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2016 Journal A. Aminlou, M. Hashemi, M. Gabbouj, B. Zeng & O. Fatemi. New R-D Optimization Criterion for Fast Mode Decision Algorithms in Video Coding and Transrating. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Volume 26, Issue 4, pp. 696-710.
2016 Journal C. Aytekin, S. Kiranyaz, A. Iosifidis & M. Gabbouj. Recent Advances in Salient Object Detection - Towards Object Recognition in Big Media Data. To appear in Futura.
2016 Journal E. O. Can, S. Kiranyaz & M. Gabbouj. K-Subspaces Quantization for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 7, pp. 1722-1733.
2016 Book C. Carlsson, M. Heikkilä & J. Mezei. Fuzzy Entropy Used for Predictive Analytics. Fuzzy Logic in Its 50th Year: New Developments, Directions and Challenges, Springer, pp. 187-209.
2016 Conference P. Daee, J. Pyykkö, D. Glowacka & S. Kaski. Interactive intent modeling from multiple feedback domains. In Proceedings of ACM IUI 2016, pp. 71-75.
2016 Journal S. Datye, J. Leikas, J. Jokinen & P. Saariluoma. Young Elderly: Technology for leveraging business potential with changing forms of life. The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation. Elsevier.
2016 Journal D. Dolev, K. Heljanko, M. Järvisalo, J.-H. Korhonen, C. Lenzen, J. Rybicki, J. Suomela & S. Wieringa. Synchronous counting and computational algorithm design. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 82(2), 310-332.
2016 Other Y. Gao. Investigating Neural-Based Learning Algorithms for Control. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, 2016-05-13.
2016 Conference E. Gilman, Y. Zuo, M. Pyykkönen, S. Pirttikangas & J. Riekki. Delivering eco-driving information to drivers. 11th ITS European Congress, Glasgow, Scotland, 6-9 June 2016.
2016 Journal M. Heikkilä. Triple role of business model co-creation in business networks. Journal of Multi Business Model Innovation and Technology, Vol. 3, pp. 37–66.
2016 Conference M. Hinkka, T. Lehto & K. Heljanko. Assessing Big Data SQL Frameworks for Analyzing Event Logs. In Proceedings of the 24th Euromicro International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-Based Processing, pp. 101-108. IEEE, 2016.
2016 Journal T. Ince, S. Kiranyaz, L. Eren, M. Askar & M. Gabbouj. Real-Time Motor Fault Detection by 1D Convolutional Neural Networks. To appear in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
2016 Journal A. Iosifidis & M. Gabbouj. Multi-class Support Vector Machine Classifiers using Intrinsic and Penalty Graphs. Pattern Recognition, vol. 55, pp. 231–246.
2016 Other H. Jin. Training Algorithms for Multilingual Latent Dirichlet Allocation. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, 2016.
2016 Conference A. Kangasrääsiö, Y. Chen, D. Glowacka & S. Kaski. Dealing with concept drift in exploratory search: An Interactive Bayesian Approach. Poster in ACM IUI 2016 Companion.
2016 Conference V. Kankare, M. Holopainen, M. Vastaranta, X. Liang, X. Yu, H. Kaartinen, A. Kukko & J. Hyyppä. Outlook for the single-tree-level forest inventory in Nordic countries. Proceedings of GISOV 2016.
2016 Other J. Kauppinen. Uuden karttapohjaisen opastuksen tarve koneellisessa hakkuussa. Itä-Suomen yliopisto, luonnontieteiden ja metsätieteiden tiedekunta, metsätieteiden osasto, metsätieteen pro gradu.
2016 Other J. Kauppinen, K. Väätäinen, S. Tauriainen, K. Einola, J. Malinen & M. Sirén. Monilähdetietoa hyödyntävien karttaopasteiden tarve puunkorjuussa: Haastattelututkimus hakkuukoneenkuljettajille. Luonnonvara- ja biotalouden tutkimus 15/2016.
2016 Conference S. Kiranyaz, M.-A. Waris, I. Ahmad, R. Hamila & M. Gabbouj. Face Segmentation in Thumbnail Images by Data-Adaptive Convolutional Segmentation Networks. 23rd IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2016), Phoenix Convention Centre, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
2016 Conference M. Laurikkala, S. Suzuki & M. Vilkko. Predicting Operator's Motion and Cognitive Skills from Joystick Inputs. The 42nd Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Firenze (Florence), Italy, October 24-27, 2016.
2016 Other J. Leikas & H. Launiainen (Eds.). Anni ja Onni – Huomaamaton teknologia arjen apuna. Miina Sillanpään Säätiö.
2016 Conference J. Leikas, H. Launiainen, M. Kulju, K. Bäckman, P. Saariluoma & T. Nevalainen. Defining meaningful indicators for monitoring changes in daily performance. Poster presentation in Nordic Congress of Gerontology, Tampere, Finland.
2016 Journal X. Liang, V. Kankare, J. Hyyppä, Y. Wang, A. Kukko, H. Haggrén, X. Yu, H. Kaartinen, A. Jaakkola, F. Guan, M. Holopainen & M. Vastaranta. Terrestrial laser scanning in forest inventories. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 2016, 115, pp. 63-77.
2016 Other S. Linkola. A Feature-Based Call Graph Distance Measure for Program Similarity Analysis. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, 2016.
2016 Journal J. A. Morente-Molinera, R. Wikström, E. Viedma-Herrera & C. Carlsson. A linguistic mobile decision support system based on fuzzy ontology to facilitate knowledge mobilization. Decision Support Systems, 1/2016, pp. 66-75.
2016 Conference S. Pirttikangas, E. Gilman, X. Su, T. Leppänen, A. Keskinarkaus, M. Rautiainen, M. Pyykkönen & J. Riekki. Experiences with Smart City Traffic Pilot. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (IEEE BigData 2016), Washington DC, 5-8 December, 2016.
2016 Conference P. Rantanen, P. Sillberg, J. Soini & H. Jaakkola. Tag Suggestions from Social Media Profiles. Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases (EJC 2016). Tampere, Tampere University of Technology, Pori Department, Publication 18. ISBN 978-952-15-3747-9, ISSN 2323-8976.
2016 Journal O. Räsänen & J. P. Saarinen. Sequence Prediction with Sparse Distributed Hyperdimensional Coding Applied to the Analysis of Mobile Phone Use Patterns. To appear in IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems.
2016 Book P. Saariluoma, J.J. Cañas & J. Leikas. Designing for Life – A human perspective on technology development. Palgrave MacMillan.
2016 Conference I. Schiopu, J. P. Saarinen, L. Kettunen & I. Tabus. Pothole detection and tracking in car video sequence. International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), June 27-29, 2016, Vienna, Austria. pp. 1-6.
2016 Other A. Sorkhei. Exploratory scientific literature search using probabilistic topic models. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, 2016.
2016 Other L. Tyrväinen. GPU Accelerated Gaussian Process Image Retrieval. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, 2016-05-13.
2015 Other A. Alakiikonen. Developing Safety and Security in Organizations through Low Barrier Incident Information Management: A Case Study. Aalto University School Of Electrical Engineering, Master's Thesis, 2015.
2015 Conference K. Athukorala, A. Medlar, K. Ilves & D. Głowacka. Balancing Exploration and Exploitation: Empirical Parameterization of Exploratory Search Systems. Proceedings of the 24th ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management (CIKM 2015), Melbourne, Australia, October 2015, pp. 1703-1706.
2015 Journal E. Belyaev, A. Vinel, A. Surak & M. Gabbouj. Robust vehicle-to-infrastructure video transmission for road surveillance applications. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2015.
2015 Conference H. Bouwman, M. de Reuver, A. Cavallini, J. Lourens, S. Manocha, M. Vaessen & T. Dahlberg. Mobile payment: a multi-perspective, multi-method research project. 26th European Regional International Telecommunication Society Conference. San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain, June 24-27, 2015, pp. 1-12.
2015 Conference Y. Breukers, M. de Reuver, M. Oey & H. Bouwman. Mobile data offloading: an agent-based modelling study on the effectiveness of Wi-Fi offloading. 26th European regional International Telecommunication Society Conference. San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain, June 24-27, 2015, pp. 1-8.
2015 Journal G. Cabodi, C. Loiacono, M. Palena, P. Pasini, D. Patti, S. Quer, D. Vendraminetto, A. Biere & K. Heljanko. Hardware Model Checking Competition 2014: An Analysis and Comparison of Model Checkers and Benchmarks. Journal on Satisfiability, Boolean Modeling and Computation, Vol. 9, pp. 135-172.
2015 Conference C. Carlsson & M. Heikkilä. Soft Computing in Handling Tacit Knowledge. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Fuzzy Theory and Its Applications (iFUZZY), DVD 038-1158, pp. 124-129, Taiwan, November 2015.
2015 Conference C. Carlsson, M. Heikkilä & J. Mezei. Fuzzy Entropy Used for Predictive Analytics. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE), pp. 1-6, Istanbul, August 2015.
2015 Conference C. Carlsson & P. Walden. Digital Wellness for Young Elderly: Research Methodology and Technology Adaptation. Proceedings of the 28th Bled eConference, eWellness section, pp. 239-250, Bled, June 2015.
2015 Conference C. Carlsson & P. Walden. Digital Wellness Services for "Young Elderly" - A Missed Opportunity for Mobile Services. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Mobile Business (ICMB 2015), Forth Worth, December 2015.
2015 Conference T. Dahlberg, H. Bouwman, N. Cerpa & J. Guo. M-payment – how disruptive technologies could change the payment ecosystem. 23rd European Conference on Information Systems, May 26-29, 2015. Münster, Germany.
2015 Journal T. Dahlberg & T. Nokkala. A Framework for the corporate governance of data - theoretical background and empirical evidence. Business, Management and Education, 2015, 13(1): 25-45.
2015 Conference H. P. de León, C. Rodríguez, J. Carmona, K. Heljanko & S. Haar. Unfolding-Based Process Discovery. In Proceedings of Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis – 13th International Symposium (ATVA 2015), Shanghai, China, October 12-15, 2015, volume 9364 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 31-47. Springer, 2015.
2015 Journal M. de Reuver & H. Bouwman. Does self-report bias threaten validity of mobile acceptance studies? Information & Management, Volume 52, Issue 3, pp. 287-294.
2015 Journal M. de Reuver, S. Nikou & H. Bouwman. The interplay of costs, trust and loyalty in a service industry in transition: The moderating effect of smartphone adoption. Telematics and Informatics (T&I). Volume 32, Issue 4, pp. 694-700.
2015 Conference S. Derikx, M. de Reuver, M. Kroesen & H. Bouwman. Buying-off privacy concerns for mobility services in the Internet-of-things era. A discrete choice experiment on the case of mobile insurance. 28th Bled eConference, June 7-10, 2015; Bled, Slovenia.
2015 Conference M. S. El Din, M. El-Tarhuni, K. Assaleh & S. Kiranyaz. An HMM-Based Spectrum Access Algorithm for Cognitive Radio Systems. 2015 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Research (ICTRC), pp. 116-119, 17-19 May, UAE.
2015 Conference P. Eloranta, J. Jämsä, P. Nurmi, P. Ugalde & K. Kauvo. Co-operative ITS Deployment - Experiences and Future Views. Proceedings of the 22nd ITS World Congress, Bordeaux, France, October 2015.
2015 Conference E. Eshet & H. Bouwman. Approaching users and context of use in the design and development of mobile systems. HCI August 2015. Design, User Experience, and Usability: Users and Interactions 4th International Conference, DUXU 2015, Held as Part of HCI International 2015, Los Angeles, CA, USA, August 2-7, 2015, Proceedings, Part II.
2015 Journal R.M. Garimella, M. Gabbouj & I. Ahmad. Image Retrieval: Information and Rough Set Theories. Procedia Computer Science, Volume 54, pp. 631-637.
2015 Journal E. Gilman, A. Keskinarkaus, S. Tamminen, S. Pirttikangas, J. Röning & J. Riekki. Personalised assistance for fuel-efficient driving. Journal of Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, Volume 58, Part D, September 2015, pp. 681–705.
2015 Journal J. Guo, S. Nikou & H. Bouwman. Business Models for Mobile Payment in China. International Journal of Systems and Service-Oriented Engineering (IJSSOE), Vol. 5 (2), pp. 20-43.
2015 Conference J. Heikkilä, M. Heikkilä & H. Bouwman. Business Modelling Agility: Turning ideas into business. 28th Bled eConference, June 7-10, 2015; Bled, Slovenia.
2015 Journal M. Heikkilä, J. Saarni, V. Kaartemo & A. Koponen. Viability radar – a practical tool for assessing viability of transformative service innovations in the health care context. Technology Innovation Management Review 5(5), 17-30.
2015 Conference M. Hippi & O. Solin. Winter time road traffic accidents compared to weather in Finland. 15th EMS Annual Meeting & 12th European Conference on Applications of Meteorology (ECAM), 07-11 September 2015, Sofia, Bulgaria.
2015 Other S. Hore. Designing Interfaces for Exploratory Content Based Image Retrieval Systems. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, 2015-12-19.
2015 Conference S. Hore, D. Głowacka, I. Kosunen, K. Athukorala & G. Jacucci. FutureView: Enhancing Exploratory Image Search. Joint Workshop on Interfaces and Human Decision Making for Recommender Systems (RecSys 2015). Vienna, Austria, September 2015.
2015 Journal Z. Hou, Q. Xu, J. Vauhkonen, M. Maltamo & T. Tokola. Species-specific combination and calibration between area-based and tree-based diameter distributions using airborne laser scanning. Canadian Journal of Forest Research.
2015 Other H. Hyyti & A. Visala. Low-cost 3D LIDAR for an Autonomous Forest Machine. SHERPA Summer School 2015 Workshop 1.-5.6.2015, University of Oulu.
2015 Conference K. Ilves, A. Medlar & D. Głowacka. Visualizing User Model in Exploratory Search Tasks. Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Machine Learning for Interactive Systems (MLIS-2015), Lille, France, July 2015. JMLR: W&CP volume 43.
2015 Journal A. Iosifidis & M. Gabbouj. On the kernel Extreme Learning Machine speedup. Pattern Recognition Letters, Volume 68, Part 1, 205-210. doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2015.09.015.
2015 Conference A. Iosifidis & M. Gabbouj. A Bayesian Approach for Extreme Learning Machine-based Subspace Learning. 23rd European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Nice, France, 2015, 2401 - 2405.
2015 Conference S. Ishikawa, R. M. Anwer, M. Koskela & J. Laaksonen. PicSOM experiments in TRECVID 2015. In Proceedings of the TRECVID 2015 Workshop, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, November 2015.
2015 Conference H. Jaakkola, J. Henno & J. Soini. Data Driven Ecosystem - Perspectives and Problems. In Budimac, Z. and Hericko:, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Software Quality Analysis, Monitoring, Improvement, and Applications (SQAMIA 2015). Maribor, Slovenia, CEUR Workshop Proceedings 1375, CEUR-WS.org 2015 and University of Maribor: 17-26.
2015 Conference H. Jaakkola, J. Henno, B. Thalheim & J. Mäkelä. Collaboration, Distribution and Culture - Challenges for Communication. In Biljanovic, P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the MIPRO 2015 Conference. Opatija, Mipro and IEEE: 758-765.
2015 Conference H. Jaakkola & B. Thalheim. Culture-Aware Web Information System Development. In Welzer, T., Hölbl, M., Kiyoki, Y., Thalheim, B. and Jaakkola, H. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases (EJC) 2015, University of Maribor, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 121-138.
2015 Conference J. Jämsä & H. Kaartinen. Cognitive Adaptive user interface for assisting the drivers' decision making. Proceedings of 6th IEEE Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom'15), pp. 17-18, Győr, Hungary, October 2015.
2015 Conference J. Jämsä & H. Kaartinen. Mobile Applications for Traffic Safety. Proceedings of 6th IEEE Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom'15), pp. 19-24, Győr, Hungary, October 2015.
2015 Journal J. Jämsä, T. Sukuvaara & M. Luimula. Vehicle in a cognitive network. Journal of Intelligent Decision Technology, vol. 9, no. 1 (2015) pp. 17-27.
2015 Conference M. Joachimiak, M. M. Hannuksela & M. Gabbouj. Upsampled-view Distortion for Mixed Resolution 3D Video Coding. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing 2015, 1056 - 1060.
2015 Journal H. Kaartinen, J. Hyyppä, M. Vastaranta, A. Kukko, A. Jaakkola, Y. Xiaowei, J. Pyörälä, L. Xinlian, L. Jingbin, W. Yungschen, R. Kaijaluoto, T. Melkas, M. Holopainen & H. Hyyppä. Accuracy of Kinematic Positioning Using Global Satellite Navigation Systems under Forest Canopies. Forests 2015, 6, 3218-3236.
2015 Other H. Kaartinen, J. Jämsä, M. Hippi & J. Pahkala. Fact and friction. Thinking Highways, vol. 10, no. 1 (2015) pp. 40-44.
2015 Conference S. Kakouros & O. Räsänen. Analyzing the Predictability of Lexeme-specific Prosodic Features as a Cue to Sentence Prominence. Proc. 37th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Pasadena, California.
2015 Conference S. Kakouros & O. Räsänen. Automatic Detection of Sentence Prominence in Speech Using Predictability of Word-level Acoustic Features. Proc. Interspeech-2015, Dresden, Germany.
2015 Journal V. Kankare, X. Liang, M. Vastaranta, X. Yu, M. Holopainen & J. Hyyppä. Diameter distribution estimation with laser scanning based multisource single tree inventory. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 2015.
2015 Journal V. Kankare, J. Vauhkonen, M. Holopainen, M. Vastaranta, J. Hyyppä, H. Hyyppä & P. Alho. Sparse Density, Leaf-off Airborne Laser Scanning Data in Aboveground Biomass Component prediction. Forests 2015, 6, 1839-1857.
2015 Other P. Kannisto, D. Hästbacka & S. Kuikka. Teollista Internetiä työkoneissa – palveluarkkitehtuuri suorituskyvyn optimointiin. The proceedings of AutomaatioXXI seminar 17.-18.3.2015.
2015 Conference P. Kannisto, D. Hästbacka, M. Vilkko & S. Kuikka. Service Architecture and Interface Design for Mobile Machine Parameter Optimization System. The Proceedings of 15th IFAC Symposium on Information Control Problems in Manufacturing, INCOM 2015.
2015 Conference F. S. Khan, R. M. Anwer, J. van de Weijer, M. Felsberg & J. Laaksonen. Deep semantic pyramids for human attributes and action recognition. In Proceedings of 19th Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis (SCIA), Copenhagen, Denmark, June 2015.
2015 Journal S. Kiranyaz, T. Ince & M. Gabbouj. Real-Time Patient-Specific ECG Classification by 1D Convolutional Neural Networks. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 08/2015.
2015 Conference A. Klami, A. Tripathi, J. Sirola, L. Väre & F. Roulland. Latent feature regression for count data. In Proceedings of Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, Volume 38 of JMLR C&WP, 2015, 462 - 470.
2015 Journal A. Klami, S. Virtanen, E. Leppäaho & S. Kaski. Group factor analysis. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems.
2015 Conference O.-P. Lautenbacher, L. Tiittula, M. Hirvonen, J. Laaksonen & M. Kurimo. Towards reliable automatic multimodal content analysis. In Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 4th Workshop on Vision and Language, 2015.
2015 Other S. Liu. Analytical Needs and Methods for LASSIE. Working report, Arcada University of Applied Sciences.
2015 Conference S. Liu & T. Forss. Text Classification Models for Web Content Filtering and Online Safety. Proceedings of the IEEE ICDM Workshop on Intelligence and Security Informatics, Atlantic City, NJ, November 14-17, 2015.
2015 Conference S. Liu & T. Forss. Automatic Tag Extraction from Social Media for Visual Labeling. In proceedings of KDIR2015, the 7th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management, Lisbon, Portugal, November 12-14, 2015.
2015 Conference S. Liu & T. Forss. New Classification Models for Detecting Hate and Violence Web Content. Proceedings of KDIR2015, the 7th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management, Lisbon, Portugal, November 12-14, 2015.
2015 Conference A.I. Maarala, M. Rautiainen, M. Salmi, S. Pirttikangas & J. Riekki. Low Latency Analytics for Streaming Traffic Data with Apache Spark. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, pp. 2855-2858, Santa Clara, CA, USA, October 2015.
2015 Other T. Melkas & J. Hämäläinen. Hakkuukoneella kerätyn puustotiedon hyödyntäminen. Menetelmäkuvaus referenssitiedon keräämiseksi kaukokartoitukseen ja metsävaratietojen päivitykseen. Metsätehon raportti 237.
2015 Journal F. Meng, H. Li, S. Zhu, B. Luo, C. Huang, B. Zeng & M. Gabbouj. Constrained Directed Graph Clustering and Segmentation Propagation for Multiple Foregrounds Co-segmentation. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Volume 25, Issue 11, pp. 1735-1748.
2015 Journal J. Mezer, R. Wikström & C. Carlsson. Aggregating Linguistic Expert Knowledge in Type-2 Fuzzy Ontologies. Applied Soft Computing, Vol 35, October 2015, pp. 911-920.
2015 Journal M. Nazrul Islam & H. Bouwman. An Assessment of a Semiotic Framework for Evaluating User-Intuitive Web Interface Signs. Universal Access in the Information Society, Vol 14, pp. 563-582.
2015 Journal S. Nikou. Mobile technology and forgotten consumers: the young‐elderly. International Journal of Consumer Studies, Vol. 39, Issue 4, pp. 294-304.
2015 Conference A. Plugge & H. Bouwman. Understanding Collaboration in Multi-sourcing Arrangements: A Social Exchange Theory Perspective. The 9th Global Sourcing Workshop: La Thuile, Italy, 18-21 February, 2015.
2015 Conference T. Pulkkinen & J. Verwijnen. Evaluating Indoor Positioning Errors. In Proceedings of the International Conference of ICT Convergence (ICTC) 2015, Oct 25-30, Jeju Island, Korea, 167 - 169.
2015 Conference A. B. Rad, M. Zabihi, A. K. Katsaggelos, S. Kiranyaz & M. Gabbouj. A Novel P300-Speller Error Detection Approach in Brain-Computer Interface. 7th International IEEE EMBS Neural Engineering, Conference (BCI Challenge@NER 2015), Montpellier, France, 2015.
2015 Journal J. Raitoharju, S. Kiranyaz & M. Gabbouj. Training Radial Basis Function Neural Networks for Classification via Class-Specific Clustering. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems.
2015 Conference O. Räsänen. Generating Hyperdimensional Distributed Representations from Continuous-Valued Multivariate Sensory Input. Proc. 37th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Pasadena, California.
2015 Conference O. Räsänen, G. Doyle & M. C. Frank. Unsupervised word discovery from speech using automatic segmentation into syllable-like units. Proc. Interspeech-2015, Dresden, Germany.
2015 Journal J. Räty, J. Vauhkonen, M. Maltamo & T. Tokola. On the potential to predetermine dominant tree species based on airborne laser scanning data for improving subsequent predictions of species-specific timber volumes. Forest Ecosystems.
2015 Conference T. Robal, D. Ojastu, A. Kalja & H. Jaakkola. Managing Software Engineering Competences with Domain Ontology for Customer and Team Profiling and Training. Proceedings of the 2015 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) - "Management of the Technology Age", Kocaoglu, D. F. Portland, Oregon, IEEE and Picmet: 1369 - 1376.
2015 Conference A. Rohunen & J. Markkula. The Role of Risk Perceptions in Privacy Concerns Evaluation. Proceedings of 2015 IEEE TrustCom/BigDataSE/ISPA, pp. 1029-1036.
2015 Journal T. Ruotsalo, G. Jacucci, P. Myllymäki & S. Kaski. Interactive Intent Modeling: Information Discovery Beyond Search. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 58 No. 1, pp. 86-92.
2015 Conference O. Saarikivi & K. Heljanko. Reporting Races in Dynamic Partial Order Reduction. In Proceedings of the 7th NASA Formal Methods Symposium (NFM 2015), Pasadena, California, USA, April 27-29, 2015, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9058, 2015, pp. 450-456.
2015 Conference P. Saariluoma & M. Rauterberg. Turing test does not work in theory but in practice. In Proceedings on the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI), pp. 433-437. The Steering Committee of The World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering and Applied Computing (WorldComp).
2015 Other J. Sakaya. Scalable Bayesian induction of word embeddings. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, 2015-12-09.
2015 Journal K. Samiee, P. Covacs & M. Gabbouj. Epileptic Seizure Classification of EEG time-series using Rational Discrete Short Time Fourier Transform. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 62(2), 541-552.
2015 Journal K. Samiee, S. Kiranyaz, M. Gabbouj & T. Saramaki. Long-term epileptic EEG classification via 2D mapping and textural features. Expert Systems with Applications, Volume 42, Issue 20 (November 2015), 7175-7185.
2015 Journal K. Samiee, P. Kovacs & M. Gabbouj. Epileptic Seizure Classification of EEG Time-Series Using Rational Discrete Short-Time Fourier Transform. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 541–552, Feb. 2015.
2015 Conference K. Samiee, P. Kovacs, S. Kiranyaz, M. Gabbouj & T. Saramaki. Sleep stage classification using sparse rational decomposition of single channel EEG records. In 23rd European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Nice, France, 2015, 1905 - 1909.
2015 Journal P. Sarlin, S. Nikou, J. Mezei & H. Bouwman. Visual Conjoint Analysis (VCA): A topology of preferences in multi-attribute decision making. uality and Quantity Vol. 49, pp. 385-405.
2015 Conference I. Schiopu, J. P. Saarinen & I. Tabus. Lossy-to-lossless progressive coding of depth-map images using competing constant and planar models. 2015 International Conference on 3D Imaging (IC3D), Liege, Belgium, pp. 1-7.
2015 Conference R. Shetty & J. Laaksonen. Video captioning with recurrent networks based on frame- and video-level features and visual content classification. In ICCV 2015 Workshop on Describing and Understanding Video & The Large Scale Movie Description Challenge (LSMDC), Santiago, Chile, December 2015.
2015 Other K. Singh. Survey of NoSQL Database Engines for Big Data. Master's Thesis, Aalto University, School of Science, Department of Computer Science, May 2015.
2015 Journal S. Solaimani, T. Itälä & H. Bouwman. Networked Enterprise Business Model Alignment: A case study on Smart Living. Journal of Information Systems Frontiers 17 (4), pp. 871-887.
2015 Journal S. Solaimani, W. Keijzer & H. Bouwman. The Smart Home: A qualitative meta-analysis. Journal of Indoor and Built Environment, vol. 24 (3), pp. 370-383.
2015 Conference M. Valta, M. Jutila & J. Jämsä. IEEE 802.11p and LTE as Enablers of Cognitive Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication. Proceedings of 6th IEEE Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom'15), pp. 71-76, Győr, Hungary, October 2015.
2015 Other T. Väyrynen, S. Paananen, E. Anttila & M. Vilkko. CART-algoritmin hyödyntäminen liikkuvien työkoneiden suorituskykyindikaattoreiden estimoinnissa. The proceedings of AutomaatioXXI seminar 17.-18.3.2015.
2015 Conference T. Väyrynen, S. Paananen, E. Anttila & M. Vilkko. Data-Driven Approach for Analysis of Performance Indices in Mobile Work Machines. The Proceedings of The Fourth International Conference on Data Analytics. 19-24 June 2015.
2015 Other P. Venäläinen, T. Räsänen & J. Hämäläinen. Potential Business Models for Forest Big Data. Metsäteho's Report 235.
2015 Book V. Viitaniemi, M. Sjöberg, M. Koskela, S. Ishikawa & J. Laaksonen. Advances in visual concept detection: Ten years of TRECVID. In Ella Bingham, Samuel Kaski, Jorma Laaksonen, and Jouko Lampinen, editors, Advances in Independent Component Analysis and Learning Machines, 1st Edition. Academic Press, 2015.
2015 Journal J. Xiao, M.M. Hannuksela, T. Tillo, M. Gabbouj, C. Zhu & Y. Zhao. Scalable Bit Allocation Between Texture and Depth Views for 3-D Video Streaming Over Heterogeneous Networks. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Volume 25, Issue 1, pp. 139-152.
2015 Conference G. Xiong, W. Kang, F. Zhu, L. Yisheng, X. Dong, J. Riekki & S. Pirttikangas. Continuous Travel Time Prediction for Transit Signal Priority Based on a Deep Network. Proc. 2015 IEEE 18th International Conference on Intelligence Transportation Systems, pp. 523-528.
2014 Conference P. Aarnio, M. Friman & I. Seilonen. Semantic Repository for Case-based Reasoning in CBM Services. ETFA'2014 - IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technology & Factory Automation, 16-19 Sep 2014, Barcelona, Spain.
2014 Journal P. Aflaki, M. M. Hannuksela, H. Sarbolandi & M. Gabbouj. Simultaneous 2D and 3D perception for stereoscopic displays based on polarized or active shutter glasses. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, vol. 25, no. 4, May 2014, pp. 622-631.
2014 Other A. Alakiikonen. Safety and Health Related Incident Management: Literature Review. Aalto University School Of Electrical Engineering, Master's Thesis Preliminary Seminar Paper, 2014.
2014 Journal A. Aminlou, J. Lainema, K. Ugur, M. M. Hannuksela & M. Gabbouj. Differential Coding Using Enhanced Inter-Layer Reference Picture for the Scalable Extension of H.265/HEVC Video Codec. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 24(11), 1945-1956.
2014 Conference K. Athukorala, A. Oulasvirta, D. Glowacka, J. Vreeken & G. Jacucci. Narrow or Broad? Estimating Subjective Specificity in Exploratory Search. 23rd International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM'2014), 819-828.
2014 Conference K. Athukorala, A. Oulasvirta, D. Glowacka, J. Vreeken & G. Jacucci. Interaction Model to Predict Subjective-Specificity of Search Results. Proceedings of UMAP 2014 posters, demonstrations and late-breaking results, 69-74.
2014 Journal E. Belyaev, K. Liu, M. Gabbouj & Y.S. Li. An efficient adaptive binary range coder and its VLSI architecture. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2014.
2014 Conference J. Berg, M. Järvisalo & B. Malone. Learning Optimal Bounded Treewidth Bayesian Networks via Maximum Satisfiability. In Jukka Corander and Samuel Kaski, editors, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS 2014), volume 33 of JMLR Workshop and Conference Proceedings, pp. 86-95. JMLR, 2014.
2014 Journal S. Bhattacharya, H. Blunck, M. Kjaergaard & P. Nurmi. Robust and Energy-Efficient Trajectory Tracking for Mobile Devices. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing (TMC), Volume: PP, Issue: 99.
2014 Journal S. Bhattacharya, P. Nurmi, N. Hammerla & T. Plötz. Using Unlabeled Data in a Sparse-coding Framework for Human Activity Recognition. Pervasive and Mobile Computing 15 (2014) 242–262.
2014 Conference K. Bunte, M. Järvisalo, J. Berg, P. Myllymäki, J. Peltonen & S. Kaski. Optimal Neighborhood Preserving Visualization by Maximum Satisfiability. In Carla E. Brodley and Peter Stone, editors, Proceedings of the 28th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 2014), pp. 1694-1700. AAAI Press, 2014.
2014 Journal J. Campos, J. Kortelainen & E. Jantunen. Industrial open source solutions for product life cycle management. Cogent Engineering, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2014.
2014 Conference C. Carlsson & P. Walden. Performative is Research - Science Precision Versus Practice Relevance. PACIS 2014 Proceedings. Paper 246.
2014 Journal F. Cricri, M. Roininen, J. Leppänen, S. Mate, I. D. D. Curcio & M. Gabbouj. Sport Type Classification of Mobile Videos. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 16, no. 4, June 2014, pp. 917-932.
2014 Conference T. Dahlberg. Perceived Need to Cooperate in the Creation of Inter-Organizational IT Governance for Social Welfare and Health Care IT Services – A Case Study. Well-Being in the Information Society (WIS 2014), 16-29, Springer Verlag.
2014 Conference T. Dahlberg. Perceived Significance of Improved Patient Data and Healthcare Services in the Formation of inter-Organizational Healthcare IT Governance. I3E conference, Hainan, China.
2014 Conference T. Dahlberg. A Framework for and Issues in the Management and Governance of Data on Elderly People. Conference paper ICEGOV 2014 Portugal October 2014, Springer Verlag.
2014 Conference T. Dahlberg & A. Helin. Formation of voluntary inter-organizational IT governance for healthcare and social welfare IT - Theoretical Background and Empirical Assessment. Conference paper ICEGOV 2014 Portugal October 2014, Springer Verlag.
2014 Journal I. El-Thalji & E. Jantunen. A descriptive model of wear evolution in rolling bearings. Engineering Failure Analysis, Volume 45, October 2014, pp. 204–224, Elsevier.
2014 Conference T. Forss, S. Liu & K. Björk. Extracting People's Hobby and Interest Information from Social Media Content. Proceedings of Terminology and Knowledge Engineering TKE 2014 Conference Berlin, 19 – 21 June 2014.
2014 Conference M. Friman. A Method for Automatic Generation of Plant-Wide Inference Engines. ETFA’2014 - IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technology & Factory Automation, 16-19 Sep 2014, Barcelona, Spain.
2014 Journal S. Gabrielli, P. Forbes, A. Jylhä, S. Wells, M. Sirén, S. Hemminki, P. Nurmi, R. Maimone, J. Masthoff & G. Jacucci. Design Challenges in Motivating Change for Sustainable Urban Mobility. Computers and Human Behavior, 2014.
2014 Conference D. Glowacka & S. Hore. Balancing Exploration – Exploitation in Image Retrieval. Proceedings of UMAP 2014 posters, demonstrations and late-breaking results, 13-16.
2014 Conference C. Guanqun, I. Ahmad, Z. Honglei, X. Weiyi & M. Gabbouj. Balance Learning to Rank in Big Data. 22nd European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO 2014), 1422-1426.
2014 Other J. Hämäläinen, M. Holopainen, J. Hynynen, J. Jyrkilä, P.T. Rajala, R. Ritala, T. Räsänen & A. Visala. Perusteita seuraavan sukupolven metsävarajärjestelmälle - ”Forest Big Data”-hanke. Metsätieteen aikakauskirja 4/2014.
2014 Conference M. Heikkilä, T. Kippola, J. Jämsä, A. Nykänen, M. Matinmikko & J. Keskimaula. Active Antenna System for Cognitive Network Enhancement. IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications, 5.-7. November, 2014 in Vietri sul Mare, Italy.
2014 Journal P. Heikkilä & J. Leikas. Charity as a motivational factor for participation in user-driven innovation. Gerontechnology, 12(4), 229-236.
2014 Journal M. Heikkilä, S. Solaimani, A. Soudunsaari, M. Hakanen, L. Kuivaniemi & M. Suoranta. Performance estimation of networked business models: Case study on a Finnish eHealth Service Project, Journal of Business models, 2(1), 71-88.
2014 Conference M. Hippi, J. Miettinen, J. Jämsä & J. Pahkala. Braking distance application developed on Finnish D2I project. 17th International Road Weather Conference SIRWEC 2014. 30 January - 1 February 2014, la Massana, Andorra.
2014 Other M. Holopainen, M. Vastaranta & J. Hyyppä. Yksityiskohtaisen metsävaratiedon tuottaminen – kohti täsmämetsätaloutta? Metsätieteen aikakauskirja 4/2014.
2014 Journal M. Holopainen, M. Vastaranta & J. Hyyppä. Outlook for the next generation's precision forestry in Finland. Forests 5, no. 7: 1682-1694.
2014 Conference S. Hore, L. Tyrväinen, J. Pyykkö & D. Głowacka. A reinforcement learning approach to query-less image retrieval. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Symbiotic Interaction (Symbiotic 2014), Springer LNCS 8820, October 2014, pp. 121-126.
2014 Other V. Ikonen & J. Leikas. Ikäteknologia ja eettiset kysymykset – vastuullinen ja kestävä suunnitteluparadigma. In: Leikas, J. (Ed.) Ikäteknologia. Helsinki: Vanhustyön keskusliitto. 978-951-86-203-8 (printed), 978-051-806-204-5 (electronic), pp. 161-175.
2014 Conference S. Ishikawa, M. Koskela, M. Sjöberg, R. M. Anwer, J. Laaksonen & E. Oja. PicSOM experiments in TRECVID 2014. In Proceedings of the TRECVID 2014 Workshop, Orlando, FL, USA, November 2014.
2014 Conference H. Jaakkola, T. Mäkinen & A. Eteläaho. Open Data – Opportunities and Challenges. CompSysTech 2014. Ruse, ACM.
2014 Conference H. Jaakkola, T. Mäkinen, J. Henno & J. Mäkelä. Open^n. Proceedings of the MIPRO 2014 Conference. Biljanović, P. Opatija, Mipro and IEEE. ISBN 978-953-233-078-6: 726-733.
2014 Book H. Jaakkola & B. Thalheim. A Framework for Systematic Change Management. EuroSPI 2014, CCIS 425. Barafort, B., O'Connor, R., Poth, A. and Messnarz, R. Luxemburg, Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Communications in Computer and Information Science, Springer, Heidelberg: 60-72.
2014 Conference H. Jaakkola & B. Thalheim. Adaptive Systems for Multicultural Deployment. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases - EJC 2014. Thalheim, B., Jaakkola, H. and Kiyoki, Y. Kiel, June 3-5, 2014, Kiel Computer Science Series. 2014/4: 210-229.
2014 Conference J. Jämsä. Cognitive Communication for Traffic Safety. 5th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfocom 2014).
2014 Conference J. Jämsä, M. Luimula, T. Heinonen & A. Leskinen. Utilizing Point Cloud Data in the Cognitive Car Navigation. IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications, 5-7 November, 2014 in Vietri sul Mare, Italy.
2014 Conference K. Jannaschk, H. Jaakkola & B. Thalheim. Technologies for Databases Change Management. ADBIS / Technologies for Quality Management in Challenging Applications (TQMCA). Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, Sep 7, 2014, Springer LNCS Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing.
2014 Conference M. Joachimiak, P. Aflaki, M. M. Hannuksela & M. Gabbouj. Evaluation of Depth-Based Super Resolution on Compressed Mixed Resolution 3D Video. Asian Conference on Computer Vision, Singapore, 2014, LNCS Volume 9008, pp. 227-237, Springer.
2014 Conference M. Joachimiak, M. M. Hannuksela & M. Gabbouj. View synthesis quality mapping for depth-based super resolution on mixed resolution 3D video. Proceedings of the 3DTV-Conference: The True Vision - Capture, Transmission and Display of 3D Video (3DTV-CON), 2014, pp. 1-4.
2014 Journal H. Joutsijoki, K. Meissner, M. Gabbouj, S. Kiranyaz, J. Raitoharju, J. Arje, S. Karkkainen, V. Tirronen, T. Turpeinen & M. Juhola. Evaluating the performance of artificial neural networks for the classification of freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates. Ecological Informatics, no. 20, 2014, pp. 1-12.
2014 Conference V. Kaartemo, M. Heikkilä, J. Saarni & A. Koponen. Viability template - a practical tool for assessing viability of transformative service innovations in health care context, 24th Annual RESER Conference (RESER 2014), 835-844.
2014 Conference S. Kakouros & O. Räsänen. Statistical Unpredictability of F0 Trajectories as a Cue to Sentence Stress. In Proc. 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Quebec, Canada, 2014.
2014 Conference A. Kangasrääsiö, D. Głowacka & S. Kaski. Improving controllability and predictability of an interactive user model driven search interface. Poster at NIPS 2014 workshop on Human Propelled Machine Learning. Montreal, Canada, 13.12.2014.
2014 Conference A. Kangasrääsiö, D. Głowacka, T. Ruotsalo, J. Peltonen, M. J. A. Eugster, K. Konyushkova, K. Athukorala, I. Kosunen, A. Reijonen, P. Myllymäki, G. Jacucci & S. Kaski. Interactive visualization of search intent for exploratory information retrieval. Poster at ICML 2014 workshop on Crowdsourcing and Human Computing. Beijing, China, 25.6.2014.
2014 Journal V. Kankare, M. Joensuu, J. Vauhkonen, M. Holopainen, T. Tanhuanpää, M. Vastaranta, J. Hyyppä, H. Hyyppä, P. Alho, J. Rikala & M. Sipi. Estimation of timber quality of Scots pine with terrestrial laser scanning. Forests 2014, 5, pp. 1879–1895.
2014 Journal V. Kankare, J. Vauhkonen, T. Tanhuanpää, M. Holopainen, M. Vastaranta, M. Joensuu, A. Krooks, J. Hyyppä, H. Hyyppä, P. Alho & R. Viitala. Accuracy in estimation of timber assortments and stem distribution – A comparison of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning techniques. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 97, pp. 89-97.
2014 Journal F. Khan, M. A. Rao, J. van de Weijer, M. Felsberg & J. Laaksonen. Compact Color-Texture Description for Texture Classification. Pattern Recognition Letters.
2014 Conference A. Klami. Polya-Gamma augmentations for factor models. Proceedings of the Asian Conference on Machine Learning (ACML), 2014.
2014 Conference A. Klami, G. Bouchard & A. Tripathi. Group-sparse embeddings in collective matrix factorization. In International Conference on Learning Representations, 2014.
2014 Conference M. Koskela & J. Laaksonen. Convolutional Network Features for Scene Recognition. ACM Multimedia, November 2014.
2014 Conference M. Laurikkala & M. Vilkko. Extracting Mobile Machine Routes from GPS Traces. Preprints of the 19th World Congress The International Federation of Automatic Control Cape Town, South Africa. August 24-29, 2014.
2014 Other J. Leikas. Ihmislähtöinen kokonaisvaltainen suunnittelu. In: Leikas, J. (Ed.) Ikäteknologia. Helsinki: Vanhustyön keskusliitto. 978-951-86-203-8 (printed), 978-051-806-204-5 (electronic), pp. 103-116.
2014 Other J. Leikas. Tieto- ja viestintäteknologia. In: Leikas, J. (Ed.) Ikäteknologia. Helsinki: Vanhustyön keskusliitto. 978-951-86-203-8 (printed), 978-051-806-204-5 (electronic), pp. 199-207.
2014 Other J. Leikas. Ikäteknologia. Helsinki: Vanhustyön keskusliitto. 978-951-86-203-8 (printed), 978-051-806-204-5 (electronic).
2014 Other J. Leikas & M. Laukka. Esteettisyys ikäteknologiassa. In: Leikas, J. (Ed.) Ikäteknologia. Helsinki: Vanhustyön keskusliitto. 978-951-86-203-8 (printed), 978-051-806-204-5 (electronic), pp. 177-185.
2014 Other J. Leikas & P. Saariluoma. Fit-for-life of future emerging technologies. Gerontechnology 2014; 13(2); doi:10.4017/gt.2014.13.02, p. 242.
2014 Journal X. Liang, V. Kankare, X. Yu, J. Hyyppä & M. Holopainen. Automatic stem curve measurement using terrestrial laser scanning. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (TGRS), 52(3), pp. 1739-1748.
2014 Conference S. Liu & T. Forss. Combining N-gram based Similarity Analysis with Sentiment Analysis in Web Content Classification. Proceedings of KDIR2014 Special Session on Text Mining (SSTM), October 21-24, 2014 Rome, Italy.
2014 Conference S. Liu & T. Forss. Improving Web Content Classification based on Topic and Sentiment Analysis of Text. Proceedings of KDIR2014, the 6th International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Information Retrieval, October 21-24, 2014 Rome, Italy.
2014 Conference S. Liu, T. Forss & K. Björk. Web Content Classification based on Topic and Sentiment Analysis. Proceedings of Terminology and Knowledge Engineering TKE 2014 Conference Berlin, 19 – 21 June 2014.
2014 Conference B. Malone, K. Kangas, M. Järvisalo, M. Koivisto & P. Myllymäki. Predicting the Hardness of Learning Bayesian Networks. In Carla E. Brodley and Peter Stone, editors, Proceedings of the 28th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 2014), pp. 2460-2466. AAAI Press, 2014.
2014 Book J. Markkula. Privacy Enhancing Technologies and Statistical Disclosure Control Methods. Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology. IGI Global. pp. 4384-4392.
2014 Other T. Melkas, M. Salmi & J. Hämäläinen. Satelliittipaikannuksen tarkkuus hakkuukoneessa. Metsätehon raportti 231.
2014 Book M. Niemelä, V. Ikonen, J. Leikas, K. Kantola, M. Kulju, A. Tammela & M. Ylikauppila. Human-Driven Design: A Human-driven approach to the design of technology. In: K.K. Kimppa, D. Whitehouse, T. Kuusela & J. Phahlamohlaka (Eds.): ICT and Society, HCC11 201, IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Volume 431 2014, pp. 78–91.
2014 Journal F. Nikayin, M. Heikkilä, M. DeReuver & S. Solaimani. Workplace primary prevention programmes enabled by information and communication technology, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 89, November 2014, 326-332.
2014 Journal P. Nurmi, A. Salovaara, A. Forsblom, F. Bohnert & P. Floréen. PromotionRank: Ranking and Recommending Grocery Product Promotions Using Personal Shopping Lists. ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS), Volume 4 Issue 1, April 2014.
2014 Conference J. Pahkala, T. Karjalainen & M. Hippi. Winter maintenance quality monitoring and stopping distance evaluation. 10th ITS European Congress, Helsinki, Finland 16–19 June 2014.
2014 Journal M. Perttunen, V. Kostakos, J. Riekki & T. Ojala. Urban traffic analysis through multimodal sensing. Personal & Ubiquitous Computing. Springer.
2014 Journal M. Perttunen, V. Kostakos, J. Riekki & T. Ojala. Spatio-temporal patterns link your digital identities. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. Elsevier.
2014 Conference J. Poutiainen, J. Miettinen, M. Hippi, J. Rantala, J. Culley & E. Gilman. Customer oriented operations of the Finnish Meteorological Institute for road traffic sector. 17th International Road Weather Conference SIRWEC 2014. 30 January - 1 February 2014, la Massana, Andorra.
2014 Conference J. Raitoharju, H. Zhang, E.C. Ozan, M.A. Waris, M. Faisal, G. Cao, M. Roininen, I. Ahmad, R. Shetty, S. P.C., S. Uhlmann, K. Samiee, S. Kiranyaz & M. Gabbouj. MUVIS: A Solution to MSR-Bing Challenge on Image Retrieval 2014. IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo (ICME 2014), 1-6.
2014 Conference J. Rantala & J. Culley. Analysis of relationships between road traffic volumes and weather: exploring spatial variation. Workshop Proceedings of the EDBT/ICDT 2014 Joint Conference (March 28, 2014, Athens, Greece).
2014 Journal O. Räsänen & S. Kakouros. Modeling Dependencies in Multiple Parallel Data Streams with Hyperdimensional Computing. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol. 21, No. 7, 899–903, 2014.
2014 Conference T. Ruotsalo, J. Peltonen, M.J.A. Eugster, D. Glowacka, A. Reijonen, G. Jacucci, P. Myllymaki, & S. Kaski. IntentRadar: Search User Interface that Anticipates Users Search Intents, CHI '14 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 455-458.
2014 Other P. Saariluoma. Ikäteknologian suunnittelun kognitiotieteelliset perusteet. In: Leikas, J. (Ed.) Ikäteknologia. Helsinki: Vanhustyön keskusliitto. 978-951-86-203-8 (printed), 978-051-806-204-5 (electronic), pp. 129-142.
2014 Journal A. Schumacher, L. Pireddu, M. Niemenmaa, A. Kallio, E. Korpelainen, G. Zanetti & K. Heljanko. SeqPig: simple and scalable scripting for large sequencing data sets in Hadoop. Bioinformatics 30(1), 119-120.
2014 Conference M. Sjöberg & J. Laaksonen. Using semantic features to detect novel visual concepts. In Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Content Based Multimedia Indexing (CBMI 2014), pp. 1–6, Klagenfurt, Austria, June 2014. IEEE.
2014 Conference T. Song, H. Li, B. Zeng & M. Gabbouj. Texture Classification Using Joint Statistical Representation in Space-frequency Domain with Local Quantized Patterns. Proceedings IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2014), 1-5 June 2014, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 886-889.
2014 Journal T. Song, F. Meng, Q. Wu, B. Luo, B. Zeng & M. Gabbouj. Noise-Robust Texture Description Using Local Contrast Patterns via Global Measures. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 21, no. 1, January 2014, pp. 93-96.
2014 Conference P. Syrjärinne, J. Nummenmaa, P. Thanisch, R. Kerminen & E. Hakulinen. Analyzing Traffic Fluency from Bus Data. Proceedings of Science Track of The 10th ITS European Congress, June 2014, Helsinki Finland.
2014 Journal J. Tarvainen, M. Sjöberg, S. Westman, J. Laaksonen & P. Oittinen. Content-based Prediction of Movie Style, Aesthetics and Affect: Data Set and Baseline Experiments. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 2014.
2014 Conference J. Tervonen, S. Pieska, M. Heikkilä & J. Jämsä. Cognitive Internet-of-Things Solutions Enabled by Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks. 5th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications, 5-7 November, 2014 in Vietri sul Mare, Italy.
2014 Book B. Thalheim, H. Jaakkola, T. Nakanashi, S. Sasaki, & K.-D. Schewe. Conceptual Modelling of Collaboration for Information Systems. Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXV. Tokuda, T., Kiyoki, Y., Jaakkola, H. and Yoshida, N. Netherlands, IOS Press: 272-305.
2014 Conference P. Thanisch, J. Nummenmaa, P. Syrjärinne, R. Kerminen & E. Hakulinen. Risking the public transportation connection. Proceedings of Science Track of The 10th ITS European Congress, June 2014, Helsinki Finland.
2014 Other C. Tikkinen-Piri. Changes in the EU Directive for Personal Data Protection. Department of Information Processing Science, University of Oulu. B.Sc. Thesis.
2014 Conference H. T. T. Truong, X. Gao, B. Shrestha, N. Saxena, N. Asokan & P. Nurmi. Comparing and Fusing Different Sensor Modalities for Relay Attack Resistance in Zero-Interaction Authentication. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom), 163-171, IEEE, 2014.
2014 Conference H. T. T. Truong, E. Lagerspetz, P. Nurmi, A. J. Oliner, S. Tarkoma, N. Asokan & S. Bhattacharya. The Company You Keep: Measuring Mobile Malware Infection Rates and Identifying Inexpensive Predictors of Susceptibility to Infection, Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on World wide web (WWW), pp. 39 - 50, 2014.
2014 Journal S. Uhlmann, S. Kiranyaz & M. Gabbouj. Semi-supervised Learning for Ill-posed Polarimetric SAR Classification. Remote Sensing 6(6), 4801-4830.
2014 Journal M. Vastaranta, N. Saarinen, V. Kankare, M. Holopainen, H. Kaartinen, J. Hyyppä & H. Hyyppä. Multisource single-tree inventory in the prediction of tree quality variables and logging recoveries. Remote Sensing, 2014, 6, pp. 3475-3491.
2014 Conference T. Welzer, H. Jaakkola, M. Hölbl, M. Družovec & A. E. Ward. Intercultural Collaboration in Virtual Environment. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases - EJC 2014. Thalheim, B., Jaakkola, H. and Kiyoki, Y. Kiel, Kiel Computer Science Series. 2014/4: 521-527.
2014 Conference Q. Wu, H. Li, K. N. Ngan, B. Zeng & M. Gabbouj. No Reference Image Quality Metric via Distortion Identification and Multi-Channel Label Transfer. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2014), 1-5 June 2014, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 530-533.
2014 Conference W. Xie, S. Uhlmann, S. Kiranyaz & M. Gabbouj. Incremental Learning with Support Vector Data Description. 22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Stockholm, Sweden, 24-28 August 2014, pp. 3904-3909.
2014 Journal B. Zeng, S.-K. A. Yeung, S. Zhu & M. Gabbouj. Perceptual Encryption of H.264 Videos: Embedding Sign-Flips into the Integer-based Transforms. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics & Security, vol. 9, no. 2, February 2014, pp. 309-320.
2014 Conference H. Zhang, S. Kiranyaz & M. Gabbouj. Cardinal Sparse Partial Least Square Feature Selection and Its Application in Face Recognition. 22nd European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO 2014), 785-789.
2014 Conference S. Zhu, B. Zeng & M. Gabbouj. Adaptive sampling for compressed sensing based image compression. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo (ICME 2014), 14-18 July 2014, Chengdu, China.
2013 Conference P. Aarnio & I. Seilonen. RDF Triple Stores as a Knowledge Management Technology for CBM Services, ETFA’2013 - IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technology & Factory Automation, 10-13 Sep 2013, Cagliari, Italy.
2013 Conference P. Aflaki, W. Su, M. Joachimiak, D. Rusanovskyy, M. M. Hannuksela, H. Li & M. Gabbouj. Coding of mixed-resolution multiview video in 3D video application. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP 2013, 15-18 September 2013, Melbourne, Australia, 1704-1708.
2013 Conference S. Bhattacharya, S. Phithakkitnukoon, P. Nurmi, A. Klami, M. Veloso & C. Bento. Gaussian process-based predictive modeling for bus ridership. Proceedings of the 2013 ACM conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing adjunct publication, 2013.
2013 Book C. Carlsson. On the Relevance of Fuzzy Sets in Analytics. In Seising, R.; Trillas, E.; Moraga, C.; Termini, S. (Eds) On Fuzziness, Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, Vol. 298, Springer Verlag, February 2013, pp. 85-92.
2013 Journal C. Carlsson, M. Brunelli & J. Mezei. Fuzzy Ontology Used for Knowledge Mobilisation. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, Vol 28, Issue 1, Jan 2013, pp. 52-71.
2013 Other M. Cerdan. Scalability of a Cloud-Based Data Store: Improving HBase performance. Final Project, Aalto University, School of Science, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, December 2013.
2013 Conference I. Chingovska, J. Yang, Z. Lei, D. Yi, S. Z. Li, O. Kahm, C. Glaser, N. Damer, A. Kuijper, A. Nouak, J. Komulainen, T. Pereira, A. Anjos, S. Gupta, S. Khandelwal, S. Bansal, A. Rai, T. Krishna, D. Goyal, M.-A. Waris, H. Zhang, I. Ahmad, S. Kiranyaz, M. Gabbouj, R. Tronci, M. Pili, N. Sirena, F. Roli, J. Galbally, J. Fierrez, A. Pinto, H. Pedrini, W. S. Schwartz, A. Rocha & S. Marcel. The 2nd Competition on Counter Measures to 2D Face Spoofing Attacks. The 6th IAPR International Conference on Biometrics (ICB-2013), 4-7 June 2013, Madrid, Spain.
2013 Conference M. Eugster, T. Ruotsalo, D. Glowacka, K. Konyushkova, K. Athukorala, I. Kosunen, P. Myllymäki, G. Jacucci & S. Kaski. Directing Exploratory Search with Interactive Intent Modeling. ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM 2013), October 27-November 1, 2013.
2013 Conference M. Friman & H. Happonen. Taming the Big Data - Entropy Driven Statistical Models. Finnish Society of Automation. 2013.
2013 Journal I. Fronza, A. Sillitti, G. Succi, M. Terho & J. Vlasenko. Failure prediction based on log files using Random Indexing and Support Vector Machines. Journal of Systems and Software, Vol. 86, Issue 1, January 2013, pp. 2-11.
2013 Journal M. M. Hannuksela, D. Rusanovskyy, W. Su, L. Chen, R. Li, P. Aflaki, D. Lan, M. Joachimiak, H. Li & M. Gabbouj. Multiview-Video-Plus-Depth Coding Based on the Advanced Video Coding Standard, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 22(9), pp. 3449-3458, 2013.
2013 Journal M. Heikkilä & J. Heikkilä. Collaborative Business Model Innovation Process for Networked Services. In J. Järveläinen, H. Li, A.-M. Tuikka, & T. Kuusela (Eds.), Co-created Effective, Agile, and Trusted eServices (Vol. 155, pp. 133–147). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
2013 Conference H. Ihalainen, R. Ritala & O. Saarela. Reliability of operating window identified from process data. Proceedings of the 23rd European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering – ESCAPE 23 June 9-12, 2013, Lappeenranta, Finland.
2013 Conference S. Ishikawa, M. Koskela, M. Sjöberg, J. Laaksonen, E. Oja, E. Amid, K. Palomäki, A. Mesaros & M. Kurimo. PicSOM experiments in TRECVID 2013. In Proceedings of the TRECVID 2013 Workshop, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, November 2013.
2013 Book H. Jaakkola & B. Thalheim. Exception-Aware (Information) Systems. Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXIV. Vojtas, P., Kiyoki, Y., Jaakkola, H., Tokuda, T. and Yoshida, N. Amsterdam, IOS Press: 300-313.
2013 Journal J. Jämsä, S. Pieskä & M. Luimula. Situation-Awareness In Cognitive Transportation Systems. Infocommunications Journal, December 2013. Volume V, Number 4, pp. 10-16.
2013 Conference M. Joachimiak, M. M. Hannuksela & M. Gabbouj. Complete Processing Chain for 3D Video Generation Using Kinect Sensor. In the Proc. International Conference on 3D Imaging, IC3D 2013.
2013 Conference S. Kakouros, O. Räsänen & U. K. Laine. Attention based temporal filtering of sensory signals for data redundancy reduction. Proceedings of the IEEE international Conference on Acoustics, Audio and Signal Processing (ICASSP’2013), May 26–31, Vancouver, Canada, 2013.
2013 Journal A. Klami. Bayesian object matching. Machine Learning 92(2):225-250, 2013.
2013 Conference J. Knuuttila, O. Räsänen & U. K. Laine. Automatic self-supervised learning of associations between speech and text. Proc. Interspeech'2013, Lyon, France, 2013.
2013 Conference M. Koskela, M. Sjöberg, S. Ishikawa & J. Laaksonen. Large-Scale Visual Concept Detection with Explicit Kernel Maps and Power Mean SVM. Proc. ACM ICMR 2013, Dallas, Texas, USA, April 2013.
2013 Journal S. Liu & B. Favre. Understand the Global Economic Crisis: A Text Summarization Approach. International Journal of Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, Volume 20, Issue 2, pp. 89–110, April/June 2013.
2013 Book K. Mikhaylov, J. Jämsä, J. Tervonen, M. Luimula & V. Autio. Intelligent sensor interfaces and data format. On Intelligent sensor networks: the integration of sensor networks, signal processing, and machine learning. Hu, F. and Hao, Q. (Eds.). Taylor & Francis, 2013, pp. 55-76.
2013 Conference P. Nguyen & O. Haavisto. Operating point detection of forest machines. Proceedings of AutomaatioXX seminar, May 22, Helsinki, Finland, 2013.
2013 Other M. Niemenmaa. Analysing sequencing data in Hadoop: The road to interactivity via SQL. Master's Thesis, Aalto University, School of Science, Department of Information and Computer Science, December 2013.
2013 Journal I.J. Perez, R. Wikström, J. Mezei, C. Carlsson & E. Herrera-Viedma. A New Consensus Model for Group Decision Making Using Fuzzy Ontology. Soft Computing, Jan 2013, pp. 1617-1627.
2013 Other S. Pirttikangas & J. Riekki. Kohti tilannetietoista Oulua. http://www.liikenteensuunta.fi/fi/artikkelit/tk/kohti-tilannetietoista-oulua/. 1/2013.
2013 Journal J. Pohjalainen, O. Räsänen & S. Kadioglu. Feature Selection Methods and Their Combinations in High-Dimensional Classification of Speaker Likability, Intelligibility, and Personality Traits. Computer Speech and Language 29(1), pp. 145-171.
2013 Conference P. Rantanen, P. Sillberg & J. Soini. Content Analysis System for Images. Proceedings of the 16th International Multiconference Information Society (IS 2013), Volume A, 7-11 October 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Josef Stefan Institut, pp. 241-244.
2013 Conference O. Räsänen & J. Pohjalainen. Random subset feature selection in automatic recognition of developmental disorders, affective states, and level of conflict from speech. Proc. Interspeech'2013, Lyon, France, 2013.
2013 Book S. Sasaki, P. Vojtas, K. Jannaschk, B. Thalheim, H. Jaakkola & Y. Kiyoki. Multimedia Information Systems for Social, Cross-Cultural and Environnmental Computing. Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXIV. Vojtas, P., Kiyoki, Y., Jaakkola, H., Tokuda, T. and Yoshida, N. Amsterdam, IOS Press: 344-362.
2013 Conference P. Sillberg, P. Rantanen & J. Soini. A Content Based Tool For Searching, Connecting and Combining Digital Information – Case: Smart Photo Service. Proceedings of the 16th International Multiconference Information Society (IS 2013), Volume A, 7-11 October 2013, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Josef Stefan Institut, pp. 249-252.
2013 Book J. Soininen & H. Jaakkola. Knowledge Mining of the Web Services Usage. Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXIV. Vojtas, P., Kiyoki, Y., Jaakkola, H., Tokuda, T. and Yoshida, N. Amsterdam, IOS Press: 314-337.
2013 Conference M. Waris, H. Zhang, I. Ahmad, S. Kiranyaz & M. Gabbouj. Analysis of Textural Features for Face Biometric Anti-Spoofing. In Proceedings of the 21st European Signal Processing Conference.
2013 Conference K. Watanabe, T. Roos & P. Myllymäki. Achievability of Asymptotic Minimax Optimality in Online and Batch Coding. The Sixth Workshop on Information Theoretic Methods in Science and Engineering, 26-29 August 2013, Tokyo, Japan.
2012 Conference S. Bhattacharya, P. Floréen, A. Forsblom, S. Hemminki, P. Myllymäki, P. Nurmi, T. Pulkkinen & A. Salovaara. Ma$$iv€ - An Intelligent Mobile Grocery Assistant. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE’12), 2012.
2012 Journal C. Carlsson, M. Brunelli & J. Mezei. Decision making with a fuzzy ontology. Soft Computing, Vol.16, No.7, July 2012, pp. 1143-1152.
2012 Conference C. Carlsson, M. Brunelli & J. Mezei. A Soft Computing Approach for Mastering Paper Machines. Proceedings of HICSS-46, HICSS.2013.61, IEEE 2012, pp. 1394-1401.
2012 Book C. Carlsson, R. Fuller & J. Mezei. A Quantitative View on Quasi Fuzzy Numbers. In Enric Trillas, Piero P Bonissone, Luis Magdalena, Janusz Kacprzyk (eds.), Combining Experimentation and Theory. Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer Verlag, 2012. (Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing) 271/2012, pp. 225-236.
2012 Conference D. Glowacka, T. Ruotsalo, K. Konyushkova, K. Athukorala, S. Kaski & G. Jacucci. SciNet: A System for Browsing Scientific Literature through Keyword Manipulation. In IUI'13 Demo track, ACM, 2012.
2012 Conference D. Glowacka, T. Ruotsalo, K. Konyushkova, K. Athukorala, S. Kaski & G. Jacucci. Directing exploratory search: Reinforcement learning from user interactions with keyword. In International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI), 2012.
2012 Journal E. Guldogan, T. Olsson, E. Lagerstam & M. Gabbouj. Instance Based Personalized Multi-form Image Browsing and Retrieval. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 71(3), pp. 1087-1104.
2012 Book A. Heimbürger, Y. Kiyoki, H. Jaakkola & T. Suhardijanto. Future Directions of Context Modelling and Cross-Cultural Communication. Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXIII. Henno, J., Kiyoki, Y., Tokuda, T., Jaakkola, H. and Yoshida, N. Amsterdam, IOS Press: 399-411.
2012 Conference J. Jämsä, S. Pieskä, M. Luimula, I. Siio & M. Komatsuzaki. Situation-Aware Robots and Transporters. 3rd IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom 2012), December 2-5, 2012, Kosice, Slovakia, pp. 345-350.
2012 Conference J. Jämsä, T. Sukuvaara, M. Luimula, & J. Jauhiainen. Vehicle on Wireless Sensor Network. Latest trends in information technology, 1st WSEAS international conference on information technology and computer networks (ITCN'12) . Vienna, Austria, November 10-12, 2012, pp. 379-384.
2012 Conference M. Joachimiak, D. Rusanovskyy, M. M. Hannuksela & M. Gabouj. Multiview 3D video denoising in sliding 3D DCT domain. In Proc. of the European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), pp. 1109-1113, 2012.
2012 Conference S. Kayal. Experiments on the LFW database using curvelet transforms and a random forest-kNN cascade. Proc. ICDIPC, Klaipeda, Lithuania, July 2012.
2012 Book S. Kiranyaz, M. Birinci & M. Gabbouj. Perceptual color descriptor based on spatial distribution: A top-down approach In Perceptual Digital Imaging: Methods and Applications, R. Lukac, Ed., CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, pp.319-358, September 2012.
2012 Conference S. Kiranyaz, T. Ince & M. Gabbouj. Scalable Content-Based Classification and Retrieval Framework for Dynamic Commercial Image Databases. In 4th International Conference on Networked Digital Technologies (NDT 2012), Dubai, UAE, 24-26 April 2012.
2012 Journal S. Kiranyaz, T. Mäkinen & M. Gabbouj. Dynamic and Scalable Audio Classification by Collective Network of Binary Classifier Framework: An Evolutionary Approach. Neural Networks, 34 (2012), doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2012.07.003, pp. 80-95.
2012 Conference V. Lehtinen, A. Oulasvirta, A. Salovaara, & P. Nurmi. Dynamic Tactile Guidance for Visual Search Tasks. In 25th ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST’12), 2012.
2012 Conference W. Liu, S. Kiranyaz & M. Gabbouj. Robust scene classification by gist with angular radial partitioning. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Communications, Control and Signal Processing, ISCCSP 2012, Rome, Italy, 2-4 May 2012.
2012 Journal T. Mäkinen, S. Kiranyaz, J. Raitoharju, & M. Gabbouj. An evolutionary feature synthesis approach for content-based audio retrieval. EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing, Springer, 2012, 2012:23, DOI: 10.1186/1687-4722-2012-23.
2012 Conference T. Pulkkinen & P. Nurmi. AWESOM: Automatic Discrete Partitioning of Indoor Spaces for WiFi fingerprinting. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Pervasive Computing (Pervasive), 2012.
2012 Conference O. Räsänen. Hierarchical unsupervised discovery of user context from multivariate sensory data. Proceedings of the IEEE international Conference on Acoustics, Audio and Signal Processing (ICASSP’2012), Kyoto, Japan, pp. 2105-2108, 2012.
2012 Conference M. Sjöberg, S. Ishikawa, M. Koskela, J. Laaksonen & E. Oja. PicSOM experiments in TRECVID 2012. In Proceedings of the TRECVID 2012 Workshop, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, November 2012.
2012 Conference M. Sjöberg, M. Koskela, S. Ishikawa & J. Laaksonen. Real-Time Large-Scale Visual Concept Detection with Linear Classifiers. Proc. ICPR, Tsukuba, Japan, November 2012.
2012 Journal J. Soini, P. Sillberg & J. Raitaniemi. Utilizing adaptive software to enhance information management. International Journal of Computer, Electrical, Automation, Control and Information Engineering 6(12), pp. 5-10.
2012 Book M. Terho. Practical Approach to Real Time Contextual Data Access, EJC, volume 251 of Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, pp. 328-343, IOS Press, 2012.

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[289 U.S. 553, 555] Messrs. George A. King and George R. Shields, both of Washington, D.C ., for plaintiff.
[289 U.S. 553, 559] The Attorney General and Mr.Thomas D. Thacher, Sol. Gen., of Washington, D.C., for the United States.
'(5) the salaries and retired pay of all judges (except judges whose compensation may not, under the Constitution, be diminished during their continuance in office), if such salaries or retired pay are at a rate exceeding $10,000 per annum, shall be at the rate of $10,000 per annum.' 5 USCA 673 note.
'I. Does Section 1, Article III, of the Constitution of the United States apply to the Court of Claims and forbid a reduction of the compensation of the Judges thereof during their continuance in office?
'II. Does the provision of Section 2, Article III, of the Constitution, wherein it is stated that 'The Judicial Power shall extend ... to controversies to which the United States shall be a party', apply to the Court of Claims, and does this provision authorize the creation and establishment of that Court?
In the O'Donoghue Case, supra, we have discussed in some detail the purposes which led the framers of the Constitution to incorporate in that instrument the provisions in respect of the permanent tenure of office and the undiminishable character of the compensation of the judges; and have pointed out that the judges of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia plainly come within the spirit and reason of the compensation provision, and must be held to fall within its intent, unless that conclusion is precluded by other considerations. Much of what is there said may also be said in respect of the Court of Claims. It is a court of great importance, dealing with claims against the United States, which, in the aggregate, amount to a vast sum every year. The questions which it considers call for [289 U.S. 553, 562] the exercise of a high order of intelligence, learning, and ability. The preservation of its independence is a matter of public concern. The sole function of the court being to decide between the government and private suitors, a condition, on the part of the judges, of entire dependence upon the legislative pleasure for the tenure of their offices and for a continuance of adequate compensation during their service in office, to say the least, is not desirable.
But these considerations, though obvious enough, are not sufficient, standing alone, to support a conclusion that the Court of Claims comes within the reach of the judicial article in respect of tenure of office and compensation. The integrity of such a conclusion must rest, not upon its desirability, but upon its conformity with the provisions of the Constitution.
For reasons which are set out in the O'Donoghue opinion, the courts of the territories are legislative courts, while the superior courts of the District of Columbia are constitutional courts. The Court of Claims differs so essentially from both that its status, in respect of the question under consideration, must be determined from an entirely different point of view.
Because of that provision, it was held in Gordon v. United States, 2 Wall. 561, that under the Constitution no appellate jurisdiction could be exercised by this court. The reasons for that conclusion are stated in an undelivered opinion written by Chief Justice Taney, and, with approval, published for the first time in 117 U.S. 698 , 699. It was there stated that, in view of section 14, the power of the Court of Claims and of this court was merely to certify their opinion to the Secretary of the Treasury; and whether the claim was paid in accordance with the opinion depended not on the decision of either court, but upon the future action of the Secretary and of Congress. So far as the Court of Claims is concerned, it was said there is no objection to these provisions, since Congress undoubtedly may establish tribunals to examine testimony and decide in the first instance upon the validity and justice of any claim against the United States, subject to the supervision and control of Congress or the head of an executive department. Such authority was likened to that of an auditor or comptroller, and the circumstance that the tribunal was called a court and its decisions called judgments could not alter its character or enlarge its power. But in respect of this court different principles were said to apply, since this court is created by the Constitution and represents one of the three great divisions of power in the government, 'to each of which the Constitution has assigned its appropriate duties and powers, and made each independent of the other in performing its appropriate functions. The power conferred on this court is exclusively judicial, and it cannot be required or authorized to exercise any other.' The conclusion, therefore, was that Congress could neither [289 U.S. 553, 564] confer nor impose on this court the authority or duty of hearing or determining an appeal from such a tribunal, nor authorize or require this court to express an opinion on a case where its judicial power could not be exercised and where its judgment would not be final and conclusive upon the rights of the parties.
These observations, without adverting to others which have been disavowed, have since met with the uniform approval of this court.
The decision of the Gordon Case in 2 Wallace was announced on March 10, 1865. At the next session of Congress section 14 was repealed. Chapter 19, 14 Stat. 9. Since that time it never has been doubted that Congress may authorize an appeal to this court from a final judgment or decree of the Court of Claims, United States v. Jones, 119 U.S. 477, 478 , 479 S., 7 S. Ct. 283; In re Sanborn, 148 U.S. 222, 225 , 13 S.Ct. 577; Luckenbach S.S. Co. v. United States, 272 U.S. 533 , 536 et seq., 47 S.Ct. 186, or that the judgment of this court rendered on such appeal constitutes a final determination of the matter. United States v. O'Grady, 22 Wall. 641, 647. It is equally certain that the judgments of the Court of Claims, where no appeal is taken, under existing laws are absolutely final and conclusive of the rights of the parties unless a new trial be granted by that court as provided by law. Id. Indeed, as appears from the cases already cited and others, such finality and conclusiveness must be assumed as a necessary prerequisite to the exercise o appellate jurisdiction by this court.
In 1887 Congress gathered together the preceding acts in respect of suits against the government in what is called the Tucker Act. Chapter 359, 24 Stat. 505. By that act the Court of Claims was given jurisdiction to hear and determine, among other matters, all claims upon any contract, express or implied, with the government of the United States, or for damages, liquidated or unliquidated, in cases not sounding in tort, 'in respect of which claims [289 U.S. 553, 565] the party would be entitled to redress against the United States either in a court of law, equity, or admiralty if the United States were suable.' Section 1. By section 2 of the act, as amended and supplemented by section 24(20) of the Judicial Code, concurrent jurisdiction was conferred upon the federal District Courts in all matters as to which the Court of Claims had jurisdiction, where the amount involved did not exceed $10,000. U.S. Code, title 28, 41(20), 28 USCA 41(20).
By these provisions it is made plain that the Court of Claims, originally nothing more than an administrative or advisory body, was converted into a court, in fact as well as in name, and given jurisdiction over controversies which were susceptible of judicial cognizance. It is only in that view that the appellate jurisdiction of this court in respect of the judgments of that court could be sustained, or concurrent jurisdiction appropriately be conferred upon the federal District Courts. The Court of Claims, therefore, undoubtedly, in entertaining and deciding these controversies, exercises judicial power, but the question still remains-and is the vital question-whether it is the judicial power defined by article 3 of the Constitution.
That judicial power apart from that article may be conferred by Congress upon legislative courts, as well as upon constitutional courts, is plainly apparent from the opinion of Chief Justice Marshall in American Insurance Company et al. v. Canter, 1 Pet. 511, 546, dealing with the territorial courts. 'The jurisdiction,' he said, 'with which they are invested, is not a part of that judicial power which is defined in the 3d article of the Constitution, but is conferred by Congress, in the execution of those general powers which that body possesses over the territories of the United States.' That is to say (1) that the courts of the territories (and, of course, other legislative courts) are invested with judicial power, but (2) that this power is not conferred by the third article of the Constitution, but by Congress in the execution of other provisions of that [289 U.S. 553, 566] instrument. The validity of this view is borne out by the fact that the appellate jurisdiction of this court over judgments and decrees of the legislative courts has been upheld and freely exercised under acts of Congress from a very early period, a practice which can be sustained, as already suggested, only upon the theory that the legislative courts possess and exercise judicial power-as distinguished from legislative, executive, or administrative power-although not conferred in virtue of the third article of the Constitution.
If the power exercised by legislative courts is not judicial power, what is it? Certainly it is not legislative, or executive, or administrative power, or any imaginable combination thereof.
With the foregoing principles in mind we come, then, to a consideration of the crucial question here involved, Is the judicial power exercised by the Court of Claims [289 U.S. 553, 568] vested in virtue of the third article of the Constitution so as to bring its judges within the protection of that article as to tenure of office and compensation?
It must be conceded at the threshold that this court in several cases has expressed, more or less irrelevantly, its opinion in the affirmative. Thus, in United States v. Klein, 13 Wall. 128, 145, after reference to the legislation with respect of the Court of Claims, the view is expressed that such court was thus constituted one of those inferior courts which Congress authorizes. In United States v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., 98 U.S. 569 , 603, it was said that under the authority of article 3 Congress had created the District Courts, the Circuit Courts, and the Court of Claims, and vested each of them with a defined portion of the judicial power found in the Constitution. In Minnesota v. Hitchcock, 185 U.S. 373, 386 , 22 S.Ct. 650, 655, the court, after directing attention to the fact that the United States could not be sued without its consent, said that with its consent it might be sued, in which event the judicial power of the United States extended to such a controversy, and added: 'Indeed, the whole jurisdiction of the court of claims rests upon this proposition.' See, also, Kansas v. United States, 04 U.S. 331, 342 , 27 S.Ct. 388; United States v. Louisiana, 123 U.S. 32, 35 , 8 S.Ct. 17.
'While what has been said of the creation and special function of the court definitely reflects its status as a legislative court, there is propriety in mentioning the fact that Congress always has treated it as having that status. From the outset Congress has required it to give merely advisory decisions on many matters. Under the act creating it all of its decisions were to be of that nature. Afterwards some were to have effect as binding judgments, but others were still to be merely advisory. This is true at the present time. A duty to give decisions which are advisory only, and so without force as judicial judgments, may be laid on a legislative court, but not on a constitutional court established under article 3.
'In Gordon v. United States, 117 U.S. 697 , Append., and again in In re Sanborn, 148 U.S. 222 , 13 S.Ct. 577, this Court plainly was of [289 U.S. 553, 570] opinion that the Court of Claims is a legislative court specially created to consider claims for money against the United States, and on that basis distinctly recognized that Congress may require it to give advisory decisions. And in United States v. Klein, 13 Wall. 128, 144-145, this court described it as having all the functions of a court, but being, as respects its organization and existence, undoubtedly and completely under the control of Congress.
'In the present case the court below regarded the recent decision in Miles v. Graham, 268 U.S. 501 , 45 S.Ct. 601, as disapproving what was said in the cases just cited, and holding that the Court of Claims is a constitutional rather than a legislative court. But in this Miles v. Graham was taken too broadly. The opinion therein contains no mention of the cases supposed to have been disapproved; nor does it show that this Court's attention was drawn to the question whether that court is a statutory court or a constitutional court. In fact, as appears from the briefs, that question was not mooted. Such as w re mooted were considered and determined in the opinion. Certainly the decision is not to be taken in this case as disturbing the earlier rulings or attributing to the Court of Claims a changed status. Webster v. Fall, 266 U.S. 507, 511 , 45 S.Ct. 148.
It is true that the foregoing views expressed in the Bakelite Case were likewise not strictly necessary to the [289 U.S. 553, 571] decision; but, unlike previous and contrary expressions of opinion on the same subject, they are elucidated and fortified by reasoning and illustration, and, moreover, are the result of a careful review of the entire matter. It is also true that in the O'Donoghue Case, supra, we have rejected the dictum in the Bakelite Case as to the status of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, but a reference to the discussion in the O'Donoghue Case will make apparent the difference in force between the dictum there involved and the one here involved. In addition to this, whatever may be said in respect of the obiter character of the opinion as to the Court of Claims, the status of the Court of Customs Appeals, as a purely legislative court, was definitely adjudged. And neither by brief nor in argument here is any serious attempt made to differentiate, in respect of the question now being considered, between the Court of Claims and the Court of Customs Appeals; and we have been unable to discover any ground for such a differentiation.
See, also, Kansas v. United States, supra, at page 342 of 204 U.S., 27 S.Ct. 388.
This conception of the application of the judicial article of the Constitution, which at first glance seems plausible, will be found upon examination and consideration to be entirely fallacious.
We first direct attention to the carefully chosen words of section 2, cl. 1, art. 3. By that clause the judicial power is extended to all cases in law and equity arising u der the Constitution, etc.; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; and to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. Then the comprehensive word 'all' is dropped, and the enumeration continues in terms to apply to controversies (but not to 'all') to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more states, etc. The use of the word 'all' in some cases, and its omission in others, cannot be regarded as accidental, under the rule stated in an early case, Holmes v. Jennison et al., 14 Pet. 540, 570-571, 614, 618 Appx., and ever since fully accepted, that: 'In expounding the [289 U.S. 553, 573] constitution of the United States, every word must have its due force, and appropriate meaning; for it is evident from the whole instrument, that no word was unnecessarily used, or needlessly added. The many discussions which have taken place upon the construction of the constitution, have proved the correctness of this proposition; and shown the high talent, the caution, and the foresight of the illustrious men who framed it. Every word appears to have been weighed with the utmost deliberation, and its force and effect to have been fully understood.' See, also, Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52, 151 , 47 S.Ct. 21.
The significance of the use of the word 'all' in some instances and its omission in others is commented upon by Mr. Justice Story in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wheat. 304, 333-336, and it is there suggested that the word 'all,' which is used in the earlier part of section 2 of the judicial article, was dropped in the latter ex industria, and that from this difference of phraseology, perhaps, a difference of constitutional intention may with propriety be inferred. See, also, 2 Story on the Constitution (4th Ed.) p. 458, 1674 et seq.
We are here immediately concerned only with that provision of article 3 which extends the judicial power to 'Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party.' Literally, this includes such controversies, whether the United States be party plaintiff or defendant; but in the light of the rule, then well settled and understood, that the sovereign power is immune from suit, the conclusion is inadmissible that the framers of the Constitution intended to include suits or actions brought against the United States. And here the omission to qualify 'controversies' by the word 'all,' as in some other instances, becomes peculiarly suggestive.
This language applies with equal force to suits against a state and those brought against the United States. The doctrine of sovereign immunity is fully discussed in Hans v. Louisiana, and in the dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice Iredell in Chisholm v. Georgia. We need not repeat that discussion here. Mr. Justice Holmes, speaking for the court in Kawananakoa v. Polyblank, 205 U.S. 349, 353 , 27 S.Ct. 526, 527, tersely said: 'A sovereign is exempt from suit, not because of any formal conception of obsolete theory, but on the logical and practical ground that there can be no legal right as against the authority that makes the law on which the right depends.' It is enough to say that in the light of the settled and unvarying rule upon that subject it is not reasonably possible to assume that it was within the contemplation of the framers of the Constitution that the words, 'Controversies to which the United States shall be a party,' should include controversies to which the United States shall be a party defendant. That clause must be construed, in accordance with the practical construction put upon it by the first Judiciary Act, as though it read, 'controversies to which the United States shall be a party plaintiff or petitioner;' and, thus read, controversies to which the United States may be statute be made a party defendant, at least as a general rule, lie wholly outside the scope of the judicial power vested by article 3 in the constitutional courts. See United States v. Texas, 143 U.S. 621, 645 , 646 S., 12 S.Ct. 488.
In Murray's Lessee et al. v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co., 18 How. 272, 284, it was declared to be beyond the power of Congress either to 'withdraw from judicial cognizance any matter which, from its nature, is the subject of a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty'; or, on the other hand, to 'bring under the judicial power a matter which, from its nature, is not a subject for judicial determination. At the same time there are matters, involving public rights, which may be presented in such form that the judicial power is capable of acting on them, and which are susceptible of judicial determination, but which congress may or may not bring within the cognizance of the courts of the United States, as it may deem proper.' See, also, United States v. Duell, 172 U.S. 576, 582 , 589 S., 19 S.Ct. 286.
The view under discussion-that, Congress having consented that the United States may be sued, the judicial power defined in article 3 at once attaches to the court authorized to hear and determin the suits-must then be rejected, for the further reason, or, perhaps, what comes to the same reason differently stated, that it cannot be reconciled with the limitation fundamentally implicit in the constitutional separation of the powers, namely, that a power definitely assigned by the Constitution to one department can neither be surrendered nor delegated by that department, nor vested by statute in another department or agency. Compare Springer v. Philippine Islands, 277 U.S. 189, 201 , 202 S., 48 S.Ct. 480. And since Congress, whenever it thinks proper, undoubtedly may, without infringing the Constitution, confer upon an executive officer or administrative board, or an existing or specially constituted court, or retain for itself, the power to hear and determine controversies respecting claims against the United States, it follows indubitably that such power, in whatever guise or by whatever agency exercised, is no [289 U.S. 553, 581] part of the judicial power vested in the constitutional courts by the third article. That is to say, a power which may be devolved, at the will of Congress, upon any of the three departments, plainly is not within the doctrine of the separation and independent exercise of governmental powers contemplated by the tripartite distribution of such powers. Compare Kilbourn v. Thompson, 103 U.S. 168 , 190-191.
We find nothing which militates against the foregoing views in the requirement that the Court of Claims, in cases properly brought before it in respect of property expropriated in the exercise of the power of eminent domain, must award just compensation under the Fifth Amendment, or in the provision of the Tucker Act (U.S. Code, title 28, 252) requiring the court in cases brought against the government also to consider and decide set-offs and other claims made by the government against the petitioner and award judgment accordingly. In the former case the requirement is one imposed by the Constitution and equally applicable whether jurisdiction be exercised by a legislative court or a constitutional court; and the latter is simply a provision which the claimant must accept as a condition upon which he may avail himself of the privilege of suing the government in the special court organized for that purpose. McElrath v. United States, supra at page 440 of 102 U.S..
From whatever point of view the question be regarded, the conclusion is inevitable that the Court of Claims receives no authority and its judges no rights from the judicial article of the Constitution, but that the court derives its being and its powers and the judges their rights from the acts of Congress passed in pursuance of other and distinct constitutional provisions. The questions propounded will be answered accordingly.
[ Footnote * ] The lack of authority in Congress to devolve any part of the judicial power defined by article 3 upon courts other than those created by itself must not be confused with its authority to vest jurisdiction in respect of some cases in courts whose judicial power is otherwise derived. Compare Robertson v. Baldwin, 165 U.S. 275 , 278-280, 17 S.Ct. 326; Claflin v. Houseman, 93 U.S. 130 , 136, et seq.; Second Employers' Liability Cases, 223 U.S. 1 , 55, et seq., 32 S.Ct. 169, 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 44.

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