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Relics in the Church have always received particular veneration and attention because the body of the Blesseds and of the Saints, destined for the resurrection, has been on earth the living temple of the Holy Spirit and the instrument of their holiness, recognized by the Apostolic See through beatification and canonization. The relics of the Blesseds and of the Saints may not be displayed for the veneration of the faithful without a proper certificate of the ecclesiastical authority who guarantees their authenticity.
The present Instruction substitutes the Appendix of the Instruction Sanctorum Mater and is directed to diocesan Bishops, Eparchs and those who are equivalent to them in law, as well as to those who participate in the procedures regarding the relics of Blesseds and Saints and the mortal remains of Servants of God and Venerables, in order to facilitate the application of what is required in such a particular matter.
§ 1. Before undertaking any operation on relics or on mortal remains all that is prescribed by local civil law must be observed and, in conformity with such law, the consent of the heir must be obtained.
§ 2. Before the beatification of a Venerable Servant of God, the heir is to be invited by the competent Bishop to donate the mortal remains to the Church by means of an instrument that is juridically recognized by civil and ecclesiastical authorities, so that their preservation may be safeguarded.
§ 1. The competent Bishop is to send to the Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints the written request with which he asks the consent of the Dicastery for the procedures which he intends to perform.
§ 2. In this request the Bishop is to specify the exact place where the relics or the mortal remains are preserved (city, name of the church, chapel, public or private cemetery, etc.) and to confirm that the prescription of Art. 2 § 1 of the present Instruction has already been fulfilled.
§ 1. If the Bishop intends to perform the translation (that is, the permanent transfer) within the confines of the same diocese or eparchy, he is to specify to the Congregation the place of the new location of the relics or of the mortal remains (city, name of the church, chapel, public or private cemetery, etc.), and include the project.
§ 2. In the case of translation to another diocese or eparchy, the Bishop is to send to the Congregation, together with the project of the new location of the relics or of the mortal remains (city, name of the church, chapel, public or private cemetery, etc.), the written consent of the Bishop who will receive them.
§ 1. If the relics or the mortal remains are to be alienated (that is, permanent transfer of ownership) within the confines of the same diocese or eparchy, the competent Bishop, together with the request mentioned in Art. 3 § 1 of the present Instruction, is to send to the Congregation a copy of the written consent of the alienating party and of the future owner.
§ 2. If the relics or the mortal remains are to be alienated to another diocese or eparchy, the competent Bishop, together with the request mentioned in Art. 3 § 1 of the present Instruction, is to send to the Congregation a copy of the written consent of the Bishop who will receive them, the written consent of the alienating party and of the future owner, as well as the project of the new location.
§ 3. For the alienation of significant relics, icons and precious images of the Oriental Churches both the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints and the Patriarch with the consent of the permanent Synod are competent.
§ 4. If the relics of a Blessed or of a Saint are to be brought in pilgrimage (that is, temporarily transferred) in other dioceses or eparchies, the Bishop must obtain the written consent of each Bishop who will receive them and send a copy of the consent to the Congregation, together with the request mentioned in Art. 3 § 1 of the present Instruction.
All those who take part in the procedures must first take an oath or promise to fulfill faithfully their task and to maintain the secret of office.
§ 1. On a day and at an hour specifically established, the Bishop or the Episcopal Delegate and all those mentioned in Artt. 8-11 of the present Instruction, are to go to the place where the relics or the mortal remains are preserved.
§ 2. If the Bishop or the Episcopal Delegate consider it opportune, other persons may also be present at the recognition.
§ 3. Publicity regarding the event is to be avoided in every way.
§ 1. Before removing the relics or the mortal remains from the place in which they are preserved, if there is an authentic document of the last burial, canonical recognition or translation, it is to be read aloud by the Notary so that it may be verified if what is written in the document coincides with that which is established at the present moment.
§ 2. Whenever there is no authentic document or if the urn or the seals attached to it appear to be broken, every possible care is to be taken to assure that these are truly the relics of the Blessed or of the Saint or the mortal remains of the Servant of God or of the Venerable, who is being identified.
§ 1. When these procedures have been completed, the anatomical experts are to inspect carefully the relics of the Blessed or of the Saint or the mortal remains of the Servant of God or of the Venerable.
§ 2. Furthermore, they are to identify analytically all the parts of the body, to describe in a detailed manner their state, and they are to put their findings down in a Report signed by them and attached to the acts.
§ 1. After that which is necessary to provide for the preservation of the relics or of the mortal remains, and the body has been recomposed, everything is to be eventually placed in a new urn.
§ 2. If the relics or the mortal remains are dressed in new clothes, these, as much as is possible, are to be of the same style as the previous ones.
§ 3. The Bishop or the Episcopal Delegate is to take care that no one takes anything out of the urn or places something in it.
§ 4. If possible, the old urn and everything which was found in it are to be religiously preserved; otherwise they are to be destroyed.
§ 1. Whenever the canonization of a Blessed or the beatification of a Venerable Servant of God is imminent, or for other reasons justified in the request mentioned in Art. 3 § 1 of the present Instruction, one can proceed during a legitimate canonical recognition to the extraction of some little parts or fragments, which are already detached from the body, according to the indications of the anatomical expert.
§ 2. Such fragments are to be given by the Bishop or by the Episcopal Delegate to the Postulator or to the Vice Postulator of the Cause for the creation of relics.
§ 1. It is the right of the Postulator of the Cause to prepare and to sign the certificate of authenticity of the relics.
§ 2. In the absence of the Postulation, it is the right of the diocesan Bishop, of the Eparch, of the one equivalent to him in law, or of his Delegate, to prepare and to sign the certificate of authenticity of the relics.
The commerce (that is, the exchange of a relic for something else or for money) and the sale of relics (that is, the cessation of ownership of a relic for a corresponding price), as well as their display in profane or unauthorized places, are absolutely prohibited.
§ 1. If the operation involves the translation of the mortal remains of a Servant of God or of a Venerable within the confines of the same diocese or eparchy, the urn is to be closed and bound with ribbons fixed with the seal of the Bishop and, without any solemnity, is to be put in the same place or in the new place of burial, avoiding every sign of unlawful cult according to the Decrees of Urban VIII on non-cult.
§ 2. Whenever the relics of a Blessed or of a Saint are involved, possible signs of public cult are permitted according to liturgical norms presently in force.
§ 1. If the relics or the mortal remains will be definitively transferred to another diocese or eparchy, after having observed the prescription mentioned in Art. 2 § 1 of the present Instruction, the Bishop of the diocese or eparchy where they are preserved is to nominate a member of the Christian Faithful (priest, consecrated man/woman, layman/laywoman) to act as Guardian-Porter.
§ 2. The Guardian-Porter is to accompany them to their definitive destination at the place established by the diocesan Bishop or Eparch who will receive the relics or the mortal remains, acting according to Art. 26 of the present Instruction.
§ 1. The Notary is to record all the procedures performed in properly prepared minutes, signed by the Bishop or Episcopal Delegate, by the Promoter of Justice, by the anatomical experts and by the two witnesses mentioned in Artt. 9-10 of the present Instruction, as well as by the Notary, who authenticates the acts with his signature and seal.
§ 2. The Rescript of the consent of the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints is to be attached to the minutes.
§ 1. The minutes of all the procedures performed, closed and stamped with the seal of the Bishop or of the Episcopal Delegate, are to be preserved in the diocesan or eparchial Chancery and a copy of the minutes is to be sent to the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints.
§ 2. Whenever photographs or the filming of the procedures performed are authorized, these are to be attached to the minutes and preserved, together with them, in the diocesan or eparchial Chancery.
§ 1. The relics of a Blessed or of a Saint can be carried in pilgrimage to different places within the confines of the same diocese or eparchy. In such a case, the competent Bishop is to appoint a Guardian-Porter who is to accompany the relics to the different places.
§ 2. For pilgrimages outside the diocese, the prescriptions of Artt. 5 § 4 and 32-38 of the present Instruction are to be observed.
§ 1. The competent Bishop can preside at the procedures personally or through a Priest who is his Delegate, nominated ad hoc.
§ 2. The Bishop or the Episcopal Delegate is to nominate a Notary and others responsible for the technical aspects of the work.
§ 1. After having observed all that is mentioned in Art. 2 § 1 of the present Instruction, and having obtained the Rescript of the consent of the Congregation, the Bishop or the Episcopal Delegate, the Notary and those charged with the technical aspects of the work are to go to the place in which the relics are preserved.
§ 2. If the Bishop or the Episcopal Delegate consider it opportune, other persons may also be present at the occasion.
§ 1. After having removed the urn, if there is an authentic document of the last canonical recognition or of the previous pilgrimage, it is to be read aloud by the Notary so that it may be verified that what is written in the document coincides with that which is established at the present moment.
§ 2. Whenever there is no authentic document of the burial, of the preceding canonical recognition or of the last pilgrimage, or if the urn or the required seals appear to be broken, every possible care is to be taken to be sure that these are truly the relics of the Blessed or of the Saint at hand.
In regard to the cult of a Blessed during the pilgrimage of the relics, the prescriptions in force must be followed: “On the occasion of the pilgrimage of significant relics of a Blessed [...], the possibility of liturgical celebrations in his honor is granted by the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, for the individual churches in which the relics are displayed for the veneration of the faithful and for the days on which they remain there. The request is presented by the one who organizes the pilgrimage”.
§ 1. When the pilgrimage is finished, the relics are to be returned to their original place.
§ 2. The minutes of all the procedures performed, drawn up by the Notary, closed and stamped with the seal of the Bishop or of the Episcopal Delegate, is to be preserved in the diocesan or eparchial Chancery and a copy of them is to be sent to the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints.
 “Saints are venerated in the Church, according to tradition, and their authentic relics and images are held in honor.” Ecumenical Council Vatican II, Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium, 4 December 1963, n. 111.
 Cf. AAS 99 (2007), 465-517.
 Cf. cann. 887 and 888 CCEO.
 Cf. can. 1190 § 1 CIC; can. 888 § 1 CCEO.
 For example, the following are prohibited: burial under an altar; images of the Servant of God or of the Venerable with rays of light or halo; their display on an altar; ex voto offerings at the tomb or images of the Servant of God or of the Venerable; etc.

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On 18 December, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights delivered its judgment in the case of Murtazaliyeva v. Russia, finding no violation of the right to a fair trial in a case concerning the conviction of a Chechen woman for terrorist offences. The most significant aspect of the judgment concerns the applicant’s complaint that the domestic courts’ refusal to call two defence witnesses violated Article 6 § 1 and § 3 (d) of the Convention. As the Strasbourg case law was underdeveloped in this area, this case provided an important opportunity for the Court to clarify Convention standards. Unfortunately, in doing so, the Grand Chamber yet again expanded the scope of the “overall fairness of the proceedings” test under Article 6 § 1, which now also serves as the final benchmark in this area. In this blog post, it will be argued that the increasing recourse by the Court to this test risks depriving defendants of meaningful procedural protection.
In January 2005, the applicant was sentenced to nine years imprisonment for terrorist offences. The conviction was upheld by the Supreme Court in March 2005, which, however, reduced her sentence to eight and a half years. In Strasbourg, she complains that her right to a fair trial had been violated on multiple grounds, the most important one being the failure to call two witnesses who had been present during a police search of her handbag, which had resulted in the finding of two packages that were identified as containing explosives. The applicant wanted to rely on their testimony to support her claim that the explosives had been planted in her handbag prior to the search.
Whether the request to examine a witness was sufficiently reasoned and relevant to the subject matter of the accusation?2. Whether the domestic courts considered the relevance of that testimony and provided sufficient reasons for their decision not to examine a witness at trial?3. Whether the domestic courts’ decision not to examine a witness undermined the overall fairness of the proceedings?
As far as the first test is concerned, in Perna, the Court placed the burden on the applicant to “support his request by explaining why it is important for the witnesses concerned to be heard and their evidence must be necessary for the establishment of the truth” (§ 29). In the present case, the Court however lowers the burden placed on the defendant, by not confining the right to “motion of the defence to call witnesses capable of influencing the outcome of a trial” but also to “other witnesses who can reasonably be expected to strengthen the position of the defence” (§ 160).
With regard to the second element of the test, the Court “requires the domestic courts to consider the relevance of the testimony sought by the defence and obliges them to provide sufficient reasons for their decisions” (§ 162). While “admissibility of evidence is primarily a matter for regulation by national law and the domestic courts are best placed to decide on the issue” (§ 163), they must nonetheless consider the circumstances of a given case and their reasoning must be “commensurate, i.e. adequate in terms of scope and level of detail, with the reasons advanced by the defence” (§ 164). In other words, “the stronger and weightier the arguments advanced by the defence, the closer must be the scrutiny and the more convincing must be the reasoning of the domestic courts if they refuse the defence’s request to examine a witness” (§ 166).
For these reasons, the Court finds that there has not been a violation of the applicant’s rights under Article 6 § 1 and § 3 (d) ECHR.
The first problematic aspect of this judgment is the burden it continues to place on the defendant to justify the necessity of hearing a witness (the first prong of the three-pronged test). In the abstract, the Court does seem to have lowered the burden in comparison with the Perna judgment. However, when concretely applying the new standard, the burden imposed in practice remains heavy – in particular the need to provide arguments on how the testimony of a witness “could reasonably be expected to strengthen the case for the defence”. In his dissenting opinion, Judge Pinto de Albuquerque describes this in terms of an “at first sight […] more relaxed, liberal, criterion” that is applied by the majority “in a very illiberal way.” Moreover, Judge Bošnjak, in his partly dissenting opinion, raises concerns about the risks involved in a too restrictive application of the first prong, warning that when applying it “one should bear in mind that it is often impossible to speculate in advance as to how a witness will testify and how that testimony may affect the court’s assessment of a relevant fact.” Furthermore, according to Judge Bošnjak, this burden placed on the defendant may sit ill with the principle that “the defence must be granted a considerable amount of autonomy in determining its tactics, which includes the choice of facts that it wishes to argue and the manner in which it wishes to argue them.” In Judge Bošnjak’s views, the first prong should therefore be applied “in a reasonably liberal way”.
More problematic from the viewpoint of the broader Article 6 case law, is the fact that this is yet another area in which the Court applies the “overall fairness of the proceedings” test as what it labels “the final benchmark for the assessment of the proceedings”. Increasingly, the Court refuses to draw bright lines where the rights of the defence are concerned, instead favouring the flexibility of the “overall fairness” test. In Al-Khawaja and Tahery v. the United Kingdom (2011), the Court for instance abandoned the “bright line” character of the “sole or decisive rule” when examining the admissibility of hearsay evidence. Instead of prohibiting domestic courts from convicting a defendant based solely or decisively on statements by absent witnesses, the Court now allows for the possibility of “sufficient counterbalancing factors” that nonetheless guarantee the overall fairness of the proceedings. In Ibrahim and Others v. the United Kingdom (2016), the Court did the same thing with regard to the Salduz rule. In Salduz v. Turkey (2008), the Court held that “as a rule, access to a lawyer should be provided as from the first interrogation of a suspect by the police, unless it is demonstrated in the light of the particular circumstances of each case that there are compelling reasons to restrict this right”. In Ibrahim and Others, the Court however held that the lack of “compelling reasons” for restricting access to legal advice does not suffice to establish a violation of Article 6, as it is still necessary to “examine the impact of the restriction on the overall fairness of the proceedings and decide whether the proceedings as a whole were fair.” In Beuze v. Belgium (2018), the Court further expanded this approach by applying it not only to cases like Ibrahim and Others, concerning case-specific decisions to restrict access to a lawyer, but also to cases involving systemic restrictions stemming from legislation.
The “overall fairness” test is problematic for a number of reasons. Firstly, as held by Judge Pinto de Albuquerque in his dissenting opinion, it is “inherently subjective and therefore extremely malleable.” In the absence of a yardstick to determine whether proceedings were “overall fair”, the determination of this question risks collapsing into an “I know it when I see it” standard. Compliance with fundamental procedural rights should not be assessed by the exercise of a judicial gut feeling. A related risk, pointed out by Judge Bošnjak in his dissenting opinion, lies in the fact that the determination of the fairness of the proceedings may be tainted by how judges assess the fairness of the outcome. In this regard, Judge Bošnjak considered it inappropriate for the majority to take into account whether the available evidence was sufficient for the applicant’s conviction. As held by Judge Pinto de Albuquerque, “a procedure is not fair because the guilty were convicted or the innocent acquitted.” This is not simply, as Judge Pinto de Albuquerque alleges, because “there is no way to ascertain legally whether the guilty were guilty apart from the procedure itself.” Due process should rather be considered as a value in and of itself – not only for the innocent but also for the guilty – and should be treated accordingly, regardless of the extent to which it contributes to a more accurate establishment of the legal truth in a particular case.
Thirdly, the “overall fairness” test does not offer real safeguards. A procedural safeguard, like the right to have a witness questioned, is not a real safeguard if you can only determine in hindsight whether compliance was required or not. Even assuming that a procedural unfairness may be counterbalanced by the correct conduct of the rest of the proceedings, you should not simply trust domestic bodies to get this assessment right. Rather than assessing the value of procedural safeguards on a case by case basis, it should be acknowledged that their function is exactly to provide structural protection against procedural unfairness. Applying them as “a blunt and indiscriminate instrument” (Al-Khawaja and Tahery v. the United Kingdom, § 146) is the best incentive to encourage domestic bodies to take these safeguards sufficiently seriously, which in turn contributes to the structural prevention of unfair criminal convictions.
Populism, the police and the prosecuting authorities subject courts all around the world to pressure to disregard fundamental safeguards of criminal procedure. Sometimes the demands are legitimately grounded in practical difficulties, but this is not a good enough reason to disregard the protection of the rights of the accused, which are decisive for a fair trial and the fair administration of justice.
Seven years after Al-Khawaja and Tahery, the Grand Chamber judgment in Murtazaliyeva unfortunately exemplifies yet another step of what Judge Pinto de Albuquerque now describes as “the corrosive expansion of the overall fairness test”. Under the guise of scrutinizing the overall fairness of the proceedings, the Court hereby risks depriving the rights of the defence, which are explicitly spelled out in Article 6 § 3 ECHR, of their very essence.
 Article 6 § 3 (d) ECHR reads: “3. Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights: […] (d) to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him”.


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Overview: This project focuses on developing the basin evolution and paleobotanical history of the Hanna Basin spanning the transition between the Paleocene and Eocene epochs. Globally a greenhouse climate state dominated the early Paleogene, and in the Western Interior of the United States the Laramide Orogeny produced a series of uplifts and sedimentary basins. Overall the paleoclimate appears to become drier and potentially more seasonal between the Paleocene and Eocene, likely related to global warming trends and changing topography due to uplift of the Rocky Mountains. In several basins there are attendant shifts in fluvial and floodplain deposition indicating drier and more seasonal conditions as well as moderate shifts in floral communities. However, the Hanna Basin of south-central Wyoming appears anomalous. Initial studies suggest this area remained largely wet and humid, defying regional trends. This uniqueness is particularly important because the basin likely contains one of the most stratigraphically-expanded records of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) of anywhere in the world.
The PETM is an abrupt global warming event linked to the massive release of carbon into Earth’s atmosphere and oceans (McInerney & Wing, 2011). In other basins in the Rocky Mountain region it is correlated to substantial changes in the hydrologic cycle exacerbating seasonality in rainfall and vegetation overturn (Wing et al., 2005; Foreman et al., 2012; Kraus et al., 2015). The effects in the Hanna Basin are largely unknown and may be unique in their character. Student projects will focus on one of three topics: (1) reconstruction of paleoenvironment from fluvial and floodplain deposits and recovering information on ancient landscape dynamics; (2) understanding the interacting components of the local to global carbon cycle through stable carbon isotope records; and (3) characterizing vegetation cover spanning the short- and long-term climate changes using a new plant cuticle-based proxy method.
Who: Four to six students and project leaders Dr. Brady Foreman (Western Washington University, brady.foreman@wwu.edu) and Dr. Ellen Currano (University of Wyoming, ecurrano@uwyo.edu). USGS stratigrapher Marieke Deschesne and Field Museum paleobotanist Dr. Regan Dunn will also take part in field and lab work and provide additional mentorship for student projects.
Prerequisites and Recommended Courses: Suggested (but not required) are core courses in the Geology major: Historical Geology, Structure/Tectonics, Stratigraphy, Mineralogy, Paleontology and Geochemistry. Students should have completed key cognate courses in Chemistry and Math. Experience at a field camp or in a field geology course is recommended but not required. We are particularly interested in applicants with an interest in Paleoclimates, who have a high degree of comfort in rugged outdoor settings, are able to hike several miles in warm temperatures (on occasion greater than 95° F in the high desert climate), are flexible eaters, and who want to use this work to complete a senior thesis (or equivalent) in geology. Helpful, but not required in the letter of recommendation from the on-campus sponsor is an indication of how well the applicant will function in a remote field setting with primitive camping (i.e., no running water, no bathrooms, limited cell phone service).
Participation in all project-related work during the summer (July 6-August 5, 2018).
Follow up data analysis at home institution and regular conference calls with research team throughout academic year.
Write an abstract and present a paper (poster or talk) for the Geological Society of America Rocky Mountain Section meeting in Manhattan, Kansas (conference is March 25-27, 2019).
Expected but not required: Use this work for the completion of a senior thesis (or equivalent) at your home institution.
The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum is viewed as one of the premier geologic analogs for modern, anthropogenic global warming. However, our understanding of the major terrestrial impacts is limited to one well-documented example (Bighorn Basin of northwest Wyoming) and a few other locations globally where only a few key hydrologic or temperature constraints exist. Broadly speaking, the terrestrial response to elevated carbon dioxide levels is expected to be highly variable due to topographic variability and shifting atmospheric circulation patterns under different latitudinal thermal gradients. As such it is critical to develop additional continental locations where the temperature, hydrologic, and biologic changes are constrained. The Hanna Basin is a logical extension of the work in the Bighorn Basin, and, more importantly, a key example for changes that may mimic those predicted for modern river and vegetation systems during future anthropogenic climate change.
The Hanna Basin record is a particularly important complement to the record already collected in the Bighorn Basin because stratigraphic data suggest a difference in water availability between the two basins. Both the PETM interval and the entire early Eocene sequence preserved in the Willwood Formation in the Bighorn Basin contain abundant red beds, indicative of well-drained soils and seasonal precipitation (Kraus and Riggins, 2007; Kraus et al., 2015). The Bighorn Basin records the consequences of a semi-arid basin experiencing an abrupt global warming event. In contrast, the Hanna Basin sedimentary sequence remains drab-colored and coal-rich from bottom to top, suggesting that wet, swampy conditions prevailed through the PETM and early Eocene (Dechesne et al., in prep). It records the consequences of a more humid basin experiencing an abrupt global warming event. Thus, comparisons of the Hanna and Bighorn basins will allow us to disentangle the roles of temperature and water availability in driving vegetation change and the fluvial response in a dominantly humid setting. This water availability difference is likely due to the location of the Hanna Basin, farther to the east and potentially more proximal to moisture sources as compared to the Bighorn Basin (Sewall & Sloan, 2006). The Laramide Orogeny created a complex topography within the Western Interior that strongly influenced water vapor transport paths (Sewall & Sloan, 2006). In general, however, circulation models suggest the easternmost Laramide basins were wetter as moisture from the paleo-Gulf of Mexico moved north and westward. This resulted in semi-arid and dry conditions in the western and northernmost Laramide basins (Sewall & Sloan, 2006).
Figure 1: Cretaceous to Eocene sedimentary strata of the Hanna Basin, Wyoming.
The targeted field area for this study is the Hanna Basin of south-central Wyoming near the small town of Hanna. The Hanna Basin is a Laramide style basin bounded by the Rawlins uplift to the west, Sweetwater Arch in the north, the Simpson Ridge anticline in the east, and the Medicine Bow and Sierra Madre Mountains in the south. It is exceptional among the Laramide basins because of its high subsidence rate, extremely thick Cretaceous to Eocene sedimentary strata, and extensive coal deposits (Dobbin et al., 1929; Roberts and Kirschbaum, 1995; Wroblewski, 2003). The Paleocene-Eocene boundary is preserved in the Hanna Formation, which is over 2000 meters thick at the center of the basin (WOGCC, 2016; Gill et al., 1970; Wrobleski, 2003) and consists of conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, carbonaceous shales, and coals. These deposits are interpreted as low gradient fluvial to paludal and lacustrine (Dobbin et al, 1929; Wrobelski, 2003; Lillegraven et al., 2004). The student projects will target a specific set of extensive outcrops along the Hanna Draw Road and in “The Breaks,” which have been the focus of new geologic and paleontologic work by Currano, Dechesne, and Dunn. The majority of research will focus on a 250-meter thick stratigraphic interval with pollen biostratigraphic constraints and initial bulk d13C values that indicate the PETM is preserved.
Overall the goal of the project is to characterize fluvial and vegetation changes spanning the transition between the Paleocene and Eocene epochs in the Hanna Basin of Wyoming. This is a critical time period in the history of life and the evolution of the Rocky Mountain region. Specifically, there were transitory changes in paleo-plant communities, persistent shift in the mammalian biogeography, and a general warming and drying trend in the Western Interior of the United States. The Hanna Basin potentially records the most complete history of this transition because it witnessed the fastest sedimentation rates of any Laramide basin in the region. This broad goal requires (1) refining the chronstratigraphy of the basin using pollen fossils and carbon isotope records; (2) detailed lithofacies analysis and outcrop mapping; and (3) application of new cuticle-based proxies for vegetation cover.
Student projects will be sub-divided into three discipline related groups. These groups entail Sedimentology-, Geochemistry-, and Paleobotany-themed projects. All students will receive training and gain experience in the three disciplines, and interact extensively with other students, faculty, and collaborators. However, the specific projects they pursue will fall into one of these three categories. Sedimentology projects will involve detailed lithofacies analysis and paleoenvironmental reconstructions of the river and floodplain deposits (n = 1 student project). These students will develop field datasets that address key questions regarding river channel morphology, avulsion behavior, floodplain drainage, and overbank flooding frequency. The majority of data can be derived from the detailed stratigraphy section we will measure at Hanna Draw area. A separate Sedimentology project (n = 1 student project) will focus on mapping out and describing the larger alluvial architecture of the fluvial sandbodies. This entails identifying and tracing out the amalgamation of distinct channel occupation events and the lateral migration of channel bodies. This information will yield insights into the mobility and paleo-dynamics of the ancient river systems.
The Geochemistry-themed projects will focus on developing a detailed δ13C bulk organic isotope stratigraphy through the 250 meters of section thought to contain the PETM (n = 2 student projects). This will entail a combination of stratigraphic section measuring (fieldwork), and sample preparation at the University of Wyoming. This includes powdering rock samples, acid digestion, and distilled water treatments, followed by drying and weighing steps. Time permitting students will run samples themselves on the Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometers at the University of Wyoming Stable Isotope Facility. Two students will focus on this component of the project. One student will recover secular variation from densely sampled (every 0.5 m or finer) vertical samples distributed throughout the 250-meter target interval. A second student will focus on constraining lateral variability of the isotope signals. Since bulk organic δ13C records mix vegetative matter from several different types of plants it is important to constrain the total amount of variability across a landscape. This is rarely done in ancient strata (Magioncalda et al., 2004; Foreman et al., 2012), and this student will produce one of the most detailed evaluations of this uncertainty to date.
Paleobotany-themed projects will utilize a new proxy for vegetation cover that uses leaf epidermal cell size and shape to reconstruct leaf area index (LAI=foliage area/ground area; Dunn et al., 2015). This proxy has been effectively used to correlate changes in vegetation cover in South America to environmental changes, as well as to vertebrate evolution. The work in the Hanna Basin will be the first attempt to quantitatively document changes in vegetation structure across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. The samples contain fragments of fossil leaf cuticle that preserve epidermal cell morphology. Students will photograph cuticle fragments using the microscope set-up in Currano’s lab, measure leaf epidermal cell size and shape using a Wacom Cintiq tablet and ImageJ, and reconstruct LAI using regression equations between size and shape parameters and LAI produced by Dunn from using a modern calibration datasets (Dunn et al., 2016). One student will analyze the vertical transect and a second will analyze a set of lateral samples by tracing out a stratigraphic marker bed over several 100’s of meters. This approach will allow both temporal and spatial changes in vegetation to be constrained.
Figure 2: Measuring section using a Jacob’s staff.
The expectations for students include (1) a positive, flexible attitude, (2) a responsiveness to the needs of the group, (3) a collaborative mentality, (4) strong work ethic, and (5) interest in developing quantitative and interpretative skills. These will be rough working conditions. Temperatures can exceed 95º F in the high desert climate of Wyoming. Strong winds and intense rainstorms are also likely. Students will be expected to have appropriate field gear (e.g., boots, hat, sunglasses, tent, sleeping bag, sleeping pad, backpack, water bottles). Students will need to be physically fit, and able to walk several miles per day on steep slopes in the heat, dig quarries that requires the use of shovels and pickaxes, and be capable of carrying and packing out over 30 lbs of rock per day over 3 miles. Days will likely be long, in excess of eight hours. Dietary restrictions will be accommodated if possible. Each research sub-group will be expected to produce a cohesive presentation for the annual Rocky Mountain Section meeting of GSA in May 2019 (location of meeting is unannounced). Faculty advisors will coordinate with the students towards this endeavor and aid in the construction of the poster presentation. All students will be expected to attend the meeting and participate in associated activities.
As with any field and lab work there will be safety concerns. Field risks include dehydration, heat stroke, exhaustion, sunburn, insect bites, poisonous snakes, and physical injuries such as sprained ankles and broken bones. Lab risks are relatively minor, but include the use of (weak) acids when preparing stable isotope samples and airborne dust respiratory concerns when handling and preparing plant fossils. Risks will be mitigated by following proper training protocols, outlining and identifying the risks, and holding several safety meetings. Faculty associated with the project have extensive experience in all pertinent field and lab methodologies, wilderness first aid training, and will coordinate with lab technicians to maintain safety standards.
The faculty members involved in this project and collaborators collectively have over 30 field seasons of experience working in the region. They have published over 15 scientific articles and reports on the field area and equivalent rocks in the Laramide basins of the western United States. All have led several field crews of undergraduate and graduate students under similar circumstances. Foreman and Dechesne are certified in wilderness first-aid, and we will be maintaining a list of nearby medical facilities in case of emergency. In terms of professional expertise Dr. Brady Foreman (WWU) and Marieke Dechesne (USGS) are sedimentary geologists who have worked extensively in the surrounding Laramide and Sevier foreland basin deposits. Dr. Ellen Currano (University of Wyoming) and Dr. Regan Dunn (Field Museum) are paleobotanists who have worked extensively on cuticle and plant macrofossil records in the region. Dechesne, Dunn, and Currano have collected the initial datasets upon which this proposal is based, and have identified specific areas in the basin to target for this study. This will maximize the chances of research success for the students. Foreman and Dechesne will advise students with sedimentologic projects, paleobotany projects will be advised by Currano and Dunn, and geochemistry projects will be advised by Foreman and Currano.
Figure 3: Cnemidaria fern fossil.
We plan to take all participants to the GSA Rocky Mountain section meeting in Manhattan, Kansas (25–27 March 2019). We hope most students will be first author on one paper, and probably secondary authors on others due to the collaborative nature of the project.
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Dechesne, M., Currano, E.D., Dunn, R.E., Higgins, P., Hartman, J., Chamberlain, K. (in preparation). Climatic and tectonic responses of the fluvial to paludal strata of the Hanna Formation around the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary, Hanna Basin, Wyoming.
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Dunn RE, Barclay RS, Currano ED. 2016. Using leaf epidermis to unlock the ancient forest reconstruction enigma. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstract, Denver, CO.
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Overview: This six-student project focuses on the geology of the Chugach-Prince William terrane in southern Alaska, and is part on an ongoing study of the tectonic history of the western North American Cordillera. The Chugach-Prince William terrane is a thick accretionary complex dominated by Campanian-Paleocene (c. 75-55 Ma) trench fill turbidites that were likely derived from the Coast Plutonic Complex (CPC) in British Columbia as indicated by sandstone provenance, isotopic data, and detrital zircon ages (Sample and Reid, 2003; Haeussler et al., 2005; Bradley et al., 2009; Amato and Pavlis, 2010; Garver and Davidson, 2015; Davidson and Garver, 2017). These rocks are interbedded with and intruded by mafic volcanic rocks (pillows, sheeted dikes, and gabbro), and were intruded by near-trench plutons of the Sanak-Baranof belt (63-47 Ma) and younger Eshamy Suite of plutons (37-39 Ma). For this project, we plan build on the results from key field areas in Prince William Sound and extend the reach of a critical area we visited with Keck projects in 2011 and 2014 (Garver and Davidson, 2012; Davidson and Garver, 2015). Student projects will focus on the provenance of these rocks including U/Pb dating and Hf isotope studies of detrital zircon, sedimentology and stratigraphy of turbidites and associated conglomerates, igneous petrology of the interbedded mafic rocks, and igneous petrology, U/Pb dating, and Hf isotopic studies of the Eshamy plutons.
Where: Southern Alaska:  Gathering and field trips in Anchorage and staying at the University of Alaska-Anchorage,  stay in Valdez with road and boat work in Prince William Sound,  Put in a remote camp by boat in northern Prince William Sound.
Prerequisites and Recommended Courses: Suggested (but not required) are core courses in the Geology major: Historical Geology, Structure/Tectonics, Stratigraphy, Mineralogy, and Petrology. Students should have completed key cognate courses in Chemistry and Math. Experience at a field camp or in a field geology course is recommended but not required. We are particularly interested in applicants with an interest in Tectonics, who have a high degree of comfort in rough outdoor settings, are flexible eaters, and who want to use this work to complete a senior thesis (or equivalent) in geology. Helpful, but not required in the letter of recommendation from the on-campus sponsor is an indication of how well the applicant will function in a remote field setting with primitive camping.
2. Follow up sample preparation and/or analytical work that may include a one week visit to the University of Arizona Laserchron Center in late November or early December.
3. Write an abstract and present a paper (poster or talk) for the Geological Society of America Cordilleran Section meeting in Portland, Oregon (abstracts due Feb. 7, 2019; conference is May 15-17, 2019).
The Chugach-Prince William (CPW) composite terrane is a Mesozoic-Tertiary accretionary complex that is well exposed for ~2200 km in southern Alaska and is inferred to be one of the thickest accretionary complexes in the world (Plafker et al., 1994; Cowan, 2003). The CPW terrane is bounded to the north by the Border Ranges fault, which shows abundant evidence of Tertiary dextral strike slip faulting, and inboard terranes of the Wrangellia composite terrane (Peninsular, Wrangellia, Alexander) (Pavlis, 1982; Cowan, 2003; Roeske et al., 2003). Throughout much of the 2200 km long belt of the CPW terrane it is bounded by the offshore modern accretionary complex of the Alaskan margin, but east of Prince William Sound the Yakutat block is colliding into the CPW and this young collision has significantly affected uplift and exhumation of inboard rocks (Fig. 1).
Figure 1: Map of southern Alaska showing the distribution of rocks in the Chugach-Prince William terrane (green) and the Yakutat terrane (yellow), which is colliding with Alaska.
Very soon after imbrication and accretion to the continental margin, rocks of the CPW were intruded by near-trench plutons of the Sanak-Baranof belt that has a distinct age progression starting in the west (63 Ma in the Sanak-Shumagin areas far to the west) and getting progressively younger to the east (53-47 Ma on Baranof Island; Bradley et al., 2000; Haeussler et al., 2003; Kusky et al., 2003; Farris et al., 2006; Wackett et al., in revision). In western Prince William Sound, these rocks were also intruded by the 37-39 Ma Eshamy Suite of plutons (Johnson, 2012, see Fig 3).
Paleomagnetic and geologic data indicate that the CPW has experienced significant coast-parallel transport in the Tertiary (see Garver and Davidson, 2015). The CPW has apparent equivalents to the south, and this geologic match suggests that in the Eocene, the southern part of the Chugach-Prince William terrane was contiguous with the nearly identical Leech River Schist exposed on the southern part of Vancouver Island (Cowan, 1982; 2003). The geological implication of this hypothesis is profound yet elegant in the context of the Cordilleran tectonic puzzle: the CPW is the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary accretionary complex to the Coast Mountains Batholith Complex that intrudes the Wrangellia composite terrane and North America. Thus, the CPW is inferred to have accumulated in a flanking trench to the west and then soon thereafter these rocks were accreted to the margin. This geologic match is elegant because it suggests that the CPW accumulated outboard the Coast Mountains Batholith Complex (Gehrels et al., 2009) and that the CPW essentially is the erosional remnants of that orogenic belt. Thus, the focus of this proposal is on the very thick rocks of the CPW accretionary terrane that were intruded by near trench plutons and then translated some controversial distance along the North American margin in the early Tertiary. This late-stage translation by strike-slip faulting is of critical importance to this project.
For the 2018 field season we plan to extend and expand on the transect across the CPW we completed in 2014 and adjacent to work done in 2011 (Fig. 2, 3). Preliminary data from two samples collected on the Richardson Hwy northeast of Valdez show that rocks correlative to the Paleocene-Eocene Orca Group are much more extensive than originally thought (Davidson and Garver, 2017). We now know that these younger rocks occur inboard of Valdez, in the Chugach Metamorphic complex, in the Schist of Nunatak Fiord, and in the Baranof Schist (Gasser et al., 2011; Rick et al., 2014; Olson et al., 2017). This result means that Paleocene and Eocene Orca rocks occur to the west, north, and east of the Yakutat Collision zone.
Figure 2: Geology of the southern Alaska margin centered on the Yakutat terrane collision (yellow) and the Chugach-Prince William terrane (shaded in green) . Our work in the Prince William Sound area is focused on two transects (A, B). We now recognize that large-scale imbrication by strike-slip faulting plays a crucial role in shaping the distribution of rocks of the Orca Group (light green), our primary focus. Location of this proposed Keck project shown is in transect B, and our proposed field in northern Prince William Sound is show in Figure 3. Map modified from Gasser et al. (2011).
Figure 3: Geologic map of study area focused on Prince William Sound (PWS) in southern Alaska. Our previous work in PWS in 2011 and 2014 allowed us to build a framework for understanding the Orca Group (most olive in map), and part of that framework involved the recognition that strike-slip faults play an important role in juxtaposing different facies, and in driving differential exhumation. Our proposed work is partly focused on documenting facies changes (provenance) across the Western Gravina fault and the Jack Bay fault (aka Contact fault). Map modified from Wilson et al. (2015).
The primary goal of this project is to sort out the age, source, and timing of accretion of the Valdez and Orca turbidites and subsequent strike-slip motion along the Contact fault and allied structures (i.e. Jack Bay, West Gravina, Rude River) associated with the collision of the Yakutat plate in eastern Prince William Sound (Fig. 2). Ancillary goals of this project include: 1) comparing the age and geochemistry of interbedded mafic volcanic rocks of the Orca Group with the Knight Island and Resurrection ophiolites to the west and south (Fig 3); and 2) compare the crystallization age and petrology of undated Eshamy Suite plutons with those previously studied by our group to the southwest (2011 site, see Johnson, 2012).
This project is significant because it will allow students to work in units that are classic in Cordilleran tectonics, and the results will directly feed into ideas of terrane translation and development of the Cordilleran tectonic collage.
Provenance and maximum depositional ages of sandstones and conglomerates (2-3 students). Our preliminary work along the Richardson Highway north of Valdez suggests that the contact relationships between the Valdez Group (Campanian-Maastrictian) and Orca Group (Paleocene-Eocene) is much more complicated than currently mapped (as shown in Figure 3 derived from Wilson et al., 2015). One of the goals of this project is to use U/Pb and Hf isotope data of detrital zircon from two transects across the Contact fault (Jack Bay) to help define the extent of these two units (Fig. 2). Our working hypothesis is that the turbidites of the CPW are imbricated in vertical panels by strike slip faulting, juxtaposing rock packages with different MDA’s and provenance (indicated by unique U/Pb and Hf detrital zircon signatures). Cobble and pebble conglomerates containing sandstone and plutonic clasts are common in the Orca Group in this area. At least one student will determine the provenance and age of these clasts to see if sandstones from the older Valdez Group is being exhumed and shed into the basin during deposition of the Orca Group.
Core-Rim dating (1-2 students). Core-rim dating will allow us to determine high-grade metamorphic source regions because important and distinctive rims on zircon may form during metamorphism. Our initial experiments at LaserChron show we can successfully date rims with a 10 or 12 um laser spot size (Fig. 3). There are a number of reactions that drive changes in zircon in the metamorphic environment, and these include: 1) recrystallization; 2) fluid alteration; 3) subsolidus nucleation; 4) precipitation from aqueous fluids; and 5) precipitation from melts during anatexis (Hoskin and Black, 2000; Xie et al., 2009). We focus here on two commonly recognized rims that form under high-grade metamorphic conditions (upper amphibolite and granulite). One type of rim typically appears dark in CL images, shows little internal structure, and has relatively high uranium, high U/Th, and low REE contents and results from zircon growth under metamorphic conditions (Ksienzyk et al., 2012). The other type of rim is CL-bright, with irregular re-crystallization fronts and relict zoning, and variable U/Th and REE concentrations that typically form during solid-state recrystallization of zircon (Hoskin and Black, 2000; Hoskin and Schaltegger, 2003; Xie et al., 2009; Ksienzyk et al., 2012). In these recrystallization rims, the U/Th ratio increases primarily due to Th loss, and the isotopic system is progressively reset due to expulsion of radiogenic lead (Hoskin and Black, 2000; Hoskin and Schaltegger, 2003). This project will use core-rim dating to determine metamorphic events in the source region, which likely included the Central Gneiss Complex of the Coast Plutonic Complex located to the south in British Columbia.
Figure 4: Two core-rim dated zircons from the Yakutat Group showing Precambrian cores and Cretaceous rims. [A] Precambrian core with oscillatory zoning, and CL-bright rim with possible recrystallization front and relict zoning. [B] Zoned Precambrian core, and complicated CL-dark high-uranium rims. Our earlier work using Raman (see below) suggested the radiation damage in these grains was Cretaceous, and this is confirmed by rim dating.
3. Damage dating (1 student). We are developing a technique to use zircon crystallinity to quantify the timing of metamorphism of Precambrian zircon. This new technique aims to quantify accumulated radiation in Precambrian zircon using degree of crystallinity measured by μ-Raman spectroscopy as indicated by the position of the ν3(SiO4) or the FWHM of the ν3(SiO4) (Marsellos and Garver, 2010; Garver and Davidson, 2015). In essence, this is radiation damage dating where the accumulated damage is used as a chronometer and can reveal the age of last metamorphism. We have made important advances in developing this technique so it can be used to solve tectonic problems with DZ data sets, and we have shown that disorder in Precambrian zircons in the CPW fall into two distinct arrays of radiation damage (Fig. 4). One cohort of Precambrian grains has been cool since the lower Paleozoic and another since the Cretaceous (Garver and Davidson, 2015). We are excited that this technique can be tremendously important for detrital studies, but more work is required to calibrate damage and Raman active modes. For this project, a student will use this technique to determine metamorphic histories of Precambrian zircon from the Orca and Valdez groups.
Figure 5: Raman shift for Precambrian zircon from the CPW (from Garver and Davidson, 2015).
4. Age and origin of mafic volcanic rocks in the Orca Group (1 student). Pillow lavas and sheet flows of mafic volcanic rocks are interbedded with the Orca Group; and on Glacier Island, pillow basalts, sheeted dikes, and gabbro are reported (Nelson et al., 1999). This project involves collecting major and trace element data from the mafic volcanic rocks throughout the area and to compare these data with previously published data from similar rocks to the south and west (Miner, 2012; Young, 2015), and the Resurrection and Knight Island ophiolites (Lytwyn et al., 1997; Miner, 2012).
5. Age and origin of the Eshamy Suite plutons (1 student). Our previous work in western Prince William Sound helped define the age and geochemistry of a unique series of 37-39 Ma gabbroic to granodiorite plutons that intrude the CPW accretionary wedge complex (Johnson, 2012). This project will work on two or three plutons near Valdez (Miner’s Bay, Cedar Pluton) that have been tentatively correlated to the Eshamy Suite based on major element geochemistry and K-Ar dates (Nelson et al., 1999). The goal of this project is to confirm the age of these plutons using U/Pb geochronology and to use whole rock major and trace elements, and Hf isotope data from zircon to help describe the petrogenesis of these rocks.
Analytical Work: Students will cut billets for thin sections at their home institution and thin sections will be made by the expert technician at Union College. Mineral separates will be done at Union or Carleton in late summer and early fall. Imaging zircon sample mounts on the SEM (BSE and CL) can be done at Carleton, Union, or the student’s home institution if they have the equipment.
U-Pb and Hf analyses will be done at the University of Arizona Laserchron Center in late November or early December, and this is an important time for the entire Keck team to reconvene and collect critical data. We will invite all students to participate in this excursion, whether they are using U/Pb data in their thesis or not. Data reduction is done onsite, so students will leave with their data set.
Keck students in the LaserChron center at the University of Arizona during a 3-5 day session in November.
Davidson and Garver have been doing research in the northern Pacific Rim for over 30 years (each) with primary field areas in Kamchatka, Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington. Thus we are familiar with safety issues primarily those related to Bears and Boats. There is little question that there are a host of inherent risks in this proposed work. Here we briefly address the most common concerns.
Bears. The primary issue is Black and Brown Bears. We will spend the bulk of our time in coastal waters as a group, hence our exposure is minimal. We note that our field season coincides with the Sockeye run, so almost all bears (black or brown) tend to be pre-occupied with fish. We train all participants in the use of bear deterrents. We will have bear bangers (a small pen-sized explosive charge) and Bear Spray for everyone.
Boats and Communication. We will be using two 15 ft Zodiac inflatable boats with aluminum floors and 30 hp 4-stroke engines. All participants will be instructed in safe boating practices including protocol for VHF radio use and will be required to wear life jackets. We also have a satellite phone for emergencies.
All students are required to complete a 4-6 page paper (short contribution) that will be published in the Proceedings of the Keck Geology Consortium 2019 Volume (see examples from previous years). The first draft of this paper will be reviewed by your research advisor at your home institution sometime in late February, 2019, with revised version sent to the project directors by March 1. Final versions of your paper and figures will be submitted to the Keck Office in Mid-March.
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1. Alhakamy, N.A. and C.J. Berkland. 2013. “Polyarginine Molecular Weight Determines Transfection Efficiency of Calcium Condensed Complexes.” Molecular Therapeutics, 10(5): 1940-8. Abstract.
2. Alhakamy, N.A., A.S. Nigatu, C. Berkland, and J.D. Ramsey. 2013. “Noncovalently Associated Cell-penetrating Peptides for Gene Delivery Applications.” Therapeutic Delivery, 4(6): 741-57. Abstract.
3. Bohaty, B.S., Q. Ye, A. Misra, F. Sene, and P. Spencer. 2013. “Posterior Composite Restoration Update: Focus on Factors Influencing Form and Function.” Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry, 5: 33-42. Abstract.
4. Cetinel S., H.B. Caliskan, D.T. Yucesoy, E. Yuca, S. Donatan, M. Urgen, N.G. Karaguler, and C. Tamerler. 2013. “Addressable Self Immobilization of Lactate Dehydrogenase across Multiple Length Scales.” Biotechnology Journal, 8(2): 262-72. Abstract.
5. Corni, S., M. Hnilova, C. Tamerler, and M. Sarikaya. 2013. “Conformational Behavior of Genetically-Engineered Dodecapeptides as a Determinant of Binding Affinity for Gold.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 117(33): 16990-17003.
6. Cui, H. and X. Yang. 2013. “Laser Enhanced High-intensity Focused Ultrasound Thrombolysis: an In Vitro Study.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 133(2): EL123-8. Abstract.
7. Cui, H., T. Zhang, and X. Yang. 2013. “Laser-enhanced Cavitation during High Intensity Focused Ultrasound: An In Vivo Study.” Applied Physics Letters, 102(13): 133702. Abstract.
8. Dormer, N.H., V. Gupta, A.M. Scurto, C.J. Berkland, and M.S. Detamore. 2013. “Effect of Different Sintering Methods on Bioactivity and Release of Proteins from PLGA Microspheres.” Materials Science and Engineering Part C, 33(7): 4343-51. Abstract.
9. El-Gendy, N.A., A. Kaviratna, C.J. Berkland, and P. Dhar. 2013. “Delivery and Performance of Surfactant Replacement Therapies to Treat Pulmonary Disorders.” Therapeutic Delivery, 4(8): 951-80. Abstract.
10. Fakhari, A. and C. Berkland. 2013. “Applications and Emerging Trends of Hyaluronic Acid in Tissue Engineering, as a Dermal Filler, and in Osteoarthritis Treatment.” Acta Biomaterialia, 9(7): 7081-92. Abstract.
11. Fakhari, A., Q. Phan, S.V. Thakkar, C.R. Middaugh, and C. Berkland. 2013. “Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles Titrate the Viscoelastic Properties of Viscosupplements.” Langmuir, 29(17): 5123-31. Abstract.
12. Misra, A., and P. Poorsolhjouy. 2013. "Micro-macro Scale Instability in 2D Regular Granular Assemblies." Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics. doi:10.1007/s00161-013-0330-9.
13. Misra, A., R. Parthasarathy, V. Singh, and P. Spencer. 2013. "Micro-poromechanics Model of Fluid-saturated Chemically Active Fibrous Media." Zeitschrift of Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (August).
14. Misra, A., R. Parthasarathy, V. Singh, and P. Spencer. 2013. "Poromechanics Parameters of Fluid-saturated Chemically Active Fibrous Media Derived from a Micromechanical Approach." Journal of Nanomechanics and Micromechanics 3(4): 04013002.
15. Mirsa, A., and V. Singh. 2013. "Micromechanical Model for Viscoelastic-materials Undergoing Damage." Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics 25 (2-4): 343-358. doi:10.1007/s00161-012-0262-9.
16. Mozioglu, E., M. Akgoz, C. Tamerler, and Z. T. Kocagoz. 2013. "A Simple Guanidium Isothiocyanate Method for Bacterial Genomic DNA Isolation." Turkish Journal of Biology 38: 125-129.
17. Sestak, J., S. Thati, L. Northrup, M. Mullins, T.J. Siahaan, and C. Berkland. 2013. “Single-Step Grafting of Aminooxy-Peptides to Hyaluronan: A Simple Approach to Multifunctional Therapeutics for Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.” Journal of Controlled Release, 168(3): 334-40. Abstract.
18. Singh V., A. Misra, R. Parthasarathy, Q. Ye, J.G. Park, and P. Spencer. 2013. “Mechanical Properties of Methacrylate Based Model Dentin Adhesives: Effect of Loading Rate and Moisture Exposure.” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 101(8): 1437-43. Abstract.
19. Suekama, T.C., V. Aziz, Z. Mohammadi, C. Berkland, and S.H. Gehrke. 2013. “Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (N‐vinyl formamide) Hydrogels – A Potential Alternative to Polyacrylamide Hydrogels.” Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 51(2): 435-45.
20. Thaiboonrod, S., C. Berkland, A.H. Milani, R. Ulijn, and B.R. Saunders. 2013. “Poly(vinylamine) Microgels: pH-Responsive Particles with High Primary Amine Contents.” Soft Matter, 9(15): 3920-30.
21. Yazici, H., H. Fong, B. Wilson, E.E. Oren, F.A. Amos, J.S. Evans, H. Zhang, M.L. Snead, M. Sarikaya, and C. Tamerler. 2013. “Biological Response on Titanium Implant Surface Functionalized with Modular Peptides.” ACTA Biomaterilia, 9(2): 5341-52. Abstract.
22. Ye, Q., R. Parthasarathy, F. Abedin, J.S. Laurence, A. Misra, and P. Spencer. 2013. "Multivariate Analysis of Attenuated Total Reflection-fourier Transform Infrared (ATR/FTIR) Spectroscopic Data to Confirm Phase Partitioning in Methacrylate-based Dentin Adhesive." Applied Spectroscopy, 67(12): 1473-8.
23. Zhang, T., H. Cui, C.Y. Fang, L.J. Su, S. Ren, H.C. Chang, X. Yang, and L.M. Forrest. 2013. “Photoacoustic Contrast Imaging of Biological Tissues with Nanodiamonds Fabricated for High Near-Infrared Absorbance.” Journal of Biomedical Optics, 18(2): 026018. Abstract.
1. Misra, A., O. Marangos, R. Parthasarathy, and P. Spencer. 2013. "Micro-scale Analysis of Compositional and Mechanical Properties of Primary Tooth Dentin using Homotopic Measurements." In Vol. 4, Biomedical Imaging and Computational Modeling in Biomechanics. 131-141. Springer.
2. Roberts, L. A., and A. Mirsa. 2013. "Reliability Based Design of Drilled Shafts: LRFD and Performance-based Design." In Modern Geotechnical Design Codes of Practice - Development, Calibration & Experiences. 183-194. IOS Press.
3. Spencer, P., Qiang Ye, Jong-Gu Park, R. Parthasarathy, O. Marangos, A. Misra, B. Bohaty, V. Singh, and J. Laurence. 2013. "Dentin/adhesive Interface in Teeth." In Structural Interfaces and Attachments in Biology. 133-152.
1. Abedin, F.S., Q. Ye, P. Spencer, R. Parthasarathy, J. L. Laurence, and A. Misra. 2013. "Hydrophilic-rich Phase in Dentin Adhesive: Photo-polymerization and Critical Water Content." At Abstract #1544, IADR/AADR/CADR 2013 Annual Meeting, March, Seattle, Washington.
2. Hnilova, M., D. Yucesoy, C. Sarikaya, and C. Tamerler. 2013. "Controlling Biological Functionalization of Surfaces by Engineered Peptides." In Biomaterials Science – Processing, Properties and Applications III in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 242, ACerS-Wiley, John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey, edited by R. Narayan, A. Bandyopadhyay, and S. Bose. ISBN: 978-1118-75103-9.
3. Schwartz, C., S.L. Kieweg, C. Weiner, and S. Wilson. 2013. “Obstetrician Hand Pressures during Mock Deliveries.” American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Summer Bioengineering Conference, Sunriver, Oregon, June.
4. Spencer, P., Q. Ye, R. Parthasarathy, V. Singh, A. Misra, and J. S. Laurence. 2013. "Structure/Property of Model Dentin Adhesives Exposed to Wet Environments." At Society for Biomaterials, April, Boston, MA.
5. Talbi, Z. and S.L. Kieweg. 2013. “The Impact of Tissue Viscoelasticity on the Flow Dynamics of an Anti-HIV Microbicidal Gel: Numerical Simulations.” American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Summer Bioengineering Conference, Sunriver, Oregon, June.
6. Ye, Q., F. Abedin, P. Spencer, R. Parthasarathy, A. Misra, and J. S. Laurence. 2013. "Photo-polymerization Kinetics of Hydrophilic-rich Phase Mimic in Dentin Adhesive." At Society for Biomaterials 2013 Annual Meeting, April Boston, MA.

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Minn. Voters Alliance v. Mansky, filed on May 30th To read this Supreme Court petition, click the heading to open this post, then follow the link!
Alban v. Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha, NYK Line (N. Am.) Inc., filed on May 23rd To read this Supreme Court petition, click the heading to open this post, then follow the link!
Tanner Servs., LLC v. Guidry, filed on April 24th Nies v. Town of Emerald Isle, filed on April 26th To read either of these Supreme Court petitions, click the heading to open this post, then follow the links!
Rothe Dev., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., filed on April 13th To read this Supreme Court petition, click the heading to open this post, then follow the link!
Virginia v. LeBlanc, filed on March 28th Smith v. U.S., filed on March 30th To read either of these Supreme Court petitions, click the heading to open this post, then follow the links!
T.H. McElvain Oil & Gas Ltd. P’ship v. Grp. I: Benson-Montin-Greer Drilling Corp. Inc., filed on February 7th To read this Supreme Court petition, click the heading to open this post, then follow the link!
Han v. Emory University, filed on December 28th To read this Supreme Court petition, click the heading to open this post, then follow the link!
Han v. Emory University, filed on December 28th Jones v. Michigan, filed on January 5th To read any of these Supreme Court petitions, click the heading to open this post, then follow the links!
Snyder v. Does #1-5, filed on December 14th To read this Supreme Court petition, click the heading to open this post, then follow the link!

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A. Agrawal and T. Nasser. “Blockholders on Boards and CEO Compensation, Turnover and Firm Valuation.” Quarterly Journal of Finance 9(3), September 2019, 1-67.
A. Agrawal and T. Nasser. “Corporate Financial and Investment Policies in the Presence of a Blockholder on the Board.” Quarterly Journal of Finance 8(3), September 2018, 1-59.
A. Agrawal and M. Chen. “Boardroom Brawls: An Empirical Analysis of Disputes Involving Directors.” Quarterly Journal of Finance 7(3), September 2017, 1-58.
A. Agrawal and C. Knoeber. “Corporate Governance and Firm Performance.” Thomas, Christopher R. and William F. Shughart II, eds., Oxford Handbook in Managerial Economics, 2012, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
A. Agrawal and M. Chen. “Do Analyst Conflicts Matter? Evidence from Stock Recommendations.” Journal of Law and Economics, August 2008, V. 51(3), 503-537.
F. Tsoulouhas, C. Knoeber and A. Agrawal. “Contests to Become CEO: Incentives, Selection and Handicaps.” Economic Theory, February 2007, V. 30(2), 195-221.
A. Agrawal, C. Knoeber and F. Tsoulouhas. "Are Outsiders Handicapped in CEO Successions?” Journal of Corporate Finance, June 2006, V. 12(3), 619-644.
A. Agrawal and S. Chadha. “Corporate Governance and Accounting Scandals.” Journal of Law and Economics, October 2005, V. 48(2), 371-406.
A. Agrawal and C. Knoeber. "Do Some Outside Directors Play a Political Role?" Journal of Law and Economics, April 2001, V. 44(1), 179-198.
A. Agrawal, J. Jaffe, and J. Karpoff. "Management Turnover and Governance Changes Following the Revelation of Fraud." Journal of Law and Economics, April 1999, V. 42(1), 23-56.
A. Agrawal and C. Knoeber. “Managerial Compensation and the Threat of Takeover.” Journal of Financial Economics, February 1998, V. 47(2), 219-239.
A. Agrawal and C. Knoeber. "Firm Performance and Mechanisms to Control Agency Problems between Managers and Shareholders." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, September 1996, V. 31(3), 377-397.
A. Agrawal and R. Walkling. “Executive Careers and Compensation Surrounding Takeover Bids.” The Journal of Finance, July 1994, V. 49(3), 985-1014.
A. Agrawal and J. Narayanan. “Agency Costs, Ownership Control, and Dividend Policy: A Direct Test of the Free Cash Flow Theory.” Managerial and Decision Economics, March-April 1994, V. 15(2), 139-148.
A. Agrawal and N. J. Nagarajan. “Corporate Capital Structure, Agency Costs and Ownership Control: The Case of All-equity Firms.” The Journal of Finance, September 1990, V. 45(4), pp. 1325-1331.
A. Agrawal and G. N. Mandelker. “Large Shareholders and the Monitoring of Managers: The Case of Anti-takeover Charter Amendments.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, June 1990, V. 25(2), pp. 143-161.
A. Agrawal, A. K. Makhija and G. N. Mandelker. “Executive Compensation and Corporate Performance in Electric and Gas Utilities: Some Empirical Evidence.” Financial Management, Winter 1991, V. 20(4), pp. 113-124.
A. Agrawal and G. N. Mandelker. “Managerial Incentives and Corporate Investment and Financing Decisions.” The Journal of Finance, September 1987, V. 42(4), pp. 823-837.
A. Agrawal, T. Cooper, Q. Lian, and Q. Wang, “Common Advisors in Mergers and Acquisitions Determinants and Consequences.” Journal of Law and Economics, August 2013, V. 56(3), 691-740.
A. Agrawal and T. Nasser. “Insider Trading in Takeover Targets.” Journal of Corporate Finance, V. 18(3), June 2012, 598-625.
A. Agrawal and J. Jaffe. "Do Takeover Targets Under-perform? Evidence from Operating and Stock Returns." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, December 2003, V. 38(5), 721-746.
A. Agrawal and J. Jaffe. “The Post-merger Performance Puzzle.” Cary Cooper and Alan Gregory, eds., Advances in Mergers and Acquisitions, V. 1, New York, NY: Elsevier Science, 2000, 7-41.
A. Agrawal and J. Jaffe. “Does Section 16b Deter Insider Trading by Target Managers?” Journal of Financial Economics, October-November 1995, V. 39(2 & 3), 295-319.
A. Agrawal, J. Jaffe and G. N. Mandelker. “The Post-Merger Performance of Acquiring Firms: A Re-examination of an Anomaly.” Journal of Finance, September 1992, V. 47(4), pp. 1605-1621.
B. K. Adhikari, A. Agrawal and J. Malm. “Do Women Managers Keep Firms Out of Trouble? Evidence from Corporate Litigation and Policies.” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 67(1), February 2019, 202-225.
A. Agrawal and T. Cooper. “Corporate Governance Consequences of Accounting Scandals: Evidence from Top Management, CFO and Auditor Turnover.” Quarterly Journal of Finance, 7(1), 2017, 1-41 (lead article).
A. Agrawal and T. Cooper, “Insider Trading Before Accounting Scandals.” Journal of Corporate Finance, V. 34, October 2015, 169-190.
A. Agrawal and T. Cooper. “Accounting Scandals in IPO Firms: Do Underwriters and VCs Help?” Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, V. 19(4), Winter2010, 1117–1181.
A. Agrawal and Y. Lim. “Local Obesity Prevalence and Corporate Policies.” Quarterly Journal of Finance 8(2), June 2018, 1-33.
B. K. Adhikari and A. Agrawal. “Religion, Gambling Attitudes and Corporate Innovation.” Journal of Corporate Finance, V. 37, April 2016, 229-248.
B. K. Adhikari and A. Agrawal. “Does Local Religiosity Matter for Bank Risk-Taking?” Journal of Corporate Finance, V. 38, June 2016, 272–293.
B. K. Adhikari and A. Agrawal. “Peer Influence on Payout Policies.” Journal of Corporate Finance 48, February 2018, 615-637.
A. Agrawal and N. J. Nagarajan. “Corporate Capital Structure, Agency Costs and Ownership Control: The Case of All-equity Firms.” Journal of Finance, September 1990, V. 45(4), pp. 1325-1331.
A. Agrawal, T. Cooper, Q. Lian, and Q. Wang, “Common Advisors in Mergers and Acquisitions Determinants and Consequences.” Journal of Law and Economics, V. 56(3), August 2013, 691-740.
A. Agrawal and M. Chen. “Analyst Conflicts and Research Quality.” Quarterly Journal of Finance, V. 2(2), June 2012, 179-218.
A. Agrawal, S. Chadha and M. Chen. "Who is Afraid of Reg FD? The Behavior and Performance of Sell-side Analysts Following the SEC’s Fair Disclosure Rules."Journal of Business, November 2006, V. 79(6), 2811-2834.
A. Agrawal and K. Tandon. “Anomalies or Illusions? Evidence from Stock Markets in Nineteen Countries.” Journal of International Money and Finance, February 1994, V. 13(1), 83-106.
A. Agrawal, J. Jaffe and G. N. Mandelker. “The Post-Merger Performance of Acquiring Firms: A Re-examination of an Anomaly.” The Journal of Finance, September 1992, V. 47(4), pp. 1605-1621.

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This morning a unanimous Supreme Court ruled that the provisions of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act apply to all governmental employers regardless of size. Mt. Lemmon Fire District v. Guido, No. 17-587 (11-6-18). Thus, a fire department with fewer than 20 employees would be subject to ADEA claims challenging its reduction in force. The Court found that the amendment of the ADEA adding government subdivision liability was more similar to the amendment of the FLSA, which applies to all governmental employers regardless of size, than to the amendment of Title VII, which only applies to employers – including governments – with more than 15 employees. This is consistent with how the EEOC has traditionally interpreted the statutes, but is contrary to a 1990 Sixth Circuit holding (governing Ohio). The Court’s holding was based on the different language used to amend the ADEA to include governments because the phrase “the term also means” typically is interpreted to create an additional, separate category than to modify or clarify a prior term.
According to the Court’s opinion, the defendant fire district laid off its two oldest full-time firefighters as part of a budgetary reduction in force. The plaintiffs filed suit challenging their termination under the ADEA. The employer moved to dismiss on the grounds that, with fewer than 20 employee, it was not subject to the ADEA.
When originally enacted, neither Title VII nor the ADEA covered state or local governmental entities. However, Title VII was amended to include governmental employers in 1972. The ADEA and the FLSA were amended two years later to include local and state governmental entities.
Following the amendment, Title VII defined employers to include “persons”: “[t]he term ‘employer’ means a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has fifteen or more employees . . . .” 42 U. S. C. §2000e(a)–(b). In turn, “persons” was defined to include governmental employers: “[t]he term ‘person’ includes one or more individuals, governments, governmental agencies, [and] political subdivisions,” as well as other specified entities. Thus, all employers must have 15 or more employees and can include governmental entities.
The term ‘employer’ means a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has twenty or more employees . . . . The term also means (1) any agent of such a person, and (2) a State or political subdivision of a State . . . .
29 U. S. C. §630(b) (emphasis added). Thus, the Court was faced with deciding whether the ADEA’s failure to define “person” as it did in Title VII to include governmental entities meant that governmental entities were not subject to the 20-employee threshold that applied to other persons. “Does “also means” add new categories to the definition of “employer,” or does it merely clarify that States and their political subdivisions are a type of “person” included in §630(b)’s first sentence?” In other words, does the “term” refer to “employer” or to “person” in the preceding sentence?
In further contrast, the FLSA was amended to define covered employers to include: “any person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer in relation to an employee and includes a public agency, but does not include any labor organization (other than when acting as an employer) or anyone acting in the capacity of officer or agent of such labor organization.” 29 U.S.C. §203(d). Further, “[p]ublic agency” means the Government of the United States; the government of a State or political subdivision thereof; any agency of the United States (including the United States Postal Service and Postal Regulatory Commission), a State, or a political subdivision of a State; or any interstate governmental agency.” Id. at §203(x).
In interpreting the three different definitions of “employer,” the Court based its ruling on a number of factors. “First and foremost, the ordinary meaning of ‘also means’ is additive rather than clarifying.” “Also” is generally understood to mean “in addition to” or “besides” or “likewise.” It can be read to create an additional category of employer. In other statutes, “also means” is generally interpreted to recognize separate and additional categories from the earlier categories. The Court had previously held that the ADEA did not violate state government’s Tenth Amendment immunity and noted in that it applied to employers with so many employees and to state and federal governments as though governments were never subject to the numerical threshold.
Second, reading the statute otherwise would create a “strange” result by requiring a 20-employee threshold for persons and government entities, but not for agents, “a discrete category that, beyond doubt, carries no numerical limitation.” Why would “agents” be included as a separate category if they were required to also employ 20 employees?
Third, the Court rejected the argument that the ADEA should be interpreted to be consistent with Title VII because the statutes utilized different language to define their coverage. Rather, the Court found the ADEA language to be more similar to the FLSA, on which some of the ADEA is based. Governmental employers are covered by the FLSA regardless of size. For that matter, however, “persons” are also covered by the FLSA regardless of workforce because the FLSA relies on a different threshold for its coverage (i.e., gross volume of sales) that is unrelated to the number of individuals employed. Nonetheless, the Court did not seem to consider that fact.


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Feb 24, 2019 ... Wells Fargo Bank NA v. unknown heirs et al, foreclosure. ... John E. Cobb Jr. v. Beverly J. Pollard et al, dismissed. Ricky A. Steed v.
v up for the job. I absolutely would not be here, facing a dissertation defense with a job .... reducing the extent to which they help others (Vohs, et al., 2008). ...... with four items from of Caplan, Cobb, French, Van Harrison, and Pinneau (1980)' s.
insert_drive_fileIn re Bartels' Estate Jones v. ... Sumrell · insert_drive_fileWilliams et al. v. McComb ... Ft. Worth Driving Club · insert_drive_fileSteed v.
ATLANTA DIVISION. DEMARKUS R. HORNE, et al.,. Plaintiffs, v. HARBOUR PORTFOLIO VI, LP, et al., .... race and geographic area.” Steed v. EverHome Mortg. Co., 308 F. App'x 364,. 369 (11th Cir. ... Cobb Cty. v. Bank of Am. Corp., 183 F.

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