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Coron, L., Thirel, G., Delaigue, O., Perrin, C. and Andréassian, V. 2017. The Suite of Lumped GR Hydrological Models in an R Package. Environmental Modelling and Software, 94, 166–171. doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.05.002.
Pushpalatha, R., Perrin, C., Le Moine, N., Mathevet, T. and Andréassian, V. 2011. A downward structural sensitivity analysis of hydrological models to improve low-flow simulation. Journal of Hydrology, 411(1-2): 66-76, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.09.034.
Mouelhi, S., Michel , C., Perrin, C. & Andréassian, V. 2006. Linking stream flow to rainfall at the annual time step: the Manabe bucket model revisited. J. Hydrol. 328, 283-296, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.12.022.
Mouelhi, S., Michel, C., Perrin, C. & Andréassian, V. 2006. Stepwise development of a two-parameter monthly water balance model. J. Hydrol. 318(1-4), 200-214, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.06.014.
Perrin, C., Michel, C. and Andréassian, V. 2003. Improvement of a parsimonious model for streamflow simulation. Journal of Hydrology, 279: 275-289, doi: 10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00225-7.
Andréassian, V., Ü. Mander & T. Pae. 2016. The Budyko hypothesis before Budyko: The hydrological legacy of Evald Oldekop. Journal of Hydrology, 535: 386–391. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.002.
Coron L., V. Andréassian, C. Perrin, N. Le Moine. 2015. Graphical tools based on Turc-Budyko plots to detect changes in catchment behaviour. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 60(7-8): 1394-1407. doi: 10.1080/02626667.2014.964245.
De Lavenne, A. & V. Andréassian. 2018. Impact of climate seasonality on catchment yield: a parameterization for commonly-used water balance formulas. Journal of Hydrology, 558, 266–274, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.01.009.
Lebecherel, L., V. Andréassian & C. Perrin. 2013. On regionalizing the Turc-Mezentsev water balance formula. Water Resources Research, 49, doi: 10.1002/2013WR013575.
Andréassian, V., & C. Perrin. 2012. On the ambiguous interpretation of the Turc-Budyko nondimensional graph. Water Resources Research, 48, W10601, doi: 10.1029/2012WR012532.
Le Moine, N., Andréassian, V., Perrin, C. & Michel, C. 2007. How can rainfall-runoff models handle intercatchment groundwater flows? Theoretical study based on 1040 French catchments. Water Resources Research 43(6), W06428, doi: 10.1029/2006WR005608.
Andréassian, V., J. Margat, G. Thirel & P. Hubert. 2015. What part of natural flow can be considered a ‘water resource’? In: Cudennec, C; Demuth, S; Mishra, A; editors. Proceedings of the 11th Kovacs Colloquium on Hydrological Sciences and Water Security: Past, Present and Future. IAHS Publ. 366. Pages: 86-92, doi:10.5194/piahs-366-86-2015.
Thirel G., V. Andréassian, C. Perrin. 2015. Editorial: On the need to test hydrological models under changing conditions, Hydrological Sciences Journal, 60(7-8): 1165-1173, doi: 10.1080/02626667.2015.1050027.
Andréassian, V., F. Bourgin, L. Oudin, T. Mathevet, C. Perrin, J. Lerat, L. Coron, L. Berthet. 2014. Seeking genericity in the selection of parameter sets: impact on hydrological model efficiency. Water Resources Research, 50(10): 8356-8366, doi: 10.1002/2013WR014761.
Gupta, H.V., C. Perrin, R. Kumar, G. Blöschl, M. Clark, A. Montanari, and V. Andréassian. 2014. Large-sample hydrology: a need to balance depth with breadth. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18, 463–477, doi: 10.5194/hess-18-463-2014.
Bennett, N., B. Croke, G. Guariso, J. Guillaume, S. Hamilton, A. Jakeman., S. Marsili-Libelli, L. Newhama, J. Norton, C. Perrin, S. Pierce, B. Robson, R. Seppelt, A. Voinov, B. Fath, V. Andréassian. 2013. Characterising performance of environmental models. Environmental Modelling and Software, 40: 1-20, doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.09.011.
Andréassian, V., Le Moine, N., Perrin, C., Ramos, M.H., Oudin, L., Mathevet, T., Lerat, J., Berthet, L. 2012. All that glitters is not gold: the case of calibrating hydrological models. Hydrological Processes, vol. 26, p. 2206 – 2210. doi:10.1002/hyp.9264.
Andréassian, V., Perrin, C., Parent, E. and Bardossy, A., 2010. Editorial – The Court of Miracles of Hydrology: can failure stories contribute to hydrological science? Hydrological Sciences Journal, 55(6): 849-856, DOI: 10.1080/02626667.2010.506050.
Andréassian, V., Perrin, C., Berthet, L., Le Moine, N., Lerat, J., Loumagne, C., Oudin, L., Mathevet, T., Ramos, M.H., Valéry, A. 2009. Crash tests for a standardized evaluation of hydrological models. Hydrol. Earth. Syst. Sci. 13, 1757-1764, doi:10.5194/hess-13-1757-2009.
Andréassian, V., Le Moine, N., Mathevet, T., Lerat, J., Berthet, L., Perrin, C. 2009. The hunting of the hydrological snark. Hydrological Processes 23(4), 651-654. doi: 10.1002/hyp.7217.
Andréassian, V., J. Lerat, C. Loumagne, T. Mathevet, C. Michel, L. Oudin, and C. Perrin. 2007. What is really undermining hydrologic science today?, Hydrol. Processes, 21, 2819-2822, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.6854.
Andréassian, V., Hall, A., Chahinian, N. & Schaake, J., 2006. Introduction and Synthesis: Why should hydrologists work on a large number of basin data sets? IAHS Publication n°307, pp. 1-5.
Michel, C., Perrin, C., Andréassian, V., Oudin, L. & Mathevet, T., 2006. Has basin scale modelling advanced far beyond empiricism ?, IAHS Publication n°307, pp. 108-116.
Andréassian, V., Oddos, A., Michel, C., Anctil, F. and Perrin, C. 2004. Impact of spatial aggregation of inputs and parameters on the efficiency of rainfall-runoff models: a theoretical study using chimera watersheds. Water Resources Research, 40(5), W05209, doi : 10.1029/2003WR002854.
Perrin, C., C. Michel et V. Andréassian, 2001. Does a large number of parameters enhance model performance? Comparative assessment of common catchment model structures on 429 catchments. Journal of Hydrology, 242 (3-4): 275-301, doi: 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00393-0.
Andréassian, V., Lerat, J., Le Moine, N. and Perrin, C. 2012. Neighbors: Nature’s own hydrological models. Journal of Hydrology, 414-415: 49-58, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.10.007.
Bourgin, F., V. Andréassian, C. Perrin, and L. Oudin. 2015. Transferring model uncertainty estimates from gauged to ungauged catchments. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 19: 2535-2546, doi:10.5194/hess-19-2535-2015.
Lebecherel, L., V. Andréassian & C. Perrin. 2016. On evaluating the robustness of spatial-proximity-based regionalization methods. Journal of Hydrology, 539: 196-203, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.031.
Lebecherel, L., V. Andréassian & C. Perrin. 2013. On regionalizing the Turc-Mezentsev water balance formula. Water Resources Research, 49, doi:10.1002/2013WR013575.
Oudin, L., Andréassian, V., Loumagne, C. & Michel, C. 2006. How informative is land-cover for the regionalization of the GR4J rainfall-runoff model?, IAHS Publication n°307, pp. 246-255.
Oudin, L., Andréassian, V., Rojas-Serna, C., Le Moine, N. & Michel, C. 2007. Testing similarity indices to reduce predictive uncertainty in ungauged basins. In: E. Boegh et al. (Editors), Quantification and Reduction of Predictive Uncertainty for Sustainable Water Resources Management, IAHS Publication 313. IAHS Press, Wallingford, pp. 303-310.
Oudin, L., V. Andréassian, C. Perrin, C. Michel, and N. Le Moine. 2008. Spatial proximity, physical similarity and ungaged catchments: confrontation on 913 French catchments, Water Resources Research, 44, W03413, doi:10.1029/2007WR006240.
Perrin, C., V. Andréassian, T. Mathevet, N. Le Moine. 2008. Discrete parameterization of hydrological models: evaluating the use of parameter sets libraries over 900 catchments. Water Resources Research, 44, W08447, doi:10.1029/2007WR006579.
Poncelet, C., V. Andréassian, L. Oudin & C. Perrin. 2017. The Quantile Solidarity approach for the parsimonious regionalization of flow duration curves. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 62(9): 1364-1380, doi: 10.1080/02626667.2017.1335399.
Rojas-Serna, C., C. Michel, C. Perrin & V. Andréassian. 2006. Ungauged catchments: How to make the most of a few streamflow measurements?, IAHS Publication n°307, pp. 230-236.
Rojas-Serna, C., L. Lebecherel, C. Perrin, V. Andréassian & L. Oudin. 2016. How should a rainfall-runoff model be parameterized in an almost ungauged catchment? A methodology tested on 609 catchments. Water Resources Research, 52(6): 4765-4784, doi: 10.1002/2015WR018549.
Crochemore, L., C. Perrin, V. Andréassian, U. Ehret, S.P. Seibert, S. Grimaldi, H. Gupta, J-E Paturel. 2015. Comparing expert judgement and numerical criteria for hydrograph evaluation. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 60 (3): 402-423, doi: 10.1080/02626667.2014.903331.
Mathevet, T., Michel, C., Andréassian, V. & Perrin, C., 2006. A bounded version of the Nash-Sutcliffe criterion for better model assessment on large sets of basins. IAHS Red Books Series n°307, pp. 211-219.
Perrin, C., Andréassian, V. & Michel, C. 2006. Simple benchmark models as a basis for criteria of model efficiency, Archiv für Hydrobiologie Supplement 161/1-2, Large Rivers, 17(1-2), 221-244.
Perrin, C., Dilks, C., Bärlund, I., Payan, J. L. & Andréassian, V. 2006. Use of simple rainfall-runoff models as a baseline for the benchmarking of the hydrological component of complex catchment models, Archiv für Hydrobiologie Supplement 161/1-2, Large Rivers, 17(1-2), 75-96.
Pushpalatha, R., Perrin, C., Le Moine, N. and Andréassian, V. 2012. A review of efficiency criteria suitable for evaluating low-flow simulations. Journal of Hydrology, 420-421: 171-182, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.11.055.
Anctil, F., Perrin, C. and Andréassian, V., 2004. Impact of the length of observed records on the performance of ANN and of conceptual parsimonious rainfall-runoff forecasting models. Environmental Modelling and Software, 19(4): 357-368, DOI: 10.1016/S1364-8152(03)00135-X.
Andréassian, V., C. Perrin, C. Michel, I. Usart-Sanchez et J. Lavabre, 2001. Impact of Imperfect Rainfall Knowledge on the Efficiency and the Parameters of Watershed Models. Journal of Hydrology, 250 (1-4): 206-223, doi: 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00437-1.
Andréassian, V., Oddos, A., Michel, C., Anctil, F. and Perrin, C., 2004. Impact of spatial aggregation of inputs and parameters on the efficiency of rainfall-runoff models: a theoretical study using chimera watersheds. Water Resources Research, 40(5), W05209, doi : 10.1029/2003WR002854.
Andréassian, V., Perrin, C. and Michel, C., 2004. Impact of imperfect potential evapotranspiration knowledge on the efficiency and parameters of watershed models. Journal of Hydrology, 286 : 19-35, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.030.
Brigode P., E. Paquet, P. Bernardara, J. Gailhard, F. Garavaglia, P. Ribstein, F. Bourgin, C. Perrin, V. Andréassian. 2015. Dependence of model-based extreme flood estimation on the calibration period: the case study of the Kamp River (Austria), Hydrological Sciences Journal, 60(7-8): 1424-1437. doi: 10.1080/02626667.2015.1006632.
Lebecherel, L., V. Andréassian, C. Perrin & P. Maugis. 2014. Analyse de la sensibilité des calculs hydrologiques à la densité spatiale des réseaux hydrométriques. La Houille Blanche, n° 1, p. 39-44, doi: 10.1051/lhb/2014006.
Lobligeois, F., V. Andréassian, C. Perrin, P. Tabary, & C. Loumagne. 2014. When does higher spatial resolution rainfall information improve streamflow simulation? An evaluation on 3620 flood events. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18: 575-594, doi: 10.5194/hess-18-575-2014.
Oudin, L., Andréassian, V., Perrin, C., Anctil, F., 2004. Locating the sources of low-pass behaviour within rainfall-runoff models. Water Resources Research 40(11), doi: 0.1029/2004WR003291.
Oudin, L., Perrin, C., Mathevet, T., Andréassian, V. & Michel, C. 2006. Impact of biased and randomly corrupted inputs on the efficiency and the parameters of watershed models. J. Hydrol. 320, 62-83, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.016.
Perrin, C., Oudin, L., Andréassian, V., Rojas-Serna, C., Michel, C. & Mathevet, T., 2007. Impact of limited streamflow knowledge on the efficiency and the parameters of rainfall-runoff models. Hydrological Sciences Journal 52(1), 131-151, DOI: 10.1623/hysj.52.1.131.
Anctil, F., Lauzon, N., Andréassian, V., Oudin, L. & Perrin, C. (2006) Improvement of rainfall-runoff forecasts through mean areal rainfall optimization. J. Hydrol., doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.01.016.
Bourgin, P.-Y., V. Andréassian, S. Gascoin & A. Valéry. 2012. Que sait-on des précipitations en altitude dans les Andes semi-arides du Chili ? La Houille Blanche(2): 12-17, http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2012010.
Nicolle, P., Valéry, A., Ramos, M.H., Perrin, C. and Andréassian, V. 2012. Mieux prévoir les crues nivales : évaluation de prévisions probabilistes de débit sur des bassins versants de montagne français. La Houille Blanche (2): 26-33, doi: 10.1051/lhb/2012012.
Pokhrel, B. K., P. Chevallier, V. Andréassian, A. A. Tahir, Y. Arnaud, L. Neppel, O. R. Bajracharya, K. P. Budhathoki. 2014. Comparison of two snowmelt modelling approaches in the Dudh Koshi Basin (Eastern Himalayas, Nepal), Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59(8): 1507-1518, doi: 10.1080/02626667.2013.842282.
Valéry, A., Andréassian, V. and Perrin, C., 2009. Inverting the hydrological cycle: when streamflow measurements help assess altitudinal precipitation gradients in mountain areas. IAHS-AISH Publication 333: 281-286.
Valéry, A., V. Andréassian and C. Perrin. 2014. As simple as possible but not simpler: what is useful in a temperature-based snow-accounting routine? Part 1 - Comparison of six snow accounting routines on 380 catchments. Journal of Hydrology, 517: 1166-1175, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.04.059.
Valéry, A., V. Andréassian and C. Perrin. 2014. As simple as possible but not simpler: what is useful in a temperature-based snow-accounting routine? Part 2 - Sensitivity analysis of the Cemaneige snow accounting routine on 380 catchments. Journal of Hydrology, 517: 1176-1187, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.04.058.
Perrin, C., Ramos, M.-H., Andréassian, V., Nicolle, P., Crochemore, L. & R. Pushpalatha. 2015. Improved rainfall-runoff modelling tools for low-flow forecasting: application to French catchments. In : Andreu J., A. Solera, J. Paredes-Arquiola, D. Haro-Monteagudo, H. van Lanen (2015). Drought: Research and Science-Policy Interfacing: Taylor and Francis, London, p. 259-265.
Nicolle, P., R. Pushpalatha, C. Perrin, D. Francois, D. Thiéry, T. Mathevet, M. Le Lay, F. Besson, J.-M. Soubeyroux, C. Viel, F. Regimbeau, V. Andréassian, P. Maugis, B. Augeard, and E. Morice. 2014. Benchmarking hydrological models for low-flow simulation and forecasting on French catchments. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18: 2829-2857, doi: 10.5194/hess-18-2829-2014.
Pushpalatha, R., Perrin, C., Le Moine, N., Mathevet, T. and Andréassian, V., 2011. A downward structural sensitivity analysis of hydrological models to improve low-flow simulation. Journal of Hydrology, 411(1-2): 66-76, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.09.034.
Oudin, L., Hervieu, F., Michel, C., Perrin, C., Andréassian, V., Anctil, F. & Loumagne, C. (2005) Which potential evapotranspiration input for a rainfall-runoff model? Part 2 – Towards a simple and efficient PE model for rainfall-runoff modelling. Journal of Hydrology,. 303(1-4), 290-306, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.08.026.
Oudin, L., Michel, C., Andréassian, V., Anctil, F. & Loumagne, C. (2005) Should Bouchet’s hypothesis be taken into account in rainfall-runoff modelling? An assessment over 308 catchments. Hydrological Processes, 19(20): 4093-4106, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.5874.
Le Moine, N., Andréassian, V., Perrin, C. & Michel, C., 2007. How can rainfall-runoff models handle intercatchment groundwater flows? Theoretical study based on 1040 French catchments. Water Resources Research 43(6), W06428, doi: 10.1029/2006WR005608.
Le Moine, N., V. Andréassian, T. Mathevet (2008), Confronting surface- and groundwater balances on the La Rochefoucauld-Touvre karstic system (Charente, France), Water Resources Research, 44, W03403, doi:10.1029/2007WR005984.
de Lavenne, A., G. Thirel, V. Andréassian, C. Perrin & M.H. Ramos. 2016. Spatial variability of the parameters of a semi-distributed hydrological model. Proc. IAHS, 373, 87–94, doi:10.5194/piahs-373-87-2016.
Anctil, F., Michel, C., Perrin, C. and Andréassian, V. 2004. A soil moisture index as an auxiliary ANN input for stream flow forecasting. Journal of Hydrology, 286 : 155-167, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.006.
Anctil, F., Perrin, C. and Andréassian, V., 2003. ANN output updating of lumped conceptual rainfall-runoff forecasting models. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39(5): 1269-1280, doi: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03708.x.
Berthet, L., Andréassian, V., Perrin, C., Javelle, P., 2009. How crucial is it to account for the antecedent moisture conditions in flood forecasting? Comparison of event-based and continuous approaches on 178 catchments. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13(6), 819–831, doi:10.5194/hess-13-819-2009.
Bourgin, F., M.H. Ramos, G. Thirel and V. Andréassian. 2014. Investigating the interactions between data assimilation and post-processing in hydrological ensemble forecasting. Journal of Hydrology, 519: 2775-2784. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.07.054.
Furusho, C., C. Perrin, J. Viatgé, R. Lamblin & V. Andréassian. 2016. Synergies entre acteurs opérationnels et scientifiques au service de l’amélioration de la prévision des crues. La Houille Blanche, n° 4 (5-10), doi 10.1051/lhb/2016033.
Lacaze, Y., Chesneau, S., Raimbault, E., Piotte, O., Silva, J.P., Perrin, C., Andréassian, V., Berthet, L., Coron, L. and Fortier-Filion, T.C., 2011. Les modèles de prévision opérationnels d’aujourd’hui auraient-ils été fiables sur la crue de 1910 ? Analyse rétrospective critique sur une base de données de 1910. La Houille Blanche, 1: 22-29, DOI: 10.1051/lhb/2011002.
Randrianasolo, A., Ramos, M.H., Andréassian, V. (2011) Hydrological ensemble forecasting at ungauged basins: using neighbour catchments for model setup and updating. Advances in Geosciences, 29: 1-11, doi:10.5194/adgeo-29-1-2011.
Randrianasolo, A., Ramos, M.H., Thirel, G., Andréassian, V., Martin, E. (2010) Comparing the scores of hydrological ensemble forecasts issued by two different hydrological models. Atmospheric Science Letters, 11: 100-107, DOI: 10.1002/asl.259.
Andréassian, V. and Lavabre, J., 2002. Relations entre le couvert forestier et le comportement hydrologique à l’échelle du bassin versant. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie d’Agriculture de France, 88(7): 97-98.
Andréassian, V., 2004. Couvert forestier et comportement hydrologique des bassins versants. La Houille Blanche, n°2, 31-35, DOI: 10.1051/lhb:200402002.
Andréassian, V., 2004. Waters and Forests: from historical controversy to scientific debate. Journal of Hydrology, 291(1-2): 1-27, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.12.015.
Andréassian, V., 2012. Visualising the hydrological signature of an unsteady land cover – an application to deforested and afforested catchments in Australia, the USA and France. IAHS Publ. 353: 125-134.
Andréassian, V., M. Tangara et J. Muraz, 2001. Evaluer l’impact de l’évolution du couvert forestier sur le comportement hydrologique des bassins versants : méthodologie et premiers résultats fondés sur les données de l’IFN. Revue Forestière Française, LIII (3-4): 475-480.
Andréassian, V., Parent, E., and Michel, C., 2003. A distribution-free test to detect gradual changes in watershed behavior. Water Resources Research, 39(9): 1252, doi : 10.1029/2003WR002081.
Cosandey, C., V. Andréassian, C. Martin, J.-F. Didon-Lescot, J. Lavabre, N. Folton, N. Mathys, and D. Richard, 2005. The hydrological impact of the Mediterranean forest: a review of French research. Journal of Hydrology, 301(1-4): 235-249, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.06.040.
Folton, N., V. Andréassian, R. Duperray. 2015. Hydrological impact of forest-fire from paired-catchment and rainfall–runoff modelling perspectives, Hydrological Sciences Journal, 60(7-8): 1213-1224. doi: 10.1080/02626667.2015.1035274.
Lavabre, J., V. Andréassian, et O. Laroussinie, 2002. Les eaux et les forêts. La forêt : un outil de gestion des eaux? La Houille Blanche, n°3 : 72-77, doi: 10.1051/lhb/2002047.
Lavabre, J. & V. Andréassian, 2000. Eaux et forêts. La forêt : un outil de gestion des eaux ? Cemagref, Antony. 147 p.
Coron, L., Andréassian, V., Bourqui, M., Perrin, C. and Hendrickx, F., 2011. Pathologies of hydrological models used in changing climatic conditions: a review, Hydro-Climatology: Variability and Change. IAHS Publication. 344, pp. 39-44.
Coron, L., V. Andréassian, C. Perrin, M. Bourqui, and F. Hendrickx. 2014. On the lack of robustness of hydrologic models regarding water balance simulation – a diagnostic approach on 20 mountainous catchments using three models of increasing complexity. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18: 727-746, doi: 10.5194/hess-18-727-2014.
Kuentz, A., T. Mathevet, D. Cœur, C. Perret, J. Gailhard, L. Guérin, Y. Gash & V. Andréassian. 2014. Hydrométrie et hydrologie historiques du bassin de la Durance. La Houille Blanche, 4: 57-63. doi: 10.1051/lhb/2014039.
Kuentz, A., T. Mathevet, J. Gailhard, C. Perret & V. Andréassian (2013). Over 100 years of climatic and hydrologic variability of a Mediterranean and mountainous watershed: the Durance River. IAHS Publ. 360: 19-25.
Le Moine, N., Andréassian, V., Perrin, C. & Michel, C., 2007. ‘Outlier’ catchments: what can we learn from them in terms of prediction uncertainty in rainfall-runoff modelling? In: E. Boegh et al. (Editors), Quantification and Reduction of Predictive Uncertainty for Sustainable Water Resources Management, IAHS Publication 313. IAHS Press, Wallingford, pp. 195-203.
Refsgaard J.C., H. Madsen, V. Andréassian, K. Arnbjerg-Nielsen, T.A. Davidson, M. Drews, D.P. Hamilton, E. Jeppesen, E. Kjellström, J.E. Olesen, T.O. Sonnenborg, D. Trolle, P. Willems, J.H. Christensen. 2013. A framework for testing the ability of models to project climate change and its impacts. Climatic Change, 122(1-2): 271-282. doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0990-2.
Michel, C., Andréassian, V. & Perrin, C. (2005) Soil Conservation Service Curve Number method: How to mend a wrong soil moisture accounting procedure? Water Resources Research, 41, W02011, doi:10.1029/2004WR003191.
Michel, C., Perrin, C. and Andréassian, V., 2003. The exponential store: a correct formulation for rainfall–runoff modelling. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 48(1): 109-124, DOI: 10.1623/hysj.48.1.109.43484.
Moulin, L., Perrin, C., Michel, C. & Andréassian, V. (2005) Prise en compte de barrages-réservoirs dans un modèle pluie-débit global : application au cas du bassin de la Seine amont (Taking into account water storage data in a lumped rainfall-runoff model: case study on the Seine basin). La Houille Blanche, 5, 79-87, DOI: 10.1051/lhb:200505008.
Nicolle, P., V. Andréassian & E. Sauquet. 2013. Blending neighbor-based and climate-based information to obtain robust low-flow estimates from short time series. Water Resources Research, 49, doi:10.1002/2012WR012940.
Oudin, L., Andréassian, V., Mathevet, T., Perrin, C. & Michel, C. 2006. Dynamic averaging of rainfall-runoff model simulations from complementary model parameterizations, Water Resources Research, 42(7), W07410, doi:10.1029/2005WR004636.
Payan, J. L., C. Perrin, V. Andréassian, C. Michel (2008), How can man-made water reservoirs be accounted for in a lumped rainfall-runoff model? Water Resources Research, 44, W03420, doi:10.1029/2007WR005971.
Andréassian, V., Bergstrom, S., Chahinian, N., Duan, Q., Gusev, Y.M., Littlewood, I., Mathevet, T., Michel , C., Montanari, A., Moretti, G., Moussa, R., nasonova, O.N., O’Connor, K.M., Paquet, E., Perrin, C., Rousseau, A., Schaake, J., Wagener, T. & Xie, Z., 2006. Catalogue of the models used in MOPEX 2004/2005. IAHS Publication n°307, pp. 41-93.
Chahinian, N., Andréassian, V., Duan, Q., Fortin, V., Gupta, H., Hogue, T., Mathevet, T., Montanari, A., Moretti, G., Moussa, R., Perrin, C., Schaake, J., Wagener, T. & Xie, Z., 2006. Compilation of the MOPEX 2004 results. IAHS Publication n°307, 313-338.
Chahinian, N., Mathevet, T., Habets, F. & Andréassian, V., 2006. The MOPEX 2004 French database: main hydrological and morphological characteristics, IAHS Publication n°307, pp. 29-40.
Duan, Q., Schaake, J., Andréassian, V., Franks, S., Goteti, G., Gupta, H.V., Gusev, Y.M., Habets, F., Hall, A., Hay, L., Hogue, T., Huang, M., Leavesley, G., Liang, X., Nasonova, O.N., Noilhan, J., Oudin, L., Sorooshian, S., Wagener, T. & Wood, E.F., 2006. Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX): An overview of science strategy and major results from the second and third workshops. Journal of Hydrology, 320(1-2), 3-17, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.031.
Smith, M., Koren, V., Zhang, Z., Moreda, F., Cui, Z., Cosgrove, B., Mizukami, N., Kitzmiller, D., Ding, F., Reed, S., Anderson, E., Schaake, J., Zhang, Y., Andréassian, V., Perrin, C., Coron, L., Valéry, A., Khakbaz, B., Sorooshian, S., Behrangi, A., Imam, B., Hsu, K-L., Todini, E., Coccia, G., Mazzetti, C., Andres, E.O., Francés, F., Orozco, I., Hartman, R., Henkel, A., Fickenscher, P., Staggs, S. 2013. The Distributed Model Intercomparison Project - Phase 2: Experiment Design and Summary Results of the Western Basin Experiments, Journal of Hydrology, 507:300-329. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.08.040.
Thirel, G., V. Andréassian, C. Perrin, J.-N. Audouy, L. Berthet, P. Edwards, N. Folton, C. Furusho, A. Kuentz, J. Lerat, G. Lindström, E. Martin, T. Mathevet, R. Merz, J. Parajka, D. Ruelland & J. Vaze. 2015. Hydrology under change: An evaluation protocol to investigate how hydrological models deal with changing catchments. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 60 (7-8): 1184-1199, doi: 10.1080/02626667.2014.967248.
Wagener, T., Hogue, T., Schaake, J., Duan, Q., Gupta, H., Andréassian, V., Hall, A. & Leavesley, G., 2006. The Model Parameter Experiment (MOPEX): its structure, connection to other international initiatives and future directions. IAHS Publication n°307, 339-346.
Andréassian, V., J. Margat, G. Thirel & P. Hubert. 2015. What part of natural flow can be considered a ‘water resource’? In: Cudennec, C; Demuth, S; Mishra, A; editors. Proceedings of the 11th Kovacs Colloquium on Hydrological Sciences and Water Security: Past, Present and Future. IAHS Publ. 366. Pages: 86-92.
Andréassian,V., 2015. L’eau : milieu et ressource. In : Euzen, A., C. Jeandel et R. Mosseri. L’eau à découvert. CNRS Editions, Paris, p 142-143.
Andréassian, V. & J. Margat, 2014. Allons-nous manquer d’eau ? Editions le Pommier, 128 p.
Andréassian, V. & J. Margat, 2012. Rivières et Rivaux – les frontières de l'eau. Editions Quae, 136 p.
Brochart, D. & V. Andréassian. 2015. Correction des estimations des pluies par satellite pour les bassins versants de Guyane française. Bull. Séanc. Acad. R. Sci. Outre-Mer, 60 (2014-2): 361-370.
Archfield, S., M. Clark, B. Arheimer, L. Hay, H. McMillan, J. Kiang, J. Seibert, K. Hakala, A. Bock, T. Wagener, W. Farmer, V. Andréassian, S. Attinger, A. Viglione, R. Knight , S. Markstrom, T. Over. 2015. Accelerating advances in continental domain hydrologic modelling. Water Resources Research, 51(12): 10078–10091. doi:10.1002/2015WR017498.
Meybeck, M., Idlafkih, Z., Fauchon, N. and Andréassian, V., 1999. Spatial and temporal variability of Total Suspended Solids in the Seine Basin. Hydrobiologia, 410: 295-306, DOI: 10.1023/A:1003712032230.
Wasson, J.-G., Tusseau-Vuillemin, M.-H., Andréassian, V., Perrin, C., Faure, J.-B., Barreteau, O., Bousquet, M. and Chastan, B., 2003. What kind of water models are needed for the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive? Examples from France. International Journal of River Basin Management, 1(2): 125-135, doi: 10.1080/15715124.2003.9635199 .
Lefèvre, D. & V. Andréassian, 2016. L'eau en péril ? [Water in peril]. Editions Quae, 168 p.
Andréassian, V. & J. Margat, 2014. Allons-nous manquer d’eau ? [Will we lack water? augmented edition] Editions le Pommier, 128 p.
Andréassian, V. & J. Margat, 2012. Rivières et Rivaux – les frontières de l'eau. [Rivers and Rivals – the borders of water]. Editions Quae, 136 p.
Margat, J. and V. Andréassian, 2008. L’eau, idées reçues [Water, commonplace ideas]. Editions le Cavalier Bleu, Paris, 125 p.
Andréassian, V. and J. Margat, 2005. Allons-nous manquer d’eau ? [Will we lack water?] Editions le Pommier, Paris, 59 p.
Andréassian, V., 2005. Pourquoi les rivières débordent-elles ? [Why do river overtop their banks?] Editions le Pommier, Paris, 63 p.
Andréassian, V., V. Sarkissian, W. Chełmicki, V.Al. Stănescu and R. Moussa, 2005. Dictionary of hydrological engineering: English, French, Armenian, Russian, Polish, Romanian, Arabic. Cemagref éditions, Antony. 214 p.
Lavabre, J. and V. Andréassian, 2000. Eaux et forêts. La forêt : un outil de gestion des eaux ? [Waters and Forests. Can forest be a water management tool?] Cemagref éditions, Antony. 147 p.
Margat, J. & V. Andréassian. 2010. L'eau a-t-elle un prix ? [Has water a price?] Analyse Financière n°26: 24-25.
Andréassian, V., & J. Margat 2010. Une ressource naturelle pas comme les autres. [Water: a different natural resource] Analyse Financière n°26: 20-21.
Andréassian, V. 2008. Quel effet la forêt a-t-elle sur les écoulements ? [What is the impact of forest on streamflow?] Dossier Pour la Science (L'eau. Attention fragile !) n°58: 38-41.
Perrin, C. and V. Andréassian, 2008. Crues et inondations : phénomènes naturels sous surveillance. [Floods and inundations: natural phenomena] Dossier Pour la Science (L'eau. Attention fragile !) n°58: 48-50.
Furusho, C., C. Perrin, R. Lamblin, D. Dorchies, L. Berthet, V. Andréassian. 2015. Dynamique de collaboration entre acteurs opérationnels et scientifiques pour une amélioration des systèmes de prévision des crues en France. Sciences Eaux & Territoires, 17: 49-45.
Andréassian, V., J. Margat & G. de Marsily. 2009. Les ressources en eau. [Water resources] Dossier Spécial du BRGM '10 enjeux des géosciences', p. 76-89.
Andréassian, V. 2008. Quelles questions se pose-t-on encore au sujet du lien entre couvert forestier et hydrologie ? [Which questions remain on the link between forest cover and hydrology?] RDV Techniques ONF, n°22: 25-29.
Hurand, A., and Andréassian, V., 2003. Le couvert forestier et l’hydrologie des basins versants. [Forest cover and catchment hydrology] RDV Techniques ONF, n°2: 37-40.
Margat,J. & V. Andréassian. Les ressources en eau sont inépuisables. In: Collectif, 2015. Climat, environnement, énergies: 30 idées reçues pour démêler le vrai du faux. Le Cavalier Bleu, Paris, p. 59-64.
Margat,J. & V. Andréassian. Les problèmes de pollution des eaux vont croissant. In: Collectif, 2015. Climat, environnement, énergies: 30 idées reçues pour démêler le vrai du faux. Le Cavalier Bleu, Paris, p. 65-69.
Lobligeois, F., V. Andréassian, C. Perrin, C. Loumagne. 2013. Réanalyse des lames d’eau radar pour la modélisation hydrologique pluie-débit. In : C. Loumagne & G. Tallec. L’observation long terme en environnement. Exemple du bassin versant de l’Orgeval. p. 39-62.
Furusho, C., D. Lilas, C. Perrin, V. Andréassian, L. Coron, J. Peschard, L. Berthet, P. Ansart, C. Loumagne. 2013. Prévision des crues par modélisation hydrologique. In : C. Loumagne & G. Tallec. L’observation long terme en environnement. Exemple du bassin versant de l’Orgeval. p. 63-73.
Nicolle, P., C. Perrin, V. Andréassian. 2013. Prévision des étiages. In : C. Loumagne & G. Tallec. L’observation long terme en environnement. Exemple du bassin versant de l’Orgeval. p 75-87.
Aït-Mesbah, S., G. Tallec, C. Perrin, V. Andréassian. 2013. Analyse hydrométéorologique du bassin de l’Orgeval : tendance et stationnarité sur les 50 dernières années. In : C. Loumagne & G. Tallec. L’observation long terme en environnement. Exemple du bassin versant de l’Orgeval. P. 289-297.
Margat, J. & V. Andréassian. 2010. L'homme est responsable de l'augmentation des inondations. In: Collectif, Le Grand Livre des idées reçues. Le Cavalier Bleu, Paris, p. 176-178.
Perrin, C., C. Michel & V. Andréassian. 2010. A set of hydrological models. In: Tanguy, J.-M., editor. Mathematical Models, Environmental Hydraulics series, p. 493-509.
Perrin, C., C. Michel & V. Andréassian. 2010. Familles de modèles en hydrologie. [Families of models in hydrology] In: Tanguy, J.-M., editor. Traité d'hydraulique environnementale, vol. 4. p. 335-353.
Valéry, A., Andréassian, V. & Perrin, C. 2009. Inverting the hydrological cycle: when streamflow measurements help assess altitudinal precipitation gradients in mountain areas. IAHS Publ. 333, p. 281-285.
Berthet, L., Ramos, M.-H., Perrin, C., Andréassian, V. & Loumagne, C. 2009. Can discharge assimilation methods be used to improve flood forecasting when few data are available? IAHS Publ. 333, p.
Margat, J. & V. Andréassian. 2009. Les problèmes de pollution des eaux vont croissants. [Water pollution problems are increasing] In: Collectif, Le Grand Livre des idées reçues. Le Cavalier Bleu, Paris, p. 179-182.
Margat, J. & V. Andréassian. 2008. Les pays riches gaspillent plus d’eau que les pays pauvres. [Rich countries waste more water that poor ones] In: Collectif, Le Grand Livre des idées reçues. Le Cavalier Bleu, Paris, p. 170-172.
Margat, J. & V. Andréassian. 2008. L’eau sera un enjeu de conflits au XXIème siècle. [Water will be a matter of conflict in the 21st century] In: Collectif, Le Grand Livre des idées reçues. Le Cavalier Bleu, Paris, p. 244-248.
Le Moine, N., Andréassian, V., Perrin, C. and Michel, C., 2007. 'Outlier' catchments: what can we learn from them in terms of prediction uncertainty in rainfall-runoff modelling? In: E. Boegh et al. (Editors), Quantification and Reduction of Predictive Uncertainty for Sustainable Water Resources Management, IAHS Publication 313. IAHS Press, Wallingford, pp. 195-203.
Oudin, L., Andréassian, V., Rojas-Serna, C., Le Moine, N. and Michel, C., 2007. Testing similarity indices to reduce predictive uncertainty in ungauged basins. In: E. Boegh et al. (Editors), Quantification and Reduction of Predictive Uncertainty for Sustainable Water Resources Management, IAHS Publication 313. IAHS Press, Wallingford, pp. 303-310.
Andréassian, V., A. Hall, N. Chahinian, J. Schaake (editors), 2006. Large sample basin experiments for hydrological model parameterization. IAHS (Red Book Series N°307), Wallingford. 347 p.
Andréassian, V., S. Bergström, N. Chahinian, Q. Duan, I. Littlewood, T. Mathevet, C. Michel, A. Montanari, G. Moretti, R. Moussa, O. Nasonova, K. O’Connor, E. Paquet, C. Perrin, A. Rousseau, J. Schaake, T. Wagener, Z. Xie. 2006. Catalogue of the models used in MOPEX 2004/2005. In: Andréassian, V., A. Hall, N. Chahinian, J. Schaake (editors), Large sample basin experiments for hydrological model parameterization. IAHS (Red Book Series N°307), Wallingford, p. 41-93.
Chahinian, N., V. Andréassian, Q. Duan, V. Fortin, H. Gupta, T. Hogue, T. Mathevet, A. Montanari, G. Moretti, R. Moussa, C. Perrin, J. Schaake, T. Wagener, Z. Xie. 2006. Compilation of the MOPEX 2004 results. In: Andréassian, V., A. Hall, N. Chahinian, J. Schaake (editors), Large sample basin experiments for hydrological model parameterization. IAHS (Red Book Series N°307), Wallingford, p. 313-338.
Chahinian, N., T. Mathevet, F. Habets, V. Andréassian. 2006. The MOPEX 2004 French database: main hydrological and morphological characteristics. In: Andréassian, V., A. Hall, N. Chahinian, J. Schaake (editors), Large sample basin experiments for hydrological model parameterization. IAHS (Red Book Series N°307), Wallingford, p. 29-40.
Mathevet, T., C. Michel, V. Andréassian, C. Perrin. 2006. A bounded version of the Nash-Sutcliffe criterion for better model assessment on large sets of basins. In: Andréassian, V., A. Hall, N. Chahinian, J. Schaake (editors), Large sample basin experiments for hydrological model parameterization. IAHS (Red Book Series N°307), Wallingford, p. 211-219.
Oudin, L., V. Andréassian, C. Loumagne, C. Michel. 2006. How informative is land-cover for the regionalisation of the GR4J rainfall-runoff model? Lessons of a downward approach. In: Andréassian, V., A. Hall, N. Chahinian, J. Schaake (editors), Large sample basin experiments for hydrological model parameterization. IAHS (Red Book Series N°307), Wallingford, p. 246-255.
Rojas-Serna, C., C. Michel, C. Perrin, V. Andréassian. 2006. Ungauged catchments: How make the most of a few streamflow measurements? In: Andréassian, V., A. Hall, N. Chahinian, J. Schaake (editors), Large sample basin experiments for hydrological model parameterization. IAHS (Red Book Series N°307), Wallingford, p. 230-236.
Wagener, T., T. Hogue, J. Schaake, Q. Duan, H. Gupta, V. Andréassian, A. Hall, G. Leavesley. 2006. The Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX): Its structure, connection to other international initiatives and future directions. In: Andréassian, V., A. Hall, N. Chahinian, J. Schaake (editors), Large sample basin experiments for hydrological model parameterization. IAHS (Red Book Series N°307), Wallingford, p. 339-346.
Perrin, C., C. Michel & V. Andréassian, 2001. Long-term low flow forecasting for French rivers by continuous rainfall-runoff modelling. Meeting of the British Hydrological Society on Continuous River Flow Simulation, Wallingford, UK, 5th July 2001, Littlewood, I.G. (Ed.), BHS Occasional Paper n° 13: 21-29.
Andréassian, V. & E. Gaume, 1998. Comment les besoins en eau évolueront-ils? Prospective à l'horizon 2025. In: J. Margat and J.-R. Tiercelin, L'eau en questions. Romillat, Paris. pp 123-148.
Meybeck, M., J.-M. Mouchel, Z. Idlafkih, V. Andréassian and S. Thibert, 1998. Transferts d’eau, de matières dissoute et particulaire dans le réseau fluvial. In: M. Meybeck, G. de Marsily and E. Fustec, La Seine en son bassin : fonctionnement écologique d’un système fluvial anthropisé. Elsevier, Paris. pp 345-389.
Andréassian, V. 2005. Three Riddles in Hydrological Modelling. Habilitation thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 154 pp.
Andréassian, V. 2002. Impact de l'évolution du couvert forestier sur le comportement hydrologique des bassins versants. [Impact of forest cover changes on catchment-scale hydrological behavior] PhD thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 781 pp.
Andréassian, V. 1992. Comparative Hydrology of Mediterranean shrublands. Master's thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson. 139 p.
Ficchí, A., 2017. An adaptive hydrological model for multiple time-steps: Diagnostics and improvements based on fluxes consistency. Thèse de doctorat, Irstea (Antony), GRNE (Paris), 281 pp.
Poncelet, C., 2016. Du bassin au paramètre : jusqu’où peut-on régionaliser un modèle hydrologique conceptuel ? Thèse de doctorat, Irstea (Antony), GRNE (Paris), 366 pp.
Crochemore, L., 2016. Seasonal streamflow forecasting for reservoir management. Thèse de doctorat, Irstea (Antony), AgroParisTech (Paris), 213 pp.
Lebecherel, L., 2015. Sensibilité des calculs hydrologiques à la densité des réseaux de mesure hydrométrique et pluviométrique. Thèse de doctorat, Irstea (Antony), AgroParisTech (Paris), 280 pp.
Bourgin, F., 2014. Comment quantifier l’incertitude prédictive en modélisation hydrologique ? Travail exploratoire sur un grand échantillon de bassins versants. Thèse de Doctorat, Irstea (Antony), AgroParisTech (Paris), 230 pp.
Coron, L., 2013. Les modèles hydrologiques conceptuels sont-ils robustes face à un climat en evolution ? Thèse de doctorat, Irstea (Antony), AgroParisTech (Paris), 364 pp.
Pushpalatha, R., 2013. Simulation et prévision des étiages sur des bassins versants français : approche fondée sur la modélisation hydrologique. Thèse de Doctorat, Irstea (Antony), AgroParisTech (Paris), 230 pp.
Randrianasolo, A., 2012. Généralisation de l’approche d’ensemble à la prévision hydrologique dans les bassins non jaugés. Thèse de Doctorat, Irstea (Antony), AgroParisTech (Paris), 314 pp.
Boldetti, G., 2012. Estimation des paramètres des modèles hydrologiques sur des bassins versants non-jaugés : confrontation des approches directes et indirectes. Thèse de Doctorat, Irstea (Antony), AgroParisTech (Paris), 206 pp.
Valéry, A., 2010. Modélisation précipitations – débit sous influence nivale. Élaboration d’un module neige et évaluation sur 380 bassins versants. Thèse de Doctorat, Cemagref (Antony), AgroParisTech (Paris), 405 pp.
Berthet, L., 2010. Prévision des crues au pas de temps horaire : pour une meilleure assimilation de l’information de débit dans un modèle hydrologique. Thèse de Doctorat, Cemagref (Antony), AgroParisTech (Paris), Paris, 603 pp.
Le Moine, N., 2008. Le bassin versant de surface vu par le souterrain : une voie d’amélioration des performances et du réalisme des modèles pluie-débit ? Thèse de Doctorat, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris), Cemagref (Antony), 324 pp.
Caseri, A., 2017. Apport de la simulation conditionnelle géostatistique pour la prévision immédiate d’ensemble de pluies et l’alerte aux crues rapides. Thèse de doctorat, Irstea (Aix-en-Provence & Antony), AgroParisTech (Paris), 201 pp.
Lobligeois, F., 2014. Mieux connaitre la distribution spatiale des pluies améliore-t-il la modélisation des crues ? Diagnostic sur 181 bassins versants français. Thèse de Doctorat, Irstea (Antony), AgroParisTech (Paris), 312 pp.
Lerat, J., 2009. Quels apports hydrologiques pour les modèles hydrauliques ? Vers un modèle intégré de simulation des crues. Thèse de Doctorat, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 300 pp.
Bourqui, M., 2008. Impact de la variabilité spatiale des pluies sur les performances des modèles hydrologiques, Thèse de Doctorat, ENGREF (Paris), Cemagref (Antony), 333 pp.
Payan, J.L., 2007. Prise en compte de barrages-réservoirs dans un modèle global pluie-débit, Thèse de Doctorat, ENGREF (Paris), Cemagref (Antony), 256 pp.
Mathevet, T., 2005. Quels modèles pluie-débit globaux pour le pas de temps horaire ? Développement empirique et comparaison de modèles sur un large échantillon de bassins versants. Thèse de Doctorat, ENGREF (Paris), Cemagref (Antony), France, 463 pp.
Rojas-Serna, C., 2005. Quelle connaissance hydrométrique minimale pour définir les paramètres d’un modèle pluie-débit ? Thèse de Doctorat, Cemagref (Antony), ENGREF (Paris), France, 319 pp.
Tangara, M., 2005. Nouvelle méthode de prévision de crue utilisant un modèle pluie-débit global. Thèse de Doctorat, Cemagref Antony, EPHE, Paris, 374 pp.
Oudin, L., 2004. Recherche d’un modèle d’évapotranspiration potentielle pertinent comme entrée d’un modèle pluie-débit global. Thèse de Doctorat, ENGREF (Paris) / Cemagref (Antony), 495 pp.
Mouelhi S., 2003. Vers une chaîne cohérente de modèles pluie-débit conceptuels globaux aux pas de temps pluriannuel, annuel, mensuel et journalier. Thèse de Doctorat, ENGREF, Cemagref Antony, France, 323 pp.

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text:
Objective: to determine features of therapy of gonarthrosis in patients with decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Methods: we examined 120 patients with radiological grades II–III of knee osteoarthritis according to Kellgren-Lawrence. 54.2 % of them have had decreased BMD. Depending on therapy performed these patients were divided into four groups: 1 — patients received chondroitine-4, 6-sulfate (C-4, 6-S) 1 g daily for 6 months and nimesulide 200 mg per day up to 15 days; 2 — C-4, 6-S, 1 g daily for 6 months and diclofenac 150 mg daily up to 15 days; 3 — nimesulide 200 mg per day up to 15 days; 4th — diclofenac 150 mg per day up to 15 days. Results: correlations between BMD and clinical and laboratory data were determined. We found such distinctive peculiarities of gonarthrosis in patients with decreased BMD as more pronounced pain and limitation of functional activity as well as increased level of C-reactive protein. After 6 and 12 months of therapy we found significantly less decline in BMD (T-and Z-indices in standard deviations) in patients who has received C-4, 6-S which allows to conclude its positive impact on BMD. In case of nimesulide monotherapy after 6 months we observed significantly less negative dynamics of BMD indicators (Z-index standard deviation) than in cases of diclofenac monotherapy indicating a positive effect of nimesulide on BMD.
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Oct 12, 2016 ... Target Corp. ... in instructing the jury, as the Court of Appeal found, and (2) if so, ... and disposition of a related issue in People v. ... California Rules of Court, rule 8.520, is deferred pending further ..... BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF ... TRUST FUND v. ... PIPE TRADES HEALTH & ...... City of San Jose et al. v.
Globus Medical Inc. et al .... as Trustee of the Dana M. DiCarlo Revocable Trust's Motion to Dismiss/Motion to ...... University of South Florida Board of Trustees et al .....  Petition for writ of habeas corpus filed by Jemel Lajuan Hamilton. ... 03/ 29/2019, Michigan Carpenters' Pension Fund, et. al. v. ...... 02/25/2019, Pipes v.
MARICOPA COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY et al. , 457 U.S. 332, 06/18/82; ARIZONA, ... GENERAL CONTRACTORS OF CALIFORNIA, INC., Petitioner v. .... NYSA-ILA MEDICAL AND CLINICAL SERVICES FUND, by its trustees, BOWERS , et al. ... MATHEWS, Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, v.
Management Cooperation, Pension & Welfare Funds v. .... Marshall County Coal Company, et al., No. ..... 201CV00227KJMEFB, 2016 WL 4161119 (E.D. Cal. ..... Pension Trust Plan purchased a life insurance policy insuring the life of an employee of the ...... and the Southern California Pipe Trades Health and Welfare Fund.

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John W. Douglas, Washington, D.C., for petitioner.
Allen E. Susman, Beverly Hills, Cal., for respondents.
At issue in this case are the extent of the Federal Communications Commission's authority to promulgate procedural standards for determining whether testimony taken and documents produced during an investigatory proceeding should be accorded confidential treatment, and the scope of judicial review of determinations made pursuant to such standards.
In October 1960, public sessions were held in Los Angeles, California, at which time evidence was received concerning the functions, policies and practices of television companies, talent agencies and representatives, program 'packagers,' 7 sales representatives, and others. On October 17, 1960, the Presiding Officer issued a subpoena duces tecum to respondent Schreiber, a Vice President of respondent Music Corporation of America, Inc. (MCA)one of the largest packagers and producers of network television programs, 8 directing him to appear at the hearing and to produce certain documents described in the annexes to the subpoena. Respondent Schreiber appeared and produced the material specified in Annex A. 9 He refused, however, to submit without qualification the material called for in Annex B, 10 which included a list of the programs packaged by MCA. Respondent Schreiber stated that he would produce the subpoenaed materials only 'if the Commission will take this information and assure us that it will be held in confidence, will not be published, and will not be made available to other people, other than those on the Commission, and that serve the Commission.' As grounds for confidential treatment, he asserted that the information sought might disclose trade secrets and confidential data, and that the information was outside the scope of the hearing. He also objected generally to the procedures governing the hearing on the ground that they would require 'public disclosure of trade secrets and confidential data of my company which might be of aid to its many competitors in this highly competitive television industry.' The Presiding Officer found 'no doubt' as to the relevance of the material and rejected, as 'without merit,' the claim that the information should be received in confidence.
The Commission thereupon petitioned the United States District Court for the Southern District of California for the enforcement of its subpoena and orders. The District Court found that the investigation was statutorily authorized, that the information requested in Annex B was relevant to the inquiry, and that respondents had disobeyed valid orders and a valid subpoena. 13 Accordingly, the District Court ordered respondents to appear at a reconvened hearing and to comply with the Commission's subpoena and orders. However, the court, in order to protect 'respondents' rights and to preclude disclosure of trade secrets of which competitors might take advantage,' ordered that all testimony given and documents produced by respondents be received and held in confidence. 14 The court's order further provided that, after the investigation of respondents had been completed, the Commission could move the court for an order, 'should good cause exist therefor,' permitting such testimony and documents to be made public. 201 F.Supp. 421.
On appeal, a divided Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed that portion of the District Court's order which pertains to the questions now before this Court. 15 The Court of Appeals held that the District Court had not abused its discretion in conditioning its order to require confidential treatment of the information sought. 329 F.2d 517. In dissent, Judge Browning stated that the Commission's procedural rule, requiring public hearings unless in camera proceedings could be justified by those from whom the information was sought, was well within the Commission's power. It was Judge Browning's view that the District Court could require confidential treatment only if the Commission's application of its procedural rule and consequent refusal to accord confidential treatment were found to be arbitrary or an abuse of the Commission's discretion. Id., at 528 534. Because this case presents important questions concerning the respective roles to be performed by federal courts and the Federal Communications Commission in the administration of the Communications Act of 1934, we granted certiorari. 379 U.S. 927, 85 S.Ct. 325, 13 L.Ed.2d 340.
We hold that the Commission's rulerequiring public disclosure except where the proponents of a request for confidential treatment have demonstrated that the public interest, proper dispatch of business, or the ends of justice would be served by nonpublic sessionswas well within the Commission's statutory authority. We further find that the Commission did not abuse its discretion in applying this rule. Accordingly, we modify the decision below insofar as it affirms the District Court's imposition of conditions upon the enforcement of the subpoena and orders issued by the Commission.
In the Pottsville Broadcasting case, this Court stressed, in upholding this delegation of broad procedural authority, the established principle that administrative agencies 'should be free to fashion their own rules of procedure and to pursue methods of inquiry capable of permitting them to discharge their multitudinous duties.' 309 U.s., at 143, 60 S.Ct., at 441. This principle, which has been upheld in a variety of applications, 17 is an outgrowth of the congressional determination that administrative agencies and administrators will be familiar with the industries which they regulate and will be in a better position than federal courts or Congress itself to design procedural rules adapted to the peculiarities of the industry and the tasks of the agency involved. Thus, underlying the broad delegation in § 4(j) of procedural rule-making power to the Federal Communications Commission is a 'recognition of the rapidly fluctuating factors characteristic of the evolution of broadcasting and of the corresponding requirement that the administrative process possess sufficient flexibility to adjust itself to these factors.' Federal Communications Comm'n v. Pottsville Broadcasting Co., supra, at 138, 60 S.Ct. at 439.
To permit federal district courts to establish administrative procedures de novo would, of course, render nugatory Congress' effort to insure that administrative procedures be designed by those most familiar with the regulatory problems involved. Thus, in providing for judicial review of administrative procedural rule-making, Congress has not empowered district courts to substitute their judgment for that of the agency. Instead, it has limited judicial responsibility to insuring consistency with governing statutes and the demands of the Constitution. Oklahoma Press Pub. Co. v. Walling, 327 U.S. 186, 214218, 66 S.Ct. 494, 508510; Federal Communications Comm'n v. Pottsville Broadcasting Co., supra, 309 U.S., at 144145, 60 S.Ct., at 442; Federal Radio Comm'n v. Nelson Bros. Co., 289 U.S. 266, 276277, 53 S.Ct. 627, 632, 77 L.Ed. 1166.
It is apparent that the courts below did not respect this congressional distribution of authority. The Commission promulgated a rule governing disclosure in this investigation. Yet, neither the District Court nor the Court of Appeals inquired into the validity of the Commission's exercise of its rulemaking authority. Instead, the District Court devised procedures to be followed by the Commission on the basis of the court's conception of how the public and private interests involved could best be served. In reviewing this determination, the Court of Appeals found that the District Judge had not abused his discretion, 'but, on the contrary, established a fair and just procedure whereby a most important investigation could proceed without being unduly disrupted, obstructed or prolonged, and at the same time afford (respondents) protection against the improvident disclosure of possible valuable trade secrets.' 329 F.2d, at 524. In so doing, the Court of Appeals erred. The question for decision was whether the exercise of discretion by the Commission was within permissible limits, not whether the District Judge's substituted judgment was reasonable.
'to shape its course within reasonable limits by its own conception of the promptings of policy and fairness. It would have kept within the statute even though it had made the hearings private and had refrained from the publication of anything, either the records of its agents or the testimony of witnesses. * * * Instead, it made the hearing public, and exposed everything to view except only when publication was likely in its judgment to result in hardship or injustice.' 288 U.S., at 321322, 53 S.Ct., at 360361.
We hold, therefore, that the Commission's adoption of the procedural rule favoring public disclosure and placing upon those from whom information is sought the burden of demonstrating the need for in camera proceedings is statutorily authorized.
Upon remand from the Commission, respondents moved that all testimony and documents to be elicited from themnot merely Annex Bshould be received in camera. Respondents asserted that in light of the announced scope of the inquiry, the Commission's order to produce documents upon request and to testify 'regarding all matters deemed relevant' would require MCA 'to disclose all of its business information to its many competitors and to make a public record of all of its activities,' and that such a disclosure, if demanded, would necessarily include confidential business secrets. No factual showing was made; there was only the argument.
The District Court accepted the argument, finding 'well-grounded (the) fears of the respondents that the testimony to be given might result in disclosure of trade-secrets, of which competitors might take advantage.' 201 F.Supp., at 425. Accordingly, the court ordered that all testimony and documents adduced by respondents be received in confidence. In so doing the District Court rerred, for it is clear that the Presiding Officer did not abuse his discretion in rejecting this request for blanket nondisclosure.
The Presiding Officer did not know what information would actually be sought, what questions asked. Indeed, he could only speculate as to whether the Commission would seek to elicit any data which, if disclosed to MCA's competitors, would work competitive harm. He could not ascertain the likelihood of irreparable damage to private competitive interests, nor could be discern whether the private interest outweighed the public interest in disclosure. If and when information was demanded which if disclosed might in fact injure MCA competitively, there would be ample opportunity to request that it be received in confidence, and to seek judicial protection if the request were denied. Cf. Reisman v. Caplin, 375 U.S. 440, 84 S.Ct. 508, 11 L.Ed.2d 459. The Presiding Officer would have abused his discretion in denying the request only if it were shown that no information could have been elicited from respondents which could be publicly disclosed. The record affords no justification for such a proposition.
The only other possible basis for the District Court's order would be an assumption that the Presiding Officer would consistently require disclosure even if a balancing of public and private interests compelled secrecy. There is no support for such an assumption in the record and it runs contrary to the presumption to which administrative agencies are entitledthat they will act properly and according to law.
Nor can the District Court's order be saved on the ground that it did not direct that all information be held in confidence, but merely deferred the determination of whether the information was entitled to confidential treatment until after the inquiry of respondents had been completed. The order directs that there be no disclosure until the court so orders, 'should good cause exist therefor.' Not only does this order seem to shift the burden of proof to the Commission to justify publication, despite the valid rule to the contrary, but it also permits respondents to avoid submitting the issue of disclosure to the Presiding Officer despite the 'long settled rule of judicial administration that no one is entitled to judicial relief for a supposed or threatened injury until the prescribed administrative remedy has been exhausted.' Myers v. Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp., 303 U.S. 41, 5051, 58 S.Ct. 459, 463, 82 L.Ed. 638; Reisman v. Caplin, supra. Moreover, the District Court's order forbids disclosure until completion of the investigation of respondents without any showing that secrecy is justified. During this period the Commission could not make the information available to Congress, and the Commission would be denied the benefit of other evidence stimulated by disclosure. And the period during which the benefits of disclosure would be denied would inevitably be lond. Respondent first appeared before the Presiding Officer on October 21, 1960, and resolution of the issues then raised has caused a delay of more than four and one-half years.
We do not find forceful respondents' contention that the District Court's order was necessary to protect against the discriminatory treatment of MCA by the Commission. The allegations finds little support in the record; moreover, no reference is made to this factor in the District Court's opinion or findings of fact. Respondents' assertions that 'the Commission's interest in MCA was deep' and that 'concentration upon MCA was unique,' even if true, would not demonstrate the need for secrecy. Instead, such assertions merely lend credence to the Commission's unchallenged finding that because of the importance of MCA in the industry, the failure to explore fully the policies and practices of MCA 'would seriously impair, if not render nugatory, any attempt on the Commission's part to understand and delineate the policies, practices and activities involved in the creation, production, sale and licensing of television filmed programs.' Furthermore, it is clear that respondents are adequately protected against imprevident disclosure, even if the Commission should unfairly seek disclosure of information which would be competitively disastrous to respondents. Not only does the administrative remedy exist, but judicial protection against Commission overreaching also remains available with respect to any requests for information made in the future.
We conclude, therefore, that the Commission did not abuse its discretion in rejecting respondents' requests for blanket nondisclosure and accordingly hold that the District Court erred in ordering the Commission to afford confidential treatment to all information elicited from respondents.
We find that the Commission's affirmance of the Presiding Officer's determination that the material sought in Annex B should be received in public session was clearly proper. Certainly private agreements between MCA and its clients not to disclose facts without the client's consent could not affect the Commission in the discharge of its public duties. See 8 Wigmore, Evidence § 2286 (McNaughton rev. 1961). And the naked assertion of possible competitive injury does not establish that the Presiding Officer abused his discretion in declining to accord confidential treatment. Moreover, there is nothing in the District Court's opinion, findings or conclusions of law which indicates the likelihood, or even the possibility, of competitive harm from public disclosure of the Annex B information. MCA's competitors and others engaged in similar businesses had furnished publicly the same type of information without objection. Respondents did not attempt before the Commission or on review to distinguish the information furnished by MCA's competitors or the list of programs produced by MCA (subpoenaed in Annex A) which was introduced without objection by respondent Schreiber. Nor did respondents file affidavits in support of their position. But, even if it were conceded that disclosure of Annex B might have some competitive impact, there is no warrant for concluding that the Presiding Officer abused his discretion in finding that respondents had not sustained their burden of demonstrating that the private interest involved outweighed the public interest in disclosure.
One further point should be discussed. During oral argument counsel for respondents suggested that his clients were prejudiced in their efforts to demonstrate the need for confidential treatment of the information contained in Annex B by restrictions imposed upon the participation of counsel by the then-prevailing Commission rules. 24 We do not find this contention persuasive. Respondents filed a petition, prepared and signed by counsel, seeking review before the full Commission of the Presiding Officer's rejection of their confidentiality request. Subsequently, they filed a second motion for confidential treatment with the Presiding Officer and respondents' counsel was afforded an opportunity to argue orally in support of the motion. Thus, it is evident that the then-existing Commission rules restricting the rights of counsel did not prejudice respondents in their efforts to secure in camera proceedings with regard to Annex B, 25 and hence there is no occasion to order that respondents be afforded an additional opportunity to present objections to the disclosure of the information subpoenaed in Annex B.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals iis modified so as to strike paragraph 2 of the District Court's order, and the cause is remanded to the District Court with directions to enforce the Commission's orders and subpoena without qualification.
Judgment of Court of Appeals modified and cause remanded to District Court with directions.
Independent Offices Appropriations Act, 1956, 69 Stat. 199, 201202.
Statement of Commission Chairman McConnaughey; Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee, Independent Offices Appropriations for 1956, 84th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 293. Chairman McConnaughey also noted that '(o)nly with this information can the problems affecting the further expansion of television outlets be adequately identified and evaluated, and appropriate recommendations made for their solution.' Id., at 294. See also Hearings before the Subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee, Independent Offices Appropriations for 1956, 84th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 663664.
'(t)hat the inquiry and investigatory proceeding instituted pursuant to the Commission's Order of February 26, 1959 (FCC 59 166), be and is hereby amended and enlarged to determine the policies, practices, mechanics and surveillance pursued and carried out by networks, station licensees and others in connection with the acquisition, ownership, production, distribution, selection, sale and licensing of programs for radio and television exhibition and the policies and practices pursued by networks, station licensees and others in connection with the selection, presentation and supervision of advertising material for broadcast to the public and the reasons and necessity in the public interest for said policies and practices * * *.' Id., at 9275, 9276.
In its orders the Commission noted that the information sought was necessary (1) to complete its general investigation of radio and television broadcasting pursuant to the Independent Offices Appropriations Act; (2) to determine 'what, if any, rules, regulations, legislation or other actions are necessary or desirable in the public interest in connection with' television programming; (3) to determine where the public interest lies in the granting of construction permits, station licenses, modifications and renewals; and (4) to enable the Commission to report and make specific recommendations to Congress in relation to the regulation of broadcasting. Id., at 1605, 9275.
'Packagers' develop and assemble the talent and scripts for a particular program or programs. A 'producer' has general charge of the process of preparing the package for television showing.
'that MCA, Inc., (a) represents a large share of the talent, both acting and creative, engaged in television programming; (b) produces television programs; (c) packages and/or sells such programs; (d) maintains and leases production facilities for such programs and generally engages, on a large scale, in all facets of television program production. The record of the proceeding to date clearly establishes that failure fully to explore the policies, practices and activities of MCA, Inc., in connection with television programming would seriously impair, if not render nugatory, any attempt on the Commission's part to understand and delineate the policies, practices and activities involved in the creation, production, sale and licensing of television filmed programs * * *.' R. 16.
On review of the Presiding Officer's first order, the Commission although dealing with the merits of that order, held 'that the orders and directions of the Presiding Officer as to relevance and public disclosure of evidence, information and data are interlocutory in nature, do not of themselves 'aggrieve' any person, and are not, as of right, appealable to the Commission.' This holding precluded an application to the Commission for review of the Presiding Officer's second order.
Respondents do not challenge these findings.
Under the procedures established by the Presiding Officer, counsel for a witness could not, during the course of interrogation of his client, take exception to, request clarification of, or object to any question, nor could be initiate consultation with his client. Counsel could consult with his client only upon the request of the client if approved by the Presiding Officer. The District Court held that under § 6(a) of the Administrative Procedure Act, 60 Stat. 240, respondents were entitled to the assistance of counsel in the following respects: the right to have counsel object to any question and state his reasons therefor, and the right to have counsel initiate consultation without interference by the Commission or its agents. The Court of Appeals disagreed, concluding that the procedures established by the Presiding Officer were not violative of any constitutional or statutory provisions. On Sept. 2, 1964, the Commission amended Part I of its Rules and Regulations, permitting counsel for any person compelled to appear in Commission proceedings to advise his client either upon his own initiative or that of his client, 'to make objections on the record, and to state briefly the basis for such objections.' 29 Fed.Reg. 12774 12775. Finding this amendment to be 'in accord with respondents' legal position on this matter,' respondents did not seek review of the ruling below. Given the change in the Commission's rules, we need not, and do not, express any views as to the legality of the prior rules concerning a witness' right to the assistance of counsel.
The Commission's own conception of its authority is similarly broad. Section 1.1 of the Commission's General Rules of Practice and Procedure provides that procedures to be followed in investigative proceedings shall 'be such as in the opinion of the Commission will best serve the purpose of such proceeding.' 47 CFR § 1.1 (1965).
Civil Aeronautics Board v. Hermann, 353 U.S. 322, 77 S.Ct. 804, 1 L.Ed.2d 852; Oklahoma Press Pub. Co. v. Walling, 327 U.S. 186, 66 S.Ct. 494, 90 L.Ed. 614; Wallace Corp. v. National Labor Relations Board, 323 U.S. 248, 65 S.Ct. 238, 89 L.Ed. 216; Endicott Johnson Corp. v. Perkins, 317 U.S. 501, 63 S.Ct. 339, 87 L.Ed. 424; Utah Fuel Co. v. National Bituminous Coal Comm'n, 306 U.S. 56, 59 S.Ct. 409, 83 L.Ed. 483; Norwegian Nitrogen Products Co. v. United States, 288 U.S. 294, 53 S.Ct. 350.
Isbrandtsen-Moller Co. v. United States, 300 U.S. 139, 57 S.Ct. 407, 81 L.Ed. 562; American Sumatra Tobacco Corp. v. Securities & Exchange Comm'n, 71 App.D.C. 259, 110 F.2d 117 (1940); E. Griffiths Hughes, Inc. v. Federal Trade Comm'n, 61 App.D.C. 386, 63 F.2d 362 (1933).
Norwegian Nitrogen Products Co. v. United States, supra.
This statute has been interpreted to apply to all information received in any 'formal proceeding.' Attorney General's Manual on the Administrative Procedure Act 24 (1947). In construing § 3(c), the District Court for the District of Columbia has stated: 'Of course, the public interest in open hearings places the burden on the plaintiffs to show that their documents should be received in confidence.' Graber Mfg. Co. v. Dixon, 223 F.Supp. 1020, 1022 (D.C.D.C.1963). See also Davis, Administrative Law § 8.09 (1958).
See generally Rourke, Law Enforcement Through Publicity, 24 U.Chi.L.Rev. 225 (1957); Note, 72 Yale L.J. 1227 (1963).
Statement of Senator Magnuson, 101 Cong.Rec. 7629.
Respondents do not contend that a denial of confidential treatment would result in the abridgment of any constitutional right.
It should also be noted that during the initial proceeding before the Presiding Officer when respondent Schreiber first objected to disclosure of the Annex B information, he was afforded an opportunity to consult with counsel. In addition, the Commission rules then in effect contained no restrictions on the right of counsel to prepare written documents in support of requests for confidential treatment or on the right of witnesses, such as respondent Schreiber, to submit such documents.
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, et al., Petitioners v. JERRY T. O'BRIEN, INC., et al.


1. Beginning as early as May 1999 and continuing through January 2000, Legato Systems, Inc. ("Legato" or the "Company"), a Silicon Valley software company, recorded millions of dollars in revenue and income from phony transactions arranged by its senior sales executives. The fraud perpetrated by Legato's senior sales executives was aided and abetted by Defendant Vince Steckler, while he was an executive of Legato's customer, Logicon, Inc.
2. Steckler caused Logicon to place a $7 million order with Legato, which Logicon had the right to cancel, knowing that the Legato sales executives fraudulently planned to submit the order as a sale of approximately $5.8 million in current revenue and $1.2 million in deferred revenue. In fact, under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP"), the cancellation provision prevented Legato from counting any part of the order as a current sale. Steckler knew that inclusion of the fraudulent order as a sale would cause Legato to record revenue in violation of GAAP, and to issue false and misleading financial statements in its quarterly report filed with the Commission (known as a Form 10-Q) and made available to the investing public.
3. Steckler also advised the Legato executives how to conceal the cancellation right from Legato's finance department, by including it only in a hidden "side letter" instead of in the order or contract between Logicon and Legato.
4. As a result of Steckler's conduct, Legato filed a report on Form 10-Q containing materially inflated revenue and net income for the third quarter ending September 30, 1999.
5. The Commission brings this action pursuant to Section 21(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act") [15 U.S.C. §§ 78u(d)]. This Court has jurisdiction over this action pursuant to Sections 21(e) and 27 of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. §§ 78u(e) and 78aa].
6. Steckler, directly or indirectly, made use of the means and instrumentalities of interstate commerce, the mails, or the facilities of a national securities exchange, in connection with the acts, practices, and courses of business and transactions alleged herein.
7. This district is an appropriate venue for this action under Section 27 of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. §78aa]. Certain of the transactions, acts, practices and courses of business constituting the violations alleged herein occurred within the Northern District of California.
8. Assignment to the San Jose Division is appropriate pursuant to Civil Local Rule 3-2(e) because a substantial part of the events that give rise to the Commission's claims occurred in Santa Clara County, California, where Legato is headquartered.
9. Vincent Steckler, age 43, of Great Falls, Virginia, is currently a vice president in charge of sales to government purchasers for a publicly traded software company. From July 1998 through August 2000, Steckler was a vice president in charge of sales to government purchasers for Logicon, Inc. ("Logicon"). In that position, Steckler was responsible for managing all sales operations relating to federal government sales and for closing large transactions with customers and suppliers. At Logicon, Steckler was eligible to receive a cash bonus if he met certain performance criteria.
10. Legato is a Delaware corporation, with its corporate headquarters located in Mountain View, California. Legato develops, markets and supports software for managing the data-storage functions of computer networks. At all times relevant to this action, Legato's common stock was quoted on the NASDAQ National Market System.
11. Logicon was, during 1999, a wholly owned subsidiary of Northrop Grumman Corporation, a public company whose common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange. Logicon provided information systems integration and various hardware and software solutions primarily to agencies of the federal government. Logicon currently operates as a division of Northrop Grumman Corporation, under the name Information Technology.
12. On November 10, 1999, Legato filed with the Commission its Form 10-Q for the third quarter ended September 30, 1999, setting forth its financial statements for that quarter and the results of its operations. In January 2000, Legato publicly announced that it would restate its third quarter 1999 financial statements, due to the transaction in which Steckler was involved. In May 2000, Legato restated its third quarter 1999 financial statements, reducing total revenue from $71,688,000 to $67,931,000 (an overstatement of 6 percent), and net income from $3,438,000 to $1,396,000 (an overstatement of 146 percent).
13. As described below, during the third quarter of 1999, Steckler aided and abetted Legato's sales executives' fraudulent conduct, causing Legato fraudulently to recognize revenue on one transaction that accounted for a significant portion of the falsely reported revenue and income. Steckler knew that his actions in this transaction would cause the financial statements in Legato's original Form 10-Q for the third quarter ended September 30, 1999 to be materially false and misleading.
A. Steckler Materially Assisted Huetteman and Malmstedt in Causing Legato to Fraudulently Recognize Revenue on a $7 Million Order from Logicon.
14. During the summer of 1999, Legato's sales executives approached Logicon with a proposal to sell a large quantity of software to the U.S. Air Force. Because Logicon had a relationship with the Air Force but Legato did not, Logicon was a necessary intermediary for a sale of Legato's products under government procurement regulations.
15. In mid-September 1999, Mark Huetteman, Legato's then Vice President in charge of North American sales, sent a proposal to Logicon to sell $7 million worth of Legato's software and services. Under the terms of the proposal, Logicon would place the $7 million order for Legato software and services by September 30, 1999, the last day of Legato's quarter. In return, Logicon would receive a sizeable commission and become the exclusive reseller of Legato products for the Air Force.
16. In order to effectuate the transaction, Legato needed to enter into a "reseller agreement" with Logicon; however, it soon became apparent that Logicon would be unable to obtain the necessary corporate approvals to sign a reseller agreement prior to September 30, 1999. Accordingly, under the proposal negotiated between Steckler and Legato's sales executives, Logicon's order was to be contained in an "order letter" and followed by a purchase order and the reseller agreement.
17. In September, the deal hit a stumbling block when a Logicon contract specialist refused to sign the order letter unless Legato granted Logicon the right to cancel its obligation to pay Legato the $7 million if Legato and Logicon did not negotiate a mutually acceptable reseller agreement within 30 days.
18. Logicon's requested right to cancel the order presented problems for Legato entering into and recording revenue from the transaction. GAAP does not permit companies to recognize revenue for a contingent sale, including a sale to a reseller who does not in fact have a binding obligation to pay for the software purchased because the reseller is assured that it has the right to cancel the purchase before any payment is made.
19. Legato's sales executives, Huetteman and David Malmstedt (Huetteman's superior in charge of world wide sales), knew that the Logicon transaction would be jeopardized if the order letter contained any contingencies. Legato's general counsel had previously rejected an amendment to a draft order letter on the grounds that it contained a contingency, and the general counsel had informed the Logicon contract specialist that the order letter could not contain this term.
20. To get around this problem, Steckler suggested that Huetteman provide Logicon with a right to cancel the transaction if the parties were unable to negotiate a more definitive agreement. The cancellation right was to be reflected in a letter separate from the order letter.
21. Steckler knew that by placing the right to cancel in a separate "side letter," Legato's finance department would not learn of Logicon's right to cancel the order when determining whether to record revenue for the transaction. Steckler told Huetteman that Legato would thus recognize current revenue and income from the transaction.
22. In late September, Steckler dictated to Huetteman during a telephone call portions of the proposed side letter in an effort to ensure that the side letter contained terms that were agreeable to Steckler and to the Legato sales executives. On September 29, 1999, Huetteman sent a draft of the side letter that he composed with Steckler's aid by e-mail to Steckler, Malmstedt, and another Legato salesperson.
24. On September 29, 1999, Steckler forwarded the e-mail containing the side letter to the contract specialist at Logicon with the comment, "Let's go with this."
25. On September 29, 1999, Huetteman placed the side letter he had e-mailed to Steckler on Legato letterhead, signed it, and then sent it by email and facsimile to Steckler. Huetteman and Malmstedt did not forward the side letter to Legato's legal or finance departments.
26. On September 30, 1999, the Logicon contract specialist signed and transmitted an order letter from Logicon to Legato to purchase $7 million worth of software and support services. The side letter containing the right to cancel was not, however, attached to, referenced in, or included with Logicon's order letter.
28. GAAP does not permit companies to recognize revenue for a contingent sale. A contingent sale may arise where - as here - the reseller does not in fact have a binding obligation to pay for the software purchased because the reseller is assured that it has the right to cancel the purchase before any payment is made. Under GAAP, contingent sales may not be recognized as revenue by the seller because collectibility of the sales price is not probable.
29. Because Logicon's order reflected in the order letter was subject to the 30-day cancellation clause contained in the side letter, it was improper for Legato to recognize revenue on Logicon's order during the third quarter of 1999.
30. In January 2000, the $5.8 million in revenue was reversed - that is, Legato's income and expenses were reduced to reflect that the transaction had not occurred. The reversal was done when Legato's outside auditors determined that Legato should not have recognized revenue on the Logicon transaction.
31. On January 19, 2000, Legato publicly announced that it would be restating the results of the quarter ended September 30, 1999 due to "an adjustment concerning one contract," referring to the reversal of revenue from the Logicon transaction. However, Legato also stated that it believed "the revenue [from the Logicon transaction] will be recorded in the first and second quarters of 2000." Then, following discovery of the side letter in March 2000, the Logicon transaction was ultimately cancelled by mutual agreement of the parties.
32. Malmstedt and Huetteman knew, or were reckless in not knowing, that Logicon's order was subject to a 30-day cancellation clause that made revenue recognition in the third quarter improper. Malmstedt and Huetteman both also knew, or were reckless in not knowing, that their failure to inform Legato's finance department about the 30-day cancellation provision would cause the Logicon transaction to be recorded improperly on Legato's books and records, which in turn would cause material misrepresentations in the company's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 1999.
33. Steckler knew that Logicon's order was subject to a 30-day cancellation clause that made revenue recognition by Legato in the third quarter improper. Steckler also knew that the purpose for including the cancellation clause in a separate side letter, which was not attached to, referenced in, or included with the order letter, was to conceal the 30-day cancellation provision from Legato's finance department. Steckler knew, as he told Huetteman, that Legato would recognize current revenue from the Logicon transaction and that Legato would report income from the transaction.
34. Steckler also knew that Legato was a public company. Steckler knew from his experience working for and with public companies that the transaction with Logicon would be ultimately reflected as part of the sales and income reported in Legato's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 1999.
35. By arranging for the cancellation provision to be concealed in a separate side letter, Steckler and Legato's sales executives all knew that Legato would keep records of a significant transaction, including records recording most of the transaction as current revenue and income, that did not accurately and fairly reflect the terms of the transaction. Steckler and Legato's sales executives further knew that by concealing the cancellation provision in a separate side letter, they were circumventing Legato's accounting controls, including Legato's prohibition against including contingencies such as cancellation provisions in sales orders.
36. During the second half of 1999, Legato's stock price rose from under $30 to nearly $80 per share on an historic (pre-split) basis. In April 2000, once the fraud was finally revealed to the public, the stock price plunged to under $20 per share on an historic (pre-split) basis.
37. The Commission seeks to enjoin Steckler from future violations of the federal securities laws and to obtain civil monetary penalties related to the violations.
of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5.
38. The Commission realleges and incorporates by reference Paragraphs 1 through 37 above.
engaged in acts, practices, or courses of business which operated or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon other persons, including purchasers and sellers of securities.
40. Steckler knowingly provided substantial assistance to Huetteman's, Malmstedt's and/or Legato's violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. § 78j(b)] and Rule 10b-5 [17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5].
41. Steckler aided and abetted, and unless enjoined will continue to violate Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. § 78j(b)] and Rule 10b-5 [17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5].
of the Exchange Act and Rule 13b2-1.
42. The Commission realleges and incorporates by reference Paragraphs 1 through 37 above.
43. Huetteman and Malmstedt knowingly circumvented Legato's internal accounting controls and directly or indirectly falsified, or caused to be falsified, Legato's books, records or accounts of transactions subject to Section 13(b)(2)(A) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. § 78m(b)(2)(A)], in violation of Section 13(b)(5) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. § 78m(b)(5)] and Rule 13b2-1 [17 C.F.R. § 240.13b2-1].
44. Steckler knowingly provided substantial assistance to Huetteman's and Malmstedt's circumvention of Legato's system of internal accounting controls and direct or indirect falsification of Legato's books, records and accounts subject to Section 13(b)(2)(A) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. § 78m(b)(2)(A)], in violation of Section 13(b)(5) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. § 78m(b)(5)] and Rule 13b2-1 [17 C.F.R. § 240.13b2-1].
45. Steckler aided and abetted, and unless enjoined will continue to violate Section 13(b)(5) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. § 78m(b)(5)] and Rule 13b2-1 [17 C.F.R. § 240.13b2-1].
and Rules 12b-20 and 13a-13.
46. The Commission realleges and incorporates by reference Paragraphs 1 through 37 above.
47. Legato, aided and abetted by and through the acts of its employees and officers, filed with the Commission a quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the third quarter ended September 30, 1999 that contained untrue statements of material fact and omitted to state material information required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the required statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, in violation of Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. § 78m(a)] and Rules 12b-20 and 13a-13 [17 C.F.R. §§ 240.12b-20 and 240.13a-13].
48. Steckler knowingly provided substantial assistance to Legato's violation of Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. § 78m(a)] and Rules 12b-20 and 13a-13 [17 C.F.R. §§ 240.12b-20 and 240.13a-13].
49. Steckler aided and abetted and unless enjoined will continue to aid and abet violations of Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. § 78m(a)] and Rules 12b-20 and 13a-13 [17 C.F.R. §§ 240.12b-20 and 240.13a-13].
50. The Commission realleges and incorporates by reference Paragraphs 1 through 37 above.
51. Legato, aided and abetted by and through the acts of its employees and officers, failed to make and keep books, records, and accounts which, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflected the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company, in violation of Section 13(b)(2)(A) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. § 78m(b)(2)(A)].
52. Steckler knowingly provided substantial assistance to Legato's violation of Section 13(b)(2)(A) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. § 78m(b)(2)(A)].
53. Steckler aided and abetted and unless enjoined will continue to aid and abet violations of Section 13(b)(2)(A) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. §78m(b)(2)(A)].
Permanently enjoin and restrain Steckler from violating, directly or indirectly, Sections 10(b) and 13(b)(5) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. §§ 78j(b) & 78m(b)(5)] and Rules 10b-5 and 13b2-1 thereunder [17 C.F.R. §§ 240.10b-5, and 240.13b2-1], and from aiding and abetting violations of Sections 13(a) and 13(b)(2)(A) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. §§ 78m(a) & 78m(b)(2)(A)] and Rules 12b-20 and 13a-13 thereunder [17 C.F.R. §§ 240.12b-20 & 240.13a-13].
Order Steckler to pay a civil penalty, pursuant to Section 21(d)(3) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(3)].