text:
BANK OF AMERICA: Faces "Popal" Suit in Southern Dist. of Cal.
CALIFORNIA SERVICE: Faces "Lee" Suit in Eastern Dist. of Cal.
CREDIT COLLECTION: Faces "Hudson" Suit in Southern Dist. of Cal.
CREDIT CONTROL: Faces "Shields" Suit in Eastern Dist. of N.Y.
FIRSTSOURCE ADVANTAGE: Faces "Doherty" Suit in S.D. Cal.
HEALTH SERVICES: Faces "Perez" Suit in Southern Dist. of Cal.
INSTAHELP AMERICA: Faces "Ramos" Suit in Southern Dist. of Cal.
JUST BORN: "Bryant" Suit Moved from Cir. Ct. to E.D. Mo.
LINEBARGER GOGGAN: Faces "Guerra" Suit in Southern Dist. of Fla.
NAVIENT SOLUTIONS: "Toure" Suit Moved from N.D. Ill. to S.D. Ind.
collect a debt that she did not owe.
using automated dialing equipment without her consent.
commercial business in the town.
calls to cellular telephone numbers without consent.
express consent of the call recipients," the complaint says.
the same or similar damages.
division engaged in unfair and deceptive practices.
break violations, and notice and record-keeping violations.
the March 7, 2017 lead plaintiff motion deadline.
may choose to take no action and remain a passive class member.
after it rejected Agile's initial marketing application in 2013.
embolism, gallbladder disease, ectopic pregnancy and depression."
Furthermore, 51.4% of subjects left the study.
Agile stock fell almost 64%, causing investors severe harm.
Joyce, Brenton L. Saunders, and Maria Teresa Hilado, Case No.
2017). The case is assigned to Hon. Judge Richard H. Kyle.
Allianz Life is a provider of retirement and protection solutions.
compliant with NYLL Section 195(3).
adequate notice of discontinued coverage of the health plan.
the Defendant's unfair and unconscionable means to collect a debt.
Clove Rd, Little Falls, NJ 07424.
action suits against the company.
receives a cut whenever an app gets sold.
resolve Cupertino's culpability in the antitrust charge.
Apple ecosystem is closed and restrictive.
years before it is resolved.
anticompetitive, then that impact will be quite dramatic.
as the iPhone as well as its alleged eBook price fixing.
of millions of dollars in damages.
consumers lacked standing to sue as "direct purchasers" of apps.
An Apple spokeswoman declined to comment on the court's decision.
from the iPhone "aftermarket" of apps, according to the suit.
could reach hundreds of millions of dollars.
consumers of content in the App store.
Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (San Francisco).
2017). The case is assigned to Hon. Judge Barry Ted Moskowitz.
services corporation headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina.
case is assigned to Hon. District Judge Morrison C. England, Jr.
compensation for fired ousted public servants.
are proceeding, with a court appearance scheduled Feb 10, 2017.
documents that may be relevant to the case," Elliott says.
"The discussions are at a very preliminary stage right now,"
H. CLINEBURG, BUDDY G. BECK, MICHAEL A. FARCIA, WILLIAM E.
PETERSON, STEVEN M. WILTSE, WILLIAM J. NASSETTA, SIDNEY O.
BARBARA B. LANG, AND UNITED BANKSHARES, INC., Defendants, Case No.
allegedly violates the U.S. Securities and Exchange Act.
and such other relief pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act.
situated v. Clermont Lounge, Inc., and Catherine Martin, Case No.
is Briseno v. ConAgra Foods, Inc.
(GMOs), and therefore were not "100% natural."
able to identify which consumers relied on the "100% natural"
parties will face in managing a particular class.
persons who purchased Wesson oil during the class period.
members when certifying a class.
is a prerequisite to class certification.
for fairly and efficiently adjudicating a controversy.
circuit in which a class action has been assigned.
imposes those requirements for class certification.
receive them, and how to get them.
caused the Hair Dryers to fail, and sometimes injure consumers.
Conair denies all of the claims in the lawsuit.
included in the class action are called a Class or Class members.
people who exclude themselves from the Settlement.
The Court did not decide in favor of Plaintiffs or Defendant.
Settlement is in the best interest of the Class.
Settlement, you first have to find out if you are a Class member.
Dryers are Infiniti Pro 1875 watt model 259 or 279 hair dryers.
6. How do I know if my hair dryer is included?
it is a "Model 259" or "Model 279."
Your hair dryer must also include the letters "SE", "SR" or "N"
on the metal prong of the plug.
includes the date of such contact.
not included in the Settlement.
metal prong of the electric plug).
10. What am I giving up in exchange for the Settlement?
free, or you can talk with your own lawyer.
P.O. Box 43416, Providence, RI 02940-3416.
postmarked by March 9, 2017.
the appeals can be resolved and resolving them can take time.
mail stating you want to be excluded from the Czuchaj, et al. v.
include your name, address, telephone number, and your signature.
You cannot exclude yourself by phone or email.
a payment if you stay in the Class and submit a claim form.
lawyer, you may hire one at your own expense.
will be paid by Conair.
can give reasons why you think the Court should not approve it.
The Court will consider your views before making a decision.
their name, address, and telephone number.
cannot object because the case no longer affects you.
Settlement. You may attend, but you don't have to.
the Settlement is fair, reasonable, and adequate.
an objection, you do not have to appear in Court to talk about it.
lawyer to attend, but it is not necessary.
cannot speak at the hearing if you exclude yourself.
If you do nothing, you won't get any money from this Settlement.
caused by one of the Hair Dryers.
The deadline to submit your claim is March 9, 2017.
(N.Y. Sup. Ct., Dec. 21, 2016). The case is assigned to Hon.
GPC-WVG (S.D. Cal., Jan. 10, 2017). The case is assigned to Hon.
law firm and investigations company.
of herself and all others similarly situated, the Plaintiff, v.
the Defendant, Case No. 2:17-cv-00121 (E.D.N.Y., Jan. 10, 2017).
action lawsuit has been filed against Dakota Plains Holdings, Inc.
visiting the firm's site: http://www.bgandg.com/dakp.
connection with the manipulation of Dakota Plains' stock price.
Company, Inc. is a communication facilities contractor.
leave to file second class certification motion.
40 Acres Pooling Provision (The Class Lease Forms).
Mattingly & Roselius, PLLC be appointed as Class Counsel.
charge at https://goo.gl/sf9gQ0 from Leagle.com.
Plaintiffs and Counter Defendants Henry Seeligson, John M.
David J. Drez, III, Esq.
Pervis Jefferson Ballew, Jr., Esq.
similarly situated v. E'tae, Inc., Case No. 610285/2016 (N.Y. Sup.
manufacturer of a natural hair care line.
Recovery Company, LLC, Case No. 16-cv-252 (JNE/KMM) (D. Minn.).
debt reported to the national credit reporting agencies.
numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable.
the remaining requirements of Rule 23," Judge Ericksen opined.
to the lawsuits filed against them.
Ergon and Valero are class-action lawsuits.
Ergon did not respond to requests for comment about their motion.
http://www.rosenlegal.com/cases-968.htmlor call Phillip Kim, Esq.
via email at pkim@rosenlegal.com or kchan@rosenlegal.com.
2014 through 2016 Jeep Grand Cherokee and Ram pickups.
result in harmful pollution in the air we breathe."
to you unless we are able to recover for you.
used in these trucks to fail prematurely.
2WD, 4WD), model years 2011-2012.
Plaintiff, v. Firstsource Advantage, LLC, the Defendant, Case No.
assigned to Hon. Judge Janis L. Sammartino.
card issuers, financial institutions, and healthcare providers.
23, 2012 and February 10, 2016, inclusive (the "Class Period").
Topaz Meltzer & Check attorneys D. Seamus Kaskela or Adrienne O.
specialty and communications markets worldwide.
reasonable basis at all relevant times.
close at $6.60 on February 11, 2016.
in violation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act."
overwhelming majority being first responders.
Gibbs. Neither had been briefed on details of the lawsuit.
are able to resolve this."
was hired in Hall County in 1988.
$2,567 under the plan's formula.
per month," according to the lawsuit.
regular 6 p.m. meeting January 12.
offered the invocation that indirectly referenced the lawsuit.
and civil way of solving our differences."
the board of commissioners and for the employees."
the citizens of this county," he said.
that retired after July 1, 2008.
directors and Dinesh Paliwal, the CEO of the Stamford-based firm.
to deny life insurance premium claims.
2017). The case is assigned to Hon. Judge Gonzalo P. Curiel.
Health Services is a debt collection agency.
situated, Plaintiff, v. Help at Home, LLC f/k/a Help at Home, Inc.
required by the Fair Labor Standards Act.
practical nurse from 2014 to 2016.
Florida's Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act.
Roger D. Mason, II, Esq.
Wireline Services, LLC and Allied Wireline Services LLC, Case No.
attorney's fee and costs pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act.
2017). The case is assigned to Hon. Judge Marilyn L. Huff.
methods to help and offer debt solutions.
Plaintiff, vs. IRON CITY WOOD PRODUCTS, INC., c/o Denise O.
the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri (St.
U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Maryland (Baltimore).
Maryland, filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition (Bankr. D. Md.
Case No. 16-26665) on December 22, 2016.
-- Pre-Trial Conference is set for March 8, 2017, at 2:00 p.m.
Defendants are different insurance companies.
Richard B. Risk, Jr., Esq.
6964 S. Shore Drive S.
Defendants, Case No. 1:17-cv-20114-KMM (S.D. Fla., Jan. 10, 2017).
The case is assigned to Hon. Chief Judge K. Michael Moore.
Bret Leon Lusskin, Jr., Esq.
Marian B. Boehm, Anne M. Donnelly, Carla Sue Feinstein, Noelle M.
Skidmore, Elizabeth B. Small, Judith A. Johanson, Patricia A.
Hendrick, Lou Ann Kidder, and all others similarly situated v.
Neck Manor School for the Deaf, Case No. 600009/2017 (N.Y. Sup.
all other similarly situated persons.
the County of Nassau, New York.
Michael J. Del Piano, Esq.
Malte L. L. Farnaes, Esq.
who qualify for government-sponsored programs, including Medicaid.
other persons or entities similarly situated, Plaintiff, v.
Nagar and Todd Edwards, Defendants, Case No. 2017-00518, (S.D.
suit, and (iv) all other relief.
Plaintiff owns commercial real property in Harris County, Texas.
dismissed by a Southern District of New York judge.
including at least one other slack-fill decision.
complaint must be dismissed," Weinstein said. "In the Bautista v.
plausibly establish the truth of that assertion."
conclusory fashion, according to court records.
so he did not find the dismissal surprising.
based only on conclusory allegations," Weinstein said. "
each element of each cause of action."
Situated, Plaintiff, v. NATIONWIDE EVICTION, Defendant, Case No.
attorney's fees under the Fair Labor Standards Act.
eviction process across the United States.
Plaintiffs, v. NAVIENT SOLUTIONS, INC., the Defendant, Case No.
the proceeding. The case is assigned to Hon. Judge Larry J.
behalf of the NECA/IBEW Family Medical Care Plan, Plaintiff, v.
NECA/IBEW Family Medical Care Plan, Salvatore J. Chilia, Robert P.
D.T. is a participant of the NECA/IBEW Family Medical Care Plan.
Mental Disorders and require Applied Behavior Analysis therapy.
through the application of exclusions and limitations.
situated, Plaintiff, v. NESTLE U.S.A., INC., Defendant, Case No.
personal support, homemaker, and companion care for senior adults.
Trump, Novo Nordisk faced some fresh concerns of its own.
Danish pharma for its role in alleged "collusive price fixing,"
forecasts" that were "inflated" by price fixing.
been dragging on insulin makers for some time now.
bidding to bring down drug prices.
The Novo lawsuit comes shortly after frequent pharma critics Sen.
many instances the prices have apparently increased in tandem,"
the lawmakers wrote at the time.
patients. "The insulin market in the U.S. is highly competitive,"
that payday, Eli Lilly has argued. Instead, it's the PBMs.
March 13, 2017 Lead Plaintiff deadline.
by calling 510-725-3000 or emailing NVO@hbsslaw.com.
Company's ADRs down approximately 13%.
Reed Kathrein at 510-725-3000 or email NVO@hbsslaw.com.
monitors curbside parking in the city of Atlanta.
tickets knowing they were invalid.
knowingly violating your own policy."
ready to testify against PARKatlanta.
their devices weren't working correctly," Key said.
employees of 6-8 tickets per hour.
PARKatlanta employee said in 2012.
stores in Miami Dade County, Florida.
companies engaged in claims resolution."
Any questions about this lawsuit may be directed to Edward P.
practicing attorneys in New Jersey.
all other persons similarly situated v. Roche-Bobois U.S.A., Ltd.
Inc., and Does 1 through 30, inclusive, Case No. BC6455332 (Cal.
Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048.
Co., a California corporation; and DOES 1-25, Defendants, Case No.
located at 2004 E. 67th Street, Los Angeles, 12 California 90001.
dangerous even after the company vowed to fix them.
leaving them with potentially dangerous machines and no way out.
national investigative correspondent Jeff Rossen.
"I'm afraid to do laundry because it could hurt my kids."
might go off on the very next load."
the age of their washer.
contact us at 1-866-264-5636 or at samsung.com/us/tlw."
to seek appointment as lead plaintiff.
investment in Seattle Genetics securities during the Class Period.
suing Starbucks, alleging violation of federal law.
being denied employment due to inaccurate background information.
Francis & Mailman PC in Philadelphia.
January 20, 2017 to file a lead plaintiff motion.
misleading and/or lacked a reasonable basis at all relevant times.
mailing address, telephone number and number of shares purchased.
Yun Soo Oh v. Tesla Motors, Inc., Case No. 8:16-cv-02282 (C.D.
electric vehicles and electric vehicle powertrain components.
class action lawsuit has been filed against TG Therapeutics, Inc.
this case by visiting the firm's site: http://www.bgandg.com/tgtx.
"successful" and "a novel chemo-free treatment option."
patients at the required rate for the study to be successful.
$6.85 on that same day.
announces a class action lawsuit against TG Therapeutics, Inc.
notice, also known as the lead plaintiff motion deadline.
"successful", and "a novel chemo-free treatment option."
contrary to the Company's statements.
declined almost 27%, causing investors severe harm.
lawsuit to Silicon Valley upstart Theranos' troubles.
dwindling blood testing outfit, the Wall Street Journal reports.
represent the state in a lawsuit.
and California," states the document.
whose results the company had to eventually void for inaccuracies.
different technology called the "miniLab."
who may be eligible for those benefits, and how to get them.
in the case of Sharp, et al. v. Watts Regulator Co., Case No.
Watts Regulator Co. ("Watts"), is the "Defendant."
2. What are these lawsuits about?
The Courts did not decide in favor of Plaintiffs or Watts.
mean that any law was broken or that Watts did anything wrong.
Settlements are best for all Settlement Class Members.
5. Am I part of the Settlement?
shutoff device on the connector.
crimp and fitting at each end of the connector.
connector has the above physical features.
7. Are there exceptions to being included in the Settlements?
8. What if I am not sure whether I am included in the Settlements?
9. Who can file a claim under the Settlements?
10. What are the benefits of the Settlements?
payment for replacement of connectors is $40.
they are eligible and timely, and pay the amount of the claims.
4, 2014, must be made within four years after final approval.
11. What do I need to do to participate in the Settlements?
with any necessary supporting documentation or information.
address to the Claims Administrator at the address above.
12. How will the claims process work?
the Claims Administrator will deny your claim as "invalid,"
damage claim will be provided with all denied claims.
be broken into an initial payment and a second "catch up" payment.
the Claims Administrator will continue to accept claims.
13. What am I giving up to get a payment?
the released claims or what they mean.
sometimes called "opting out," of the Settlement Class.
bound by these class action settlements.
15. If I do not exclude myself, can I sue later?
continue your own lawsuit relating to the claims in these cases.
16. How do I exclude myself from the Settlements?
L. Clobes of Cafferty Clobes Meriwether & Sprengel LLP, Gregory F.
responsible for any fees and costs charged by your own attorney.
18. How will the administrative costs and attorneys' fees be paid?
service award of $5,000 to each Class Representative.
19. How do I tell the Court if I do not like the Settlements?
for attorneys' fees, expenses or the request for service awards.
2. Your full name, current address, and telephone number.
States containing a Watts Water Heater or FloodSafe connector.
the Watts Water Heater or FloodSafe connector.
the Court to consider in support of your objection.
objected to a class action settlement more than two times before.
If so, identify those cases by case name, court, and case number.
date on which you signed it.
10. Your attorney's signature (if you are represented by counsel).
the Courts' decisions in connection with the Settlements.
Court that you do not want to be part of the Settlement Classes.
Settlements because the cases no longer affect you.
intention to appear at the Fairness Hearing (see Question 19).
22. Do I have to attend the Fairness Hearing?
or have a Claim Form mailed to you by calling 877-845-3575.
Situated, Plaintiff, v. Paul L. Foster, Sigmund L. Cornelius, L.
Frederick Francis, Robert J. Hassler, Brian J. Hogan, Jeff A.
share of Western stock or receive 0.4350 shares of Tesoro.
advisor, Barclays, earned millions in fees.
Texas and Wisconsin. Paul L. Foster, Sigmund L. Cornelius, L.
Stevens and Scott D. Weaver are members of its board of directors.
THE BILEK LAW FIRM, L.L.P.
class action lawsuit against Zimmer Biomet Holdings, Inc.
or by e-mail at joon@khanglaw.com.
available implants and instrument sets during the quarter.
October 31, 2016 at $105.40 per share, causing investors harm.
be based out of Boston.
shattering revenue goals and targets at every stage of his career.
that are in front of us."
along the way," added Mr. Cotter in an accompanying statement.
only female CEO in the legal administration industry.
operations across its service offerings.
across all JND service lines to manage large, complex cases.
legal administration and management services.
"This is an incredibly exciting time for JND Legal Administration.
helm of JND, the company's potential is remarkable."
Science in Finance and Bachelor of Arts from Seattle University.
while saving them time, money and other valuable resources."

matches: v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v. v.


Respondents, members of a political advocacy group, set up a table on a sidewalk near the entrance to a United States Post Office to solicit contributions, sell books and subscriptions to the organization's newspaper, and distribute literature on a variety of political issues. The sidewalk is the sole means by which customers may travel from the parking lot to the post office building and lies entirely on Postal Service property. When respondents refused to leave the premises, they were arrested and subsequently convicted by a Federal Magistrate of violating, inter alia, 39 CFR § 232.1(h)(1), which prohibits solicitation on postal premises. The District Court affirmed the convictions. It rejected respondents' argument that § 232.1(h)(1) violated the First Amendment, holding that the postal sidewalk was not a public forum and that the ban on solicitation is reasonable. The Court of Appeals reversed. Finding that the sidewalk is a public forum and analyzing the regulation as a time, place, and manner restriction, it determined that the Government has no significant interest in banning solicitation and that the regulation is not narrowly tailored to accomplish the asserted governmental interest.
866 F.2d 699, (CA4 1989) reversed.
Justice O'CONNOR, joined by THE CHIEF JUSTICE, Justice WHITE, and Justice SCALIA, concluded that the regulation, as applied, does not violate the First Amendment.
(a) Although solicitation is a recognized form of speech protected by the First Amendment, the Government may regulate such activity on its property to an extent determined by the nature of the relevant forum. Speech activity on governmental property that has been traditionally open to the public for expressive activity or has been expressly dedicated by the Government to speech activity is subject to strict scrutiny. Perry Education Assn. v. Perry Local Educators' Assn., 460 U.S. 37, 45. However, where the property is not a traditional public forum and the Government has not dedicated its property to First Amendment activity, such regulation is examined only for reasonableness. Id. at 46. Pp. 725-727.
(b) Section 232.1(h)(1) must be analyzed under the standards applicable to nonpublic fora: it must be reasonable and "not an effort to suppress expression merely because public officials oppose the speaker's view." Ibid. The postal sidewalk is not a traditional public forum. The fact that the sidewalk resembles the municipal sidewalk across the parking lot from the post office is irrelevant to forum analysis. See Greer v. Spock, 424 U.S. 828. The sidewalk was constructed solely to provide for the passage of individuals engaged in postal business, not as a public passageway. Nor has the Postal Service expressly dedicated its sidewalk to any expressive activity. Postal property has only been dedicated to the posting of public notices on designated bulletin boards. A practice of allowing individuals and groups to leaflet, speak, and picket on postal premises and a regulation prohibiting disruptive conduct do not add up to such dedication. Even conceding that the forum has been dedicated to some First Amendment uses, and thus is not a purely nonpublic forum, regulation of the reserved nonpublic uses would still require application of the reasonableness test. Pp. 727-730.
[110 S.Ct. 3117] (c) It is reasonable for the Postal Service to prohibit solicitation where it has determined that the intrusion creates significant interference with Congress' mandate to ensure the most effective and efficient distribution of the mails. The categorical ban is based on the Service's long, real-world experience with solicitation, which has shown that, because of continual demands from a wide variety of groups, administering a program of permits and approvals had distracted postal facility managers from their primary jobs. Whether or not the Service permits other forms of speech, it is not unreasonable for it to prohibit solicitation on the ground that it inherently disrupts business by impeding the normal flow of traffic. See Heffron v. ISKCON, 452 U.S. 640, 653. Confrontation by a person asking for money disrupts passage and is more intrusive and intimidating than an encounter with a person giving out information. Even if more narrowly tailored regulations could be promulgated, the Service is only required to promulgate reasonable regulations, not the most reasonable or the only reasonable regulation possible. Clearly, the regulation does not discriminate on the basis of content or viewpoint. The Service's concern about losing customers because of the potentially unpleasant situation created by solicitation per se does not reveal an effort to discourage one viewpoint and advance another. Pp. 731-737.
468 U.S. 288, 293. The regulation expressly permits respondents and all others to engage in political speech on topics of their choice and to distribute literature soliciting support, including money contributions, provided there is no in-person solicitation for immediate payments on the premises. The Government has a significant interest in protecting the integrity of the purposes to which it has dedicated its property, that is, facilitating its customers' postal transactions. Given the Postal Service's past experience with expressive activity on its property, its judgment that in-person solicitation should be treated differently from alternative forms of solicitation and expression should not be rejected. Pp. 738-739.
"[s]oliciting alms and contributions" on postal premises violates the First Amendment. We hold the regulation valid as applied.
[T]he Bowie post office is a freestanding building, with its own sidewalk and parking lot. It is located on a major highway, Route 197. A sidewalk runs along the edge of the highway, separating the post office property from the street. To enter the post office, cars enter a driveway that traverses the public sidewalk and enter a parking lot that surrounds the post office building. Another sidewalk runs adjacent to the building itself, separating the parking lot from the building. Postal patrons must use the sidewalk to enter the post office. The sidewalk belongs to the post office and is used for no other purpose.
App. to Pet. for Cert. 24a.
arrested respondents, seizing their table as well as their literature and other belongings.
Soliciting alms and contributions, campaigning for election to any public office, collecting private debts, commercial soliciting and vending, and displaying or distributing commercial advertising on postal premises are prohibited.
Respondents appealed their convictions to the District Court, asserting that application of § 232.1(h)(1) violated the First Amendment. The District Court affirmed their convictions, holding that the postal sidewalk was not a public forum and that the Postal Service's ban on solicitation is reasonable.


The Center for Tobacco Products of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently reviewed the website http://www.smoko.biz, and determined that cigarette products listed there are offered for sale to customers in the United States. Under section 201(rr) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) (21 U.S.C. § 321(rr)), as amended by the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (Tobacco Control Act), these products are tobacco products because they are made or derived from tobacco and intended for human consumption. Certain tobacco products, including cigarettes, are subject to FDA jurisdiction under section 901(b) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. § 387a(b)).
You sell or distribute products that you list on your website, http://www.smoko.biz, as being light or super light by referring to them as such in product labeling or advertising and adding the qualifiers “Light,” or “Super Light” to the product names. Specifically, our review of http://www.smoko.biz revealed that you sell or distribute the following cigarette products: Donskoy Tabak (“Donskoy Tabak Lights Cigarettes”) and Marlboro Silver (“Marlboro Silver Super Light Cigarettes”).
A tobacco product with a label, labeling, or advertising that uses the descriptor “light,” “mild,” or “low,” or a similar descriptor, is a “modified risk tobacco product” under section 911(b)(2)(A)(ii) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. § 387k(b)(2)(A)(ii)). Under section 911(a) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. § 387k(a)), no person may introduce or deliver for introduction into interstate commerce any modified risk tobacco product without an FDA order in effect under section 911(g) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. § 387k(g)). A product that is in violation of section 911(a) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. § 387k(a)) is adulterated under section 902(8) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. § 387b(8)). Because your website uses the descriptor “Light” or similar descriptors for the above listed products, these products are modified risk tobacco products. Because these products are sold or distributed to customers in the United States without an appropriate FDA order in effect under section 911(g) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. § 387k(g)), these products are adulterated under section 902(8) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. § 387b(8)).
As of September 22, 2009, cigarettes, cigarette tobacco, and roll-your-own tobacco marketed and sold in the United States in violation of this provision are adulterated under section 902(5) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. § 387b(5)). Thus, your flavored cigarette products are adulterated under section 902(5) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. § 387b(5)).
If, however, these cigarette products donot contain a characterizing flavor, they aremisbranded under section 903(a)(1) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. § 387c(a)(1)) or section 903(a)(7)(A) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. § 387c(a)(7)(A)) as theirlabeling or advertising is false or misleading because it makes the representation that the products contain, for example, apple, rum & cherry, strawberry, and cherry as a characterizing flavor of the tobacco products.


text:
The Greenland Ice Sheet: How fast is it changing, and why?
This was a project of the Glaciology and Climate Change research theme.
The Greenland Ice Sheet (Fig. 1) covers 80% of the Greenland land surface area of 2.2 million km2. The volume of ice in the ice sheet is 2.9 million km3. The geographical position of the ice sheet ranges from 59° to 83° north and from 73° to 110° west. Each year, snow accumulation provides the equivalent of 680 cubic kilometers of ice and if the ice sheet was in a steady state it would lose the same amount by surface melting and iceberg discharge.
The Greenland Ice Sheet is thought to have formed approximately 3 million years ago when glaciations in the northern hemisphere became extensive. The cause of Northern hemisphere glaciations is not fully established. It is possible that tectonic processes such as the uplift of Tibet and closure of the Panama Sea Way caused global cooling, but it has been suggested that a decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide could have triggered the most recent era of glaciation in Greenland.
Figure 1. Image of the Greenland Ice Sheet from MODIS images acquired on the 14th and 15th August 2011.
The mass balance of ice sheets is the difference between net accumulation of snow and the combined loss of snow and ice by melt processes and iceberg discharge.
The mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet to have deteriorated from a steady state in the 1970s and 1980d to state by which the ice sheet is losing mass year after year.
The various approaches used to measure ice sheet mass balance have different strengths and weaknesses and mass loss estimates are not always identical. The relatively short timescale of satellite observations makes it difficult to accurately determine the magnitude of decadal variability in snowfall, surface ablation and iceberg calving. This uncertainty is becoming less significant because mass-balance measurements are becoming longer and supported by new and complementary investigative techniques.
Today, there is a consensus amongst scientists that the Greenland Ice Sheet is losing mass at a pace of around 200 gigaton of ice per year. One gigaton of ice is approximately the same as one cubic kilometer of ice.
The rapid loss of ice from the Greenland Ice Sheet since the mid 1990s coincides with a period where atmospheric temperatures were high. The seasonal extent of surface meltwater, which has been monitored by satellites since 1979, shows a variable, but progressive increase. Meltwater runoff from the Greenland Ice Sheet was exceptionally high during the summers of 1995, 1998, 2003, 2006, 2007 and 2010.
Accurate measurements of surface displacement with Global Positioning Systems have identified a relationship between changes in surface velocity and the timing and intensity of surface melting.
The link between ice flow and seasonal production of surface meltwater has been examined closely because satellite remote imagery show that glacial lakes on the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet are numerous and widespread in the ablation zone (Fig. 3).
Figure 3. Satellite imagery (MODIS) showing large and abundant supraglacial lakes along the western margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The lakes discharge into the ice sheet regularly, causing alteration of the flow speed.
A direct response of the Greenland Ice Sheet to atmospheric forcing is of crucial significance because it may influence contemporary rates of sea-level change.
If surface lowering occurs in response to surface melting and increased speed of flow, it could trigger a precarious positive feedback whereby an increase in surface meltwater production increases the surface melt extent, which lead to yet more surface meltwater and so forth. An effective hydrological connection between surface and bed may therefore accelerate the pace of ice moving from the interior towards lower and warmer elevations. This effect could potentially lead to a demise of the ice sheet over a time period shorter than current predictions suggest.
Recent studies have confirmed the occurrence of short-term velocity fluctuations in response to penetration of surface meltwater to the bed of the Greenland Ice Sheet. However, the impact of the mechanism remains uncertain when it comes to fast-flowing outlet glaciers and its influence seems restricted to the relatively slow-moving, land-terminating part of the ice sheet. If so, its ‘good’ news.
Land-terminating glaciers have not changed significantly in recent years, at least not compared to the widespread and synchronous retreat reported for outlet glaciers terminating in seawater. This suggests that the cause of recent rapid change is linked to the ocean.
The exact nature of the oceanic forcing is not yet known, but recent studies have shown that warm waters originating from the subtropical Atlantic is entering Greenland fjords, causing rapid melting of submerged ice-fronts and thereby higher discharge of icebergs into the ocean.
Outlet glaciers in Greenland are steep and fast and they contribute to sea-level rise in a significant way despite their modest widths of approximately 5-8 km or less. The fast flow of these glaciers is causing about half the current rate of ice mass losses.
Approximately half the ice discharged from Greenland into its surrounding seas come from a dozen glaciers. Of their collective discharge, almost half comes from the largest three. These glaciers are Jakobshavn Isbræ on the west coast and Kangerdlugssuaq and Helheim Glaciers on the east coast (Fig. 1).
Jakobshavn Isbræ was one of the first glaciers where major contemporary changes in flow dynamics were detected. The calving front of the glacier was in a relatively stable position from the 1950s to the 1990s. In 1998, the front retreated by 5 km and this caused flow speeds to increase from 5 km/year to 9 km/year. More dramatic changes followed between 2001 and 2003 as the majority of a floating ice tongue collapsed and caused the calving ice front to retreat several kilometers. This caused speeds to increase to 13 km/year.
Very similar events occurred in Kangerdlugssuaq and Helheim Fjords on the eastern other side of the ice sheet. The front of Helheim Glacier retreated 6 km between 2001 and 2005. Subsequently, the speed of the glacier increased from 7 km/year to 11 km/year. Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier experienced an abrupt retreat of 7 km between 2004 and 2005 and its flow speed almost doubled from 7 km/year to about 13 km/year. Whereas Jakobshavn Isbræ maintains its fast rate of flow, Kangerdlugssuaq and Helheim glaciers are now flowing at rates below the peak speeds reached in 2005.
Figure 4. Photograph of the fast-flowing Daugaard-Jensen Glacier in East Greenland.
The Greenland Ice Sheet was in the past perceived to be in a relatively stable position and its demise was thought to require thousands of years of melting under warm climatic conditions. This premise has been questioned in light of the recent change.
Assessing the sensitivity and response of the Greenland Ice Sheet to the current warming of Earth’s ocean and atmosphere is today an issue of tremendous scientific, societal and political significance.
The Greenland Ice Sheet contains enough ice to raise global sea levels by approximately 7 m. Assessment of climate change using an ice sheet model forced with outputs from a global climate model suggests that global warming of 3°C is a critical threshold that could lead to a complete demise of the ice sheet. This threshold will most likely be exceeded before 2100 unless emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses are stabilised and reduced to level of year 2000 before 2050.
This level of greenhouse gas reduction will require an economic outlook consistent with greenhouse gas emissions scenario with a global emphasis on resource-efficient technologies and global solutions to economic, social and environmental sustainability. The alternative is less rapid economic development with emphasis on local solutions and environmental protection. So far, global economic growth remains fossil-fuel intensive and this economic outlook is not consistent with a sustainable long-term presence of an ice sheet in Greenland.
The onset of a demise of the Greenland Ice Sheet may be tied to a predictable magnitude of global warming, but there is currently no consensus about the rate of demise.
A demise of the ice sheet controlled by surface melting mainly could take several thousand years. This scenario is, however, unlikely on the basis of recent rapid change of the flow speed of marine-terminating outlet glaciers.
The main reason for this crucial lack of information is associated with the representation of dynamical processes in ice sheet models. At the moment there is only a rudimentary representation of outlet glaciers in computer models of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The available computational power is limiting the size of grid cells to 5 km or more, whereas most glaciers have widths that are even smaller. Glaciologists are working hard to improve this.
The Greenland Ice Sheet is not in balance, it is losing mass, and the net annual mass loss is typically around 200 gigaton. This rate of ice-mass loss is equivalent to global sea-level rise of 0.6 mm per year. Approximately half of this loss is caused by runoff from increased surface melt. The other half is attributed submarine melting of marine-terminating glaciers and their discharge of ice into the ocean. Whereas surface melting can be attributed atmospheric warming and global change, the acceleration of outlet glaciers is linked to warming of fjords and other coastal environments due to inflow of subtropical waters.
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2010: EU Interreg and Cantonal Funding for application oriented work in Alpine flood forecasting and climate change, P. I.
2009: Swiss National Science Foundation: Wind tunnel investigations of shear stress partitioning over plants, P. I.
2009: Swiss National Science Foundation: Field investigations of surface heterogeneity and land-surface exchange in mountains, P. I.
2008: ETH CCES grant Swiss Experiment Main Project  Project on new technology and interdisciplinary environmental observation systems, P. I.
2008: HYDROSYS: EU  Project on new technology and hydrological consequences of cryosphere degradation in the ALPS, P.I.
2007: SNF REQUIP Terrestrial Laser Scanning System, P.I.
2007: ETH CCES grant EXTREMES on spatial extreme value statistics, Co-P. I.
2006: ETH CCES grant Swiss Experiment Pre-Project, P. I.
2006: Swiss National Science Foundation: Wind tunnel investigation of snow ventilation, P. I.
2005: KTI: Development of high resolution forecasting models of road surface conditions for winter road maintenance, P. I.
2004: AWARE: EU  Project on water resources in Alpine catchments with a focus on snow cover processes, P. I.
2003: Swiss National Science Foundation: Small scale investigation of flow, snow drift and surface energy balance, P. I.
2002: Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology: Distributed Computing (GRID) for Natural Hazard Prediction, Co - P. I.
2000: Swiss National Science Foundation: REQUIP: A cold, two phase wind tunnel with natural snow particles, P. I.
1997: Swiss National Science Foundation: Boundary layer wind field and the associated snow transport over high alpine topography, P. I.
1992: Scholarship for foreign studies at UC Davis.
Award for the best student paper presentation at a conference of the American Meteorological Society in Charlotte (1995), USA.
Award for extraordinary performance in transfer of scientific knowledge to users, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (2001).
Offer (Ruf) of a full professorship (chair: W3) in environmental physics at the University of Tübingen (2009).
A. Kahl; J. Dujardin; M. Lehning : The bright side of PV production in snow-covered mountains; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019-01-07. DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1720808116.
F. Gerber; R. Mott; M. Lehning : The Importance of Near-Surface Winter Precipitation Processes in Complex Alpine Terrain; Journal of Hydrometeorology. 2019. DOI : 10.1175/JHM-D-18-0055.1.
V. Sharma; K. Pressel; M. Parlange; M. Lehning; M. Calaf : Large wind farms can destroy stratocumulus clouds-evidence from large eddy simulations. ; AGU Fall Meeting 2018, Washington DC, December 10-14, 2018.
A. Michel; T. J. Brauchli; B. Schaefli; m. Bavay; H. Huwald et al. : Trends in Swiss river discharge and temperatures under climate change: observations and simulations.
V. Sharma; F. Comola; M. Lehning : On the suitability of the Thorpe-Mason model for calculating sublimation of saltating snow; Cryosphere. 2018-11-09. DOI : 10.5194/tc-12-3499-2018.
S. Schloegl; M. Lehning; R. Mott : How Are Turbulent Sensible Heat Fluxes and Snow Melt Rates Affected by a Changing Snow Cover Fraction?; Frontiers In Earth Science. 2018-10-22. DOI : 10.3389/feart.2018.00154.
B. Kruyt; J. Dujardin; M. Lehning : Improvement of Wind Power Assessment in Complex Terrain: The Case of COSMO-1 in the Swiss Alps; Frontiers In Energy Research. 2018-10-16. DOI : 10.3389/fenrg.2018.00102.
S. Schlogl; M. Lehning; C. Fierz; R. Mott : Representation of Horizontal Transport Processes in Snowmelt Modeling by Applying a Footprint Approach; Frontiers In Earth Science. 2018-10-08. DOI : 10.3389/feart.2018.00120.
F. Gerber; N. Besic; V. Sharma; R. Mott; M. Daniels et al. : Spatial variability in snow precipitation and accumulation in COSMO–WRF simulations and radar estimations over complex terrain; The Cryosphere. 2018-10-04. DOI : 10.5194/tc-12-3137-2018.
C. G. Sommer; N. Wever; C. Fierz; M. Lehning : Investigation of a wind-packing event in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica; Cryosphere. 2018-09-14. DOI : 10.5194/tc-12-2923-2018.
M. Simon : A Mind-Bending Avalanche Animation That Could Save Your Life. 2018-08-13.
M. Prigg : The 'unprecedented' 3D animation that reveals what really happens when a killer avalanche hits. 2018-08-03.
M. Heggli : POLAR2018 – Where the Poles come together. 2018-06-19.
M. Lehning : Polarforscher in der Schweiz. 2018-06-19.
V. Sharma; F. Comola; M. Lehning : Is the Thorpe and Mason model valid for drifting and blowing snow?. 2018-04. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria, April 4-13, 2018. p. 16587.
M. Beniston; D. Farinotti; M. Stoffel; L. M. Andreassen; E. Coppola et al. : The European mountain cryosphere: a review of its current state, trends, and future challenges; The Cryosphere. 2018-03-01. DOI : 10.5194/tc-12-759-2018.
M. Lehning : Des avalanchesd'un nouveau type. 2018-01-29.
A. Kahl; J. Dujardin; B. Kruyt; M. Lehning : The impact of snow on solar PV production ; Weekly Seminar at the Swiss Snow and Avalanche Research Institute (SLF/WSL), Davos, Switzerland, 2018-01-17.
V. Sharma; F. Comola; M. Lehning : Revisiting the Thorpe-Mason model for calculating sublimation of saltating snow ; Polar 2018, Davos, Switzerland, June 2018.
M. Kyburz; B. Sovilla; J. Gaume; C. Ancey : Dense flow avalanche pressure on obstacle studied with DEM ; EGU, Vienna, Austria, April 09-13, 2018.
M. Kyburz; B. Sovilla; J. Gaume; C. Ancey : Dense flow avalanche pressure on obstacle studied with DEM ; ECCM ECFD, Glasgow, UK, 2018.
M. Kyburz; B. Sovilla; J. Gaume; C. Ancey : Avalanche pressures at the Vallée de la Sionne test site: interaction of avalanches and narrow strictures studied with DEM.. 2018. Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop 2018, Innsbruck, Austria, 2018.
M. Lehning; A. Kahl; J. Dujardin : Dataset on PV Production in Snow Covered Mountains. 2018.
F. Gerber; N. Besic; V. Sharma; M. Daniels; R. Mott et al. : From the Clouds to the Ground - Snow Precipitation Patterns in Complex Terrain ; POLAR2018, Davos, Switzerland, 19 June 2018.
H. Huwald; N. Wever; E. Sauvageat; F. Comola; V. Sharma et al. : Local surface mass balance processes in East Antarctica ; Polar2018, Davos, Switzerland, June 2018.
H. Huwald; E. Sauvageat; V. Sharma; F. Comola; N. Wever et al. : Local snow transport and surface evolution processes in East Antarctica ; American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting, Washington DC, December 2018.
C. Sommer; M. Lehning; C. Fierz : Wind Tunnel Experiments: Influence of Erosion and Depositionon Wind-Packing of New Snow; FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE. 2018. DOI : 10.3389/feart.2018.00004.
T. Grunewald; F. Wolfsperger; M. Lehning : Snow farming: conserving snow over the summer season; CRYOSPHERE. 2018. DOI : 10.5194/tc-12-385-2018.
L. Pruessner; M. Phillips; D. Farinotti; M. Hoelzle; M. Lehning : Near-surface ventilation as a key for modeling the thermal regime of coarse blocky rock glaciers; PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES. 2018. DOI : 10.1002/ppp.1978.
A. Shakoor; A. Burri; M. Bavay; N. Ejaz; A. Ghumman et al. : Hydrological response of two high altitude Swiss catchments to energy balance and temperature index melt schemes; POLAR SCIENCE. 2018. DOI : 10.1016/j.polar.2018.06.007.
S. Schlögl / M. Lehning; R. M. Mott-Grünewald (Dir.) : Investigation of snow melt dynamics and boundary layer processes over a melting snow surface. Lausanne, EPFL, 2018. DOI : 10.5075/epfl-thesis-8529.
F. Gerber / M. Lehning; R. M. Mott-Grünewald (Dir.) : From the clouds to the ground - Effects of flow-precipitation interactions on snow distribution in complex alpine terrain. Lausanne, EPFL, 2018. DOI : 10.5075/epfl-thesis-8636.
V. M. Nouchi / A. J. Wüest; D. Bouffard (Dir.) : Toward a systematic integration of optical remote sensing for inland waters studies. EPFL, 2018. DOI : 10.5075/epfl-thesis-8622.
A. Kahl; J. Dujardin; S. Dupuis; M. Lehning : The bright side of snow cover effect on PV production - How to lower the seasonal mismatch between electricity supply and demand in a fully renewable Switzerland ; European Geophysical Union, Vienna, Austria, 23.-28.04.2017.
M. Haerty : Johan Gaume a mis au point un nouveau modèle pour évaluer les conditions de déclenchement des avalanches.. 2017-03-03.
A. Kahl; J. Dujardin; S. Dupuis; M. Lehning : The bright side of snow cover effects on PV production - How to lower the seasonal mismatch between electricity supply and demand in a fully renewable Switzerland ; EGU General Assembly 2017, Vienna, Austria, 8-13.April 2017.
C. G. Sommer; M. Lehning; C. Fierz : Wind tunnel experiments: saltation is necessary for wind-packing; Journal Of Glaciology. 2017. DOI : 10.1017/jog.2017.53.
R. Mott; S. Schlogl; L. Dirks; M. Lehning : Impact of Extreme Land Surface Heterogeneity on Micrometeorology over Spring Snow Cover; Journal Of Hydrometeorology. 2017. DOI : 10.1175/Jhm-D-17-0074.1.
E. Paterna; P. Crivelli; M. Lehning : Wind tunnel observations of weak and strong snow saltation dynamics; Journal Of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface. 2017. DOI : 10.1002/2016Jf004111.
F. Gerber; M. Lehning; S. W. Hoch; R. Mott : A close-ridge small-scale atmospheric flow field and its influence on snow accumulation; Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2017. DOI : 10.1002/2016JD026258.
T. Grünewald; M. Lehning; F. Wolfsperger : Snow farming: Conserving snow over the summer season; The Cryosphere Discussions. 2017. DOI : 10.5194/tc-2017-93.
J. Dujardin; A. Kahl; B. Kruyt; S. Bartlett; M. Lehning : Interplay between photovoltaic, wind energy and storage hydropower in a fully renewable Switzerland; Energy. 2017. DOI : 10.1016/j.energy.2017.06.092.
N. Wever; F. Comola; M. Bavay; M. Lehning : Simulating the influence of snow surface processes on soil moisture dynamics and streamflow generation in an alpine catchment; Hydrology And Earth System Sciences. 2017. DOI : 10.5194/hess-21-4053-2017.
F. Comola; J. F. Kok; J. Gaume; E. Paterna; M. Lehning : Fragmentation of wind-blown snow crystals; Geophysical Research Letters. 2017. DOI : 10.1002/2017GL073039.
C. Marty; S. Schlogl; M. Bavay; M. Lehning : How much can we save? Impact of different emission scenarios on future snow cover in the Alps; Cryosphere. 2017. DOI : 10.5194/tc-11-517-2017.
S. Würzer; N. Wever; R. Juras; M. Lehning; T. Jonas : Modelling liquid water transport in snow under rain-on-snow conditions – considering preferential flow; Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2017. DOI : 10.5194/hess-21-1741-2017.
C. R. Steger; C. H. Reijmer; M. R. Van Den Broeke; N. Wever; R. R. Forster et al. : Firn Meltwater Retention on the Greenland Ice Sheet: A Model Comparison; Frontiers In Earth Science. 2017. DOI : 10.3389/feart.2017.00003.
E. Schmucki; C. Marty; C. Fierz; R. Weingartner; M. Lehning : Impact of climate change in Switzerland on socioeconomic snow indices; Theoretical And Applied Climatology. 2017. DOI : 10.1007/s00704-015-1676-7.
A. Haberkorn; N. Wever; M. Hoelzle; M. Phillips; R. Kenner et al. : Distributed snow and rock temperature modelling in steep rock walls using Alpine3D; Cryosphere. 2017. DOI : 10.5194/tc-11-585-2017.
F. Comola; M. Lehning : Energy- and momentum-conserving model of splash entrainment in sand and snow saltation; Geophysical Research Letters. 2017. DOI : 10.1002/2016GL071822.
B. Kruyt; M. Lehning; A. Kahl : Potential contributions of wind power to a stable and highly renewable Swiss power supply; Applied Energy. 2017. DOI : 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.01.085.
S. Schlögl; R. Mott; M. Lehning : How do patchy snow covers affect turbulent sensible heat fluxes? – Numerical analysis and experimental findings. 2017. EGU 2017, Vienna, Austria, April 23-28, 2017.
E. Trujillo; K. Leonard; T. Maksym; M. Lehning : Changes in snow distribution and surface topography following a snowstorm on Antarctic sea ice; Journal Of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface. 2016. DOI : 10.1002/2016Jf003893.
C. Voegeli; M. Lehning; N. Wever; M. Bavay : Scaling Precipitation Input to Spatially Distributed Hydrological Models by Measured Snow Distribution; Frontiers In Earth Science. 2016. DOI : 10.3389/feart.2016.00108.
C. Sommer; M. Lehning; C. Fierz : A new ring‐shaped wind tunnel facility to study wind‐packing of snow.. 2016. 14th Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Geneva, Switzerland, November 18-19, 2016. p. 1.
C. Sommer; M. Lehning; C. Fierz : Wind slab formation in snow: experimental setup and first results.. 2016. EGU 2016, Vienna, Austria, April 17-22, 2016.
T. J. Brauchli; E. Trujillo Gomez; H. Huwald; M. Lehning : Snowmelt observations at the slope scale and implications for the catchment response using the Alpine3D model ; 14th Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Genève, Suisse, November 19th, 2016.
M. Lehning; R. Mott : Bodennahe atmosphärische Prozesse und ihre Wirkung auf die hochalpine Schneedecke; Promet. 2016.
V. Sharma; B. Kruyt; F. Gerber; M. Lehning : Wind Energy Potential in Switzerland: Discovering Localized Thermo-topographic Flows and Associated Wind Resource ; 22nd Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, June 20-24, 2016.
T. J. Brauchli; S. V. Weijs; M. Lehning; C. W. Higgins; H. Huwald : Low-cost sensors for distributed surface-atmosphere heat exchange monitoring – a novel component of citizen observatories ; Intl. Conference on Citizen Observatories for Water Management, Venice, Italy, June, 7-10 2016.
N. Wever; S. Würzer; C. Fierz; M. Lehning : Simulating ice layer formation under the presence of preferential flow in layered snowpacks; Cryosphere. 2016. DOI : 10.5194/tc-10-2731-2016.
P. Crivelli; E. Paterna; S. Horender; M. Lehning : Quantifying Particle Numbers and Mass Flux in Drifting Snow; Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 2016. DOI : 10.1007/s10546-016-0170-9.
S. Schlögl; C. Marty; M. Bavay; M. Lehning : Sensitivity of Alpine3D modeled snow cover to modifications in DEM resolution, station coverage and meteorological input quantities; Environmental Modelling & Software. 2016. DOI : 10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.02.017.
R. Luethi; M. Phillips; M. Lehning : Estimating Non-Conductive Heat Flow Leading to Intra-Permafrost Talik Formation at the Ritigraben Rock Glacier (Western Swiss Alps); Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. 2016. DOI : 10.1002/ppp.1911.
A. Kahl; J. Blanchet; B. Kruyt; M. Lehning : Reliable Averages and Risky Extremes – Analysis of spatiotemporal variability in solar irradiance and persistent cloud cover patterns over Switzerland; Energy Procedia. 2016. DOI : 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.035.
M. G. Giometto; E. Trujillo; K. C. Leonard; F. Comola; S. Salesky et al. : LES modeling of wind over Antarctic snow-Ice formations using a dynamic surface roughness approach. 2016. 22nd Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, Salt Lake City, USA, June 20-24, 2016.
R. Mott; E. Paterna; S. Horender; P. Crivelli; M. Lehning : Wind tunnel experiments: cold-air pooling and atmospheric decoupling above a melting snow patch; Cryosphere. 2016. DOI : 10.5194/tc-10-445-2016.
E. Paterna; P. Crivelli; M. Lehning : Decoupling of mass flux and turbulent wind fluctuations in drifting snow; Geophysical Research Letters. 2016. DOI : 10.1002/2016Gl068171.
S. Würzer; T. Jonas; N. Wever; M. Lehning : Influence of Initial Snowpack Properties on Runoff Formation during Rain-on-Snow Events; Journal of Hydrometeorology. 2016. DOI : 10.1175/JHM-D-15-0181.1.
N. Wever; S. Würzer; C. Fierz; M. Lehning : Recent advances in liquid water flow modelling in the physics based SNOWPACK model ; Workshop on observing and modelling meltwater retention processes in snow and firn on ice sheets and glaciers, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 3, 2016.
A. Kahl; V.-A. Nguyen; K. M. Sarrasin; M. Lehning : Reliable Averages and Risky Extremes ; EGU 2016, Vienna, Austria, 17-22, 2016.
A. Kahl; J. Dujardin; S. Bartlett; M. Lehning; F. Sossan et al. : Using GIS data and satellite-derived irradiance to optimize siting of PV installations in Switzerland ; EGU 2016, Vienna, Austria, 17-22, 2016.
M. G. Giometto / J. Fang; M. Parlange (Dir.) : Theoretical and numerical studies of atmospheric boundary-layer flows over complex terrain. Lausanne, EPFL, 2016. DOI : 10.5075/epfl-thesis-7000.
H. Huwald; M. Lehning : Mountain Snow Distribution and how it may Change in the Future ; Cryosphere workshop - From process understanding to impacts and adaptation, Riederalp, VS, Switzerland, 15-19 March 2016.
V. Sharma; M. Calaf; M. Lehning; M. B. Parlange : Time-adaptive wind turbine model for an LES framework; Wind Energy. 2015. DOI : 10.1002/we.1877.
K. Helfricht; M. Lehning; R. Sailer; M. Kuhn : Local Extremes In The Lidar-Derived Snow Cover Of Alpine Glaciers; Geografiska Annaler Series A-Physical Geography. 2015. DOI : 10.1111/geoa.12111.
W. Steinkogler; B. Sovilla; M. Lehning : Thermal energy in dry snow avalanches; Cryosphere. 2015. DOI : 10.5194/tc-9-1819-2015.
E. Trujillo Gomez; K. C. Leonard; T. Maksym; M. Lehning : Wind-driven snow distribution patterns over an Antarctic ice floe ; AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA, December 14-18, 2015.
F. Comola; M. G. Giometto; E. Trujillo Gomez; K. C. Leonard; T. Maksym et al. : Study of snow-atmosphere interactions over an Antarctic surface using large eddy simulations coupled with a Lagrangian stochastic model ; 2015 Meeting of the American Physical Society, Division of fluid Dynamics, Boston, Massachussetts, USA, November 22-24, 2015.
F. Gerber; R. Mott; J. Grazioli; D. Wolfensberger; A. Berne et al. : Identification of snow precipitation mechanisms and accumulation patterns over complex terrain with very high resolution radar data and terrestrial laser scans ; 33rd International Conference on Alpine Meteorology, Innsbruck, Austria, August 31 - September 4, 2015.
T. J. Brauchli; E. Trujillo Gomez; H. Huwald; M. Lehning : Spatio-temporal Snowmelt Dynamics and Hydrological Response in an Alpine Catchment (Invited) ; AGU Fall Meeting 2015, San Francisco, California, USA, December 14-18, 2015.
N. Wever; K. C. Leonard; S. Paul; M. Proksch; M. Lehning : Small scale variability of snow density on Antarctic sea ice ; 26th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Prague, Czech Republic, June-July 22-2, 2015.
H. Huwald; T. J. Brauchli; M. Lehning; C. W. Higgins : Distributed Sensible Heat Flux Measurement for Wireless Sensor Networks ; American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting 2015, San Francisco, USA, December 2015.
A. Gallice; F. Comola; M. Lehning; H. Huwald : Comparison of stream temperature modeling approaches: the case of a high Alpine watershed ; 2015 Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, California, USA, December 14-18, 2015.
A. Gallice; B. Schaefli; M. Lehning; H. Huwald : A New Analytical Model for the Prediction of Stream Temperature in Ungauged Basins ; 26th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Prague, Czech Repulic, June 22-July 2, 2015.
N. Wever; L. Schmid; A. Heilig; O. Eisen; C. Fierz et al. : Verification of the multi-layer SNOWPACK model with different water transport schemes; The Cryosphere. 2015. DOI : 10.5194/tc-9-2271-2015.
E. Schmucki; C. Marty; C. Fierz; M. Lehning : Simulations of 21st century snow response to climate change in Switzerland from a set of RCMs; International Journal Of Climatology. 2015. DOI : 10.1002/joc.4205.
R. Mott; M. Daniels; M. Lehning : Atmospheric Flow Development and Associated Changes in Turbulent Sensible Heat Flux over a Patchy Mountain Snow Cover; Journal Of Hydrometeorology. 2015. DOI : 10.1175/Jhm-D-14-0036.1.
W. Steinkogler; J. Gaume; H. Loewe; B. Sovilla; M. Lehning : Granulation of snow: From tumbler experiments to discrete element simulations; Journal Of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface. 2015. DOI : 10.1002/2014Jf003294.
I. Gouttevin; M. Lehning; T. Jonas; D. Gustafsson; M. Molder : A two-layer canopy model with thermal inertia for an improved snowpack energy balance below needleleaf forest (model SNOWPACK, version 3.2.1, revision 741); Geoscientific Model Development. 2015. DOI : 10.5194/gmd-8-2379-2015.
J. Grazioli / A. Berne (Dir.) : Polarimetric weather radar. Lausanne, EPFL, 2015. DOI : 10.5075/epfl-thesis-6639.
F. Comola; M. G. Giometto; E. Trujillo Gomez; K. C. Leonard; T. Maksym et al. : 3-D simulations of snow transport, erosion and deposition using a Large Eddy Simulation coupled with a Lagrangian Stochastic Model ; 26th IUGG General Assembly 2015, Prague, Czech Republic, June 22-July 2, 2015.
E. Trujillo Gomez; K. C. Leonard; T. Maksym; M. Lehning : Change in snow distribution patterns over an Antarctic ice floe following a snow storm event ; 26th IUGG General Assembly 2015, Prague, Czech Republic, June 22-July 2, 2015.

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Hammerstein, Oscar II. The Surrey With the Fringe On Top. Photo available. New York. Simon and Schuster. 1993. Octavo. Hard cover. First edition. Illustrated in black, white and color by James Warhola. Fine copy in fine dust jacket (in mylar).
Hammesfahr, James. Creative Glass Blowing. Photo available. San Francisco. W.H. Freeman. 1968. 196 pps. 4to. Hardcover. First edition. Illustrated in black, white and color. Important reference work. Fine copy (small library stamps on end papers) in near fine (very light shelf wear) dust jacket (in mylar).
Hammett, Dashiell, Mickey Spillane, Ross MacDonald and others. Maxim Jakubowski (ed). Pulp Fiction. Hardboiled Fiction. Photo available. Edison. Castle Books. 2002. Octavo. Hard cover. Reprint. Fine copy in fine dust jacket (in mylar).
Hammon, Donald Levi Gale. Levi Byram and Martha Jane Belnap. Gold Medal Pioneers. Photo available. Prospect. Self published. 1996. Octavo. Hard cover. First edition. Illustrated. Fine copy.
Hammond, George P. The Weber Era in Stockton History. Photo available. Berkeley. University of California Press. Friends of the Bancroft Library. 1982. 172 pps. 4to. Soft cover. First edition thus. Illustrated. Folding plate. Important reference work. Fine copy.
Hammond, Lawrence. The Movie Treasury. Thriller Movies. Classic Films of Suspense and Mystery. Photo available. Secaucus. Derbibooks. 1974. Octavo. Soft cover. First edition. Illustrated. Fine copy.
Hammond, Nicholas. Twentieth Century Wildlife Artists. Photo available. Woodstock. The Overlook Press. 1986. 4to. Hard cover. First edition. Illustrated in black, white and color. Fine copy in fine dust jacket (in mylar).
Hamon, Maurice. Saint-Gobain. 1665-1990. The Making of a French Multinational. Photo available. np. Editions Jean-Claude Lattes. 1988. 4to. Hardcover. First edition. Illustrated in black, white and color. Fine copy in fine dust jacket (in mylar).
Hampton, Carol McDonald. American Indian Religion Under Assault: Opposition to the Peyote Faith. Photo available. Ann Arbor. University Microfilms. 1986. Octavo. Soft cover. Facsimile edition. Doctoral thesis. Fine copy.
Handel, G.F. The Messiah. An Oratorio. For Four-Part Chorus of Mixed Voices, Soprano, Alto, Tenor, and Bass Solo and Piano. Photo available. New York. G. Schirmer. 1912. Octavo. Soft cover. Reprint. Near fine copy (very light yellow highlighting), name on front panel.
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Hankins, James Michael. An Art Book. Photo available. Los Angeles. Gaviota Press. 1997. Octavo. Hard cover. First edition. Illustrated in black, white and color. Fine copy in fine dust jacket (in mylar).
Hanlon, Edward F. The Wyoming Valley. Signed by the author. An American Portrait. Photo available. Woodland Hills. Greater Wilkes-Barre Chamber of Commerce. 1983. 288 pps. 4to. Hardcover. Stated first edition. Illustrated in black, white and color. Important reference work. Signed by the author. Fine copy in fine (spine lightly faded) dust jacket (in mylar).
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Hanna, Warren. Lost Harbor. The Controversy over Drake's California Anchorage. Photo available. Berkeley. University of California Press. 1979. 459 pps. Octavo. Hardcover. First edition. Illustrated. Fine copy in fine dust jacket (in mylar).

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§ 542-2 Item pricing required.
§ 542-7 Laser scanner accuracy inspection procedure.
§ 542-9 Waiver of requirements; fees.
§ 542-10 Penalties for offenses.
§ 542-11 Settlement or compromise of violations.
§ 542-13 Rules and regulations.
§ 542-15 Display of prices.
§ 542-16 Penalties for offenses.
§ 542-17 Settlement or compromise of violation.
§ 542-19 Rules and regulations.
Banking practices — See Ch. 314.
Dry-cleaning establishments — See Ch. 427.
Any electronic device, computer system or machine which determines the selling price of a stock-keeping item by interpreting its universal product code or by use of its price look-up function.
The Director of the Office of the Consumer Affairs.
The tag, stamp or mark affixed to a stock-keeping item which sets forth, in Arabic numerals, the retail price.
The Suffolk County Office of Consumer Affairs.
The capability of any checkout system to determine the retail price of a stock-keeping item by way of the manual entry into the system of a code number assigned to that particular unit by the retail store or by way of the checkout operator's consultation of a file maintained at the point of sale.
Engages primarily in the sale of food for consumption on the premises or in a specialty trade which the Director determines, by regulation, would be inappropriate for item pricing.
A stock-keeping item offered for sale for a period of seven days or less in a retail store at a price below the price for which the item is usually sold in such store. The Director may authorize, by regulation, a fourteen-day sale period for holidays such as Thanksgiving, Christmas, Passover and Easter.
Each item of a stock-keeping unit offered for sale.
Food, including all material, solid, liquid or mixed, whether simple or compound, used or intended for consumption by human beings or domestic animals normally kept as household pets, and all substances or ingredients to be added thereto for any purpose.
Napkins, facial tissue, toilet tissues and any disposable wrapping or container for the storage, handling or serving of food.
Detergents, soaps, cleaning agents and cleaning implements.
Nonprescription drugs, feminine hygiene products and health and beauty aids.
Any system of coding which entails electronic pricing.
Editor's Note: The definition of "Commissioner," which immediately preceded this definition, was repealed 8-5-2008 by L.L. No. 37-2008.
Editor's Note: The definition of "Department," which immediately followed this definition, was repealed 8-5-2008 by L.L. No. 37-2008.
Editor's Note: The definition of "inspector," which immediately followed this definition, was repealed 8-5-2008 by L.L. No. 37-2008.
Notwithstanding the provision of any local law or regulation to the contrary, every person who sells, offers for sale or exposes for sale in a retail store, located within the County of Suffolk, a stock-keeping unit that bears a universal product code shall disclose to the consumer the item price of each stock-keeping item as defined in § 542-1 of this article.
Stock-keeping items which are under three cubic inches in size and weigh less than three ounces and are priced under $0.50.
Items sold through a vending machine.
Stock-keeping items which are offered for sale in single packages and weigh three ounces or less.
Stock-keeping items offered as a sale item or weekend special.
Strained and junior-sized baby foods packaged in jars.
Single cans or bottles of soda where the selling price for different flavors packaged in identical sizes or quantities is the same.
Stock-keeping items which are displayed for sale in bulk which are either packaged for or by the consumer.
Snack foods such as cakes, gums, candies, chips and nuts offered for sale.
Food sold for consumption on premises.
Frozen juice and ice cream.
Frozen food products sold for storage in the freezer in polyethylene bags.
The provisions of this section may be subsequently modified or amended by order of the Director either by adding or deleting stock-keeping units from the list of exemptions or by further directing the manner in which the selling price of exempted stock-keeping units shall be posted.
No retail store shall charge a retail price for any exempt or nonexempt stock-keeping item which exceeds the lower of any item, shelf, sale or advertised price of such stock-keeping item. In the event that the price exceeds the lowest price a store is permitted to charge for a stock-keeping unit, the store shall be subject to a penalty as set forth in § 542-5 of this article.
In a store with a laser-scanning or other computer-assisted checkout system, a representative of the Office shall be permitted to compare the item, shelf, sale or advertised price of any one stock-keeping item within a stock-keeping unit sold in the store with the programmed computer price.
The provisions of this article shall be enforced by the Office. Upon presentation of appropriate credentials, a representative of the Office shall have the right to enter upon the premises of any retail store to make an inspection and to determine compliance with the provisions of this article.
Upon presentation of the appropriate credentials, a representative of the Office may compare the item, shelf or sale advertised price with the programmed computer price of stock-keeping items.
For the purposes of determining a store's compliance with the requirements of § 542-2 of this article, an inspection shall be conducted of a sample of no fewer than 25 stock-keeping units.
For the purposes of determining a violation of § 542-2 of this article, no item shall be cited more than once in a forty-eight-hour period.
With respect to the item price of any exempt item, the Director, in his or her discretion, may direct a retail store to post a sign in a conspicuous and unobstructed location in the manner and form prescribed by the Director.
For any inspection pursuant to § 542-4 of this article, the store representative shall afford a representative of the Office access to the test mode of the checkout system in use at that store or to a comparable function of said system and to the retail price information contained in a price look-up function.
The Director shall have the authority to issue a stop-removal order with respect to any stock-keeping unit being used, handled or offered for sale in violation of §§ 542-2, 542-3 and 542-4 of this article.
Any such order shall be in writing and shall direct that the stock-keeping item be removed from sale pending correction.
A violation pursuant to § 542-2 of this article shall be deemed to exist any time three or more items within a stock-keeping unit are found to be not properly item priced.
If a stock-keeping unit consists of fewer than three items, failure to item price one or more items shall constitute a violation.
Upon receipt of an application and fee as provided in Subsection A of this section, the Director shall cause to be conducted a scanner accuracy inspection of the store for which the application has been submitted. This inspection shall be in the manner prescribed by the Director. At stores with a gross size in excess of 10,000 square feet, a minimum of 100 stock-keeping units shall be checked at inspection. At stores with a gross size of 10,000 square feet or less, a minimum of 50 stock-keeping units shall be checked. If the number of stock-keeping units found to be in violation does not exceed 2% of all those stock-keeping units inspected, the Director shall grant to the applicant a one-year revocable waiver from the item pricing requirement. Any store with a current waiver shall be exempt from the requirements of § 542-2 of this Code.
In the event that total violations in excess of 2% are discovered in the inspection process, the Director shall not grant a waiver to the applicant. Such a store may, within five business days of being notified of the failure, request a second inspection. If the number of stock-keeping units found to be in violation during this second inspection does not exceed 2% of those stock-keeping units inspected, the Director shall grant to the applicant a one-year revocable waiver for the item pricing requirement.
Stores which fail the scanner accuracy inspection(s) must be in compliance with the requirements of this article within 30 days from the final date of failure. These stores may reapply for a waiver from item pricing requirements in accordance with Subsection A of this section.
Waivers from item pricing shall be valid for a period of one year from the date of issuance, except as set forth in Subsection F of this section, and shall expire on the last day of the 12th month of such issuance. Stores must reapply annually for renewal at the rates established in Subsection A of this section. The waiver fee and inspection shall be required for each annual renewal application, as required for an original waiver application.
In the event that the Director is unable to conduct an inspection pursuant to Subsection B of this section within 90 days of receipt of a complete waiver application and proper waiver fee, the Director shall grant a temporary waiver pending completion of the inspection. The Director shall cause said inspection to be completed as soon as practicable. If, upon completion, the inspection detects a violation rate of less than 2%, the Director shall issue a regular waiver with an expiration date of one year from the date of the temporary waiver. If the inspection detects a violation rate in excess of 2%, the temporary waiver shall be immediately revoked and the provisions of Subsection D shall apply.
The store shall make prompt payment to consumers who have been overcharged and shall correct all pricing errors identified by consumers.
Failure to comply with any provisions of this article.
Deliberate overcharging of any consumer.
Any person who fails to comply with the provisions of this article or any regulation or order promulgated hereunder, with the exception of § 542-6C, shall be subject to civil penalties of not more than $50 per violation, not to exceed $1,000 per inspection.
A person who fails to comply with the provisions of § 542-6C shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $150 per violation, not to exceed $1,000 per inspection.
Such civil penalties may be recovered after a hearing on written notice.
For any additional violations during a subsequent inspection in a twelve-month period, the above civil penalties shall be doubled.
In lieu of instituting or continuing a hearing to recover a civil penalty or penalties, the Director may release, settle or compromise any alleged violation by accepting written assurance of discontinuance of any act or practice in violation of this article.
An assurance entered into pursuant to this article shall not be deemed an admission of a violation unless it does so by its terms.
Violation of an assurance entered into pursuant to this article shall be treated as a violation and shall be subject to all the penalties provided therefor.
A hearing held on any alleged violation or violations of the provisions of this article shall be scheduled on a date not less than five business days after notification of such hearing, in writing, to the person involved. The hearing shall be conducted by an officer or employee designated by the Director for such purpose. The person conducting the hearing shall make a written determination. Such determination may be appealed to the Director who, after due deliberation, shall issue an order accepting, modifying or rejecting such determination.
Notice shall be served upon such person, either personally or by certified mail, and shall contain a concise statement of the facts constituting the alleged violation or violations, as well as setting forth the date, time and place the hearing will be held.
At the hearing conducted by the officer or employee designated by the Director, the Office shall be authorized to recover any penalty imposed as the result of a finding of a violation of the provisions of this article.
The person against whom the charges are pending has the right to be heard in his or her defense and to be represented by counsel or have counsel appear on his or her behalf, and such person or the attorney for such person shall have the right to call witnesses and produce evidence on behalf of such person.
For the purpose of this article, the Director, or any officer or employee designated by him or her, may administer oaths, take testimony, subpoena witnesses and compel the production of books, papers, records and documents pertinent to the subject of the investigation, pursuant to § C31-2B and C of the Suffolk County Charter.
The Director shall issue, promulgate and adopt such rules and regulations as he or she shall deem necessary and sufficient to carry out and implement the purpose of this article.
At least seven days' prior notice of such public hearing shall be published in the official newspapers of Suffolk County. A copy of the regulations actually adopted hereunder and any amendments thereto shall be filed in the office of the Clerk of the County Legislature.
Any electronic device, computer system or machine which determines the selling price of merchandise by interpreting its universal product code or by use of its price look-up function.
The Director of the Suffolk County Office of Consumer Affairs.
The Director of Weights and Measures or his or her agent, duly authorized to enforce the provisions of this article.
The capability of any checkout system to determine the retail price of any item by way of the manual entry into the system of a code number assigned to that particular unit by the retail store or by way of the checkout operator's consultation of a file maintained at the point of sale.
Engages primarily in the sale of food for consumption on the premises or in a specialty trade which the Director determines, by regulation, would be inappropriate for scanner pricing accuracy.
In any retail store located within the County of Suffolk with a laser-scanning or other computer-assisted checkout system or device, the price charged for an item shall be displayed on the automated device so that the price may be accurately read by the purchaser of the item from a reasonable customer position.
Any register, machine or any other device used by a retail store for the purpose of itemizing or totaling consumer sales shall display, on at least one side of said register, machine or device visible to the consumer, the cost of each item purchased plus the tax and total cost of all items purchased.
Any person who fails to comply with the provisions of § 542-15 of this article shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $150 per violation, not to exceed $1,000 per inspection.
For the purpose of this article, the Director, or any officer or employee designated by him or her, may administer oaths, take testimony, subpoena witnesses and compel the production of books, papers, records and documents pertinent to the subject of the investigation, pursuant to § C31-2B of the Suffolk County Charter.