081 tax prior to submitting a claim for refund pursuant to this notice, for the quarter to which the claim relates.
(8) A position holder that removes undyed diesel fuel or kerosene from a Milwaukee terminal and enters the undyed diesel fuel or kerosene into a Green Bay terminal as described in section 3.02(4) of this notice must maintain detailed records that include matching bill of lading numbers for each removal of undyed diesel fuel or kerosene from a Milwaukee terminal to bill of lading receipts of undyed diesel fuel or kerosene received at a Green Bay terminal.
(9) A position holder that submits a claim for refund pursuant to this notice must follow all of the procedures set forth in sections 3.03 and 3.04 of this notice.
.03 How to Submit a Claim for Refund under this Notice. A position holder seeking the relief described in section 3.01 of this notice must follow the procedures listed in this section 3.03 in order to receive a refund of § 4081(a)(1) tax. Failing to follow the procedures listed in this section 3.03 will result in substantial delays in processing the claim and may result in the IRS denying the claim. If the conditions to relief described in section 3.02 of this notice are met, and the position holder follows the procedures in this section 3.03 to claim a refund, the IRS will treat the claim in a manner similar to a § 4081(e) claim where the claimant paid a second tax.
(1) The position holder must submit refund claims on Form 8849, Claim for Refund of Excise Taxes. The position holder must write “CLAIM PURSUANT TO NOTICE 2017–59” across the top of the first page of the form.
(2) The position holder must include Schedule 5 (Form 8849), Section 4081(e) Claims, with their refund claim. In column (d) of Part II on Schedule 5 (Form 8849), enter the date that the dyed diesel fuel or kerosene was removed from the rack at a Green Bay terminal. In column (f) of Part II on Schedule 5 (Form 8849) enter the amount of the first tax (including LUST tax, provided LUST tax was paid upon removal from the rack at a Green Bay terminal) imposed on the diesel fuel or kerosene when it was removed from a Milwaukee terminal.
(3) The position holder must follow the instructions to Form 8849 and Schedule 5 (Form 8849) when preparing a refund claim to the extent that those instructions do not conflict with this notice.
(4) The position holder must include with its refund claim copies of the First Taxpayer’s Reports (and, if applicable, the statement described in § 48.4081–7(c)(4)(iii) (Statement of Subsequent Seller)) that were received from the person that removed the undyed diesel fuel or kerosene from a Milwaukee terminal (see section 3.02(6) of this notice) for the fuel to which the refund claim relates.
(5) The refund claim must not include any fuel other than undyed diesel fuel or kerosene removed from a Milwaukee terminal that was received at a terminal in Green Bay (within the 24 hour period described in section 3.02 of this notice), subsequently dyed in accordance with § 48.4082–1 and Notice 2005–80, and then removed from the terminal in Green Bay.
.04 Time for Filing Claim Made Under this Notice. Generally, a position holder may file a claim for refund under this notice any time after the removal at a Green Bay terminal rack of the dyed diesel fuel or kerosene to which the claim relates, and before the end of the period prescribed by § 6511 for filing a claim for refund. A position holder described in section 3.02(7) of this notice may not claim a refund under this notice prior to filing the Form 720 and remitting the § 4081 tax for the quarter to which the claim relates.
The temporary dyed fuel relief described in section 3.01 of this notice applies to removals of dyed diesel fuel and kerosene from Green Bay terminals on or after October 31, 2017, and before May 4, 2018.
For questions regarding the conditions set forth in section 3.02 of this notice or the refund procedures provided in sections 3.03 and 3.04 of this notice, contact Michel Monconduit at (657) 247-3355 (not a toll-free call).
The principal author of this notice is Michael H. Beker of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (Passthroughs & Special Industries). For further information regarding this notice contact Mr. Beker at (202) 317-6855 (not a toll-free number).
2018 Limitations Adjusted As Provided in Section 415(d), etc.
Section 415 of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code) provides for dollar limitations on benefits and contributions under qualified retirement plans. Section 415(d) requires that the Secretary of the Treasury annually adjust these limits for cost-of-living increases. Other limitations applicable to deferred compensation plans are also affected by these adjustments under § 415. Under § 415(d), the adjustments are to be made under adjustment procedures similar to those used to adjust benefit amounts under § 215(i)(2)(A) of the Social Security Act.
Effective January 1, 2018, the limitation on the annual benefit under a defined benefit plan under § 415(b)(1)(A) is increased from $215,000 to $220,000.
For a participant who separated from service before January 1, 2018, the participant’s limitation under a defined benefit plan under § 415(b)(1)(B) is computed by multiplying the participant’s compensation limitation, as adjusted through 2017, by 1.0197.
The limitation for defined contribution plans under § 415(c)(1)(A) is increased in 2018 from $54,000 to $55,000.
The limitation under § 402(g)(1) on the exclusion for elective deferrals described in § 402(g)(3) is increased from $18,000 to $18,500.
The annual compensation limit under §§ 401(a)(17), 404(l), 408(k)(3)(C), and 408(k)(6)(D)(ii) is increased from $270,000 to $275,000.
The dollar limitation under § 416(i)(1)(A)(i) concerning the definition of “key employee” in a top-heavy plan remains unchanged at $175,000.
The dollar amount under § 409(o)(1)(C)(ii) for determining the maximum account balance in an employee stock ownership plan subject to a 5-year distribution period is increased from $1,080,000 to $1,105,000, while the dollar amount used to determine the lengthening of the 5-year distribution period is increased from $215,000 to $220,000.
The limitation used in the definition of “highly compensated employee” under § 414(q)(1)(B) remains unchanged at $120,000.
The dollar limitation under § 414(v)(2)(B)(i) for catch-up contributions to an applicable employer plan other than a plan described in § 401(k)(11) or § 408(p) for individuals aged 50 or over remains unchanged at $6,000. The dollar limitation under § 414(v)(2)(B)(ii) for catch-up contributions to an applicable employer plan described in § 401(k)(11) or 408(p) for individuals aged 50 or over remains unchanged at $3,000.
The annual compensation limitation under § 401(a)(17) for eligible participants in certain governmental plans that, under the plan as in effect on July 1, 1993, allowed cost-of-living adjustments to the compensation limitation under the plan under § 401(a)(17) to be taken into account, is increased from $400,000 to $405,000.
The compensation amount under § 408(k)(2)(C) regarding simplified employee pensions (SEPs) remains unchanged at $600.
The limitation under § 408(p)(2)(E) regarding SIMPLE retirement accounts remains unchanged at $12,500.
The limitation on deferrals under § 457(e)(15) concerning deferred compensation plans of state and local governments and tax-exempt organizations is increased from $18,000 to $18,500.
The limitation under § 664(g)(7) concerning the qualified gratuitous transfer of qualified employer securities to an employee stock ownership plan is increased from $45,000 to $50,000.
The compensation amounts under § 1.61–21(f)(5)(i) of the Income Tax Regulations concerning the definition of “control employee” for fringe benefit valuation purposes is increased from $105,000 to $110,000. The compensation amount under § 1.61–21(f)(5)(iii) is increased from $215,000 to $220,000.
The dollar limitation on premiums paid with respect to a qualifying longevity annuity contract under § 1.401(a)(9)–6, A–17(b)(2)(i) of the Income Tax Regulations is increased from $125,000 to $130,000.
The Code provides that the $1,000,000,000 threshold used to determine whether a multiemployer plan is a systemically important plan under § 432(e)(9)(H)(v)(III)(aa) is adjusted using the cost-of-living adjustment provided under § 432(e)(9)(H)(v)(III)(bb). After taking the applicable rounding rule into account, the threshold used to determine whether a multiemployer plan is a systemically important plan under § 432(e)(9)(H)(v)(III)(aa) is increased from $1,012,000,000 to $1,087,000,000.
The adjusted gross income limitation under § 25B(b)(1)(A) for determining the retirement savings contributions credit for married taxpayers filing a joint return is increased from $37,000 to $38,000; the limitation under § 25B(b)(1)(B) is increased from $40,000 to $41,000; and the limitation under §§ 25B(b)(1)(C) and 25B(b)(1)(D) is increased from $62,000 to $63,000.
The adjusted gross income limitation under § 25B(b)(1)(A) for determining the retirement savings contributions credit for taxpayers filing as head of household is increased from $27,750 to $28,500; the limitation under § 25B(b)(1)(B) is increased from $30,000 to $30,750; and the limitation under §§ 25B(b)(1)(C) and 25B(b)(1)(D) is increased from $46,500 to $47,250.
The adjusted gross income limitation under § 25B(b)(1)(A) for determining the retirement savings contributions credit for all other taxpayers is increased from $18,500 to $19,000; the limitation under § 25B(b)(1)(B) is increased from $20,000 to $20,500; and the limitation under §§ 25B(b)(1)(C) and 25B(b)(1)(D) is increased from $31,000 to $31,500.
The deductible amount under § 219(b)(5)(A) for an individual making qualified retirement contributions remains unchanged at $5,500.
The applicable dollar amount under § 219(g)(3)(B)(i) for determining the deductible amount of an IRA contribution for taxpayers who are active participants filing a joint return or as a qualifying widow(er) is increased from $99,000 to $101,000. The applicable dollar amount under § 219(g)(3)(B)(ii) for all other taxpayers who are active participants (other than married taxpayers filing separate returns) is increased from $62,000 to $63,000. If an individual or the individual’s spouse is an active participant, the applicable dollar amount under § 219(g)(3)(B)(iii) for a married individual filing a separate return is not subject to an annual cost-of-living adjustment and remains $0. The applicable dollar amount under § 219(g)(7)(A) for a taxpayer who is not an active participant but whose spouse is an active participant is increased from $186,000 to $189,000.
Accordingly, under § 219(g)(2)(A), the deduction for taxpayers making contributions to a traditional IRA is phased out for single individuals and heads of household who are active participants in a qualified plan (or another retirement plan specified in § 219(g)(5)) and have adjusted gross incomes (as defined in § 219(g)(3)(A)) between $63,000 and $73,000, increased from between $62,000 and $72,000. For married couples filing jointly, if the spouse who makes the IRA contribution is an active participant, the income phase-out range is between $101,000 and $121,000, increased from between $99,000 and $119,000. For an IRA contributor who is not an active participant and is married to someone who is an active participant, the deduction is phased out if the couple’s income is between $189,000 and $199,000, increased from between $186,000 and $196,000. For a married individual filing a separate return who is an active participant, the phase-out range is not subject to an annual cost-of-living adjustment and remains $0 to $10,000.
The adjusted gross income limitation under § 408A(c)(3)(B)(ii)(I) for determining the maximum Roth IRA contribution for married taxpayers filing a joint return or for taxpayers filing as a qualifying widow(er) is increased from $186,000 to $189,000. The adjusted gross income limitation under § 408A(c)(3)(B)(ii)(II) for all other taxpayers (other than married taxpayers filing separate returns) is increased from $118,000 to $120,000. The applicable dollar amount under § 408A(c)(3)(B)(ii)(III) for a married individual filing a separate return is not subject to an annual cost-of-living adjustment and remains $0.
Accordingly, under § 408A(c)(3)(A), the adjusted gross income phase-out range for taxpayers making contributions to a Roth IRA is $189,000 to $199,000 for married couples filing jointly, increased from $186,000 to $196,000. For singles and heads of household, the income phase-out range is $120,000 to $135,000, increased from $118,000 to $133,000. For a married individual filing a separate return, the phase-out range is not subject to an annual cost-of-living adjustment and remains $0 to $10,000.
The principal author of this notice is Tom Morgan of the Office of the Associate Chief Counsel (Tax Exempt and Government Entities). However, other personnel from the IRS participated in the development of this guidance. For further information regarding this notice, contact Mr. Morgan at 202-317-6700 or John Heil at 443-853-5519 (not toll-free numbers).
The IRS has identified $379,549,691.35 of volume cap to be available under this Notice for reallocation to public power providers (as defined in § 54C(d)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code) (the Code) for authority to issue new clean renewable energy bonds (New CREBs) under § 54C of the Code for projects to be owned by public power providers. Interested public power providers must submit an application (“Application”) pursuant to the application requirements set forth in section 3 of this Notice, including the deadline for submitting the Application. Only Applications from public power providers will be considered under this Notice.
Notice 2015–12, 2015–10 I.R.B. 700, solicited applications for allocations of the remaining available amount of volume cap for New CREBs. Applicants that received a volume cap allocation under Notice 2015–12 were required to issue the proposed bonds within 180 days from the date of the allocation letter. Allocations with respect to any portion of the proposed bonds not issued during that time were treated as forfeited and available for reallocation. Under section 3.01 of Notice 2015–12, the IRS is expected to reallocate volume cap designated for public power providers that has not been allocated, or that has been forfeited.
Under Notice 2015–12, $516,565,691.35 of New CREBs volume cap was available for reallocation to public power providers. Public power providers have reported to the IRS the issuance of New CREBs in the amount of $137,016,000. Based on these reports, the passage of the deadlines described above for issuing New CREBs by public power providers, and other information provided to the IRS, the IRS has identified $379,549,691.35 of volume cap available for reallocation under this Notice for projects to be owned by public power providers. The available amount of volume cap includes forfeited amounts previously allocated under Notice 2015–12.
As provided in section 3.01 of Notice 2015–12, the IRS expects to reallocate volume cap allocated under this Notice that has been relinquished or has reverted to the IRS as part of an allocation process to be announced by the IRS in future guidance similar to this Notice that generally follows the process set forth in Notice 2015–12.
.01 Notice 2015–12 Application requirements. The provisions of Notice 2015–12 (as applicable to public power providers), including Application requirements and appendices (other than Appendix D, which does not apply under this Notice) apply to all Applications for available volume cap under this Notice. To be treated as submitted, the Application, and any additional information and supporting documents must: (1) satisfy all of the applicable requirements of Notice 2015–12 (as applicable to public power providers), including without limitation those described in section 3 of Notice 2015–12; (2) demonstrate by attaching supporting documents that the Applicant is a public power provider under § 54C(d)(2); and (3) be prepared in substantially the same format as the form (including exhibits thereto) attached to Notice 2015–12 as Appendix A.
.02 Due date for Applications for New CREBs volume cap under this Notice. Applicants for projects to be owned by public power providers must submit complete Applications for an allocation of volume cap under this Notice on or before June 19, 2018.
.03 Address for Submissions. The Application must be submitted by hard copy accompanied by a copy of the Application in PDF format on a CD and sent (by U.S. Postal Service or designated private delivery service) to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Attention: Kenneth Stengel, 1122 Town & Country Commons, Chesterfield, MO 63017.
.04 Compliance with Notice 2015–12. By submitting an Application, the applicant agrees to comply with the requirements of Notice 2015–12 as they apply to public power providers. This Notice and Notice 2015–12 may be found electronically under the link “TEB Published Guidance” on the IRS web site at http://www.irs.gov/Tax-Exempt-Bonds.
The principal authors of this Notice are Steve Haycock of the IRS Office of Tax Exempt Bonds and Zoran Stojanovic of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (Financial Institutions and Products). For further information regarding this Notice, contact Mr. Stojanovic at 202-317-6980 (not a toll-free call). For further information about submitted Applications, contact Kenneth Stengel at 636-255-1286 (not a toll-free number).
This revenue procedure sets forth inflation-adjusted items for 2018 for various provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (Code) as amended as of October 19, 2017. To the extent amendments to the Code are enacted for 2018 after October 19, 2017, taxpayers should consult additional guidance to determine whether these adjustments remain applicable for 2018.
.01 Section 202 of the Disaster Tax Relief and Airport and Airways Extension Act of 2017, Pub. L. 115–63, amended § 4261(k)(1)(A)(ii) of the Code (which governs the period of applicability of § 4261(b)(1), (c)(1), and (c)(3)). The effect of this amendment is to temporarily extend the passenger air transportation excise taxes of $3.00 for domestic travel, $12.00 for international travel, and $6.00 for departures beginning or ending in Alaska or Hawaii. These excise taxes apply to transportation taken through March 31, 2018. After this date, the taxes and rates will expire unless Congress renews them.
.02 Section 18001 of the 21st Century Cures Act, Pub. L. 114–255, amended § 9831 of the Code to add § 9831(d), Exception For Qualified Small Employer Health Reimbursement Arrangements. To qualify as a qualified small employer health reimbursement arrangement under § 9831(d), the arrangement must provide that the total amount of payments and reimbursements for any year cannot exceed $4,950 ($10,000 for family coverage). These amounts are adjusted for inflation for a calendar year beginning after 2016.
.02 Unearned Income of Minor Children Taxed as if Parent’s Income (the “Kiddie Tax”). For taxable years beginning in 2018, the amount in § 1(g)(4)(A)(ii)(I), which is used to reduce the net unearned income reported on the child’s return that is subject to the “kiddie tax,” is $1,050. This $1,050 amount is the same as the amount provided in § 63(c)(5)(A), as adjusted for inflation. The same $1,050 amount is used for purposes of § 1(g)(7) (that is, to determine whether a parent may elect to include a child’s gross income in the parent’s gross income and to calculate the “kiddie tax”). For example, one of the requirements for the parental election is that a child’s gross income is more than the amount referenced in § 1(g)(4)(A)(ii)(I) but less than 10 times that amount; thus, a child’s gross income for 2018 must be more than $1,050 but less than $10,500.
.04 Lifetime Learning Credit. For taxable years beginning in 2018, a taxpayer’s modified adjusted gross income in excess of $57,000 ($114,000 for a joint return) is used to determine the reduction under § 25A(d)(2) in the amount of the Lifetime Learning Credit otherwise allowable under § 25A(a)(2).
(1) In general. For taxable years beginning in 2018, the following amounts are used to determine the earned income credit under § 32(b). The “earned income amount” is the amount of earned income at or above which the maximum amount of the earned income credit is allowed. The “threshold phaseout amount” is the amount of adjusted gross income (or, if greater, earned income) above which the maximum amount of the credit begins to phase out. The “completed phaseout amount” is the amount of adjusted gross income (or, if greater, earned income) at or above which no credit is allowed. The threshold phaseout amounts and the completed phaseout amounts shown in the table below for married taxpayers filing a joint return include the increase provided in § 32(b)(3)(B)(i), as adjusted for inflation for taxable years beginning in 2018.
The instructions for the Form 1040 series provide tables showing the amount of the earned income credit for each type of taxpayer.
(2) Excessive Investment Income. For taxable years beginning in 2018, the earned income tax credit is not allowed under § 32(i)(1) if the aggregate amount of certain investment income exceeds $3,500.
.07 Rehabilitation Expenditures Treated as Separate New Building. For calendar year 2018, the per low-income unit qualified basis amount under § 42(e)(3)(A)(ii)(II) is $6,800.
.08 Low-Income Housing Credit. For calendar year 2018, the amount used under § 42(h)(3)(C)(ii) to calculate the State housing credit ceiling for the low-income housing credit is the greater of (1) $2.40 multiplied by the State population, or (2) $2,765,000.
.09 Employee Health Insurance Expense of Small Employers. For taxable years beginning in 2018, the dollar amount in effect under § 45R(d)(3)(B) is $26,700. This amount is used under § 45R(c) for limiting the small employer health insurance credit and under § 45R(d)(1)(B) for determining who is an eligible small employer for purposes of the credit.
.11 Alternative Minimum Tax Exemption for a Child Subject to the “Kiddie Tax.” For taxable years beginning in 2018, for a child to whom the § 1(g) “kiddie tax” applies, the exemption amount under §§ 55 and 59(j) for purposes of the alternative minimum tax under § 55 may not exceed the sum of (1) the child’s earned income for the taxable year, plus (2) $7,650.
.12 Certain Expenses of Elementary and Secondary School Teachers. For taxable years beginning in 2018, under § 62(a)(2)(D) the amount of the deduction allowed under § 162 which consists of expenses paid or incurred by an eligible educator in connection with books, supplies (other than nonathletic supplies for courses of instruction in health or physical education), computer equipment (including related software and services) and other equipment, and supplementary materials used by the eligible educator in the classroom is $250.
.13 Transportation Mainline Pipeline Construction Industry Optional Expense Substantiation Rules for Payments to Employees under Accountable Plans. For calendar year 2018, an eligible employer may pay certain welders and heavy equipment mechanics an amount of up to $18 per hour for rig-related expenses that are deemed substantiated under an accountable plan if paid in accordance with Rev. Proc. 2002–41, 2002–1 C.B. 1098. If the employer provides fuel or otherwise reimburses fuel expenses, up to $11 per hour is deemed substantiated if paid under Rev. Proc. 2002–41.
(2) Dependent. For taxable years beginning in 2018, the standard deduction amount under § 63(c)(5) for an individual who may be claimed as a dependent by another taxpayer cannot exceed the greater of (1) $1,050, or (2) the sum of $350 and the individual’s earned income.
(3) Aged or blind. For taxable years beginning in 2018, the additional standard deduction amount under § 63(f) for the aged or the blind is $1,300. The additional standard deduction amount is increased to $1,600 if the individual is also unmarried and not a surviving spouse.
.15 Overall Limitation on Itemized Deductions. For taxable years beginning in 2018, the applicable amounts under § 68(b) are $320,000 in the case of a joint return or a surviving spouse, $293,350 in the case of a head of household, $266,700 in the case of an individual who is not married and who is not a surviving spouse or head of household, and $160,000 in the case of a married individual filing a separate return.
.16 Cafeteria Plans. For the taxable years beginning in 2018, the dollar limitation under § 125(i) on voluntary employee salary reductions for contributions to health flexible spending arrangements is $2,650.
.17 Qualified Transportation Fringe Benefit. For taxable years beginning in 2018, the monthly limitation under § 132(f)(2)(A) regarding the aggregate fringe benefit exclusion amount for transportation in a commuter highway vehicle and any transit pass is $260. The monthly limitation under § 132(f)(2)(B) regarding the fringe benefit exclusion amount for qualified parking is $260.
.18 Income from United States Savings Bonds for Taxpayers Who Pay Qualified Higher Education Expenses. For taxable years beginning in 2018, the exclusion under § 135, regarding income from United States savings bonds for taxpayers who pay qualified higher education expenses, begins to phase out for modified adjusted gross income above $119,550 for joint returns and $79,700 for all other returns. The exclusion is completely phased out for modified adjusted gross income of $149,550 or more for joint returns and $94,700 or more for all other returns.
.20 Private Activity Bonds Volume Cap. For calendar year 2018, the amounts used under § 146(d) to calculate the State ceiling for the volume cap for private activity bonds is the greater of (1) $105 multiplied by the State population, or (2) $311,375,000.
.21 Loan Limits on Agricultural Bonds. For calendar year 2018, the loan limit amount on agricultural bonds under § 147(c)(2)(A) for first-time farmers is $534,600.
.22 General Arbitrage Rebate Rules. For bond years ending in 2018, the amount of the computation credit determined under the permission to rely on § 1.148–3(d)(4) of the proposed Income Tax Regulations is $1,700.
.23 Safe Harbor Rules for Broker Commissions on Guaranteed Investment Contracts or Investments Purchased for a Yield Restricted Defeasance Escrow. For calendar year 2018, under § 1.148–5(e)(2)(iii)(B)(1), a broker’s commission or similar fee for the acquisition of a guaranteed investment contract or investments purchased for a yield restricted defeasance escrow is reasonable if (1) the amount of the fee that the issuer treats as a qualified administrative cost does not exceed the lesser of (A) $40,000, and (B) 0.2 percent of the computational base (as defined in § 1.148–5(e)(2)(iii)(B)(2)) or, if more, $4,000; and (2) the issuer does not treat more than $113,000 in brokers’ commissions or similar fees as qualified administrative costs for all guaranteed investment contracts and investments for yield restricted defeasance escrows purchased with gross proceeds of the issue.
(1) For taxable years beginning in 2018, the personal exemption amount under § 151(d) is $4,150.
.25 Election to Expense Certain Depreciable Assets. For taxable years beginning in 2018, under § 179(b)(1), the aggregate cost of any § 179 property that a taxpayer elects to treat as an expense cannot exceed $520,000. Under § 179(b)(2), the $520,000 limitation is reduced (but not below zero) by the amount the cost of § 179 property placed in service during the 2018 taxable year exceeds $2,070,000.
(1) Self-only coverage. For taxable years beginning in 2018, the term “high deductible health plan” as defined in § 220(c)(2)(A) means, for self-only coverage, a health plan that has an annual deductible that is not less than $2,300 and not more than $3,450, and under which the annual out-of-pocket expenses required to be paid (other than for premiums) for covered benefits do not exceed $4,600.
(2) Family coverage. For taxable years beginning in 2018, the term “high deductible health plan” means, for family coverage, a health plan that has an annual deductible that is not less than $4,600 and not more than $6,850, and under which the annual out-of-pocket expenses required to be paid (other than for premiums) for covered benefits do not exceed $8,400.
.28 Interest on Education Loans. For taxable years beginning in 2018, the $2,500 maximum deduction for interest paid on qualified education loans under § 221 begins to phase out under § 221(b)(2)(B) for taxpayers with modified adjusted gross income in excess of $65,000 ($135,000 for joint returns), and is completely phased out for taxpayers with modified adjusted gross income of $80,000 or more ($165,000 or more for joint returns).
.29 Treatment of Dues Paid to Agricultural or Horticultural Organizations. For taxable years beginning in 2018, the limitation under § 512(d)(1), regarding the exemption of annual dues required to be paid by a member to an agricultural or horticultural organization, is $166.
.30 Insubstantial Benefit Limitations for Contributions Associated with Charitable Fund-Raising Campaigns.
(1) Low cost article. For taxable years beginning in 2018, for purposes of defining the term “unrelated trade or business” for certain exempt organizations under § 513(h)(2), “low cost articles” are articles costing $10.90 or less.
(2) Other insubstantial benefits. For taxable years beginning in 2018, under § 170, the $5, $25, and $50 guidelines in section 3 of Rev. Proc. 90–12, 1990–1 C.B. 471 (as amplified by Rev. Proc. 92–49, 1992–1 C.B. 987, and modified by Rev. Proc. 92–102, 1992–2 C.B. 579), for the value of insubstantial benefits that may be received by a donor in return for a contribution, without causing the contribution to fail to be fully deductible, are $10.90, $54.50, and $109, respectively.
.31 Tax on Insurance Companies Other than Life Insurance Companies. For taxable years beginning in 2018, under § 831(b)(2)(A)(i) the amount of the limit on net written premiums or direct written premiums (whichever is greater) is $2,300,000 to elect the alternative tax for certain small companies under § 831(b)(1) to be taxed only on taxable investment income.
.32 Expatriation to Avoid Tax. For calendar year 2018, under § 877A(g)(1)(A), unless an exception under § 877A(g)(1)(B) applies, an individual is a covered expatriate if the individual’s “average annual net income tax” under § 877(a)(2)(A) for the five taxable years ending before the expatriation date is more than $165,000.
.33 Tax Responsibilities of Expatriation. For taxable years beginning in 2018, the amount that would be includible in the gross income of a covered expatriate by reason of § 877A(a)(1) is reduced (but not below zero) by $713,000.
.34 Foreign Earned Income Exclusion. For taxable years beginning in 2018, the foreign earned income exclusion amount under § 911(b)(2)(D)(i) is $104,100.
.35 Unified Credit Against Estate Tax. For an estate of any decedent dying in calendar year 2018, the basic exclusion amount is $5,600,000 for determining the amount of the unified credit against estate tax under § 2010.
.36 Valuation of Qualified Real Property in Decedent’s Gross Estate. For an estate of a decedent dying in calendar year 2018, if the executor elects to use the special use valuation method under § 2032A for qualified real property, the aggregate decrease in the value of qualified real property resulting from electing to use § 2032A for purposes of the estate tax cannot exceed $1,140,000.
.37 Annual Exclusion for Gifts.
(1) For calendar year 2018, the first $15,000 of gifts to any person (other than gifts of future interests in property) are not included in the total amount of taxable gifts under § 2503 made during that year.
(2) For calendar year 2018, the first $152,000 of gifts to a spouse who is not a citizen of the United States (other than gifts of future interests in property) are not included in the total amount of taxable gifts under §§ 2503 and 2523(i)(2) made during that year.
.38 Tax on Arrow Shafts. For calendar year 2018, the tax imposed under § 4161(b)(2)(A) on the first sale by the manufacturer, producer, or importer of any shaft of a type used in the manufacture of certain arrows is $0.51 per shaft.
.39 Passenger Air Transportation Excise Tax. For calendar year 2018, the tax under § 4261(b)(1) on the amount paid for each domestic segment of taxable air transportation is $4.20. For calendar year 2018, the tax under § 4261(c)(1) on any amount paid (whether within or without the United States) for any international air transportation, if the transportation begins or ends in the United States, generally is $18.30. Under § 4261(c)(3), however, a lower amount applies under § 4261(c)(1) to a domestic segment beginning or ending in Alaska or Hawaii, and the tax applies only to departures. For calendar year 2018, the rate is $9.20.
.40 Requirement to Maintain Minimum Essential Coverage. For calendar year 2018, the applicable dollar amount used to determine the penalty under § 5000A(c) for failure to maintain minimum essential coverage is $695.
.41 Reporting Exception for Certain Exempt Organizations with Nondeductible Lobbying Expenditures. For taxable years beginning in 2018, the annual per person, family, or entity dues limitation to qualify for the reporting exception under § 6033(e)(3) (and section 5.05 of Rev. Proc. 98–19, 1998–1 C.B. 547), regarding certain exempt organizations with nondeductible lobbying expenditures, is $115 or less.
.42 Notice of Large Gifts Received from Foreign Persons. For taxable years beginning in 2018, § 6039F authorizes the Treasury Department and the Internal Revenue Service to require recipients of gifts from certain foreign persons to report these gifts if the aggregate value of gifts received in the taxable year exceeds $16,111.
.43 Persons Against Whom a Federal Tax Lien Is Not Valid. For calendar year 2018, a federal tax lien is not valid against (1) certain purchasers under § 6323(b)(4) who purchased personal property in a casual sale for less than $1,570, or (2) a mechanic’s lienor under § 6323(b)(7) who repaired or improved certain residential property if the contract price with the owner is not more than $7,840.
.44 Property Exempt from Levy. For calendar year 2018, the value of property exempt from levy under § 6334(a)(2) (fuel, provisions, furniture, and other household personal effects, as well as arms for personal use, livestock, and poultry) cannot exceed $9,380. The value of property exempt from levy under § 6334(a)(3) (books and tools necessary for the trade, business, or profession of the taxpayer) cannot exceed $4,690.
.45 Interest on a Certain Portion of the Estate Tax Payable in Installments. For an estate of a decedent dying in calendar year 2018, the dollar amount used to determine the “2-percent portion” (for purposes of calculating interest under § 6601(j)) of the estate tax extended as provided in § 6166 is $1,520,000.
.46 Failure to File Tax Return. In the case of any return required to be filed in 2019, the amount of the addition to tax under § 6651(a) for failure to file a tax return within 60 days of the due date of such return (determined with regard to any extensions of time for filing) shall not be less than the lesser of $215 or 100 percent of the amount required to be shown as tax on such returns.
Organization (§ 6652(c)(1)(A)) $20 Lessor of $10,000 or 5% of gross receipts of the organization for the year.
.49 Failure to File Partnership Return. In the case of any return required to be filed in 2019, the dollar amount used to determine amount of the penalty under § 6698(b)(1) is $200.
.50 Failure to File S Corporation Return. In the case of any return required to be filed in 2019, the dollar amount used to determine amount of the penalty under § 6699(b)(1) is $200.
.53 Revocation or Denial of Passport in Case of Certain Tax Delinquencies. For calendar year 2018, the amount of a serious delinquent tax debt under § 7345 is $51,000.
.54 Attorney Fee Awards. For fees incurred in calendar year 2018, the attorney fee award limitation under § 7430(c)(1)(B)(iii) is $200 per hour.
.55 Periodic Payments Received under Qualified Long-Term Care Insurance Contracts or under Certain Life Insurance Contracts. For calendar year 2018, the stated dollar amount of the per diem limitation under § 7702B(d)(4), regarding periodic payments received under a qualified long-term care insurance contract or periodic payments received under a life insurance contract that are treated as paid by reason of the death of a chronically ill individual, is $360.
.56 Qualified Small Employer Health Reimbursement Arrangement. For tax years beginning in 2018, to qualify as a qualified small employer health reimbursement arrangement under § 9831(d), the arrangement must provide that the total amount of payments and reimbursements for any year cannot exceed $5,050 ($10,250 for family coverage).
.01 General Rule. Except as provided in section 4.02, this revenue procedure applies to taxable years beginning in 2018.
.02 Calendar Year Rule. This revenue procedure applies to transactions or events occurring in calendar year 2018 for purposes of sections 3.07 (rehabilitation expenditures treated as separate new building), 3.08 (low-income housing credit), 3.13 (transportation mainline pipeline construction industry optional expense substantiation rules for payments to employees under accountable plans), 3.20 (private activity bonds volume cap), 3.21 (loan limits on agricultural bonds), 3.22 (general arbitrage rebate rules), 3.23 (safe harbor rules for broker commissions on guaranteed investment contracts or investments purchased for a yield restricted defeasance escrow), 3.32 (expatriation to avoid taxes), 3.35 (unified credit against estate tax), 3.36 (valuation of qualified real property in decedent’s gross estate), 3.37 (annual exclusion for gifts), 3.38 (tax on arrow shafts), 3.39 (passenger air transportation excise tax), 3.40 (requirement to maintain minimum essential coverage), 3.43 (persons against whom a federal tax lien is not valid), 3.44 (property exempt from levy), 3.45 (interest on a certain portion of the estate tax payable in installments), 3.53 (revocation or denial of passport in case of certain tax delinquencies), 3.54 (attorney fee awards), and 3.55 (periodic payments received under qualified long-term care insurance contracts or under certain life insurance contracts).
The principal author of this revenue procedure is William Ruane of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (Income Tax & Accounting). For further information regarding this revenue procedure, contact Mr. Ruane at (202) 317-4718 (not a toll-free number).


text:
1v. Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1898.
1 v. London: MacMillan and Co., 1911.
1 v. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1857.
1 v. London: Printed for J. Major and R. Jennings, 1829.
1 v. London: J. Johnson [etc.] 1772.
1 v. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1871.
4v. Paisley: A. Gardner, 1892.
1 v. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1927.
2 v. Cambridge: University Press, 1895.
1 v. Burlington: Chauncey Goodrich, 1831.
1 v. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1912.
1 v. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1915.
1 v. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1918.
1 v. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1928.
1v. London: Chatto & Windus, 1886.
1 v. Boston: Little, Brown, 1912.
2 v. in 1, London: Printed for the Oriental translation committee, and sold by J. Murray [etc.], 1829.
2 v. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1886.
2 v. New York: D. Appleton, 1882.
2 v. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1854-1858.
2v. London: R. Bentley, 1854.
1v. London: John F. Shaw and Co., 1863.
1 v. London: T. Fischer Unwin, 1913.
1v. Cambridge: University Press, 1910.

matches: v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v.


We trust that the true facts of these parties’ relationship will become clear during the remanded hearing. That the story was interesting enough for the New Jersey Law Journal to publish suggests that there was something to be learned from the case. We agree. But, if we are to point to a villain in this story, put aside for a moment that the easy conclusion that it was the trial judge and consider what may have gone unnoticed in this story: the empty attorney chairs. Those are all too common a sight at many New Jersey restraining order hearings, because the system presumes parties may adequately represent themselves pro se. To place this in perspective, to prepare their cases for trial, parties have only seven to ten days between the time of the initial filing of the complaint and the time of the hearing.
In other words, the results in the C.H. case demonstrate the principle that having lawyers in the courtroom could have helped this trial judge avoid this due process disaster. The Appellate Division’s ruling on the lack of due process could have been avoided with the location of counsel in the courtroom. Any competent lawyer would have objected properly and timely, giving the trial judge a chance to see the due process flaws, and to correct the errors at that moment.
Having an attorney in the courtroom is an easy guard against scenarios like that in C.H. In those cases, however, in which parties may want but cannot afford an attorney, judges are left on their own to sort out the facts, the law, and the procedure all at once. It is easy to see how a judge might make the type of errors that happened in the C.H. case. A trial judge hearing a restraining order case without the benefit of attorneys in the courtroom must shoulder some of the work of those attorneys. In those cases the judges will pay attention to the testimonial and documentary evidence, sometimes asking the parties questions to fill in the gaps needed to understand the circumstances while simultaneously paying attention to evidentiary standards. Simultaneously the judges must mentally review the intricacies of the existing statutory scheme and growing body of interpretive case law, make decisions about credibility draw reasonable inferences, and analyze those facts and inferences against the backdrop of that applicable law. Trial judges usually do so without the opportunity to even leave the bench, as most of these hearings take place in under an hour.
Certainly, the outcome in the C.H. case needed to be reversed and remanded. But the appeal and second hearing could have been avoided if New Jersey prioritized the importance of the civil right to counsel in domestic violence cases. Under New Jersey standards for creating that right, domestic violence cases certainly qualify. Case law in New Jersey already guarantees that right in civil cases where there are “consequences of magnitude” involved. This right exists independent of any other constitutional arguments. In New Jersey a consequence of magnitude includes things that might surprise you, such as the suspension of a driver’s license or a fine in a municipal court over $800. Fundamental denials of due process in restraining order hearings such as discussed in the C.H. case highlighted are consequential in significant ways that exceed municipal fines and driver’s license suspensions. Among other things, a defendant could lose access to home and family, the ability to possess weapons including those needed for jobs, and see professional licenses suspended. And a plaintiff who is not granted a restraining order is at a most vulnerable point in a relationship and could become exposed to physical and psychological dangers. A retaliatory defendant could deny the plaintiff access to the home or to children or pets.
The New Jersey Supreme Court had the opportunity to address this issue last year, but it declined. In a rare published opinion, the majority decision outlined a concern about the numbers of cases and the stress on the Madden system of assigning pro bono counsel. Justice Albin wrote a dissent, cautioning, “Had the United States Supreme Court taken the cost-analysis approach, Gideon would not be on the books today . . ..” Money has not stopped three nearby states from acknowledging domestic violence matters as one of the key types of cases that needs a civil right to counsel; nor has money prevented meaningful conversation among the judiciary, the practicing bar and the legislature in those states. New York already has a statute granting the civil right to counsel to both parties in restraining order hearings; the New York Legislature fortified it this summer with a concurrent resolution calling for legal assistance for all persons in need of “the essentials of life.” A legislative task force report in Maryland, released less than a year ago, recommended the civil right to counsel in domestic violence cases and included information about a four-year implementation plan. This summer, the Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court announced in June that the high court is exploring the issue of a civil right to counsel in all matters, and in particular in cases that involve housing, family matters, access to health care, education, and subsistence income. In a later interview, the president of the Connecticut Bar Association stated support for the initiative, promising to work towards finding ways to funding.
Providing counsel to indigent parties in domestic violence cases actually saves money overall, as research collected by the National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel suggests. Lawyers can also improve efficiency, helping judges move proceedings along and focus on the proper arguments. The C.H. appeal involved the efforts of a panel of appellate judges, their law clerks, and chambers’ and courthouse staff. Other cases were delayed while this one was decided. The remanded hearing will take up additional time and resources.
New Jersey has the beginnings of the outline of a system that could start a dialogue for change that would help us catch up with New York, Maryland, Connecticut, and the twenty-five other states plus the District of Columbia that have Access to Justice Commissions. The Prevention of Domestic Violence Act provides for a specified surcharge in domestic violence cases that could be used to help fund appointed counsel. The lead domestic violence agency in each county, which now maintains a legal advocate, could be supplemented or re-imagined as a system that trains and employs an attorney in each county to represent the plaintiffs, while the public defender program could be funded to include domestic violence hearing representation for defendants. The other legal service providers and the state’s two law schools could also support this type of infrastructure.
Moreover, every time the law is changed, the risk increases that parties may suffer a fundamental denial of due process. The Prevention of Domestic Violence Act has become more complex in the past several weeks and over the past few years. Two of the four recent additions to the definitions of predicate acts of domestic violence in the Act have us perplexed—and to put that in perspective, one of us co-authors a treatise on domestic violence practice while the other is in private practice having previously taught criminal law and evidence as a tenured professor. If two seasoned attorneys and academics who use their free time to write a blog entry about domestic violence cannot understand the statute, it seems unlikely that a pro selitigant will. Another example why parties should be represented: One element judges must consider in deciding whether to enter a restraining order is the “need analysis.” This element isn’t contained in the language of the Act but is the result of judicial interpretation.  Googling won’t apprise a pro se litigant that this is a crucial part of the analysis. (We’ve tried.) The New Jersey court website does not provide this information. The only reliable method is access to a practitioner guide or to a legal database, with high subscription costs.
Tellingly, the state’s two law schools find the work challenging enough that third-year law students may represent parties as part of a supervised clinical course. The inability of parties to competently represent themselves certainly isn’t going to get better; it will become more pronounced. What was once a relatively straightforward statute and procedure when it was passed in 1991 has become increasingly intricate and specialized. To expect that the system imagined in 1991 is still simple enough that every indigent party is able to represent him or herself adequately is an unreasonable assumption. The C.H.case demonstrates the further unreasonableness of asking trial judges to try to juggle the various roles in these cases.
Protecting civil rights takes resolve and often costs money. New Jersey has not shied away from protecting civil rights in the past, and domestic violence cases should not be the place to draw the line. The New Jersey Supreme Court’s rationale in deciding not to hear this issue on appeal was that acknowledging a right to counsel “would affect thousands of cases annually.” But the high number of cases is precisely why there should be a right to counsel – to reduce the risk that the sort of errors and deprivations in C.H. could routinely infect domestic violence proceedings involving thousands of New Jerseyans every year.
 No. A-5846-13-T1 2015 N. J. Super. LEXIS 2048 (Ct. App. Aug. 25, 2015).
 Michael Booth, Court: Judge Violated Due Process in Domestic Violence Case, N.J.L.J. (Aug. 28, 2015, updated), http://www.njlawjournal.com/id=1202735979108/Court-Judge-Violated-Due-Process-in-Domestic-Violence-Case?slreturn=20150822154115.
 C.H. v. J.S., No. A-5846-13-T1, 2015 LEXIS 2048, at *9.
 Pasqua v. Council, 892 A.2d 663, 671 (N. J. 2006); Rodriguez v. Rosenblatt, 277 A.2d 216, 223 (N.J. 1971).
 Guidelines for Determination of Consequences of Magnitude in Municipal Court, Second Appendix to Part VII to N.J. CT. R. 7:3–2(b) (September 1, 2014), available at https://www.judiciary.state.nj.us/rules/r7-2nd_appendix.htm (last visited October 13, 2015).
 D.N. v. K.M., 83 A.3d 825 (N.J. 2014).
 Id. at 828; citing Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) (along with its progeny, entitles all criminal defendants to a lawyer, at government expense if necessary); Rodriguez v. Rosenblatt, 58 N.J. 281 (1971) (same, in New Jersey state criminal cases).
 N.Y. FAM. CT. ACT § 262(a)(ii) (West, WestNext, Sep. 18, 2012)(referring to Article 8, Family Offense Proceedings); N.Y. FAM. CT. ACT § 1120(a) (West, WestNext, April 14, 2010)(referring to right on appeals).
 CONNECTICUT BAR ASSOCIATION ANNUAL LUNCHEON MEETING (Conn. Conv. Ctr., Hartford, CT, June 15, 2015) video available at http://ct-n.com/ctnplayer.asp?odID=11660 (reciting statistic that 85% of family court litigants represent themselves and calling on the state to confront these Civil Gideon questions, at 14:12); see also Michelle Tuccitto Sullo, Incoming CBA President Looks to Expand Membership, Cultivate New Leaders; Clenden also backs idea of state providing counsel in all civil cases, CONNECTICUT LAW TRIBUNE (June 18, 2015), available athttp://www.ctlawtribune.com/id=1202729857427/Incoming-CBA-President-Look... (supporting the Chief Justice’s idea of Civil Gideon in all cases, and hoping that a dialogue with bench and bar will provide solutions to the funding questions).
 See http://www.civilrighttocounsel.org/map (last visited October 13, 2015); http://www.civilrighttocounsel.org/about/economic_benefits_of_counsel (last visited October 13, 2015).
 See ABA Resource Center for Access to Justice Initiatives, American Bar Association State Access to Justice Commissions: Creation, Composition, and Further Details, available at http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/legal_aid_indi...(last updated September, 2014).
 N.J. STAT. ANN. 2C:25-19(a) (17) (the contempt of a domestic violence restraining order is an independent act of violence that may be pled to obtain a restraining order); (18) (“Any other crime involving risk of death or serious bodily injury . . ..”).
 J.D. v. M.D.F., 25 A.3d 1045, 1062-63 (N.J. 2011); Silver v. Silver, 903 A.2d 446, 455-56 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. 2006).
 D.N., 83 A.3d at 825.


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The finance director oversees the operation of the department of finance and installs and maintains a purchasing, payroll, budgeting, accounting, and cash management system for the county. T.C.A. § 5-21-107.
Appointment/Dismissal—The finance director is appointed by the financial management committee (no approval required), and is considered for all purposes an employee of the county. The financial management committee may dismiss the director, subject to the approval of the county legislative body. T.C.A. § 5-21-106.
Qualifications—The finance director must have a minimum of a bachelor of science degree, with a minimum of 18 quarter hours in accounting; however, the committee may select a person who does not have the foregoing qualifications if the person has at least two years of acceptable experience in a related position or an equivalent number of related courses. T.C.A. 5-21-106.
Surety Bond—The finance director must have a blanket bond in the amount not less than $100,000 for the faithful performance of the director’s duties and of the employees of the department. The premium for this bond is paid from funds appropriated to the finance department for this purpose. T.C.A. § 5-21-109.
Compensation of Director of Finance—The financial management committee establishes the compensation of the director of finance with the approval of the county legislative body T.C.A. § 5-21-106(c).
Personnel—The finance director is authorized to hire personnel for the finance department within the amounts provided in the budget. Written job requirements for department personnel are to be recommended by the director and approved by the financial management committee. T.C.A. § 5-21-107(d). A person employed by the finance department is to be recommended by the finance director and approved by the financial management committee to serve as deputy director of finance. The person employed for this position performs the duties and responsibilities that are assigned by the finance director. T.C.A. § 5-21-108.
Accepting requisitions by the department, agency, or official and if such supplies are not currently on hand, transmitting the requisition to the purchasing agent. T.C.A. § 5-21-119(b)(6).
Verifying budget appropriations before authorizing a purchase. T.C.A. § 5-21-119(b)(6).
Approving invoices for payment that are properly authorized and do not exceed the unencumbered balance of the allotments or appropriations against which they are chargeable. T.C.A §§ 5-21-115(b)(2) and 5-21-119(b)(6).
Paying invoices and obligations of the county as provided by the statutes. T.C.A. § 5-21-119(b)(6).
Issuing disbursement warrants for approved obligations. T.C.A. § 5-21-115(b)(3).
Establishing a system of preaudit of invoices, purchase orders, or other documents, including a comparison with any encumbrance document previously posted or filed authorizing the obligation. T.C.A § 5-21-115(b)(2).

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As our viewers are aware, earlier today I published a blog article that With a Stroke of a Pen, PA Governor Wolf Limits Firearm Rights by Proclaiming a State of Emergency; but, what are the unintended (or possibly intended) further consequences of the Proclamation?
(1) Actively engaged in a defense of that person’s life or property from peril or threat.
“Accessory.” Any scope, sight, bipod, sling, light, magazine, clip or other related item that is attached to or necessary for the operation of a firearm.
“Firearm.” The term includes any weapon that is designed to or may readily be converted to expel any projectile by the action of an explosive or the frame or receiver of any weapon.
So what’s the concern? How could Governor Wolf’s Proclamation possibly affect the Great American Outdoors Show?
As I addressed in my earlier article, the Proclamation seemingly meets the criteria to trigger the Section 6107 prohibitions, since it is an emergency proclamation issued by a State governmental executive. Additionally, to the surprise of many people, the Farm Show Complex, where the show will be held, is actually owned by the Commonwealth and is therefore public property; thereby, prohibiting the carrying of a firearm, as defined by Section 6107, anywhere on the property, during the proclamation of emergency, unless the person meets an exception.
(1) Constables, sheriffs, prison or jail wardens, or their deputies, policemen of this Commonwealth or its political subdivisions, or other law-enforcement officers.
(2) Members of the army, navy, marine corps, air force or coast guard of the United States or of the National Guard or organized reserves when on duty.
(3) The regularly enrolled members of any organization duly organized to purchase or receive such firearms from the United States or from this Commonwealth.
(4) Any persons engaged in target shooting with a firearm, if such persons are at or are going to or from their places of assembly or target practice and if, while going to or from their places of assembly or target practice, the firearm is not loaded.
(5) Officers or employees of the United States duly authorized to carry a concealed firearm.
(6) Agents, messengers and other employees of common carriers, banks, or business firms, whose duties require them to protect moneys, valuables and other property in the discharge of such duties.
(7) Any person engaged in the business of manufacturing, repairing, or dealing in firearms, or the agent or representative of any such person, having in his possession, using or carrying a firearm in the usual or ordinary course of such business.
(8) Any person while carrying a firearm which is not loaded and is in a secure wrapper from the place of purchase to his home or place of business, or to a place of repair, sale or appraisal or back to his home or place of business, or in moving from one place of abode or business to another or from his home to a vacation or recreational home or dwelling or back, or to recover stolen property under section 6111.1(b)(4) (relating to Pennsylvania State Police), or to a place of instruction intended to teach the safe handling, use or maintenance of firearms or back or to a location to which the person has been directed to relinquish firearms under 23 Pa.C.S. § 6108 (relating to relief) or back upon return of the relinquished firearm or to a licensed dealer’s place of business for relinquishment pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 6108.2 (relating to relinquishment for consignment sale, lawful transfer or safekeeping) or back upon return of the relinquished firearm or to a location for safekeeping pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 6108.3 (relating to relinquishment to third party for safekeeping) or back upon return of the relinquished firearm.
(9) Persons licensed to hunt, take furbearers or fish in this Commonwealth, if such persons are actually hunting, taking furbearers or fishing as permitted by such license, or are going to the places where they desire to hunt, take furbearers or fish or returning from such places.
(10) Persons training dogs, if such persons are actually training dogs during the regular training season.
(13) Any person who is otherwise eligible to possess a firearm under this chapter and who is operating a motor vehicle which is registered in the person’s name or the name of a spouse or parent and which contains a firearm for which a valid license has been issued pursuant to section 6109 to the spouse or parent owning the firearm.
(14) A person lawfully engaged in the interstate transportation of a firearm as defined under 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(3) (relating to definitions) in compliance with 18 U.S.C. § 926A (relating to interstate transportation of firearms).
(i) The state provides a reciprocal privilege for individuals licensed to carry firearms under section 6109.
(ii) The Attorney General has determined that the firearm laws of the state are similar to the firearm laws of this Commonwealth.
(16) Any person holding a license in accordance with section 6109(f)(3).
Unfortunately, as few people are aware, as a result of the Superior Court’s en banc decision late last year in Commonwealth v. Anderson, these “exceptions” in Section 6106(b) were found by the Superior Court to be “defenses” that need to be proven at trial. Thus, any individual claiming “exception” under Section 6106(b) can be prosecuted and forced to argue the exception as a defense to the prosecution.
While the General Assembly has previously considered repealing Section 6107, Governor Wolf’s Proclamation of today underscores the necessity for the General Assembly to repeal Section 6107, as it is blatantly unconstitutional.
Please contact your State Representatives and demand that they immediately repeal Section 6107, so that YOUR rights aren’t infringed and so that YOU aren’t forced to pay attorney fees and costs to prove, as a defense, one of the exceptions in Section 6106. When contacting them, also demand that the draconian transportation laws of Section 6106 be repealed, as well.
If you or someone you know has had their right to keep and bear arms infringed as a result of this state of emergency, contact Firearms Industry Consulting Group today to discuss YOUR rights and legal options.