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Philipp R. Heck is the Robert A. Pritzker Associate Curator of Meteoritics and Polar Studies at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, IL in the Science & Education division. He is also an Associate Professor (part time) at the University of Chicago's Department of the Geophysical Sciences and the College and a member of the Chicago Center for Cosmochemistry.
Heck directs the research program in meteoritics at the Field Museum currently focuses on presolar grains to understand our parent stars and the history of our Galaxy, early solar system materials and on the delivery history of extraterrestrial matter to Earth. For his research he studies the mineralogy and geochemistry of meteorites, micrometeorites and space-mission returned samples and also of fossil meteorites and micrometeorites found in Earth's sedimentary record. Heck was a member of the international research consortium to find and study the first modern interstellar dust returned by NASA's Stardust Mission.
As the curator in charge, Philipp R. Heck oversees the collection of meteorites at the recently established Robert A. Pritzker Center for Meteoritics and Polar Studies, the largest meteorite collection housed at a private institution with more than 12000 specimens and more than 1600 different meteorites. Other responsibilities include the curation of the gem, mineral, rock and economic geology collections.
Philipp R. Heck came to the Field Museum in March 2010 from the University of Chicago, where he was a postdoctoral scholar working on new analytical techniques for presolar grains. He obtained his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees at ETH Zurich in Switzerland in geo- and cosmochemistry. He then worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry where he studied the first comet dust brought back from Comet Wild-2 by NASA’s Stardust Mission and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison where he worked mainly on fossil meteorites and banded iron formations from around the world. For his studies he uses specialized analytical techniques such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS, IMS-1280 and TOF-SIMS), noble gas mass spectrometry, atom probe tomography, scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. Sample preparation for atom-probe work is performed with focused ion beam workstations.
*Denotes student author (co-)advised; #denotes post-doctoral scholar (co-)advised by PRH.
61. Heck P. R., Herd C. R. D., Grossman J. N., Badjukov D., Bouvier A., Bullock E., Chennaoui H., Debaille V., Dunn T. L., Ebel D. S., Ferrière L., Garvie K., Gattacceca J., Gounelle M., Herd R., Ireland T., Jacquet E., Macke R. J., McCoy T., McCubbin F. M., Mikouchi T., Metzler K., Roskosz M., Smith C., Wadhwa M., Welzenbach-Fries L., Yada T., Yamaguchi A., Zeigler R. A., Zolensky M. Best practices for the use of meteorite names in publications. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, accepted for publication.
60. Kööp L., Heck P. R., Busemann H., Davis A. M., Greer J.*, Maden C., Meier M. M. M., Wieler R. High early solar activity inferred from helium and neon excesses in the oldest meteorite inclusions. Nature Astronomy, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0527-8 (2018).
59. Heck P. R., Jadhav M., Meier M. M. M., Maruoka T., Amari S., Zinner E., Busemann H., Maden C., Gyngard F., Baur H., Wieler R. Neon Isotopes in Individual Presolar Low-Density Graphite Grains from the Orgueil Meteorite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13129 (2018).
58. Meier M. M. M., Bindi L., Heck P. R., Neander A. I.; Spring N. H., Riebe M. E. I., Maden C., Baur H, Steinhardt P. J., Wieler R., Busemann H. Cosmic history and a candidate parent asteroid for the quasicrystal-bearing meteorite Khatyrka. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.03.025 (2018).
57. Walker R. J., Yin Q., Heck P. R. Rapid Effects of Terrestrial Alteration on Highly Siderophile Elements in the Sutter’s Mill Meteorite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, doi.org/10.1111/maps.13102 (2018).
56. Rout S. S.#, Heck P. R., Schmitz B. Shock history of the fossil ungrouped achondrite Österplana 065: Raman spectroscopy and TEM of relict chrome-spinel grains. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, doi: 10.1111/maps.13041 (2018).
55. Rout S. S.#, Heck P. R., Isheim D., Stephan T., Zaluzec N. J., Miller D. J., David A. M., and Seidman D. N. Atom-probe tomography and transmission electron microscopy of the kamacite-taenite interface in the fast cooled Bristol IVA iron meteorite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, doi: 10.1111/maps.12988 (2017).
54. Schmitz B., Heck P. R., Alvarez W., Kita N. T., Rout S. S.#, Cronholm A., Defouilloy C., Martin E., Smit J., Terfelt F. Meteorite flux to Earth in the Early Cretaceous as reconstructed from sediment-dispersed extraterrestrial spinels. Geology, doi:10.1130/G39297.1 (2017).
53. Kööp L.*, Nakashima D., Heck P. R., Kita N. T., Tenner T. J., Krot A. N., Nagashima K., Park C., Davis A. M. A multielement isotopic study of refractory FUN and F CAIs: Mass-dependent and mass-independent isotope effects. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.04.029 (2017).
52. Rout S. S.#, Heck P. R., Zaluzec N., Ishii T., Wen J., Miller D., and Schmitz B. Shocked chromites in fossil L chondrites: A Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy study. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, doi:10.1111/maps.12887 (2017).
51. Heck P. R., Schmitz B., Bottke W. F., Rout S. S.#, Kita N. T., Cronholm A., Defouilloy C., Dronov A. & Terfelt F. Rare meteorites common in the Ordovician period. Nature Astronomy 1, DOI: 10.1038/s41550-016-0035 (2017).
50.Burkhardt C., Dauphas N., Tang H., Fischer-Gödde M., Qin L., Chen J. H., Rout S. S.#, Pack A., Heck P. R., and Papanastassiou, D. In search for the Earth forming reservoir: Mineralogical, chemical and isotopic characterizations of the ungrouped chondrite NWA 5363/5400 and selected chondrites. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, DOI: 10.1111/maps.12834 (2017).
49. Boschi S., Schmitz B., Heck P. R., Cronholm A., Defouilloy C., Kita N. T., Monechi S., Montanari A., Rout S. S.#, Terfelt F. Late Eocene 3He and Ir anomalies associated with ordinary chondritic spinels. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 204, 205–218 (2017).
48. Kööp L.*, Davis A. M., Nakashima D., Park C., Krot A. N., Nagashima K., Tenner T. J., Heck P. R., Kita N. T. A link between oxygen, calcium and titanium isotopes in 26Al-depleted hibonite-rich CAIs from Murchison and implications for the heterogeneity of dust reservoirs in the solar nebula. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 189, 70-95 (2016).
47. Kööp L.*, Nakashima D., Heck P. R., Kita N. T., Tenner T. J., Krot A. N., Nagashima K., Park C., Davis A. M. New constraints on the relationship between 26Al and oxygen, calcium, and titanium isotopic variation in the early Solar System from a multielement isotopic study of spinel-hibonite inclusions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 184, 151–172 (2016).
46. Heck P. R., Schmitz B., Rout S. S.#, Tenner T., Villalon K.*, Cronholm A., Terfelt F., and Kita N. T. A search for H-chondritic chromite grains in sediments that formed immediately after the breakup of the L-chondrite parent body 470 Ma ago. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 177, 120-129 (2016).
45. Schwander D., Kööp L.*, Berg T., Schönhense G., Heck P. R., Davis A.M., and Ott U. Formation of refractory metal nuggets and their link to the history of CAIs. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 168, 70-87 (2015).
44. Schmitz B., Boschi S., Cronholm A., Heck P. R., Monechi S., Montanari A., and Terfelt F. Fragments of Late Eocene Earth-impacting asteroids linked to disturbance of asteroid belt. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 425, 77–83 (2015).
43. Stephan T., Heck P.R., Isheim D., and Lewis J.B. Correction of dead time effects in laser-induced desorption time- of-flight mass spectrometry: Applications in atom probe tomography. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 379, 46–51 (2015).
42. Stardust ISPE Consortium: Westphal A. J., [...], Ansari A.*, [...], Heck P. R., [...], King A. J.# et al. Evidence for interstellar origin of seven dust particles collected by the Stardust spacecraft. Science, 345, 786–791 (2014).
41. Schmitz B., Huss G. R, Meier M. M. M., Peucker-Ehrenbrink B., Church R. P., Cronholm A., Davies M. B., Heck P. R., Johansen A., Keil K., Kristiansson P., Ravizza G., Tassinari M., and Terfelt F. A fossil winonaite-like meteorite in Ordovician limestone: A piece of the impactor that broke up the L-chondrite parent body? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 400, 145–152 (2014).
40. Heck P. R., Stadermann F. J., Isheim D., Auciello O., Daulton T. L., Davis A. M., Elam J. E., Floss C., Hiller J., Larson D. J., Lewis J. B., Mane A., Pellin M. J., Savina M. R., Seidman D. N., and Stephan T. Atom-Probe Analyses of Nanodiamonds from Allende. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 49, 453–467 (2014).
39. Stardust ISPE Consortium: Westphal A. J., [...], Ansari A.*, [...], Heck P. R., [...], King A. J.# et al. Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination I: Identification of tracks in aerogel. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 49, 1509–1521 (2014).
38. Stardust ISPE Consortium: Frank D. R., [...], Ansari A.*, [...], Heck P. R., [...], King A. J.# et al. Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination II: Curating the interstellar dust collector, picokeystones, and sources of impact tracks. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 49, 1522–1547 (2014).
37. Stardust ISPE Consortium: Bechtel H. A., [...], Ansari A.*, [...], Heck P. R., [...], King A. J.# et al. Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination III: Infrared spectroscopic analysis of interstellar dust candidates. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 49 1548–1561 (2014).
36. Stardust ISPE Consortium: Butterworth A.L. [...], Ansari A.*, [...], Heck P. R., [...], King A. J.# et al. Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination IV: Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy analyses of impact features in the Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 49 1562–1593. (2014).
35. Stardust ISPE Consortium: Brenker F. E. [...], Ansari A.*, [...], Heck P. R., [...], King A. J.# et al. Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination V: XRF analyses of interstellar dust candidates at ESRF ID13. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 49, 1594–1611 (2014).
34. Stardust ISPE Consortium: Simionovici A.S. [...], Ansari A.*, [...], Heck P. R., [...], King A. J.# et al. Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination VI: Quantitative elemental analysis by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence nanoimaging of eight impact features in aerogel. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 49, 1612–1625 (2014).
33. Stardust ISPE Consortium: Flynn G. J. [...], Ansari A.*, [...], Heck P. R., [...], King A. J.# et al. Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination VII: Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis of six Stardust interstellar candidates measured with the Advanced Photon Source 2-ID-D microprobe. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 49, 1626–1644 (2014).
32. Stardust ISPE Consortium: Gainsforth Z., [...], Ansari A.*, [...], Heck P. R., [...], King A. J.# et al. Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination VIII: Identification of Crystalline Material in Two Interstellar Candidates. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 49, 1645–1665 (2014).
31. Stardust ISPE Consortium: Postberg F. [...], Ansari A.*, [...], Heck P. R., [...], King A. J.# et al. Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination IX: High speed interstellar dust analogue capture in Stardust flight-spare aerogel. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 49, 1666–1679 (2014).
30. Stardust ISPE Consortium: Sterken V. J. [...], Ansari A.*, [...], Heck P. R., [...], King A. J.# et al. Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination X: Impact speeds and directions of interstellar grains on the Stardust dust collector. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 49, 1680–1697 (2014).
29. Stardust ISPE Consortium: Stroud R. M., [...], Ansari A.*, [...], Heck P. R., [...], King A. J.# et al. Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination XI: Identification and Elemental Analysis of Impact Craters on Al Foils from the Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 49, 1698–1719 (2014).
28. Stardust ISPE Consortium: Westphal A. J. [...], Ansari A.*, [...], Heck P. R., [...], King A. J.# et al. Final reports of the Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 49, 1720–1733 (2014).
27. Kita N. T., Welten K. C., Valley J. W., Spicuzza M. J., Nakashima D., Tenner T. J., Ushikubo T., MacPherson G. J., Welzenbach L., Heck P. R., Davis A. M., Meier M. M. M., Wieler R., Caffee M. W., Laubenstein M., and Nishiizumi K. Fall, classification and exposure history of the Mifflin L5 chondrite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, DOI: 10.1111/maps.12077 (2013).
26. Jenniskens P., Fries M. D., Yin Q.-Z., Zolensky M., Krot A. N., Sandford S. A., Sears D., Beauford R., Ebel D. S., Friedrich J. M., Nagashima K., Wimpenny J., Yamakawa A., Nishiizumi K., Hamajima Y., Caffee M. W., Welten K. C., Laubenstein M., Davis A. M., Simon S. B., Heck P. R., Young E. D., Kohl I. E., Thiemens M., Nunn M. H., Mikouchi T., Hagiya K., Ohsumi K., Cahill T. A., Lawton J. A., Barnes D., Steele A., Rochette P., Verosub K., Gattacceca J., Cooper G., Glavin D. P., Burton A. S., Dworkin J. P, Elsila J. E., Pizzarello S., Ogliore R., Schmitt-Kopplin P., Harir M., Hertkorn N., Verchovsky A., Grady M., Nagao K., Okazaki R., Takechi H., Hiroi T., Smith K., Silber E. A., Brown P. G., Albers J., Klotz D., Hankey M., Matson R., Fries J. A., Walker R. J., Puchtel I., Lee C. A., Erdman M. E., Eppich G. R., Roeske S., Gabelica Z., Lerche M., Nuevo M., Girten B., and Worden S. P. Radar Enabled Recovery of the Sutter’s Mill Meteorite, a Carbonaceous Chondrite Regolith Breccia. Science 338, 1583-1587 (2012).
25. Heck P. R., Hoppe P., Huth J. Sulfur Four Isotope NanoSIMS Analysis of Comet-81P/Wild-2 Dust in Impact Craters on Aluminum Foil C2037N from NASA’s Stardust Mission. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 47, 649-659 (2012).
24. Huberty J. M., Konishi H., Heck P. R., Fournelle J. H., Valley J. W., and Huifang X. Silician magnetite from the Dales Gorge Member of the Brockman Iron Formation, Hamersley Group, Western Australia. American Mineralogist 97, 26–37 (2012).
23. Meier M. M. M.*, Heck P. R., Amari S., Baur H. and Wieler R. Graphite grains in supernova ejecta - insights from a noble gas study of 91 individual KFC1 presolar graphite grains from the Murchison meteorite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 76, 147–160 (2012).
22. Stroud R. M., Chisholm M. F., Heck P. R., Alexander C. M. O’D., and Nittler L. R. Supernova shock-wave induced co-formation of glassy carbon and nanodiamonds. The Astrophysical Journal Letters 738, L27 (2011).
21. Heck P. R., Huberty J. M., Kita N. T., Ushikubo T., Kozdon R., and Valley J. W. SIMS Analyses of Silicon and Oxygen Isotope Ratios for Quartz from Archean and Paleoproterozoic Banded Iron Formations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75, 5879–5891 (2011).
20. Schmitz B., Heck P. R., Alwmark C., Kita N. T., Meier M. M. M., Peucker-Ehrenbrink B., Ushikubo T., and Valley J. W. Determining the impactor of the Ordovician Lockne crater: Oxygen and neon isotopes in chromite versus sedimentary PGE signatures. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 306, 149–155 (2011).
19. Huberty, J. M., Kita, N. T., Kozdon, R., Heck, P. R., Fournelle, J. H., Spicuzza, M. J., Xu, H., & Valley, J. W. Crystal Orientation Effects in δ18O for Magnetite and Hematite by SIMS. Chemical Geology 276, 269–283 (2010).
18. Heck, P. R., Ushikubo, T., Schmitz, B., Kita, N. T., Spicuzza, M. J. & Valley, J. W., A Single Asteroidal Source For Extraterrestrial Ordovician Chromite Grains from Sweden and China: High-Precision Oxygen Three-Isotope SIMS Analysis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74, 497-509 (2010).
17. Heck, P. R., Amari, S., Hoppe, P., Baur, H., & Wieler, R., Ne Isotopes in Individual Presolar Graphite Grains from the Murchison meteorite together with He, C, O, Mg-Al Isotopic Analyses as Tracers of Their Origins. The Astrophysical Journal 701, 1415-1425 (2009).
16. Ott, U., Heck, P. R., Gyngard, F., Wieler, R., Wrobel, F., Amari, S., & Zinner, E. K., He and Ne Ages of Large Presolar Silicon Carbide Grains: Solving the Recoil Problem. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 26, 297-302 (2009).
15. Hoppe, P., Leitner, J., Vollmer, C., Gröner, E., Heck, P. R., Gallino, R., & Amari, S., Heavy Element Abundances in Presolar Silicon Carbide Grains from Low-Metallicity AGB Stars. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia.26, 284-288 (2009).
14. Heck, P. R., Gyngard, F., Ott, U., Meier, M. M. M., Avila, J. N., Amari, S., Zinner, E. K., Lewis, R. S., Baur, H., & Wieler, R., Interstellar Residence Times of Presolar SiC Dust Grains from the Murchison Carbonaceous Meteorite. The Astrophysical Journal 698, 1155 (2009).
13. Heck, P. R., Schmitz, B., Baur, H., and Wieler, R. Noble gases in fossil micrometeorites and meteorites from 470 myr old sediments from Southern Sweden and new evidence for the L-chondrite parent body breakup event. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 43, 517–528 (2008).
12. Stadermann, F. J., Hoppe, P., Floss, C., Heck, P. R., Hörz, F., Huth, J., Kearsley, A. T., Leitner, J., Marhas, K. K., McKeegan, K. D., Stephan, T.: Stardust in STARDUST – the C, N, and O isotopic compositions of Wild 2 cometary matter in Al foil impacts. Meteoritics & Planetary Science43, 299–314 (2008).
11. Kearsley A. T., Borg J., Graham G. A., Burchell M. J., Cole M. J, Leroux H., Bridges J. C., Hörz F., Wozniakiewicz P. J., Bland P. A., Bradley J. P., Dai Z. R., Teslich N., See T., Hoppe P., Heck P. R., Huth J., Stadermann F. J., Floss C., Marhas K., Stephan T., Leitner J. Dust from comet Wild 2: Interpreting particle size, shape, structure and composition from impact features on the Stardust aluminum foils.Meteoritics & Planetary Science 43, 41–74 (2008).
10. Westphal A. J., Bastien R. K., Borg J., Bridges J., Brownlee D. E., Burchell M. J., Cheng A. F., Clark B. C., Djoudai Z., Floss C., Franchi I., Gainsforth Z., Graham G., Green S. F., Heck P. R., Horanyi M., Hoppe P., Hörz F. P., Huth J., Kearsley A., Leroux H., Marhas K., Nakamura-Messenger K., Sandford S., See. T. H., Stadermann F. J., Teslich N. E., Tsitrin S., Warren J. L., Wozniakiewicz P. J., and Zolensky M. E. Discovery of non-random spatial distribution of impacts in the Stardust cometary collector. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 43, 415 (2008).
9. Heck, P. R., Marhas, K. K., Hoppe, P., Gallino, R., Baur, H., & Wieler, R. Presolar He and Ne isotopes in single circumstellar SiC grains. The Astrophysical Journal 656, 1208–1222 (2007).
8. The Stardust Cratering Team: Hörz F., Bastien R., Borg J., Bradley J. P., Bridges J. C., Brownlee D. E., Burchell M. J., Chi M., Cintala M. J., Dai Z. R., Djouadi Z., Dominguez G., Economou T. E., Fairey S. A. J., Floss C., Franchi I. A., Graham G. A., Green S. F., Heck P., Hoppe P., Huth J., Ishii H., Kearsley A. T., Kissel J., Leitner J., Leroux H., Marhas K., Messenger K., Schwandt C. S., See T. S., Snead C., Stadermann F., Stephan T., Stroud R., Teslich N., Trigo-Rodriguez J. M., Tuzzolino A. J., Troadec D., Tsou P., Warren J., Westphal A., Wozniakiewicz P., Wright I., Zinner E., Impact Features on Stardust: Implications for Comet 81P/Wild 2 Dust. Science 314, 1716-1719 (2006).
7. The Stardust Isotope Team: McKeegan K. D., Aléon J., Bradley J., Brownlee D., Busemann H., Butterworth A., Chaussidon M., Fallon S., Floss C., Gilmour J., Gounelle M., Graham G., Guan Y., Heck P. R., Hoppe P., Hutcheon I. D., Huth J., Ishii H., Ito M., Jacobsen S. B., Kearsley A., Leshin L. A., Liu M.-C., Lyon I., Marhas K., Marty B., Matrajt G., Meibom A., Messenger S., Mostefaoui S., Mukhopadhyay S., Nakamura-Messenger K., Nittler L., Palma R., Pepin R. O., Papanastassiou D. A., Robert F., Schlutter D., Snead C. J., Stadermann F. J., Stroud R., Tsou P., Westphal A., Young E. D., Ziegler K., Zimmermann L., Zinner E., Isotopic composition of Cometary Matter Returned by Stardust. Science 314, 1724-1728 (2006).
6. The Stardust Composition Team: G. J. Flynn, P. Bleuet, J. Borg, J. P. Bradley, F. E. Brenker, S. Brennan, J. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, E. S. Bullock, M. Burghammer, B. C. Clark, Z. R. Dai, C. P. Daghlian, Z. Djouadi, S. Fakra, T. Ferroir, C. Floss, I. A. Franchi, Z. Gainsforth, J.-P. Gallien, P. Gillet, P. G. Grant, G. A. Graham, S. F. Green, F. Grossemy,P. R. Heck, G. F. Herzog, P. Hoppe, F. Hörz, J. Huth, K. Ignatyev, H. A. Ishii, K. Janssens, D. Joswiak, A. T. Kearsley, H. Khodja, A. Lanzirotti, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, H. Leroux, K. Luening, G. J. MacPherson, K. K. Marhas, M. A. Marcus, G. Matrajt, T. Nakamura, K. Nakamura-Messenger, T. Nakano, M. Newville, D. A. Papanastassiou, P. Pianetta, W. Rao, C. Riekel, F. J. M. Rietmeijer, D. Rost, C. S. Schwandt, T. H. See, J. Sheffield-Parker, A. Simionovici, I. Sitnitsky, C. J. Snead, F. J. Stadermann, T. Stephan, R. M. Stroud, J. Susini, Y. Suzuki, S. R. Sutton, S. Taylor, N. Teslich, D. Troadec, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, K. Uesugi, B. Vekemans, E. P. Vicenzi, L. Vincze, A. J. Westphal, P. Wozniakiewicz, E. Zinner, and M. E. Zolensky, Elemental Compositions of 81P/Wild 2 Samples Collected by Stardust. Science 314, 1731-1735 (2006).
5. The Stardust Preliminary Examination Science Team: D. Brownlee, P. Tsou, J. Aléon, C. M. O'D. Alexander, T. Araki, S. Bajt, G. A. Baratta, R. Bastien, P. Bland, P. Bleuet, J. Borg, J. P. Bradley, A. Brearley, F. Brenker, S. Brennan, J. C. Bridges, N. D. Browning, J. R. Brucato, E. Bullock, M. J. Burchell, H. Busemann, A. Butterworth, M. Chaussidon, A. Cheuvront, M. Chi, M. J. Cintala, B. C. Clark, S. J. Clemett, G. Cody, L. Colangeli, G. Cooper, P. Cordier, C. Daghlian, Z. Dai, L. D'Hendecourt, Z. Djouadi, G. Dominguez, T. Duxbury, J. P. Dworkin, D. S. Ebel, T. E. Economou, S. Fakra, S. A. J. Fairey, S. Fallon, G. Ferrini, T. Ferroir, H. Fleckenstein, C. Floss, G. Flynn, I. A. Franchi, M. Fries, Z. Gainsforth, J.-P. Gallien, M. Genge, M. K. Gilles, P. Gillet, J. Gilmour, D. P. Glavin, M. Gounelle, M. M. Grady, G. A. Graham, P. G. Grant, S. F. Green, F. Grossemy, L. Grossman, J. N. Grossman, Y. Guan, K. Hagiya, R. Harvey, P. Heck, G. F. Herzog, P. Hoppe, F. Hörz, J. Huth, I. D. Hutcheon, K. Ignatyev, H. Ishii, M. Ito, D. Jacob, C. Jacobsen, S. Jacobsen, S. Jones, D. Joswiak, A. Jurewicz, A. T. Kearsley, L. P. Keller, H. Khodja, A.L. D. Kilcoyne, J. Kissel, A. Krot, F. Langenhorst, A. Lanzirotti, L. Le, L. A. Leshin, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, H. Leroux, M.-C. Liu, K. Luening, I. Lyon, G. MacPherson, M. A. Marcus, K. Marhas, B. Marty, G. Matrajt, K. McKeegan, A. Meibom, V. Mennella, K. Messenger, S. Messenger, T. Mikouchi, S. Mostefaoui, T. Nakamura, T. Nakano, M. Newville, L. R. Nittler, I. Ohnishi, K. Ohsumi, K. Okudaira, D. A. Papanastassiou, R. Palma, M. E. Palumbo, R. O. Pepin, D. Perkins, M. Perronnet, P. Pianetta, W. Rao, F. J. M. Rietmeijer, F. Robert, D. Rost, A. Rotundi, R. Ryan, S. A. Sandford, C. S. Schwandt, T. H. See, D. Schlutter, J. Sheffield-Parker, A. Simionovici, S. Simon, I. Sitnitsky, C. J. Snead, M. K. Spencer, F. J. Stadermann, A. Steele, T. Stephan, R. Stroud, J. Susini, S. R. Sutton, Y. Suzuki, M. Taheri, S. Taylor, N. Teslich, K. Tomeoka, N. Tomioka, A. Toppani, J. M. Trigo-Rodríguez, D. Troadec, A. Tsuchiyama, A. J. Tuzzolino, T. Tyliszczak, K. Uesugi, M. Velbel, J. Vellenga, E. Vicenzi, L. Vincze, J. Warren, I. Weber, M. Weisberg, A. J. Westphal, S. Wirick, D. Wooden, B. Wopenka, P. Wozniakiewicz, I. Wright, H. Yabuta, H. Yano, E. D. Young, R. N. Zare, T. Zega, K. Ziegler, L. Zimmerman, E. Zinner, and M. Zolensky, Comet 81P/Wild 2 Under a Microscope. Science 314, 1711-1716 (2006).
4. Heck, P. R., Marhas, K. K., Gallino, R., Hoppe, P., Baur, H., Wieler, R. Helium and neon in single presolar grains from the meteorites Murchison and Murray. Mem. S.A.It. 77, 903 (2006).
3. Heck, P. R., Schmitz, B., Baur, H., Halliday, A. N. & Wieler, R. Fast delivery of meteorites to Earth after a major asteroid collision. Nature430, 323-325 (2004).
2. Heck, P. R., Frank, M., Anselmetti, F. S. & Kubik, P. W. Origin and age of submarine ferromanganese hardgrounds from the Marion Plateau, offshore NE Australia. in Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 194 (eds. Anselmetti, F. S., Isern, A. R., Blum, P. & Betzler, C.) (2007).
1. Heck, P. R., Anselmetti, F. S. & Isern, A. R. Data report: Late Pleistocene and Holoecene sedimentation on the Marion Plateau: Data from precruise ODP Leg 194 site survey gravity cores. in Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 194. (eds. Anselmetti, F. S., Isern, A. R., Blum, P. & Betzler, C.) (2004).
126. Greer J.*, P. R. Heck P.R. et al. Hamburg: A Pristine H4 Chondrite Fall. Lunar Planet. Inst. 50, Extended Abstract #1638 (2019).
125. Heck P. R., Schmitz B., Rout S. S.#, Kita N. T., Defouilloy C., Terfelt F. Unusual sources of fossil micrometeorites in sediments ~467 Ma old. 41st Symposium on Antarctic Meteorites, Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency & National Institute for Polar Research, Sagamihara, Japan (2018).
123. Greer J.*, Rout S.S.#, Isheim D., Seidman D., Wieler R. & Heck P. R. Atom-Probe Tomography of Space-Weathered Lunar Ilmenite Grain Surfaces. Goldschmidt Abstracts (2018).
122. Heck P. R. The Enigmatic Origin of Meteoritic Nanodiamonds - An Approach with Atom-Probe Tomography. Proceedings of Microscopy & Microanalysis, Microsc. Microanal. 23 (Suppl. 1), 2276-2277, doi:10.1017/S1431927617012041 (2017).
121. Greer J.*, Rout S. S.#, Isheim D., Seidman D. N., Wieler R., and Heck P. R. Atom Probe Tomography of Lunar Regolith Ilmenite Grain Surfaces. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, Abstract #6137 (2017).
Basaltic Shergottite, Abstract #6302 (2017).
119. Heck P. R., Schmitz B., Bottke W. F., Rout S. S.#, Kita N. T., Cronholm A., Defouilloy C., Dronov A., and Terfelt F. An Achondrite-Dominated Meteorite Flux Before the L-Chondrite Parent Asteroid Breakup Event 466 Myr Ago? Lunar Planet. Institute 48, Extended Abstract #1694 (2017).
118. Kööp L.#, Heck P. R., Busemann H., Davis A. M., Greer J.*, Maden C., Meier M. M. M., and Wieler R. A Record of Early Precompaction Exposure of Hibonites to Energetic Particles: Evidence from Spallogenic Helium-3 and Neon-21. Lunar Planet. Institute 48, Extended Abstract #1559 (2017).
117. Rout S. S.#, Heck P. R., Schmitz B. Shock History of Fossil Ungrouped Achondrite Österplana 065: Raman Spectroscopy and TEM Study of a Relict Chrome-Spinel Grain. Lunar Planet. Institute 48, Extended Abstract #1199 (2017).
116. Schmitz B., Heck P. R., Alvarez W., Kita N. T., Rout S. S.#, Defouilloy C., Smit J., and Terfelt F. The meteorite flux to Earth in the early Cretaceous as reconstructed from sediment-dispersed extraterrestrial spinels. GSA Meeting, Denver, CO, Abstract #280903 (2016).
115. Kööp L., Stephan T., Davis A. M., Trappitsch R., Pellin M. J., and Heck P. R. Iron and nickel isotope measurements in hibonite using CHILI. 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, Abstract #6456 (2016).
114. Kööp L., Davis A. M., Heck P. R., Kita N. T., Nakashima D., Tenner T. J., Krot A. N., Park C., and Nagashima K. A Grossite-Rich Refractory Inclusion from the Murchison (CM) Chondrite. 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society,Abstract #6451 (2016).
113. Heck P. R. and Schmitz B. Microanalysis of Fossil Micrometeorites and Meteorites to Study A Major Asteroid Collision ~470 Million Years Ago. Microscopy and Microanalysis 22 (S3), 1790-1791 (2016).
112. Rout S. S.#, Heck P. R., and B. Schmitz. A Search for Shocked Chromites in Fossil Meteorites with Raman Spectroscopy. Lunar Planet. Institute 47, Extended Abstract #3043 (2016).
111. Kööp L.*, Heck P. R., Busemann H., Maden C., Wieler R., and Davis A. M. Enhanced Cosmogenic Neon-21 and Helium-3 in Hibonite-Rich CAIs. Lunar Planet. Institute 47, Extended Abstract #1689 (2016).
110. Kööp L.*, Davis A. M., Rout S. S.#, Villalon K. L.*, and Heck P. R. Investigations into the Formation Mechanisms of CM Hibonites at the Micro- to Nanoscale Using the SEM and TEM. Lunar Planet. Institute 47, Extended Abstract #2005 (2016).
Pellin M. J., and Richter F. M. C3 (C-Cubed): A Consortium of Instruments and Resources in Chicago for NASA-Based Research and Education. Lunar Planet. Institute 47, Extended Abstract #1274 (2016).
Terfelt F., and Kita N. T. The Composition of the Flux of Micrometeorites after the L-Chondrite Parent Body Breakup ~470 Ma Ago: ≤1% H Chondritic, ≥99% L Chondritic, Lunar Planet. Institute 47, Extended Abstract #1191 (2016).
Spring N. H., Steinhardt P . J., and Wieler R. Cosmic-Ray Exposure and Shock Degassing Ages of the Quasicrystal-Bearing Khatyrka Meteorite. Lunar Planet. Institute 47, Extended Abstract #1226 (2016).
106. Rout S. S.#, Heck P. R., Isheim D., Stephan T., Davis A. M. and Seidman D. N. Correlative Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atom-Probe Tomography of an Iron Meteorite. Microsc. Microanal., Abstract #659 (2015).
105. Heck P. R., Jadhav M., Gyngard F., Busemann H., Maden C., and Wieler R. Presolar Neon-22 in Individual Graphitic Supernova Spherules from Orgueil, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5332 (2015).
104. Kööp L.*, Davis A. M., Kita N. T., Nakashima D., Tenner T. J., Krot A. N., Park C., Nagashima K., and Heck P. R. 26Al-Depletions in Anomalous and Solar PLAC-Like CAIs Suggest High Degrees of Processing in the Early Solar Nebula. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5225 (2015).
103. Meier M. M. M., Bindi L., Busemann H., Heck P. R., Isch Neander A., Maden C., Spring N. H., Steinhardt P. J., and Wieler R. Shedding Light on the Origin of the Quasicrystal-Bearing Khatyrka Meteorite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5035 (2015).
102. Schmitz B., Boschi S., Cronholm A., Heck P. R., Monechi S. Montanari A., and Terfelt F. Fragments of Late Eocene Earth-Impacting Asteroids Linked to Disturbance of Asteroid Belt. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5040 (2015).
101. Heck P.R., Gyngard, F. Maden C., Busemann H., Wieler R., and Avila J.N. New Interstellar Helium and Neon Exposure Ages of Presolar Jumbo SiC Grains from Murchison. Lunar Planet. Institute 46, Extended Abstract #1748 (2015).
100. Kööp L.*, Davis A.M., Heck P.R., Kita N.T., Krot A.N., Multiple Generations of Fractionated Hibonite-Rich CAIs Sampled the Solar Nebula at Different Degrees of Isotopic Heterogeneity. Lunar Planet. Institute 46, Extended Abstract #2750 (2015).
99. Holstein J.L.*, Schmitz B. and Heck P.R. Spinel Grains in Unequilibrated L Chondrites (L3.1, L3.4, and L3.7): Preliminary Data for Classification of Fossil Meteorites. Lunar Planet. Institute 46, Extended Abstract #1479 (2015).
98. Burkhardt C., Dauphas N., Tang H., Fischer-Gödde M., Qin L., Chen J.H., Pack A., Rout S.S.#, Heck P.R., and Papanastassiou D.A. NWA 5363/NWA 5400 and the Earth: Isotopic Twins or Just Distant Cousins? Lunar Planet. Institute 46, Extended Abstract #2732 (2015).
97. McCain K.A.*, Ciesla F.J., Heck P.R., Rout S.S.#, Pellin M., Malliakas C. and Mitchell J.F. Measurement of Thermal Properties of the Ordinary Chondrites Relevant to Planet-Forming Processes. Lunar Planet. Institute 46, Extended Abstract #2730 (2015).
96. Kööp L.*, Nakashima D., Kita N.T., Heck P.R., and Davis A.M. Single-Phase Analyses of Spinel-Hibonite Inclusions (SHIBs) Confirm Variability in Al or Mg Isotopes in the SHIB Formation Region, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5390 (2014).
95. Kööp L.*, Park C., Krot A.N., Nagashima K., Nakashima D., Kita N.T., Heck P.R., Davis A.M. Ca And Ti Isotopes in Platy Hibonite Crystals Support the Existence of an 16O-Depleted Reservoir in the Early Solar System. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5384 (2014).
94. Heck P.R., Isheim D., Pellin M. J., David A. M., Sumant A. V., Auciello O., Elam J. W., Hiller J., Larson D. J., Mane A., Rout S. S.#, Savina M. R., Seidman D. N, Stephan T. Atom-Probe Tomography of Meteoritic Nanodiamonds. Microsc. Microanal. 20 (Suppl 3), Abstract 1676, doi:10.1017/S1431927614010113 (2014).
93. Westphal A.J., […], Ansari A.*, […], Heck P.R., […], King A. J.# et al.. Coordinated Microanalyses of Seven Particles of Probable Interstellar Origin from the Stardust Mission Microsc. Microanal. 20 (Suppl 3), Abstract #1692, doi:10.1017/S1431927614010198 (2014).
92. Rout S.S.# and Heck P.R. Micro and Nanoscale Studies of Shock Features within the Chelyabinsk LL5 Meteorite. Microsc. Microanal. 20 (Suppl 3), Abstract #1712, doi:10.1017/S1431927614010290 (2014).
91. Heck P. R., Isheim D., Auciello O., Davis A. M., Elam J. W., Hiller J., Larson D. J., Mane A., Pellin M. J., Rout S. S.#, Savina M. R., Seidman D. N. and Stephan T. Atom-Probe Tomography of Cosmochemical Samples. Goldschmidt Conference 2014, Abstract #4208 (2014).
90. Heck P. R., Sumant A. V., Pellin M. J., Savina M. R., Isheim D., Auciello O., Davis A. M., Elam J. W., Hiller J., Larson D. J., Mane A., Rout S. S.#, Seidman D. N., Stephan T. Atom-Probe Tomography of Nanodiamonds. 2014 New Diamond and Nano Carbons Conference, Abstract.
89. Heck P. R., Rout S. S.#, Pellin M. J., Davis A. M., Isheim D., and Seidman D. N. Atom-Probe Tomography in Cosmochemistry. Lunar Planet. Institute 45, Extended Abstract #1811 (2014).
88. Kööp L.*, Heck P. R., Nakashima D., Kita N. T. and Davis A. M. Precise oxygen isotope measurements reveal difference between single hibonite crystals and spinel-hibonite inclusions from CM chondrites. Lunar Planet. Institute 45, Extended Abstract #2508 (2014).
87. Rout S. S.# and Heck P. R. Shock features in the Chelyabinsk LL5 chondrite: preliminary results. Lunar Planet. Institute 45, Extended Abstract #2159 (2014).
86. Wimpenny B., Yin Q.-Z., Zipfel J., MacPherson G., Ebel D. S., and Heck P. R. Renewed search for FUN based on Al-Mg systematics in CAIs with LA-MC-ICP-MS. Lunar Planet. Institute 45, Extended Abstract #2235 (2014).
85. Westphal A. J. et al. Final reports of the Stardust ISPE: seven probable interstellar dust particles. Lunar Planet. Institute 45, Extended Abstract #2269 (2014).
84. Heck P. R., Floss C., and Davis A. M. Stardust in the Sutter’s Mill Meteorite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5070, (2013).
83. Kööp L.*, Davis A. M., and Heck P. R. A petrologic study of hibonite-rich calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions separated from the Murchison meteorite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5372, (2013).
82. Holstein J. L.*, Schmitz B., and Heck P. R. Alteration of chondrites on the sea floor: Mezö-Madaras (L3.7). Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5133, (2013).
81. Lewis J. B., Isheim D., Floss C., Daulton T. L., Seidman D. N., Heck P. R., Davis A. M., Pellin M. J., Savina M. R., Hiller J., Mane A., Elam J. W., and Stephan T. Atom-probe measurements of meteoritic nanodiamonds and terrestrial standards. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5296, (2013).
80. A.S. Simionovici, L. Lemelle, P. Cloetens, V.A. Solé, J-A Sans Tresseras, A.L. Butterworth, A.J. Westphal, Z. Gainsforth, J. Stodolna, C. Allen, D. Anderson, A. Ansari*, S. Bajt, N. Bassim, R.S. Bastien, H.A. Bechtel, J. Borg, F.E. Brenker, J. Bridges, D.E. Brownlee, M. Burchell, M. Burghammer, H. Changela, A.M. Davis, R. Doll, Ch. Floss, G.J. Flynn, D.R. Frank, E. Grün, P.R. Heck, J.K. Hillier, P. Hoppe, B. Hudson, J. Huth, B. Hvide*, A. Kearsley, A.J. King#, B. Lai, J. Leitner, A. Leonard, H. Leroux, R. Lettieri, W. Marchant, L.R. Nittler, R. Ogliore, W.J. Ja Ong, F. Postberg, M.C. Price, S.A. Sandford, S. Schmitz, T. Schoonjans, K. Schreiber, G. Silversmit, R. Srama, T. Stephan, V.J. Sterken, R.M. Stroud, S. Sutton, M. Trieloff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliszczak, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, J. Von Korff, N. Wordsworth, D. Zevin, M.E. Zolensky & >29,000 Stardust@home dusters. Quantification of Element Abundances of Stardust Interstellar Candidates by Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5138, (2013).
79. Isheim, D., Stadermann F. J., Lewis J. B., Floss C., Daulton T. L., Davis A. M., Heck P. R., Pellin M. J., Savina M. R., Seidman D. N., and Stephan T. Combining Atom-Probe Tomography and Focused-Ion Beam Microscopy to Study Individual Presolar Meteoritic Nanodiamond Particles. Microscopy & Microanalysis 2013 Meeting, Abstract #981 (2013).
78. L. Kööp, A. M. Davis, P. R. Heck. Morphology of hibonite-bearing inclusions separated from the Murchison Meteorite. Lunar Planet. Institute 44, Extended Abstract #2736 (2013).
77. P. R. Heck, M. J. Pellin, A. M. Davis, D. Isheim, D. N. Seidman, J. Hiller, A. Mane, J. Elam, M. R. Savina, O. Auciello, T. Stephan, D. J. Larson, J. Lewis, C. Floss, and T. L. Daulton. Atom-probe tomographic analysis: towards carbon isotope ratios in individual nanodiamonds. Lunar Planet. Institute 43, Extended Abstract #1790 (2012).
76. P. R. Heck, P. Hoppe, and J. Huth. Sulfur isotopic analysis of 24 sulfur-rich dust impact craters from Comet Wild 2. Lunar Planet. Institute 43, Extended Abstract #1794 (2012).
75. J. Leitner, P. R. Heck, P. Hoppe, and J. Huth. The C-, N-, and O-isotopic composition of cometary dust from Comet 81P/Wild 2. Lunar Planet. Institute 43, Extended Abstract #1839 (2012).
74. J. B. Lewis, D. Isheim, C. Floss, T. Daulton, D. N. Seidman, P. R. Heck, A. M. Davis, M. J. Pellin, M. R. Savina, J. Hiller, A. Mane, J. Elam, O. Auciello, T. Stephan. Meteoritic nanodiamond analysis by atom-probe tomography. Lunar Planet. Institute 43, Extended Abstract #2192 (2012).
73. Zack Gainsforth, Alexandre Simionovici, Frank E. Brenker, Sylvia Schmitz, Manfred Burghammer, Peter Cloetens, Laurence Lemelle, Juan-Angel Sans Tresseras, Tom Schoonjans, Geert Sil- versmit, Vicente A. Solé, Bart Vekemans, Laszlo Vincze, Cheri Achilles, Carlton Allen, Asna Ansari, Sasa Bajt, Nabil Bassim, Ron S. Bastien, H. A. Bechtel, Janet Borg, John Bridges, Donald E. Brownlee, Mark Burchell, Anna L. Butterworth, Hitesh Changela, Andrew M. Davis, Christine Floss, George Flynn, Patrick Fougeray, David Frank, Eberhard Grün, Philipp R. Heck, Jon K. Hillier, Peter Hoppe, Bruce Hudson, Gary Huss, Joachim Huth, Brit Hvide, Anton Kearsley, Ashley J. King, Barry Lai, Jan Leitner, Ariel Leonard, Hugues Leroux, Robert Lettieri, William Marchant, Larry R. Nittler, Ryan Ogliore, Frank Postberg, Mark C. Price, S. A. Sandford, Kate Schreiber, Ralf Srama, Thomas Stephan, Veerle Sterken, Julien Stodolna, Rhonda M. Stroud, Steven Sutton, Mario Trieloff, Peter Tsou, Akira Tsuchiyama, Tolek Tyliszczak, Andrew J. Westphal, Naomi Wordsworth, Daniel Zevin, Michael E. Zolensky, >30,000 Stardust@home dusters. Identification of crystalline material in two interstellar dust candidates from the Stardust mission. Lunar Planet. Institute 43, Extended Abstract #2336 (2012).
72. A. J. Westphal, C. Achilles, C. Allen, A. Ansari, S. Bajt, N. Bassim, R. S. Bastien, H. A. Bechtel, J. Borg, F. E. Brenker, J. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, M. Burchell, M. Burghammer, A. L. Butterworth, H. Changela, P. Cloetens, A. M. Davis, C. Floss, G. Flynn, P. Fougeray, D. Frank, Z. Gainsforth, E. Grün, P. R. Heck, J. K. Hillier, P. Hoppe, B. Hudson, G. Huss, J. Huth, B. Hvide, A. Kearsley, A. J. King, B. Lai, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, A. Leonard, H. Leroux, R. Lettieri, W. Marchant, L. R. Nittler, R. Ogliore, F. Postberg, M. C. Price, S. A. Sandford, J.-A. Sans Tresseras, S. Schmitz, T. Schoonjans, K. Schreiber, G. Silversmit, A. Simionovici, V. A. Sole ́, R. Srama, T. Stephan, V. Sterken, J. Stodolna, R. M. Stroud, S. Sutton, M. Trieloff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliszczak, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, N. Wordsworth, D. Zevin, M. E. Zolensky, >30,000 Stardust@home dusters. Status of the Stardust ISPE and the origin of four interstellar dust candidates. Lunar Planet. Institute 43, Extended Abstract #2084 (2012).
71. Rhonda M. Stroud, Cheri Achilles, Carlton Allen, Asna Ansari, Sasa Bajt, Nabil Bassim, Ron S. Bastien, H. A. Bechtel, Janet Borg, Frank E. Brenker, John Bridges, Donald E. Brownlee, Mark Burchell, Manfred Burghammer, Anna L. Butterworth, Hitesh Changela, Peter Cloetens, Andrew M. Davis, Ryan Doll, Christine Floss, George Flynn, Patrick Fougeray, David Frank, Zack Gainsforth, Eberhard Grün, Philipp R. Heck, Jon K. Hillier, Peter Hoppe, Bruce Hudson, Gary Huss, Joachim Huth, Brit Hvide, Anton Kearsley, Ashley J. King, Paul Kotula, Barry Lai, Jan Leitner, Laurence Lemelle, Hugues Leroux, Ariel Leonard, Robert Lettieri, William Marchant, Larry R. Nittler, Ryan Ogliore, Wei Jia Ong, Frank Postberg, Mark C. Price, Scott A. Sandford, Juan-Angel Sans Tresseras, Sylvia Schmitz, Tom Schoonjans, Kate Schreiber, Geert Silversmit, Alexandre Simionovici, Vicente A. Solé, Ralf Srama, Thomas Stephan, Veerle Sterken, Julien Stodolna, Steven Sutton, Mario Trieloff, Peter Tsou, Akira Tsuchiyama, Tolek Tyliszczak, Bart Vekemans, Laszlo Vincze, Andrew J. Westphal, Naomi Wordsworth, Daniel Zevin, Michael E. Zolensky, >30,000 Stardust@home dusters. Constraining the origin of impact craters on Al foils from the Stardust interstellar dust collector. Lunar Planet. Institute 43, Extended Abstract #2001 (2012).
70. Trappitsch R., Davis A. M., Heck P. R. Volume Measurement of Small Particles Using SEM Images. AGU Fall Meeting, Abstract P43A-1652 (2011).
69. Ansari A., C. Allen, S. Bajt, R. S. Bastien, H. A. Bechtel, J. Borg, F. E. Brenker, J. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, M. Burchell, M. Burghammer, A. L. Butterworth, A. M. Davis, P. Cloetens, C. Floss, G. Flynn, D. Frank, Z. Gainsforth, E. Grün, P. R. Heck, J. K. Hillier, P. Hoppe, G. Huss, J. Huth, B. Hvide, A. Kearsley, A. J. King, B. Lai, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, H. Leroux, R. Lettieri, W. Marchant, L. R. Nittler, R. Ogliore, F. Postberg, M. C. Price, S. A. Sandford, J.-A. Sans Tresseras, T. Schoonjans, S. Schmitz, G. Silversmit, A. Simionovici, V. A. Solé, R. Srama, T. Stephan, V. Sterken, J. Stodolna, R. M. Stroud, S. Sutton, M. Trieloff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliszczak, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, A. J. Westphal, D. Zevin, M. E. Zolensky, >29,000 Stardust@home dusters. Identification of Possible Interstellar Dust Impact Craters on Stardust Foil I033N,1. AGU Fall Meeting, Abstract P43A-1650 (2011).
68. Stroud R. M., C. Allen, A. Ansari, S. Bajt, R. S. Bastien, H. A. Bechtel, J. Borg, F. E. Brenker, J. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, M. Burchell, M. Burghammer, A. L. Butterworth, A. M. Davis, P. Cloetens, C. Floss, G. Flynn, D. Frank, Z. Gainsforth, E. Grün, P. R. Heck, J. K. Hillier, P. Hoppe, G. Huss, J. Huth, B. Hvide, A. Kearsley, A. J. King, B. Lai, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, H. Leroux, R. Lettieri, W. Marchant, L. R. Nittler, R. Ogliore, F. Postberg, M. C. Price, S. A. Sandford, J.-A. Sans Tresseras, T. Schoonjans, S. Schmitz, G. Silversmit, A. Simionovici, V. A. Solé, R. Srama, T. Stephan, V. Sterken, J. Stodolna, S. Sutton, M. Trieloff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliszczak, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, A. J. Westphal, D. Zevin, M. E. Zolensky, >29,000 Stardust@home dusters. Preliminary Examination of Impact Craters on Al Foil from the Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector. AGU Fall Meeting, Abstract P43A-1649 (2011).
67. A. J. Westphal, C. Allen, A. Ansari, S. Bajt, R. S. Bastien, H. A. Bechtel, J. Borg, F. E. Brenker, J. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, M. Burchell, M. Burghammer, A. L. Butterworth, A. M. Davis, P. Cloetens, C. Floss, G. Flynn, D. Frank, Z. Gainsforth, E. Grün, P. R. Heck, J. K. Hillier, P. Hoppe, G. Huss, J. Huth, B. Hvide, A. Kearsley, A. J. King, B. Lai, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, H. Leroux, R. Lettieri, W. Marchant, L. R. Nittler, R. Ogliore, F. Postberg, M. C. Price, S. A. Sandford, J.-A. Sans Tresseras, T. Schoonjans, S. Schmitz, G. Silversmit, A. Simionovici, V. A. Solé, R. Srama, T. Stephan, V. Sterken, J. Stodolna, R. M. Stroud, S. Sutton, M. Trieloff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliszczak, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, D. Zevin, M. E. Zolensky, >29,000 Stardust@home dusters. AGU Fall Meeting, Abstract P43A-1648 (2011).
66. Heck P. R., Pellin M. J., Davis A. M., Isheim D., Seidman D. N., Hiller J., Mane A., Elam J., Savina M. R., Auciello O., Stephan T., Stadermann F. J., Lewis J., Zhao X., Daulton T. L., and Floss C. Atom-probe tomographic analyses of Allende and synthetic nanodiamonds. Workshop on the Formation of the First Solids in the Solar System, Extended Abstract #9096 (2011).
65. Stroud R. M., Chisholm M. F., Heck P. R., Alexander C. M. O’D., Nittler L. R. Constraining the origin of meteoritic nanodiamond residues with single-atom sensitivity electron microscopy. Workshop on the Formation of the First Solids in the Solar System, Extended Abstract #9033 (2011).
64. Heck P. R., Pellin M. J., Davis A. M., Isheim D., Seidman D. N., Hiller J., Mane A., Elam J., Savina M. R., Stephan T., Stadermann F. J., Zhao X., Daulton T. L., and Floss C. Atom-probe tomography of meteoritic and synthetic nanodiamonds. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5372 (2011).
63. Holstein J. L., Pelker E. A., and Heck P. R. Pilot digitalization project for the meteorite collection at the Robert A. Pritzker Center for Meteoritics and Polar Studies. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5323 (2011).
62. King A. J., Sutton S. R., Newville M., Liu N., Trappitsch R., Heck P. R., Davis A. M., Pellin M. J., and Stephan T. Determining trace element abundances in single presolar SiC grains Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5499 (2011).
61. R. M. Stroud, C. Allen, A. Ansari, S. Bajt, N. Bassim, H. A. Bechtel, J. Borg, F. Brenker, J. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, M. Burchell, M. Burghammer, A. L. Butterworth, P. Cloetens, A. M. Davis, R. Doll, C. Floss, G. J. Flynn, D. Frank, Z. Gainsforth, E. Grün, P. R. Heck, J. K. Hillier, P. Hoppe, L. Howard, G. R. Huss, J. Huth, B. Hvide, A. Kearsley, A. J. King, P. G. Kotula, B. Lai, J. Leitner, L. Lem elle, A. Leonard , H. Leroux, L. R. Nittler, R. C. Ogliore, W. J. Ong, F. Postberg, M. C. Price, S. A. Sandford, J. A. Sans Tresseras, S. Schmitz, T. Schoonjans, K. Schreiber, G. Silversmit, A. Simionovici, R. Srama, T. Stephan, J. Stodolna, S. R. Sutton, R. Toucoulou, M. Trie loff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliczszak, B. Vekem ans, L. Vincze, A. J . Westphal, M. E. Zolensky, and >29,000 Stardust@home dusters. Elemental analysis of impact residues in craters on the Stardust interstellar foils. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5118 (2011).
60. C. Floss, C. Allen, A. Ansari, S. Bajt, N. Bassim, H. A. Bechtel, J. Borg, F. Brenker, J. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, M. Burchell, M. Burghammer, A. L. Butterworth, P. Cloetens, A. M. Davis, G. J. Flynn, D. Frank, Z. Gainsforth, E. Grün, P. R. Heck, J. K. Hillier, P. Hoppe, L. Howard, G. R. Huss, J. Huth, B. Hvide, A. Kearsley, A. J. King, P. Kotula, B. Lai, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, H. Leroux, L. R. Nittler, R. C. Ogliore, W. J. Ong, F. Postberg, M. C. Price, S. A. Sandford, J. A. Sans Tresseras, S. Schmitz, T. Schoonjans, K. Schreiber, G. Silversmit, A. Simionovici, R. Srama, T. Stephan, J. Stodolna, R. M. Stroud, S. R. Sutton, R. Toucoulou, M. Trieloff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliczszak, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, A. J. Westphal, M. E. Zolensky, and >29,000 Stardust@home dusters. Auger analysis of impact craters from the Stardust interstellar foils. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5102 (2011).
59. F. Postberg, C. Allen, S. Bajt, H. A. Bechtel, J. Borg, F. E. Brenker, J. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, M. Burchell, M. Burghammer, A. L. Butterworth, P. Cloetens, A. M. Davis, R. Doll, C. Floss, G. J. Flynn, D. Frank, Z. Gainsforth, E. Grün, P. R. Heck, J. K. Hillier, P. Hoppe, L. Howard, G. R. Huss, J. Huth, A. Kearsley, A. J. King, B. Lai, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, A. Leonard, H. Leroux, L. R. Nittler, R. C. Ogliore, W. J. Ong, M. C. Price, S. A. Sandford, J. A. Sans Tresseras, S. Schmitz, T. Schoonjans, K. Schreiber, G. Silversmit, A. Simionovici, R. Srama, T. Stephan, J. Stodolna, R. M. Stroud, S. R. Sutton, R. Toucoulou, M. Trieloff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliczszak, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, A. J. Westphal, M. E. Zolensky, and >29,000 Stardust@home dusters. High fidelity studies of interstellar dust analogue impacts in Stardust aerogel and foils. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5447 (2011).
58. A. Simionovici, C. Allen, S. Bajt, R. Bastien, H. Bechtel, J. Borg, F. E. Brenker, J. C. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, M. J. Burchell, M. Burghammer, A. Butterworth, P. Cloetens, A. M. Davis, C. Floss, G. Flynn, D. Frank, Z. Gainsforth, E. Grün, P. R. Heck, J. Hillier, P. Hoppe, L. Howard, G. R. Huss, J. Huth, A. T. Kearsley, A. J. King, B. Lai, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, H. Leroux, R. Lettieri, W. Marchant, L. Nittler, R. Ogliore, F. Postberg, S. Sandford, J.A. Sans Tresseras, T. Schoonjans, S. Schmitz, G. Silversmit, V.A. Solé, R. Srama, T. Stephan, J. Stodolna, R. M. Stroud, S. Sutton, M. Trieloff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliczszak, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, A. J. Westphal, D. Zevin, M. E. Zolensky and >29,000 Stardust@home dusters2. Synchrotron x-ray irradiation of Stardust interstellar candidates: from “no” to “low” damage effects. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5517 (2011).
57. Heck P. R., Pellin M. J., Davis A. M., Isheim D., Seidmann D. N., Hiller J., Mane A., Elam J., Stephan T., Savina M. R., Stadermann F. J., Zhao X., Daulton T. L., Floss, C., Amari S. Atom-Probe Tomographic Analyses of Meteoritic Nanodiamond Residue from Allende. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #2070 (2011).
56. Stroud R. M., Chisholm M. F., Heck P. R., Alexander C. M. O’D. Discovery of Glassy Carbon in Meteoritic Nanodiamond Residues: Implications for Nanodiamond Origins. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #1940 (2011).
55. Meier M. M. M., Heck P. R., Hoppe P., Groener E., Baur H., Wieler R. Helium and Neon in 15 Individual Presolar Silicon Carbide Grains of Type AB. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #1658 (2011).
54. Trappitsch R., Leya I., and Heck P. R. New Recoil Model for the Determination of Interstellar Resident Times of Presolar Grains. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #2171 (2011).
53. Stadermann F. J., Isheim D., Zhao X., Daulton T. L., Floss C., Seidman D. N., Heck P. R., Pellin M. J., Savina M. R., Hiller J., Mane A., Elam J., Davis A. M., Stephan T., Amari S. Atom-Probe Tomographic Characterization of Meteoritic Nanodiamonds and Presolar SiC. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #1595 (2011).
52. Welten K. C., Meier M. M. M., Caffee M. W., Laubenstein M., Heck P. R., Wieler R., Nishiizumi K. Cosmic-Ray Exposure History and Preatmospheric Size of the Mifflin L5 Chondrite Fall. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #2707 (2011).
51. Kita N. T., Valley J. W., Spicuzza M. J., MacPherson G. J., Welzenbach L., Davis A. M., Heck P. R., Nakashima D., Tenner T. J., Ushikubo T. Fall of the Mifflin L5 Chondrite. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #1464 (2011).
50. R. M. Stroud, C. Allen, S. Bajt, H. A. Bechtel, J. Borg, F. Brenker, J. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, M. Burchell, M. Burghammer, A. L. Butterworth, P. Cloetens, A. M. Davis, C. Floss, G. J. Flynn, D. Frank, Z. Gainsforth, E. Grün, P. R. Heck, J. K. Hillier, P. Hoppe, L. Howard, G. R. Huss, J. Huth, A. Kearsley, A. J. King, B. Lai, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, H. Leroux, L. R. Nittler, R. C. Ogliore, F. Postberg, M. C. Price, S. A. Sandford, J. A. Sans Tresseras, S. Schmitz, T. Schoonjans, G. Silversmit, A. Simionovici, R. Srama, F. J. Stadermann, T. Stephan, J. Stodolna, S. R. Sutton, R. Toucoulou, M. Trieloff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliczszak, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, A. J. Westphal, M. E. Zolensky, >29,000 Stardust@home dusters. Identification of Impact Craters in Foils from the Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #1753 (2011).
49. C. Floss, C. Allen, S. Bajt, H. A. Bechtel, J. Borg, F. Brenker, J. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, M. Burchell, M. Burghammer, A. L. Butterworth, P. Cloetens, A. M. Davis, R. Doll, G. J. Flynn, D. Frank, Z. Gainsforth, E. Grün, P. R. Heck, J. K. Hillier, P. Hoppe, L. Howard, G. R. Huss, J. Huth, A. Kearsley, A. J. King, B. Lai, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, A. Leonard, H. Leroux, L. R. Nittler, R. C. Ogliore, W. J. Ong, F. Postberg, M. C. Price, S. A. Sandford, J. A. Sans Tresseras, S. Schmitz, T. Schoonjans, K. Schreiber, G. Silversmit, A. Simionovici, R. Srama, F. J. Stadermann, T. Stephan, J. Stodolna, R. M. Stroud, S. R. Sutton, R. Toucoulou, M. Trieloff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliczszak, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, A. J. Westphal, M. E. Zolensky, and >29,000 Stardust@home dusters. Stardust Interstellar Foils I1061N,1 and I1031N,1: First Results from Automated Crater Searches and Future Analytical Possibilities. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #1576 (2011).
48. A. J. Westphal, C. Allen, S. Bajt, H. A. Bechtel, J. Borg, F. Brenker, J. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, M. Burchell, M. Burghammer, A. L. Butterworth, P. Cloetens, A. M. Davis, C. Floss, G. J. Flynn, P. Fougeray, D. Frank, Z. Gainsforth, E. Grün, P. R. Heck, J. K. Hillier, P. Hoppe, L. Howard, B. Hudson, G. R. Huss, J. Huth, A. Kearsley, A. J. King, B. Lai, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, H. Leroux, R. Lettieri, W. Marchant, L. R. Nittler, R. C. Ogliore, F. Postberg, M. C. Price, S. A. Sandford, J. A. Sans Tresseras, S. Schmitz, T. Schoonjans, G. Silversmit, A. Simionovici, R. Srama, F. J. Stadermann, T. Stephan, J. Stodolna, R. M. Stroud, S. R. Sutton, R. Toucoulou, M. Trieloff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliczszak, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, N.Wordsworth, D. Zevin, M. E. Zolensky, >29,000 Stardust@home dusters. Four Interstellar Dust Candidates from the Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #2083 (2011).
47. J. Westphal, C. Allen, D. Anderson, S. Bajt, H. A. Bechtel, J. Borg, F. Brenker, J. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, M. Burchell, M. Burghammer, A. L. Butterworth, P. Cloetens, A. M. Davis, C. Floss, G. J. Flynn, D. Frank, Z. Gainsforth, E. Grün, P. R. Heck, J. K. Hillier, P. Hoppe, L. Howard, G. R. Huss, J. Huth, A. Kearsley, A. J. King, B. Lai, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, H. Leroux, R. Lettieri, P. Lyverse, W. Marchant, L. R. Nittler, R. C. Ogliore, F. Postberg, M. C. Price, S. A. Sandford, J. A. Sans Tresseras, S. Schmitz, T. Schoonjans, G. Silversmit, A. Simionovici, R. Srama, F. J. Stadermann, T. Stephan, J. Stodolna, R. M. Stroud, S. R. Sutton, R. Toucoulou, M. Trieloff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliczszak, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, J. Von Korff, D. Zevin, M. E. Zolensky, >29,000 Stardust@home dusters. Constraints on the Interstellar Dust Flux Based on Stardust@Home Search Results. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #2059 (2011).
46. H. A. Bechtel, C. Allen, S. Bajt, J. Borg, F. Brenker, J. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, M. Burchell, M. Burghammer, A. L. Butterworth, P. Cloetens, A. M. Davis, C. Floss, G. J. Flynn, D. Frank, Z. Gainsforth, E. Grün, P. R. Heck, J. K. Hillier, P. Hoppe, L. Howard, G. R. Huss, J. Huth, A. Kearsley, A. J. King, B. Lai, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, H. Leroux, L. R. Nittler, R. C. Ogliore, F. Postberg, M. C. Price, S. A. Sandford, J. A. Sans Tresseras, S. Schmitz, T. Schoonjans, G. Silversmit, A. Simionovici, R. Srama, F. J. Stadermann, T. Stephan, J. Stodolna, R. M. Stroud, S. R. Sutton, R. Toucoulou, M. Trieloff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliczszak, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, A. J. Westphal, M. E. Zolensky, >29,000 Stardust@home dusters. FTIR Analysis of Aerogel Keystones from the Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector: Assessment of Terrestrial Organic Contamination and X-Ray Microprobe Beam Damage. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #1971 (2011).
45. F. Postberg, C. Allen, S. Bajt, H. A. Bechtel, J. Borg, F. Brenker, J. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, S. Bugiel, M. Burchell, M. Burghammer, A. L. Butterworth, P. Cloetens, A. M. Davis, C. Floss, G. J. Flynn, D. Frank, Z. Gainsforth, E. Grün, P. R. Heck, J. K. Hillier, P. Hoppe, L. Howard, G. R. Huss, J. Huth, A. Kearsley, A. J. King, B. Lai, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, H. Leroux, L. R. Nittler, R. C. Ogliore, M. C. Price, S. A. Sandford, J. A. Sans Tresseras, S. Schmitz, T. Schoonjans, G. Silversmit, A. Simionovici, R. Srama, F. J. Stadermann, T. Stephan, V. Sterken, J. Stodolna, R. M. Stroud, S. R. Sutton, R. Toucoulou, M. Trieloff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliczszak, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, A. J. Westphal, M. E. Zolensky, >29,000 Stardust@home dusters. A New View on Interstellar Dust – High Fidelity Studies of Interstellar Dust Analogue Tracks in Stardust Flight Spare Aerogel. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #1823 (2011).
44. A. Simionovici, C. Allen, S. Bajt, R. Bastien, H. Bechtel, J. Borg, F. E. Brenker, J. C. Bridges, D. E. Brownlee, M. J. Burchell, M. Burghammer, A. Butterworth, P. Cloetens, A. M. Davis, C. Floss, G. Flynn, D. Frank, Z. Gainsforth, E. Grün, P. R. Heck, J. Hillier, P. Hoppe, L. Howard, G. R. Huss, J. Huth, A. T. Kearsley, A. J. King, B. Lai, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, H. Leroux, R. Lettieri, W. Marchant, L. Nittler, R. Ogliore, F. Postberg, S. Sandford, J.A. Sans Tresseras, T. Schoonjans, S. Schmitz, G. Silversmit, R. Srama, F. J. Stadermann, T. Stephan, J. Stodolna, R. M. Stroud, S. Sutton, R. Toucoulou, M. Trieloff, P. Tsou, A. Tsuchiyama, T. Tyliczszak, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, A. J. Westphal, D. Zevin, M. E. Zolensky, and >29,000 Stardust@home dusters. High Fluence Synchrotron Radiation Microprobe Effects on Stardust Interstellar Dust Candidates. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #2812 (2011).
43. Heck P. R., Jadhav M., Meier M. M. M., Amari S., Zinner E., Baur H., Wieler R. Radiogenic and Nucleosynthetic Neon-22 from Individual Presolar Orgueil Graphites Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5396 (2010).
42. Meier M. M. M., Heck P. R., Amari S., Baur H., Wieler R. Nucleosynthetic Ne-21 and Other Surprises from 92 Presolar Graphite Grains from Murchison. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5086 (2010).
41. Holstein J. L., Heck P. R., Sipiera P. P. History of the Meteorite Collection at the New Robert A. Pritzker Center for Meteoritics and Polar Studies at the Field Museum [#5418]. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5418 (2010).
40. Stroud R. M., Chisholm M. F., Alexander C. M. O’D., Heck P. R. Spatially Resolved sp2 and sp3 Carbon in Nanodiamond Residues from the Allende and Murchison Meteorites. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5352 (2010).
39. Floss C., Allen C., Armes S., Bajt S., Ball A., Bastien R., Bechtel H., Borg J., Brenker F. E., Bridges J. C., Brownlee D. E., Burchell M. J., Burghammer M., Butterworth A., Chater R., Cloetens P., Cody G., Davis A. M., Doll R., Ferroir T., Flynn G., Frank D., Gainsforth Z., Grün E., Heck P. R., Hillier J., Hoppe P., Hörz F., Howard L., Hudson B., Huss G. R., Huth J., Kearsley A. T., Lai B., Landgraf M., Leitner J., Lemelle L., Leroux H., Nittler L., Ogliore R., Postberg F., Price M. C., Sandford S., Schmitz S., Silversmit G., Simionovici A., Srama R., Stadermann F. J., Stephan T., Stroud R., Sutton S., Toucoulou R., Trieloff M., Trigo-Rodriguez J., Tsou P., Tsuchiyama A., Tyliczszak T., Vekemans B., Vincze L., Warren J., Westphal A. J., Zolensky M. E. Preliminary Examination of Al Foil I1061N,1 from the Stardust Interstellar Collector. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5270 (2010).
38. Stroud R. M., Allen C., Armes S., Bajt S., Ball A., Bastien R., Bechtel H., Borg J., Brenker F. E., Bridges J. C., Brownlee D. E., Burchell M. J., Burghammer M., Butterworth A., Chater R., Cloetens P., Cody G., Davis A. M., Ferroir T., Floss C., Flynn G., Frank D., Gainsworth Z., Grün E., Heck P. R., Hillier J., Hoppe P., Hörz F., Howard L., Hudson B., Huss G. R., Huth J., Kearsley A. T., Lai B., Landgraf M., Leitner J., Lemelle L., Leroux H., Nittler L. R., Ogliore R., Price M. C., Postberg F., Sandford S., Schmitz S., Silversmit G., Simionovici A., Srama R., Stadermann F., Stephan T., Sutton S., Toucoulou R., Trieloff M., Trigo-Rodriguez J., Tsou P., Tsuchiyama A., Tyliczszak T., Vekemans B., Vincze L., Warren J., Westphal A. J., Zolensky M. E. Preliminary Examination of Al Foil I1077w,1 from the Stardust Interstellar Collector. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5271 (2010).
37. Leitner J., Allen C., Armes S., Bajt S., Ball A., Bastien R., Bechtel H., Borg J., Brenker F. E., Bridges J. C., Brownlee D. E., Burchell M. J., Burghammer M., Butterworth A., Chater R., Cloetens P., Cody G., Davis A. M., Ferroir T., Floss C., Flynn G., Frank D., Gainsforth Z., Grün E., Heck P. R., Hillier J., Hoppe P., Hörz F., Howard L., Hudson B., Huss G. R., Huth J., Kearsley A. T., Lai B., Landgraf M., Lemelle L., Leroux H., Nittler L. R, Ogliore R., Price M. C., Postberg F., Sandford S., Schmitz S., Silversmit G., Simionovici A., Srama R., Stadermann F., Stephan T., Stroud R., Sutton S., Toucoulou R., Trieloff M., Trigo-Rodriguez J., Tsou P., Tsuchiyama A., Tyliczszak T., Vekemans B., Vincze L., Warren J., Westphal A. J., Zolensky M. E. Preliminary Examination of the Stardust Interstellar Collector: Al Foil I1044N,1. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5292 (2010).
36. Kearsley A. T., Allen C. C., Armes S. P., Bajt S., Ball A. D., Bastien R., Bechtel H., Borg J., Brenker F., Bridges J. C., Brownlee D. E., Burchell M. J., Burghammer M., Butterworth A., Chater R., Cloetens P., Cody G., Davis A. M., Ferroir T., Floss C., Flynn G., Frank D., Gainsforth Z., Grün E., Heck P. R., Hillier J., Hoppe P., Hörz F., Howard L. E., Hudson B., Huss G. R., Huth J., Lai B., Landgraf M., Lemelle L., Leitner J., Leroux H., Nittler L. R, Ogliore R., Price M. C., Postberg F., Sandford S. A., Schmitz S., Silversmit G., Simionovici A., Srama R., Stadermann F. J., Stephan T., Stroud R. M., Sutton S., Toucoulou R., Trieloff M., Trigo- Rodriguez J., Tsou P., Tsuchiyama A., Tyliczszak T., Vekemans B., Vincze L., Warren J., Westphal A. J., Zolensky M. E. The Search for Interstellar Particle (ISP) Impacts on Stardust Aluminium Foils. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5237 (2010).
35. Westphal A. J., Allen C. C., Armes S., Bajt S., Ball A. D., Bastien R., Bechtel H., Brenker F. E., Bridges J. C., Brownlee D. E., Burchell M. J., Burghammer M., Butterworth A. L., Chater R., Cloetens P., Cody G., Davis A. M., Ferroir T., Floss C., Flynn G. F., Frank D., Gainsforth Z., Grün E., Heck P. R., Hillier J., Hoppe P., Hörz F., Howard L., Howe G., Hudson B., Huss G. R., Huth J., Kearsley A. T., Lai B., Landgraf M., Lemelle L., Leitner J., Leroux H., Lettieri R., Marchant W., Nittler L. R., Ogliore R., Price M. C., Postberg F., Sandford S. A., Schmitz S., Silversmit G., Simionovici A. S., Srama R., Stadermann F., Stephan T., Stroud R. M., Sutton S., Toucoulou R., Trieloff M., Trigo-Rodriguez J., Tsou P., Tsuchiyama A., Tyliczszak T., Vekemans B., Vincze L., Warren J., Zolensky M. E. Stardust@home dusters Two Interstellar Dust Candidates from the Stardust Aerogel Interstellar Dust Collector. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5302 (2010).
34. Huberty J. M., Konishi H., Fournelle J. H., Heck P. R., Valley J. W., and Xu H. Silician Magnetite from the Dales Gorge Banded Iron Formation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72, Suppl. 1, A434 (2010).
33. Heck P. R., Pellin M. J., Davis A. M., Martin I., Renaud L., Benbalagh R., Isheim D., Seidmann D. N., Hiller J., Stephan T., Lewis R. S., Savina M. R., Mane A., Elam J., Stadermann F. J., Zhao X., Daulton T. L. and Amari S. Atom-Probe Tomographic Analyses of Presolar Silicon Carbide Grains and Meteoritic Nanodiamonds — First Results on Silicon Carbide. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #2112 (2010).
32. Heck P. R., Schmitz B., Meier M. M. M. and Wieler R. Fossil Meteorites in Ordovician Sediments from Sweden are not Redistributed Meteorites from a Single Fall. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #1001 (2010).
31. Meier M. M. M., Heck P. R., Amari S., Baur H. and Wieler R. He-4 and Ne-22 in Individual High-Density Presolar Graphite Grains from the Murchison Meteorite. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #1741 (2010).
30. Stadermann F. J., Zhao X., Daulton T. L., Isheim D., Seidman D. N.,Heck P. R., Pellin M. J., Savina M. R., Davis A. M., Stephan T., Lewis R. S., and Amari S. Atom-Probe Tomographic Study of the Three-Dimensional Structure of Presolar Silicon Carbide and Nanodiamonds at Atomic Resolution. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #2134 (2010).
29. Leitner J., Hoppe P., and Heck P. R. First Discovery of Presolar Material of Possible Supernova Origin in Impact Residues from Comet 81P/Wild 2. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #1607 (2010).
28. Kearsley A. T., Westphal A. J., Stadermann F. J., Armes S. P., Ball A. D., Borg J., Bridges J. C., Brownlee D. E., Burchell M. J., Chater R. J., Davis A. M., Floss C., Flynn G., Gainsforth Z., Grün E., Heck P. R., Hoppe P., Hörz F., Howard L. E., Howe G., Huss G. R., Huth J., Landgraf M., Leitner J., Leroux H., Nittler L., Ogliore R., Postberg F., Price M. C., Srama R., Stroud R., Trieloff M., Trigo-Rodriguez J., Sandford S. A., Stephan T., Sternovsky Z., Tsou P. and Zolensky M. E. Finding Interstellar Particle Impacts on STARDUST Aluminium Foils: The Safe Handling, Imaging and Analysis of Samples Containing Femtogram Residues. Lunar Planet. Institute, Extended Abstract #1593 (2010).
27. Heck P. R., Stephan T., Hoppe P., Davis, A. M. Origin of Two AB Type SiC Grains from Murchison. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, Abstract #5401 (2009).
26. Leitner J., Hoppe P., Heck P. R., Huth J. Assessing the stardust inventory of comet 81P/Wild 2 by NanoSIMS. Goldschmidt Conference, Abstract (2009).
25. Huberty J. M., Kita N. T., Heck P. R., Kozdon R., Fournelle J. H., Xu H. F., Valley J. W. Crystal Orientation Effects in δ18O of Magnetite by SIMS. Goldschmidt Conference, Abstract (2009).
24. Valley J. W., Kita N. T., Ushikubo T., Huberty J. M., Kozdon R., Page F. Z., Heck P. R., Fu B. Accurate Stable Isotope Analysis by Ion Microprobe. Goldschmidt Conference, Abstract (2009).
23. Heck P. R., Ushikubo T., Schmitz B., Kita N. T., Spicuzza M. J., Valley J. W. High-Precision Oxygen Three-Isotope SIMS Analyses of Ordovician Extraterrestrial Chromite Grains from Sweden and China: Debris of the L Chondrite Parent Asteroid Breakup. Lunar Planet. Institute, #1119, (2009).
22. Schmitz B., Heck P. R., Alwmark C., Kita N. T., Peucker-Ehrenbrink B., Ushikubo T., Valley J. W. Determining the Impactor of the Ordovician Lockne Crater: Oxygen Isotopes in Chromite Versus Sedimentary PGE Signatures. Lunar Planet. Institute, #1161, (2009).
21. Heck P. R., Gyngard F., Meier M. M. M., Avila J. N., Amari S., Zinner E., Lewis R. S., Baur H., Wieler R. Presolar Neon and Helium Exposure Ages of Jumbo Presolar SiC Grains (LS+LU) from Murchison.Lunar Planet. Institute, #1239, (2008).
20. Meier M. M. M., Schmitz B., Heck P. R., Baur H. Wieler R.
Noble Gases in Individual Sediment-dispersed Chromite Grains – Micrometeorites from an Ordovician Asteroid Collision. Lunar Planet. Institute, #1539, (2008).
19. Hoppe P., Vollmer C., Heck P. R., Groener E., Gallino R., Amari S.NanoSIMS Studies of Small Presolar SiC Grains: C- and Si-Isotopic Compositions and Trace Element Abundances. Lunar Planet. Institute, #1025, (2008).
18. Heck, P.R., Hoppe, P., Huth, J. The Sulfur Isotopic Composition of Wild 2 Dust Collected by Stardust Analyzed with the NanoSIMS.Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, abstract #5019 (2007).
17. Heck, P.R., Schmitz, B., Baur, H., Wieler, R. Cosmogenic and Solar Noble Gases in 470 Ma Fossil Meteorites and Micrometeorites from the L-Chondrite Parent-Body Break-Up. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement, abstract #5027 (2007).
16. Heck, P. R., Amari, S., Hoppe, P., Lewis, R. S., Baur, H., Wieler, R.Neon-22, Oxygen-18 and Aluminum-26 Excesses in Single Presolar Graphite Grains From Murchison: A Combined Rare Gas and NanoSIMS Study. Lunar Planet. Institute, #1645, CD-ROM (2007).
15. Borg, J., Hörz, F., Bridges, J. C., Burchell, M. J., Djouadi, Z., Floss, C., Graham, G. A., Green, S. F., Heck, P. R., Hoppe, P., Huth, J., Kearsley, A., Leroux, H., Marhas, K., Stadermann, F. J., Teslich, N.SEM-EDS Analyses of Small Craters in Stardust Aluminium Foils: Implications for the Wild-2 Dust Distribution. Lunar Planet. Institute, #1592, CD-ROM (2007).
14. Westphal, A. J., Bastien, R. K., Borg, J., Bridges, J., Brownlee, D. E., Burchell, M. J., Cheng, A. F., Clark, B. C., Djouadi, Z., Floss, C., Franchi, I., Gainsforth, Z., Graham, G., Green, S. F., Heck, P. R., Horányi, M., Hoppe P., Hörz, F. P., Huth, J., Kearsley, A. Leroux, H., Marhas, K., Nakamura-Messenger, K., Sandford, S. A., See, T. H., Stadermann, F. J., Teslich, N. E., Tsitrin, S., Warren, J. L., Wozniakiewicz, P. J., Zolensky, M. E. Non-Random Spatial Distribution of Impacts in the Stardust Cometary Collector. Lunar Planet. Institute, #1418, CD-ROM (2007).
13. Heck, P. R., Schmitz, B., Baur, H. & Wieler, R. Solar Noble Gases in 470 Myr Old Fossil Micrometeorites. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 41, Supplement, abstract #5055 (2006).
12. Heck, P. R., Hoppe, P., Gröner, E., Marhas, K. K., Baur, H. & Wieler, R. Rare Presolar Silicon Carbide Grains from Novae: An Automated Search by NanoSIMS. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 41, Supplement, abstract #5054 (2006).
11. Heck, P. R., Hoppe, P., Gröner, E., Marhas, K. K., Baur, H. & Wieler, R. Automated search for rare presolar silicon carbide from novae and of Type A/B: A combined isotopic study of single grains with NanoSIMS and noble gas mass spectrometry. Lunar Planet. Institute, #1335, CD-ROM (2006).
10. Hoppe P., Heck P., Hörz F., Huth J., Marhas K. K., Messenger K., Snead C., & Westphal A. NanoSIMS studies of dust projectile shots into Stardust-type aerogel and aluminum foils. Lunar Planet. Institute, #1546, CD-ROM (2006).
9. The Stardust Cratering Team: Hörz F., Borg J., Bradley J. P., Brownlee D. E., Burchell M. J., Cole M. J., Dai Z. R., Djouadi Z., Floss C., Franchi I., Graham G. A., Green S. F., Heck P., Hoppe P., Kearsley A. T., Leitner J., Leroux H., Teslich N., Marhas K. K., Schwandt C. C., See T. H., Stadermann F. J., Stephan T., Troadec D., Tsou P. & Zolensky M. Microcraters in aluminum foils exposed by Stardust. Lunar Planet. Institute, #1148, CD-ROM (2006).
8. Heck, P. R., Marhas, K. K., Baur, H., Hoppe, P. & Wieler, R. Presolar He and Ne in Single Circumstellar SiC Grains Extracted from the Murchison and Murray Meteorites. Lunar Planet. Institute, #1938, CD-ROM (2005).
7. Heck, P. R., Schmitz, B., Baur, H. & Wieler, R. Determination of Production Rates of Cosmogenic He and Ne in Meteoritic Chromite Grains. Lunar Planet. Institute, #1712, CD-ROM (2005).
6. Heck, P. R., Baur, H., Schmitz, B. & Wieler, R. Very Short Delivery Times of Meteorites After the L-Chondrite Parent Body Break-Up 480 Myr Ago. Lunar Planet. Institute, #1492, CD-ROM (2004).
5. Heck, P. R., Baur, H., Schmitz, B. & Wieler, R. Cosmic-ray exposure ages of 480 Ma old fossil meteorites: The L-chondrite parent-body break-up event? Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67 (18), A143-A143 Suppl. 1 (2003).
4. Heck, P. R., Baur, H., Schmitz, B. & Wieler, R. Evidence for the L-Chondrite Parent Body Breakup Event? Cosmic-Ray Exposure Ages of 480 Myr Old Fossil Meteorites. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 38, Supplement, abstract #5074 (2003).
3. Heck, P. R., Baur, H., Schmitz, B. & Wieler, R. Cosmic-ray exposure age of a 480 Myr old fossil meteorite by noble gas analayses of relict chromite grains. Lunar Planet. Institute, #1751, CD-ROM, (2003).
2. Heck, P.R., Anselmetti, F.S., Isern, A.R., & Stone, D. Current-controlled carbonate sedimentation on a modern platform slope: variations in sediment composition diagenetic alterations and physical properties at planned ODP Leg 194 drill sites (Marion Plateau). EOS Trans. AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., 80: F525 (1999).

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EJIL: Talk! – Joint Blog Series on International Law and Armed Conflict: Are Sieges Prohibited under Contemporary IHL?
Home Announcements and Events Joint Blog Series on International Law and Armed Conflict: Are Sieges Prohibited under Contemporary IHL?
There are a number of IHL prohibitions that may constrain siege warfare. These include the prohibition against terrorizing the civilian population (Art 51(2) API; Art 13(2) APII; CIHL Study, Rule 2), the prohibition of collective punishment (Art 75 API; Art 4 APII; CIHL Study, Rule 103) or the prohibition of human shields (Art. 51(5) API; CIHL Study, Rule 97). The most obvious prohibition that impacts siege warfare, however, is the prohibition of starvation of civilians (Art 54(1) API; Art 14 APII).There is also a question as to whether conduct of hostilities rules, and the principle of proportionality in particular, may serve as an additional constrain on siege warfare Article 51(5)(b) of API CIHL Study, Rule 14). The present blog post will focus on the latter two—the prohibition against starving civilians, purposefully or incidentally, and the principle of proportionality.
Allowing sieges, prohibiting starvation: Is this really compatible?
Modern IHL prohibits the starvation of civilians—i.e., deliberately depriving them of food—as a method of warfare. Derived from the IHL principle of distinction, this rule appears for the first time in both Additional Protocols of 1977 (Art 54(1) API; Art 14 APII) and, today, is considered customary law in both international and non-international armed conflicts (CIHL Study Rule 53). The Rome Statute provides that ‘intentionally using starvation of civilians as a method of warfare’ is a war crime in international armed conflicts (ICC Statute, Art 8(2)(b)(xxv)), but surprisingly not in non-international armed conflicts. Under domestic criminal law, individuals have also been convicted for the crime of starvation in the context of non-international armed conflicts (see, e.g., Croatia, District Court of Zadar, Perišić and Others case, Judgment, 24 April 1997).
A key issue here is whether siege warfare when civilians are present is indirectly prohibited by the prohibition of starvation of civilians since, in practice, civilians will be the first to suffer from deprivations arising out of the siege-induced isolation. What matters here is how the prohibition against starvation is interpreted. In this respect, views vary. The majority view seems to be that sieges are not prohibited even if they cause starvation, as long as their purpose is to achieve a military objective and not to starve the civilian population (see e.g., commentary on CIHL Study Rule 53). Some go as far as to require that starvation of civilians is the ‘sole’ or ‘primary’ purpose of a siege to consider it unlawful, which would reduce considerably the value of the provisions on the prohibition of starvation (see San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, 12 June 1994, Art 102 a:‘sole purpose’ in relation to sea blockades); Manual on International Law Relating to Air and Missile Warfare, 15 May 2009, Art 157a: ‘sole or primary purpose’ in relation to an aerial blockade’). In practice, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to prove that the ‘purpose’—and particularly the ‘sole or primary purpose’—of a siege is starvation of civilians. However, arguably, failing to attempt an evacuation of civilians, or at least the most vulnerable among them, coupled with a denial of humanitarian assistance should suffice to indicate that the purpose of the siege is to starve civilians.
But this should not be the end of the analysis. It is often forgotten that, even if a restrictive interpretation is given to starvation of civilians as a ‘method of warfare’ based on the notion of purpose (Art 54(1) API), the prohibition of acts that have the effect to starve the civilian population, which is to be found in the Additional Protocols, is wider. As a corollary to the prohibition of starvation of civilians, IHL also prohibits attacking, destroying, removing or rendering useless objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population (e.g., foodstuffs, agricultural areas, crops, livestock, drinking water and irrigation systems) for the specific purpose of denying these items for their sustenance value to the civilian population or to the adverse party, whether in order to starve out civilians, to cause them to move away, or for any other motive. (Art 54(2) API; CIHL Study, Rule 54).
A combined reading of Articles 54(2) and (3) API shows that more than mere purposeful starvation of civilians is prohibited. Take, for instance, the destruction of a drinking water installation in the context of a siege that has the specific purpose of denying water to the adverse Party. This will be considered as unlawful if such destruction ‘may be expected to leave the civilian population with such inadequate food or water as to cause its starvation or force its movement’ (Art 54(3)(b) API). Although Article 14 APII is drafted differently, the ICRC Commentaries provide an interpretation that is similar to the combined reading of Articles 54(2) and (3) of API (see 1987 ICRC Commentary to Art 14 APII, paras 4806-4807).
Incidental starvation is therefore also prohibited under certain (not all) circumstances. Article 54(2) covers only situations where the belligerent party deprives the enemy from existing resources (see ‘attack, destroy, remove or render useless’), not when it prevents the enemy from being resupplied. This subtle reading of Article 54 led eminent scholars to consider that the Additional Protocols considerably restrict the possibility to resort to sieges. In practice, indeed, sieges will almost inevitably have the side effect of starving the civilian population or forcing its movement. Already in 1991, Yoram Dinstein wrote that, with the 1977 prohibition of starvation, ‘a true siege would no longer be feasible’ (see Yoram Dinstein, Siege Warfare and the Starvation of Civilians, in Astrid J.M. Delissen and Gerard J. Tanja, Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict: Challenges Ahead, pp150-151). This conclusion leads Dinstein to consider that the Additional Protocols are unrealistic because siege warfare is such a valuable method of warfare from a military perspective. Sean Watts is of the view that, under API, a siege is ‘almost entirely prohibited with respect to life-sustaining objects for civilians’. Beth Van Schaack highlights that, in current armed conflicts ‘it [is] very difficult for a commander to conduct a siege that is both successful and lawfulʼ.
Whether this prohibition of sieges causing incidental starvation in the circumstances described above is considered as realistic or not, this is now the current state of the law for States which are parties to the Additional Protocols. What remains unclear is whether customary law goes this far as well.
Does the principle of proportionality constrain siege warfare?
Another question, which proved to be even more controversial at the Transatlantic Workshop on International Law and Armed Conflict is whether the IHL principle of proportionality restricts siege warfare.
Of course, when sieges are conducted through bombardments, the principle of proportionality applies. But consider the following, more complex, situation. A belligerent party is besieging a small defended town by merely preventing weapons, as well as food and other objects indispensable to the survival of the population to enter in the area. This party does comply with Article 54 API. Its purpose is to weaken the enemy and obtain its surrender, not to starve the civilian population. And, the party does not attack, destroy, remove or render useless objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population. The belligerent party merely isolates the town and prevents it from receiving supplies. After a few weeks, the civilian population has exhausted its food reserves and the most vulnerable start to die from starvation while other civilians attempt to leave the area at the risk of their own lives. After some months, the humanitarian situation becomes unbearable, the human toll among civilians is high while the expected military advantage is much lower than what the besieging party hoped for because the armed enemy controls and continues to use the means of survival that remain available. Shouldn’t we consider the furtherance of the siege as disproportionate from a humanitarian law perspective? Instinctively, the answer should be yes.
Technically speaking, the answer is less straightforward under the law. Article 51(5)(b) of API—which encompasses the IHL principle of proportionality and which reflects to a large extent customary law (CIHL Study, Rule 14)—prohibits attacks which may be expected to cause ‘collateral damage’ which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.
The question here is whether a siege can be considered as an ‘attack’. In my view, the answer is yes. I submit three arguments in support of this proposition.
Article 49 of API defines ‘attacks’ in a sufficiently broad and flexible manner to include siege. It defines ‘attacks’ as ‘acts of violence against the adversary, whether in offence or in defence’. How could starving civilians not be considered as an act of violence?
To the extent that siege warfare is a method of warfare—or a combination of several methods of warfare (bombing and starvation)—conduct of hostilities rules and principles do apply. As highlighted by James Kraska, ‘siege implicates the principle of distinction and proportionality in the law of armed conflict’. Similarly, Sean Watts is of the view that ‘the required precautions against disproportionate incidental harm are therefore exceedingly important during siege operations’.
In the context of blockades, with which sieges entertain a number of similarities, nobody has questioned the relevance of the principle of proportionality. Both the San Remo Manual (para 102b) and the Manual on International Law Relating to Air and Missile Warfare (para 157b) provide for it.
Assuming the relevance of the principle of principle of proportionality, the legality of sieges needs to be continually monitored and assessed in light of the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated and expected collateral damages (including number of civilians expected to starve, suffer from malnutrition and other nutritional deficiencies, forced to move etc.) In this context, the duration of the siege (a few weeks or rather years) should be an important consideration.
Perhaps one way to render sieges more humane would be to further investigate how the principle of proportionality operates in the context of siege warfare.
Gloria, Thank you for this compelling piece. I too was initially surprised by your argument that the principle of proportionality might be read to include a prohibition on siege warfare, but I am persuaded. I wonder if the sceptics at the Transatlantic Dialogue had an anglophone bias. If you compare the English and French definitions of ‘violence’ as an aid to interpretation of Article 49, the French seems broader. Just on a hasty web search, here is the OED definition: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/violence and here is the Larousse: https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/violence/82071. The ICRC Commentary does not address the breadth of the ‘acts of violence’ in Art 49 AP I, but does offer an expansive reading of ‘attack’.

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Ronald E. Partee, argued, Kansas City, MO, for appellant.
Philip M. Koppe, argued, Asst. U.S. Atty., Kansas City, MO (Kathleen D. Mahoney, Asst. U.S. Atty., Todd P. Graves, U.S. Atty., on the brief), for appellee.
Before ARNOLD, BEAM, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
A jury convicted Clinton Allen of conspiring to distribute 5 grams or more of cocaine base, see 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a) (1), (b) (1) (B), (b) (2), 846; possessing with intent to distribute 5 grams or more of cocaine base, see 21 U.S.C. § 821(a) (1), (b) (1) (B); and carrying a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime, see 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) (1) (A). The district court1 sentenced him to 151 months' imprisonment on the drug counts, along with a 60-month consecutive sentence for the weapons count.
Mr. Allen contends that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support the guilty verdicts. He also contends that the district court erred in calculating the amount of crack cocaine attributable to him for sentencing purposes. We affirm.
When considering the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a criminal conviction, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and accept all reasonable inferences that support the jury's verdict. United States v. Cruz, 285 F.3d 692, 697 (8th Cir. 2002). We will uphold the verdict if it is supported by substantial evidence, which is evidence from which a reasonable jury could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. "This standard of review is a strict one; we will not lightly overturn the jury's verdict." Id.
The jury found Mr. Allen guilty of conspiring to distribute 5 grams of cocaine base. To convict him of this charge, the government had to prove that there was a conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine, that Mr. Allen knew of the conspiracy, and that he knowingly joined and participated in it. See United States v. Mendoza, 421 F.3d 663, 668 (8th Cir. 2005). The government need not present direct evidence of the conspiracy; a jury may infer its existence from circumstantial evidence. Id. Wesley Box testified at trial that Mr. Allen was among a group of people who regularly purchased crack cocaine from a local supplier, packaged it for sale in $10 increments, and sold it from an apartment where Mr. Box lived. Mr. Box said that those selling the drug from the apartment, including Mr. Allen, enlisted addicts to recruit customers and watch for the police. Mr. Box also testified that the participants agreed that if they were arrested, they would deny any knowledge of the activities at the apartment. A number of police officers testified to encounters that they had with Mr. Allen between 1999 and 2003 in which significant amounts of drugs or weapons were involved. Viewed in a light most favorable to the government, this evidence was manifestly enough for a reasonable jury to find Mr. Allen guilty of conspiring to distribute crack cocaine.
We also believe that the evidence was sufficient to support Mr. Allen's convictions for possessing drugs with the intent to distribute them and for carrying a firearm. These charges stemmed from Mr. Allen's apprehension by the police after officers observed him driving a car that had been reported stolen. As the police turned their cruiser around to follow Mr. Allen, he drove through a stop sign. He then parked the vehicle and walked into a house. The police officers pursued Mr. Allen and convinced the occupants of the house to eject him. Upon his arrest, the officers impounded the vehicle. An inventory search of the car revealed a gun underneath the front passenger seat, a magazine with live ammunition between the two front seats, and a jacket on the driver's seat that contained a bag of 7.63 grams of crack cocaine, along with additional bags of marijuana and valium. Inside the vehicle's trunk, the police discovered clothing with a dry cleaning tag bearing Mr. Allen's name.
To convict Mr. Allen of possession with intent to distribute, the government was required to prove that he knowingly possessed a controlled substance and intended to distribute it. United States v. Cawthorn, 429 F.3d 793, 797-98 (8th Cir. 2005). A reasonable jury could have concluded that Mr. Allen knowingly possessed the crack found in the jacket pocket, based upon Mr. Allen's efforts to avoid the police officers who were following him, the location of the jacket on the driver's seat, and his exclusive control over the vehicle when the officers spotted him. Cf. United States v. Hunter, 95 F.3d 14, 16 (8th Cir. 1996).
Mr. Allen's challenge to his weapons conviction hinges on his assertion that Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137, 116 S. Ct. 501, 133 L. Ed. 2d 472 (1995), requires the government to prove that he carried the gun on his person in furtherance of drug trafficking. Section 924(c) (1) (A) provides, in relevant part, that "any person who, during and in relation to any ... drug trafficking crime ... uses or carries a firearm ... shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such crime ... be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 5 years." In Bailey, the Supreme Court held that the term "use" should be given its "ordinary or natural meaning," requiring proof that the defendant actively employed the firearm. Bailey, 516 U.S. at 144-45, 116 S. Ct. 501 (internal quotations omitted). The Court reasoned that a broader interpretation of "use" would have made the inclusion of "carry" unnecessary. Id. at 145-46, 116 S. Ct. 501. By way of example, the court noted that "a firearm can be carried without being used, e.g., when an offender keeps a gun hidden in his clothing throughout a drug transaction." Id. at 146, 116 S. Ct. 501.
Mr. Allen seizes upon this example and asserts that the government must show that he had physical contact with the weapon to prove that he "carried" it. He fails, however, to acknowledge the decision in Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 118 S. Ct. 1911, 141 L. Ed. 2d 111 (1998). In Muscarello, the Supreme Court specifically considered the meaning of the term "carry" in § 942(c) and concluded that "the `generally accepted contemporary meaning' of the word `carry' includes the carrying of a firearm in a vehicle." Id. at 139, 118 S. Ct. 1911; see also Bradshaw v. United States, 153 F.3d 704, 706 (8th Cir. 1998). A reasonable jury could have concluded from the evidence presented at trial that Mr. Allen carried the weapon in the stolen car during and in relation to a drug-trafficking crime.
Mr. Allen also appeals the 181-month sentence that he received on the drug charges. Although Mr. Allen contends that his sentence was unreasonable under the principles outlined in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 260-65, 125 S. Ct. 738, 160 L. Ed. 2d 621 (2005), his challenge is based solely on the district court's calculation of the amount of crack cocaine attributable to him; the court used this amount to compute Mr. Allen's sentencing range under the advisory federal sentencing guidelines. We review a district court's calculation of drug quantity for clear error. United States v. Vinton, 429 F.3d 811, 816-17 (8th Cir. 2005). "Defendants who challenge the sentencing court's determination of drug quantity face an uphill battle on appeal because we will reverse a determination of drug quantity only if the entire record definitely and firmly convinces us that a mistake has been made." United States v. Coleman, 148 F.3d 897, 902 (8th Cir. 1998), cert. denied 525 U.S. 899, 119 S. Ct. 228, 142 L. Ed. 2d 188 (1998) (internal quotation omitted).
Mr. Allen contends that the district court improperly attributed to him 13.85 grams of crack cocaine that was found in the shoe of Jawon Tyson, an unindicted co-conspirator, in 1999. Mr. Allen was tried after the Supreme Court held that facts increasing the maximum sentence that a defendant can receive must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt to a jury, see Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 303-04, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004), but before the decision in Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 756-57, which preserved the federal sentencing guidelines by rendering them advisory. The government, because of its uncertainty about the guidelines' constitutionality at the time of trial, sought to forestall any sixth-amendment issue by asking the jury to determine the amount of crack cocaine for which Mr. Allen was responsible. The jury arrived at the amount of 46.72 grams, which Mr. Allen and the government agree must have included the 13.85 grams that were found on Mr. Tyson. At Mr. Allen's sentencing, the district court, now aware that the intervening Booker decision left it with the authority to make the necessary finding of drug quantity, elected to adopt the jury's overall determination. Mr. Allen contends that there is no evidence that the drugs found on Mr. Tyson were attributable to the conspiracy for which Mr. Allen was convicted.
The evidence presented at trial established that police officers stopped a vehicle that belonged to Mr. Tyson for a traffic violation. Mr. Tyson was a passenger, and Mr. Allen was driving. Mr. Allen gave the police a false name, and a search of the car revealed a gun concealed under one of the floor mats in the back seat, along with marijuana and valium. A search of Mr. Tyson yielded the 13.85 grams of crack cocaine in issue, packaged in individual doses. At trial, Mr. Box testified that one of people who supplied his and Mr. Allen's supplier was named "Jawon." Viewing the record as a whole, including Mr. Box's testimony, the police officers' testimony about Mr. Allen's drug-related activities, and the undisputed portions of the presentence investigation report, the district court could have reasonably inferred that Messrs. Allen and Tyson were engaged in jointly undertaken criminal activity and that it was reasonably foreseeable that Mr. Tyson would be carrying crack cocaine that was intended for distribution. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3. Although this evidence is hardly overwhelming, and we would have doubts about sustaining the finding if it required proof beyond a reasonable doubt, we cannot say that the district court's determination based upon a preponderance of the evidence was clearly erroneous. See United States v. Pirani, 406 F.3d 543, 551, 551 n. 4 (8th Cir. 2005) (en banc), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 126 S. Ct. 266, 163 L. Ed. 2d 239 (2005).