text:
Fendl B., Linsberger I., Weiss R., Weber V.
Karuthedom George S., Weiss R., Fischer M.B., Weber V., Tripisciano C.
Weiss V.U., Tripisciano C., Steinberger S., Karuthedom S., Weber V., Allmaier G.
Mushahary D., Spittler A., Kasper C., Weber V., Charwat V.
Harm S., Schildböck, C., Hartmann J.
Removal of stabilizers from human serum albumin by adsorbents and dialysis used in blood purification.
PLoS One, Jan 24;13(1):e0191741. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191741.
Weiss R., Gröger M., Rauscher S., Fendl B., Eichhorn T., Fischer M.B., Spittler A., Weber V.
Gubensek J., Strobl K., Harm S., Weiss R., Eichhorn T., Buturovic-Ponikvar J., Weber V., Hartmann J.
Egger D., Tripisciano C., Weber V., Dominici M., Kasper C.
Fendl B., Eichhorn T., Weiss R., Tripisciano C., Spittler A., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
Pilecky M., Schildberger A., Orth-Höller D., Weber V.
Théry C., Witwer K.W., ..., Weber V., et al.
Lauková L., Bertolo E.M.J., Zelinková M., Borbélyová V., Čonka J., Kovalčíková A.G., Domonkos E., Vlková B., Celec P.
Semak V., Weiss R., Tripisciano C., Fendl B., Harm S., Fischer M.B., Hartmann J., Weber V.
Tripisciano C., Weiss R., Eichhorn T., Spittler A., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
Harm S., Zottl J., Lohner K., Hartmann J.
Antimicrobial activity of immobilized lactoferrin-based AMPs.
IMAP 2018, 8th International Meeting on Antimicrobial Peptides, Edinburgh, UK, September 2 – 4, 2018.
Hartmann J., Bauer C., Zottl J., Lohner K., Harm S.
Blood compatibility of Antimicrobial Peptides.
Tripisciano C., Weiss R., Eichhorn T., Spittler A., Weber V.
Fendl B., Weiss R., Gröger M., Rauscher S., Eichhorn T., Tripisciano C., Fischer M.B., Spittler A., Weber V.
Fendl. B., Weiss R., Gröger M., Rauscher S., Eichhorn T., Fischer M.B., Spittler A., Weber V.
Weiss R., Fendl B., Gröger M., Rauscher S., Eichhorn T., Tripisciano C., Fischer M.B., Spittler A., Weber V.
Eichhorn T., Linsberger I., Lauková L., Weiss R., Tripisciano C., König F., Hörmann C., Weber V.
Fendl B., Weiss R., Fischer M.B., Spittler A., Weber V.
Weiss R., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
Eichhorn T., Hartmann J., Harm S., Linsberger I., König F., Valicek G., Miestinger G., Hörmann C., Weber V.
Int J Artif Organs. 2017 Mar 6;40(1):4-8.
Int J Artif Organs. 2017 Mar 6;40(1):15-21.
Pfeiffer D.; Roßmanith E.; Lang I., Falkenhagen D.
Int J Artif Org, DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000643.
Weiss R., Eichhorn T., Spittler A., Micusik M., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
The contribution of phosphatidylserine and tissue factor to EV-induced thrombin generation.
Tripisciano C., Weiss R., Eichhorn T., Spittler A., Heuser T., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
Role of phosphatidylserine and tissue factor in supporting EV-induced thrombin generation.
Weiss R., Gröger M., Rauscher S., Fendl B., Fischer M.B., Weber V., Spittler A.
Semak V., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
Synthesis and photodeposition of zwitterionic terpolymer - Towards blood compatible matrices for whole blood apheresis.
Weiss V.U., Tripisciano C., Weber V., Allmaier G.
Analysis of exosome containing samples via nano electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (nES GEMMA).
Tripisciano C., Weiss R., Fendl B., Eichhorn T., Fischer M.B., Spittler A., Weber V.
Characterization and biological activity of extracellular vesicles.
Eichhorn T., Linsberger I., Lauková L., König F., Hörmann C., Weber V.
Cytokine profiles in sepsis patients.
Zwitterionic coating for the LDL-apheresis adsorbents.
Weiss R., Semak V., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
Influence of citrate concentration on platelet activation during lipid apheresis.
Fendl B., Weiss R., Spittler A., Weber V.
Characterization of extracellular vesicles in whole blood: Influence of preanalytical parameters.
7th International Meeting on Antimicrobial Peptides (IMAP, 2017, August 25-27, Kopenhagen.
ESAO 2017, Sept 06-09, Vienna, Austria.
Influence of different anticoagulants on endotoxin activity in human serum.
Pilecky M., Ronacher B., Orth-Höller D., Weber V.
Master Thesis, University of Applied Sciences FH Camppus Wien, Student ID c1530003020.
Harm S., Gabor F., Hartmann J.
Low-Dose Polymyxin: an Option for Therapy of Gram-Negative Sepsis.
Innate Immunity, 2016, DOI: 10.1177/1753425916639120.
Eichhorn T., Rauscher S., Hammer C., Gröger M., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2016, 478(1):168-73.
Harm S., Gruber A., Gabor F., Hartmann J.
Adsorption of Selected Antibiotics to Resins in Extracorporeal Blood Purification.
Tripisciano C., Weiss R., Eichhorn T., Weber V.
Weber V., Hartmann J., Harm S., Linsberger I., Eichhorn T., Valicek G., Miestinger G., Hörmann C.
Weber V., Hartmann J., Fischer M.B.
Poster presentation at the BioNanoMed 2016 Conference, April 06-08, Krems, Austria.
Weiss R., Fischer MB., Weber V.
Pro-coagulant activity of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles.
Fendl B., Weiss R., Weber V.
Influence of anticoagulation on microvesicle release in stored whole blood.
Citrate concentration influences platelet activation and microvesicle generation during lipid apheresis.
Fendl B. and Weiss R.
Int J Art Org, 2016, 39(7), 377.
Int J Art Org, 2016, 39(7), 350.
European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) 29, Milan, Italy.
ESICM 2016, Milano, Italy. Poster Presentation/Talk.
Cell culture models for endothelial activation.
Buchacher T., Ohradanova-Repic A., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
Watrowski R., Castillo-Tong D.C., Schuster E., Fischer M.B., Speiser P., Zeillinger R.
HER2 Codon 655 (Ile/Val) Polymorphism and Breast Cancer in Austrian Women.
Watrowski R., Castillo-Tong D.C., Wolf A., Schuster E., Fischer M.B., Speiser P., Zeillinger R.
Seemann R., Svabik O., Orlik A., Figl M., Fischer M.B., Schicho K., Wutzl A., Forster J., Jesch P., Perisanidis C., Undt G., Millesi W.
Fischer M.B., Wolfram W., Binder C.J., Böhmig G.A., Wahrmann M., Eibl M.M., Wolf H.M.
Haider T., Höftberger R., Rüger B., Mildner M., Blumer R., Mitterbauer A., Buchacher T., Sherif C., Altmann P., Redl H., Gabriel C., Gyöngyösi M., Fischer M.B., Lubec G., Ankersmit H.J.
Tsiantoulas D., Perkmann T., Afonyushkin T., Mangold A., Prohaska T.A., Papac-Milicevic N., Millischer V., Bartel C., Hörkkö S., Boulanger C.M., Tsimikas S., Fischer M.B., Witztum J.L., Lang I.M., Binder C.J.
Canaud B., Barbieri C., Marcelli D., Bellocchio F., Bowry S., Mari F., Amato C., Gatti E.
Optimal convection volume for improving patient outcomes in an international incident dialysis cohort treated with online hemodiafiltration.
Body Composition and Survival in Dialysis Patients: Results from an International Cohort Study.
Barbieri C., Mari F., Stopper A., Gatti E., Escandell-Montero P., Martínez-Martínez J.M., Martín-Guerrero J.D.
Canaud B., Bayh I., Marcelli D., Ponce O., Merello J.I., Gurevich K., Ladanyi E., Ok E., Imamovic G., Grassmann A., Scatizzi L., Gatti E.
Improved Survival of Incident Patients with High-Volume Haemodiafiltration: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study with Inverse Probability of Censoring Weighting.
Extracellular vesicles as players in coagulation and immunomodulation.
Eichhorn T., Rauscher S., Hammer C., Führer B., Gröger M., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
Weiss R., Tripisciano C., Eichhorn T., Spittler A., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
Tripisciano C., Weiss R., Eichhorn T., Linsberger I., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
Weiss R., Spittler A., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
Hartmann J., Strobl K., Harm S.
Extracorporeal Liver Support - A Balancing Act Between Efficiency and Biocompatibility.
Endotoxins in Extracorporeal Blood Purification: Are AMPs the Solution?
Eichhorn T., Rauscher S., Gröger M., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
In vitro characterization of a new adsorbent for cytokines in extracorporeal blood purification.
Tripisciano C., Weiss R., Linsberger I., Eichhorn T., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
Spittler A. and Weiss R.
Strobl K., Harm S., Hartmann J.
Tissue factor expression on extracellular vesicles.
Flow cytometric analysis and sorting of extracellular vesicles.
Buchacher T., Ohradanova-Repic A., Stockinger H., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
Master Thesis for the Master Programme Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. Advisors: Hartmann, Strobl.
Gandjour A., Tschulena U., Steppan S., Gatti E.
A simulation model to estimate cost-offsets for a disease-management program for chronic kidney disease.
La Spina R., Tripisciano C., Mecca T., Cunsolo F., Weber V., Mattiasson B.
Hartmann J., Beyer R., Harm S.
Effective Removal of Estrogens from Drinking Water and Wastewater by Adsorption Technology.
Harm S., Falkenhagen D., Hartmann J.
Endotoxin adsorbents in extracorporeal blood purification: Do they fulfill expectations?
Int J Artif Organs. 2014 Mar;37(3):222-232.
Pfeiffer D., Stefanitsch C., Wankhammer K., Müller M., Dreyer L., Krolitzki B., Zernetsch H., Glasmacher B., Lindner C., Lass A., Schwarz M., Muckenauer W., Lang I.
Endothelialization of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) small caliber vascular grafts spun from different polymer blends.
J Biomed Mater Res A, 2014 Dec;102(12):4500-9.
König J., Weiss G., Rossi D., Reinisch A., Kinzer M., Huppertz B., Pfeiffer D., Parolini O., Lang I.
Placental mesenchymal stromal cells derived from blood vessels or avascular tissues: What is the better choice to support endothelial cell function?
Walzl A., Unger C., Kramer N., Unterleuthner D., Scherzer M., Hengstschläger M., Schwanzer-Pfeiffer D., Dolznig H.
The resazurin reduction assay can distinguish cytotoxic from cytostatic compounds in spheroid screening assays.
Weiss R., Spittler A., Schmitz G., Fischer MB., Weber V.
Tripisciano C., Eichhorn T., Harm S., Weber V.
Posnicek T., Kellner K.H., Brandl M.
Kellner K.H., Posnicek T., Brandl M.
Mazza G., Rossmanith E., Lang I., Pfeiffer D.
Buchacher T., Wiesinger-Mayr H., Vierlinger K., Rüger M. B., Stanek G., Fischer M. B., Weber V.
John E., Cheng E., Bornschlegel A., Brüggemann O., Posnicek T., Brandl M.
Hartmann J., Strobl K., Falkenhagen D., Harm S.
New Aspects for the Extracorporeal Treatment of Sepsis.
Lecture Notes of the ICB 2014, 69-74.
Mazza G., Stoiber M., Pfeiffer D., Schima H.
Köffel R., Meshcheryakova A., Warszawska J., Hennig A., Wagner K., Jörgl A., Gubi D., Moser D., Hladik A., Hoffmann U., Fischer M.B., van den Berg W., Koenders M., Scheinecker C., Gesslbauer B., Knapp S., Strobl H.
Monocytic cell differentiation from band-stage neutrophils under inflammatory conditions via MKK6 activation.
Walzer S.M., Cetin E., Grübl-Barabas R., Sulzbacher I., Rueger B., Girsch W., Toegel S., Windhager R., Fischer M.B.
Vascularization of primary and secondary ossification centres in the human growth plate.
Czembirek C., Poeschl W.P., Eder-Czembirek C., Fischer M.B., Perisanidis C., Jesch P., Schicho K., Dong A., Seemann R.
Causes and timing of delayed bleeding after oral surgery.
Ferrario M., Moissl U., Garzotto F., Cruz D.N., Clementi A., Brendolan A., Tetta C., Gatti E., Signorini M.G., Cerutti S., Ronco C.
Effects of fluid overload on heart rate variability in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis.
Martínez-Martínez J.M., Escandell-Montero P., Barbieri C., Soria-Olivas E., Mari F., Martínez-Sober M., Amato C., Serrano López A.J., Bassi M., Magdalena-Benedito R., Stopper A., Martín-Guerrero J.D., Gatti E.
Canaud B., Bowry S.K., Tetta C., Gatti E.
The case for treating refractory congestive heart failure with ultrafiltration.
Endotoxin adsorbents in extracorporeal blood purification: do they fulfill our expectations?
Advances in Membrane and Adsorbers Technology in Life Sciences, April 6-8, 2014, Warsaw.
Tripisciano C., Eichhorn T., Linsberger I., Weber V.
Weiss R., Spittler A., Fischer MB., Weber V.
Weiss R., Spittler A., Weber V., Fischer MB.
Hartmann J., Falkenhagen D., Harm S.
Size matters - nanostructured polysulfone membranes act as molecular sieve in blood purification.
Nanostructures – a key property of adsorbents in extracorporeal blood purification.
Eichhorn T., Linsberger I., Weber V.
Weiss R., Eichhorn T., Spittler A., Weber V., Fischer M.B.
Tripisciano C., Buchacher T., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
Eichhorn T., Hammer C., Rauscher S., Buchacher T., Fischer M.B., Gröger M., Weber V.
Weiss R., Eichhorn T., Spittler A., Fischer M.B., Weber V.
Brandl M., Koch R., Straub A., Posnicek T., Kellner K.H.
Gruber R., Leimer M., Fischer M.B., Agis H.
Beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists reduce proliferation but not protein synthesis of periodontal fibroblasts stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB.
Agis H., Schröckmair S., Skorianz C., Fischer M.B., Watzek G., Gruber R.
Platelets increase while serum reduces the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts in vitro.
Wanschitz J.V., Dubourg O., Lacene E., Fischer M.B., Höftberger R., Budka H., Romero N.B., Eymard B., Herson S., Butler-Browne G.S., Voit T., Benveniste O.
Expression of myogenic regulatory factors and myo-endothelial remodeling in sporadic inclusion body Myositis.
Hollemann D., Yanagida G., Rüger B.M., Neuchrist C., Fischer M.B.
New vessel formation in peritumoral area of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
Eichhorn T., Ivanov A.E., Dainiak M.B., Leistner A., Linsberger I., Jungvid H., Mikhalovsky S.V., Weber V.
Schildberger A., Rossmanith E., Eichhorn T., Strassl K., Weber V.
Brandl M., Kellner K.H., Posnicek T., Bado I., Falkenhagen D.
Titapiccolo J., Ferrario M., Cerutti S., Barbieri C., Mari F., Gatti E., Signorini M.
Canaud B., Tetta C., Marcelli D., Giordana G., Stuard S., Koehler K., Mari F., Barbieri C., Dobreva M., Stopper A., Gatti E.
Trends in Carbohydrate Research 2013; 5(2):1-6. Review.
Gusenbauer M., Nguyen H., Reichel F., Exl L., Bance S., Fischbacher J., Oezelt H., Kovacs A., Brandl M., Schrefl T.
Strobl K., Hartmann J., Wallner M., Brandl M., Falkenhagen D.
A Target-Oriented Algorithm for Citrate-Calcium Anticoagulation in Clinical Practice.
Weber V., Buchacher T., Eichhorn T., Schildberger A.
Eichhorn T., Buchacher T., Schildberger A., Gröger M., Fischer M. B., Weber V.
Tripisciano C., Kozynchenko O. P., Linsberger I., Phillips G. J., Howell C. A., Sandeman S. R., Tennison S. R., Mikhalovsky S. V., Falkenhagen D., Weber V.
Harm S., Beyer R., Hartmann J.
Posnicek T. , Kellner K.H., Brandl M.
Brandl M., Kellner K.H., Bado I., Posnicek T. , Falkenhagen D.
Eichhorn T., Schildberger A., Gröger M., Weber V.
Schildberger A., Linsberger I., Pilecky M., Ronacher B., Weber V.
Eichhorn T., Schildberger A., Weber V.
Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from blood vessels or avascular tissues: which one is the better choice for supporting entothelial cell function?
Endothelialization of modified polycaprolacton (PCL) small-caliber vascular grafts.
Falkenhagen D., Harm S., Hartmann J.
Tripisciano C., Leistner A., Linsberger I., Leistner A., Falkenhagen D., Weber V.
Guerrero J.D., Marcelli D., Soria-Olivas E., Mari F., Martínez-Martínez J.M., Bech I.S., Martínez-Sober M., Scatizzi L., Gómez-Sanchis J., Stopper A., Serrano-López A.J., Gatti E.
Is there a future for artificial liver support?
Artifical kidney developments. Which ways are the most appropriate?
Current extracorporeal therapy approaches for sepsis and their usefulness in liver failure.
Enrichment of Circulating Tumor Cells from a Large Blood Volume using Leukapheresis and Elutriation.
Mediator Modulation form Whole Blood or monocytic cells stimulated with LPS reduces endothelial activation.
Endotoxin removal in blood purification – a big challenge.
One Day on the Liver. Artificial Liver Support: An Update and Future Developments. ESAO supported Meeting. 9th of May 2012, Danube University Krems, Austria.
Etablierung eines künstlichen Blutgefäßmodells zur Entwicklung von Gefäßprothesen.
Phagocytosis of Adsorber-Microparticles by THP-1 derived Macrophages.
Wankhammer K, Stefanitsch C, Schwanzer-Development of a small caliber artificial blood vessel model.
Impact of human amnion-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and placental fibroblasts on the function of endothelial cells.
Amnion-derived mesenchymal stromal cells exert viability-enhancing and stabilizing effects on endothelial cells.
Co-culture of human endothelial cells and mesenchymal cells on small calibre ePTFE vascular grafts.
Schildberger A., Eichhorn T., Rossmanith E., Strassl K., Weber V.
Eichhorn T., Schildberger A., Buchacher T., Falkenhagen D., Weber V.
Modulation of the inflammatory mediator high mobility group box 1 protein with adsorbent polymers.
Buchacher T., Schoenthaler S., Wiesinger-Mayr H., Falkenhagen D., Weber V.
Intracellular chlamydophila pneumonia versus extracellular pathogens in a cell culture model.
Schildberger A., Stoifl T., Falkenhagen D., Weber V.
Schönthaler S., Peham JR., Barisic I., Buchacher T., Noehammer C., Wiesinger-Mayr H.
Perivascular and avascular-derived mesenchymal stromal cells from the human placenta support endothelial cell function.
Development of a small caliber artificial blood vessel model.
Eifler R., Lind J., Falkenhagen D., Weber V., Fischer M.B:, Zeillinger R.
Enrichment of Circulating Tumor Cells from a Large Blood Volume: Proof of Concept.
Preparation and characterization of cellulose microspheres.
Ettenauer M., Loth F., Thümmler K., Fischer S., Weber V., Falkenhagen D.
Schildberger A., Buchacher T., Weber V., Falkenhagen D.
Tripisciano C., Kozynchenko O.P., Linsberger I., Phillips G.J., Howell C.A., Sandeman S.R., Tennison S.R., Mikhalovsky S.V., Weber V., Falkenhagen D.
International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies, 1(3), 2011, 49-70.
Weber V., Lind J., Eifler R., Fischer MB., Zeilinger R., Falkenhagen D.
Falkenhagen D., Brandl M., Hartmann J., Strobl K., Wallner M.
4th joint ESAO-IFAO Kongress, October 2011, Porto, Portugal.
Proceedings, The Sixth International Conference on Systems and Networks Communications, ICSNC 2011, October 23-29, 2011 - Barcelona, Spain, pp. 72-75.
Are there possibilities to improve artificial liver support?
Regenerative Medizin und Blutwäsche-wo geht der Weg hin?
Stoifl T., Ivanov AE., Dainiak M., Leistner A., Weber V., Falkenhagen D., Jungvid H.
Tripisciano C., Kozynchenko O., Linsberger I., Fichtinger U., Weber V., Falkenhagen D.
Schildberger A., Roßmanith E., Weber V.
Tripisciano C., Linsberger I., Kozynchenko O., Tennison S., Howell C.A., Phillips G.J., Mikhalovsky S., Weber V., Falkenhagen D.
Weber V., Schildberger A., Buchacher T., Falkenhagen D.
Schildberger A., Linsberger I., Huber C. and Weber V.
Buchacher T., Wiesinger H, Weber V.
Functional analysis of microRNAs upregulated in a cell culture model of sepsis.
Role of non-coding RNAs in a cell culture model of sepsis.
Falkenhagen D., Thijssen S., Brandl M., Hartmann J., Strobl K. and Wallner M.
Cantaluppi V., Weber V., Lauritano C., Figliolini F., Beltramo S., Biancone L., De Cal M., Cruz D., Ronco C., Segoloni G.P., Tetta C., and Camussi, G.
Weber V., Ettenauer M., Linsberger I., Loth F., Thümmler K., Feldner A., Fischer S., Falkenhagen D.
Extracorporeal blood purification: a future therapy for sepsis and multiorgan-failure?
Ettenauer M., Fischer S., Thümmler K., Weber V., Falkenhagen D.
ESAO Congress 2010, Skopje. Abstract and oral presentation.
ESAO Congress 2010, Skopje. Abstract and Poster Presentation.
Weber V., Schildberger A., Buchacher T., Rossmanith E., Falkenhagen D.
Schildberger A., Buchacher T., Rossmanith E., Weber V.
Weber V., Schildberger A., Buchacher T., Roßmanith E., Falkenhagen D.
A 2-step cell culture model: Influence of unknown factors in Endotoxicemia.
Falkenhagen D, Harm S, Hartmann J, Weber V.
Encapsulated monocytes as a treatment possibility for sepsis.
Proof of concept to enrich and isolate circulating tumor cells using leukapheresis, elutriation and flow cytometry.
Int J Art Org, 32, 11.
Schildberger A., Rossmanith E., Weber V., Falkenhagen. D.
Int J Art Org, 32, 7, 2009, 402.
The Encapsulation of Monocytes into Polyelectrolyte Capsules for the Treatment of Sepsis.
Int J Art Org, 32, 7, 2009, 407.
Int J Art Org, 32, 7, 2009, 438.
Int J Art Org, 32, 7, 2009, 444.
Int J Art Org, 32, 7, 2009, 419.
Posnicek T., Brandl M., Mayer M., Fabian C., Falkenhagen D.
Characterization of newly identified factors in a cell culture model of endotoxicemia.
Neutral resins for the adsorption of toxins related to liver failure: influence of pore size distribution on adsorption characterstics and biocompatibility.
Removal of the uremic retention solute p-cresol using fractionated plasma separation and adsorption.
Artif Organs, Vol.32, No.3,p.214-219, March 2008.
Contributions, Sec. Biol. Med. Sci., MASA, XXIX, 2, 39-49 (2008). ISSN 0351-3254.
Endotoxins - how to manage them by adsorption procedures ?
INNANO 2008, Innsbruck, April 2008 (Poster Presentation).
In vitro citrate clearance in dialysis.
Encapsulated liver cells for the hybrid MDS.
Weber V., Hartmann J., Linsberger I., Falkenhagen D.
Magnetic fluorescent microparticles as markers for particle transfer in extracorporeal blood purification.
Celebrating the 40th Anniversary of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Macedonia.
Int Journ Artif Organs, 30, 8, 2007. ESAO 2007, poster presentation.
Brandl M, Strobl K, Hartmann J, Kellner K.H., Falkenhagen D.
Int Journ Artif Organs; Vol 30 No.8, 2007/p.745. ESAO 2007. Poster presentation.
European Polymer Congress 2007, Portoroz, Slownien, Oral Presentation.
Adsorbent polymers for extracorporeal liver support: studies on activation of coagulation.
Workshop of the Austrian Networks for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Danube University Krems, Austria, 21.- 22. Nov 2006, Poster presentation.
Biomaterialiensymposium, TU Wien, November 2006. Oral Presentation.
Efficient Adsorption of Tumor Necrosis Factor With an in-vitro Set-up of the Microspheres-Based Detoxification System.
Citrate anticoagulation and activation of the complement system.
Cell Culture-Based Gram-Negative Sepsis Model: LPS-Induced NF-kB Activity in Endothelial Cells.
Artificial Vessel as a Basis for Disease Related Cell CUlture Model.
In vitro Dialysability of ORG 25969, a Selective Binding Agent for the Neuromuscular Blocknig Agent Rocuronium Bromide.
Development of specific adsorbents for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF): Influence of antibody immobilization on performance and biocompatibility.
NF-kB activity in a cell-cultre-based model of endotoxin-induced sepsis.
Detection of Fluorescently Labeled Microparticles in Blood.
Particle Leakage in Extracorporeal Blood Purification Systems Based on Microparticle Suspensions.
Influence of antibody immobilization on performance and biocompatibility. Biomacromolecules, 2005, 6, 1864-1870.
On-line hemodiafiltration does not induce inflammatory response in end-stage renal disease patients: results from a multicenter cross-over study.
Screening for cytotoxic activity of dental products.
Stomatologie 102, 3, 2005. Springer Verlag Wien/New York.
Modern Technologies for pathogen removal in sepsis and septic shock. 5th World Congress of the Intern.
Society for Apheresis, Rostock, Germany.
Technologien zur Mediatoren- und Toxin-Elimination bei Sepsis und Leberversagen. Educational Session: 5th World Congress of the Intern.
Micro- and Nanostructured Materials for extracorporeal blood purification.
European Materials Research Society, Strassburg, France.
Nanostructured Biomaterials for specific removal in blood purification systems.
4th Annual Meeting of the European Tissue Engineering Society, Munich, Germany.
Liver failure Therapy: What`s new with extracorporeal circuits?
New ways of specific adsorption for treament of sepsis.
Liver Meeting Therapy: What´s new with extracorporeal circuits?
Das Multiorganversagen – welche Therapieoptionen gibt es für die extrakorporale Blutreinigung?
Brandl, M.; Kellner, K.; Muendlein, M.; Nicolics, J.
Low-Cost Wireless Transponder System for Industrial and Biomedical Applications.
A Novel Device for Highly Sensitive Leakage Detection for Micropartice Suspension based Blood Purification Systems.
Development of Specific Microadsorbents for Pathophysiological Mediators of Sepsis and Multi-Organ Failure.
Cellulose Mikropartikel: Herstellung und Anwendungin einem suspensionsgeführten Blutreinigungssystem für die spezifische Elimination pathophysiologisch relevanter Substanzen.
1. Wiener Biomaterialsymposium, Vienna, Austria.
Detection of Ultra-small particles in blood.
2nd World Congress on Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany.
Besonderheiten der Kremser Masterprogramme im Bereich Umwelt- und Medizinische Wissenschaften.
Miniaturized Wireless Sensor and Transponder System for Biomedical Applications.
Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Detektion von markierten Mikropartikeln.
Construction of a functional S-Layer Fusion Protein comprising an immunoglubulin G-binding domain for development of specific adsorbents for extracorporeal blood purification.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70 (3), 1514-1521. This paper was reviewed in Nature Reviews Microbiol, Vol 2, May 2004, 353.
Pyrogen transfer across high- and low flux hemodialysis membranes.
Artif. Organs, 2004; 28 (2): 210-217.
In situ FTIR ATR spectroscopic study of the interaction of immobilized human tumor necrosis factor alpha with a monoclonal antibody in aqueous enviroment.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1699: 253-261.
S-Layers Put to Therapeutic Use? A review of the original paper: C. Völlenkle, S. Weigert, N. Ilk, E. Egelseer, V. Weber, F. Loth, D. Falkenhagen, U. B. Sleytr, M. Sara.: Construction of a functional S-Layer Fusion Protein comprising an immunoglubulin G-binding domain for development of specific adsorbents for extracorporeal blood purification.
Entwicklung eines Sensors für den Nachweis von Mikropartikeln in einem extrakorporalen System.
2. Life Science Meeting, Krems, 2004.
World Apheresis Association, Miami, USA, May 2004.
Introduction in anticoagulation technologies in extracorporeal circulation.
Int. Journ. Art. Org, Vol 27, No 7, 537, 2004.
Antibody technologies for micro- and nanostructured specific adsorbents for blood purification.
1.April 2004, Scientific Symposium New Technologies in Medicine, Krems, Austria.
International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE), Banya, Bulgaria; 13.05.2004 - 16.05.2004; in: "Conference Proceedings ISSE 2004", Book 1 (2004), ISBN: 0-7803-8422-9; S. 68 - 73.
GMM-Tagung, Februar 4-5, 2004, Fellbach, GMM-Fachbericht 44, 2004, S. 511-516.
Microparticles in Extracorporeal Blood Purification - A novel Device for Highly Sensitive Leakage Detection.
Int. Journ. Art. Org, Vol 27, No 7, 546, 2004.
Specific microadsorbents for tumor necrosis factor ?: influence of antibody immobilization conditions on performance and biocompatibility.
Development of an endothelial cell culture model for studies on vascular pathophysiology in sepsis.
Int. Journ. Art. Org., Vol 27, No 7, 533, 2004.
New Hydrophilic Mono-disperse Micron-sized Polymer Supports produced by Seed Polymerization for Affinity Chromatography Applications.
Oral presentation, MACRO 2004, Paris, France.
Novel Hydrophilic Carbohydrate-Based Polymer Supports for Solid-Phase Synthesis and Affinity Chromatographic Applications.
Poster presentation, MACRO 2004, Paris, France.
Citrate pharmacokinetics and metabolism in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic critically ill patients.
Crit. Care Med. 2003; 31(10): 2450-2455.
A novel sucrose-based polymer support for solid-phase peptide synthesis and affinity chromatography applications.
Construction of a functional S-layer fusion protein comprising an IgG-binding domain for the development of specific adsorbents for extracorporal blood purification.
Appl. Environmental Microbiology, 2003; in press.
Was können ForscherInnen für KMU leisten?
New aspects of therapy of multiorgan failure in septic episodes.
2 . Life Science Meeting, „Aktuelle Trends in Forschung, Anwendung und Ausbildung“ 3. und 4. Juni 2004; Biotechnologiezentrum Krems, Austria.
New methods for haemoglobin detection in a microparticle plasma suspension.
New methods for wireless data acquisition in biomedical applications.
High performance adsorbents for a novel liver support system.
Artif. Organs 2003; 27: 355.
Endotoxin permeability of high-flux hemodialysis membranes fabricated from different polymers.
Blood purif. 2003; 21: 365.
On-line haemodiafiltration does not induce inflammatory response in end-stage renal disease patients: results from a multicenter cross-over study.
Int. J. Artif. Organs 2003; 26 (7), 649.
Pyrogen transfer across high- and low flux haemodialyis membranes.
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2003; 18, suppl. 4, 424.
Flow dynamic microparticle separation for extracorporeal haemofiltration systems.
Int. J. Artif. Organs 2003; 26 (7), 610.
Patient Safety Technology for Microadsorbent Systems in Extracorporeal Blood Purification.
Interaction of a Bacterial Endotoxin with Different Surfaces Investigated by in Situ Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy.
Langmuir , 18, 5761-5771, 2002.
Ethanol-Induced Phosphorylation and Potentiation of the Activity of Type 7 Adenylyl Cyclase: Involement of PKC delta.
Extracorporeal Therapy for Multiorgan Failure?
Treatment Perspectives in Multiorgan Failure (MOF).
Artificial Organ Research - An Interdisciplinary Challenge.
Biosystems, Biotechnology, Bioengineering, Rostock 2002.
Specific Adsorption Using Functionalised S-Layer Fusion Proteins.
Blood Purif, 20, 517-518, 2002.
Int. Society of Blood Purif., Celle, Germany 2002.
Aspects of a Newly Developed Endothelial Cell Bioreactor.
Poster Presentation, ESAO 2004, Vienna, Austria.
Biotechnologie in Österreich, 10, 2002.
Cellular interleukin-1 receptor antagonist production in patients receiving on-line haemodiafiltration therapy.
Nephrol Dial Transplant, 16, 2181-2187, 2001.
A novel configuration of bioartificial liver support system based on circulating microcarrier culture.
Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol. 2000, v. 28, 4, pp. 273-291.
Development of Affinity Microparticles for Extracorporeal Blood Purification based on crystalline bacterial cell surface proteins.
Ther. Aphresis; 5(5): 433-438; 2001.
Plasmafilter and Sorbent Column or Microsphere Sorbent Suspension.
ASAIO 2001, New York, USA.
Macroparticle Adsorbent System versus Microparticle Adsorbent System in Artificial Liver Support.
Comparison of membrane / adsorbent - based blood purification devices in liver failure in vitro.
Int. J. Artif. Organs 24 / 8, 96 (abstract), 2001.
Inhibition of Endothelial Cell Activation in Sepsis by Adsorption of TNF-a.
Specific Adsorbents for Extracorporeal Blood Purification based on recombinant S-Layer Proteins Int.
J. Artif. Organs 24 / 8, 81 (abstract), 2001.
Modelling and optimisation of novel membrane / absorbent based extracorporeal blood purification devices by computational fluid dynamics.
Int. J. Artif. Organs 24 / 8, 78 (abstract), 2001.
A novel monitor for Anticoagulation with citrate.
Int. J. Artif. Organs 24 / 8, 15 (abstract), 2001.
Hodowla komorek srodblonka na polisulfonowych membranach polprzepuszczalnych plaskich I kapilarnych.
Biocybernetika I Inzynieria Biomedycznas, Polska Akademia Nauk.
Extrakorporale Blutreinigung mit spezifischen Adsorbentien auf Basis der S-Schicht Technologie.
Medizin 2002 - Aus Forschung und Praxis - , Dr. Peter Müller Verlag Wien, 2001.
G. Reiter, M. Siam, D. Falkenhagen, U.
Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol. 2000 Jul, 28(4): 273-91.
Can sterile and pyrogen free substituate be consistently on-line delivered?
Membrane LDL-Apheresis. Toward complete exclusion of the protein losses.
Permeability and adsorption capacity of dialysis membranes to lipid A.
Control System for LDL Aphereses based on The Microspheres Based Detoxification System (MDS).
A Novel Temperature Controlled Heating System for in Vitro Experiments.
Damage of the Cell Membrane by Different Pumping Systems.
Research and Post-Graduate Education in Biomedical Technology at the Danube-University of Krems in Austria.
Rotary Cell Culture System (RCCS): A New Methode for Cultivating Hepatocytes on Microcarriers.
C. Weber, C. Rajnoch, F. Loth, D. Falkenhagen Development of cationically modified cellulose adsorbents for the removal of endotoxins.
Development of cationically modified cellulose adsorbents for the removal of endotoxins.
Detection of Charge and their Distribution on Dialysis Membranes with Cationic/Anionic Dyes Using cofocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.
Phagocytosis Activity of Polymorhonuclear Cells of Normal Persons and Dialysis Membranes.
D. Falkenhagen, G.S. Brown, R. Winkler, M. Holtz, T. Möhrke, J. Schneidewind, S. Mitzner, E. Behm, M. Palm, F. Loth, H. Klinkmann Possiblities of Selective and Unselective Adsorbent Development in Blood Purification.
Präzision der Aussagen von Modellen der Natrium-Kinetik bei der Hämodialyse.
A Comparison of Different Preparatory Methods of Blood Cells for Investigation with the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
Grundriß der Physik für Mediziner und medizinische Berufe.
Encapsulation of Liver Microsomes - A Further Procedure for Detoxication.
Measurements of Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure, Total Protein and Sodium concentration during Haemodiaysis: Can Singe-Pool Sodium Modelling Explain the Results.
Entwicklung bioverträglicher Hämodialyse-Membranen - eine Notwendigkeit aus klinischer Sicht.
Possiblities of Selective and Unselective Adsorbent Development in Blood Purification.
Lösungsschritte und Hindernisse auf dem Weg zu einer implantierbaren bioartifiziellen Hämofilter-Darm-Hybridniere.
A simplified procedur to compute dialysis time and frequency by means of urea kinetics Int.
Clinical relevance of biocompatibility "The material cannot be divered from the device"
A Comparison Of Different Preparatory Methods Of Blood Cells For Investigations With The Scanning Electron Microscope.
Biomaterials and Biocompatibility in Hemodialysis Contr.
The National Cooperative Dialysis Study Eine klinische relevante Applikation eines kinetischen Modells für die chronische Hämodialyse.
Applied Integrated Electolyte, Volume, and urea Modelling to define Hemodialysis Strategy and Control Execation of Optimized Treatment.
Anwendungsmöglichkeiten kinetischer Modelle bei der extrakorporalen Detoxikation Ergebn.
Mitarbeit im Wörterbuch der Medizin Bd. I und II, ersch.
Evaluation of the extracellular space by means of a radioactive tracer method.
Welche Aussichten gibt es gegenwärtig für eine implantierbare künstliche Niere?
Charcoal Hemoperfusion in the Conscious Rat "Hematological Changes"
Volumetrically controlled ultrafiltration - current experiences and future prospects Int.
Biologicka Aktivita Strechomolekulovych Latok Pri Uremil Biochem.
Hämoperfusion - ein modernes Entgiftungsverfahren.
Besteht die Notwendigkeit einer Folsäuresubstitution in der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz?
D. Falkenhagen, G. Esther, H. Klinkmann, J.M.
Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Hämoperfusion in der Urämie Zschr.
In vitro- und in vivo-Untersuchungen bei mit Cellulose-Acetat umhüllten Aktivkohlen II.
Ursachen, Klinik und Behandlung des akuten Nierenversagens.
Behandlung von Bluthochdruckkrisen während der Hämodialyse mit Disotat.

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Jose Arturo Miramontes-Castellanos, a federal prisoner, appeals pro se the district court's denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion. Miramontes-Castellanos contends that: (1) he was improperly sentenced as a career offender; (2) his counsel was ineffective on three grounds; and (3) the government breached the plea agreement. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. We review de novo the denial of a section 2255 motion, Sanchez v. United States, 50 F.3d 1448, 1451-52 (9th Cir. 1995), and affirm.
Miramontes-Castellanos contends that the sentencing court erred by classifying him as a career offender. "The district court's determination that a defendant is a career offender is subject to de novo review when it involves an interpretation of the Guidelines." United States v. Vea-Gonzales, 999 F.2d 1326, 1328 (9th Cir. 1993).
A defendant is considered a career offender if: (1) he or she is eighteen years old or older; (2) the instant conviction is either a crime of violence or controlled substance offense; (3) the defendant has two or more prior felony conviction each of which is a crime of violence or a controlled substance violation. U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.1 (1990); United States v. Rivera, 996 F.2d 993, 995 (9th Cir. 1993). According to the Sentencing Guidelines a prior felony conviction is "a prior adult federal or state conviction for an offense punishable by death or imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, regardless of whether such offense is specifically designated as a felony and regardless of the actual sentence imposed." U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.2, comment. (n. 3) (1990); Rivera, 996 F.2d at 995.
Here, Miramontes-Castellanos was convicted in 1982 for possession of a controlled substance for sale and in 1988 for conspiracy to possess with the intent to distribute cocaine. Both convictions were felony convictions. See U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.2. Miramontes-Castellanos' 1982 conviction had a potential sentence of up to four years in custody. Under the Guidelines, the 1982 conviction is considered to be a prior felony conviction even though Miramontes-Castellanos received an actual sentence of less than one year. See U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.2, comment. (n. 3); Rivera, 996 F.2d at 995. Miramontes-Castellanos met all the requirements of a career offender. See U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.1; Rivera, 996 F.2d at 995. Accordingly, the court properly sentenced Miramontes-Castellanos as a career offender. See U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.2; Rivera, 996 F.2d at 995.
Miramontes-Castellanos contends that counsel was ineffective because he miscalculated Miramontes-Castellanos' possible sentence, failed to object to Miramontes-Castellanos being sentenced as a career offender, and failed to object to the breach of plea agreement.
First, Miramontes-Castellanos contends that his attorney's miscalculation of Miramontes-Castellanos' potential sentence rendered his assistance ineffective. A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is reviewed de novo. Sanchez, 50 F.3d at 1456. To demonstrate that counsel was ineffective a petitioner must show: (1) counsel's performance was outside the wide range of professional competent assistance, and (2) defendant was prejudiced by reason of counsel's action. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Sanchez, 50 F.3d at 1456.
A guilty plea must be knowing, voluntary and intelligent. Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 747 (1970). A district court must advise a defendant of the "mandatory minimum penalty provided by law, if any, and the maximum possible penalty provided by law." Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c) (1); Brady 379 U.S. at 748-49. There is no requirement that before entering a plea the defendant be informed of the applicable offense level or criminal history category under the Sentencing Guidelines. United States v. Turner, 881 F.2d 684, 687 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 871 (1989). An erroneous prediction by the defendant's attorney regarding his possible sentence does not render assistance ineffective. Id.
Here, the court informed Miramontes-Castellanos of the maximum possible sentences available for the crimes charged and that the court was not bound to sentence Miramontes-Castellanos under any plea agreement. The court also advised Miramontes-Castellanos that the court could not issue a sentence until after the presentence report had been prepared and that if the sentence was more severe than Miramontes-Castellanos had expected he would not be able to withdraw his guilty plea.
Given the colloquy between Miramontes-Castellanos and the court, Miramontes-Castellanos knowingly and voluntarily entered his guilty plea with the understanding that the court was not bound by any sentencing agreement. See Brady 379 U.S. at 749; Turner, 881 F.2d at 687. Because Miramontes-Castellanos was fully aware of his possible sentence, he cannot show he was prejudiced by defense counsel's alleged miscalculations. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Turner, 881 F.2d at 687.


text:
The present book has been prepared by the Language Typology Workshop of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Linguistic Research.
The book continues the earlier studies of the Workshop addressing the syntactic structure of the sentence: (ed. A.A. Kholodovich) Typology of Causative Constructions, "Nauka": Leningrad, 1969, (ed. A.A. Kholodovich) Typology of Passive constructions, "Nauka": Leningrad, 1974, (ed. V.P. Nedjalkov) Typology of resultative constructions, Amsterdam 1988, etc.
The monograph focuses on the semantic category of multiplicity of situations realized in utterances. The main objective of this work is, by proceeding from content to form, to determine grammatical, lexical, and contextual means of expressing the specific meanings of plurality, viz. the iterative, the multiplicative, and the distributive both in a single language and in different languages.
The book consists of three parts. Part 1 outlines the theory suggesting one of the possible ways of interpreting the category of situational plurality.
Part 2 has four sections and 24 chapters describing the category of situational plurality in structurally different languages. These descriptions are quite uniform and, on the whole, are based on the theory presented in Part 1. Section A (Chapters 1-7) deals with languages which use special grammatical markers to express the iterative, multiplicative, and distributive. Section B (Chapters 8-15) focuses on languages having specific grammatical means to express the iterative. Section C (Chapters 16-20) describes languages that have tense forms combining with iterative adverbials. Section D (Chapters 21-24) deals with languages where iterative meanings are expressed by adverbials. It is easily seen that this classification lays no claims to strict precision, its immediate aim being an intuitively acceptable classification of linguistic data. This Part was prepared by a large group of authors, including T. G. Akimova (English), E. V. Golovko (Aleut), E. A. Gruzdeva (Nivkh), E. E. Kordi (French), N. A. Kozintseva (Armenian), I. V. Nedjalkov (Even), V. P. Nedjalkov (Chukchee), M. A. Smirnova (Hausa), N. M. Spatari (Cambodian) , V. A. Stegnij (Klamath), N. B. Vaxtin (Eskimo), A. P. Volodin (Itelmen), V. A. Plungian (Chamalal), D. M. Nasilov (Turkic languages), I. S. Bystrov (Vietnamese), S. Je. Jaxontov (Chinese), Ju. P. Knyazev (Slavic languages), G. Z. Poumpyan (Arabic), V. M. Alpatov (Japanese), B. A. Zaxarjin (Hindi), E. Š. Geniushiene (Lithuanian), V. P. Litvinov (Ewe), S. M. Kibardina (German), and Agus Salim (Indonesian). The three interpretations of the category of plurality presented in Part 3 (written by L. A. Biriulin, G. G. Silnitskij, I. B. Dolinina) differ from the theory developed in the preceeding chapters both in their general approach and in specific aspects of analysis. The book is supplied with an extensive bibliography.
ISBN 9783895861789. LINCOM Studies in Theoretical Linguistics 04. 540pp. 1997.

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The Polish prosecutor decided to discontinue the proceedings against a man who allegedly changed the password to an e-mail account of another person. The IP address of a computer that was used to commit this act served as the only evidence. The Prosecutor stated that a lot of people had access to this computer, so it was difficult or almost impossible to determine the offender. The aggrieved person has made a complaint to the Regional Court in Otwock. The court in its decision case file II Kp 366/10 anulled the order of the prosecution and ruled that the Prosecutor should prepare additional evidence such as interrogation and confessions of witnesses.
Categories: computer crime | criminal law | e-law issues | legal regulations on computer networks | Polish Criminal Code | Polish Criminal Proceedings Code | Polish Regional Court.
Mr Łukasz Kasprowicz publishes frequently different news and information about the municipal office at Mosina on his website (blog) available at mosina.blox.pl. Zofia Springer the Mayor of Mosina filed private charges against Mr Kasprowicz on the basis of Article 212 § 2 of the Criminal Code – CRC – (in Polish: Kodeks Karny) of 6 June 1997, published in Journal of Laws (Dziennik Ustaw) No 88, item 553, with subsequent amendments.
Article 212. § 1. Whoever imputes to another person, a group of persons, an institution or organisational unit not having the status of a legal person, such conduct, or characteristics that may discredit them in the face of public opinion or result in a loss of confidence necessary for a given position, occupation or type to activity shall be subject to a fine, the penalty of restriction of liberty or the penalty of deprivation of liberty for up to one year.
§ 2. If the perpetrator commits the act specified in § 1 through the mass media shall be subject to a fine, the penalty of restriction of liberty or the penalty of deprivation of liberty for up to 2 years.
§ 3. When sentencing for an offence specified in §1 or 2, the court may adjudge a supplementary payment in favour of the injured person or of the Polish Red Cross, or of another social purpose designated by the injured person a supplementary payment (nawiązka).
§ 4. The prosecution of the offence specified in § 1 or 2 shall occur upon a private charge.
The mayor felt insulted by some of the stories published by the blogger and concluded that the routine writing about her and the office is undermining its reputation. The Observatory of Media Freedom in Poland run by the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights was present during the hearing as a person of trust, based on Article 361 § 3 of the Criminal Proceedings Code – CRPC – (in Polish: Kodeks Postępowania Karnego) of 6 June 1997, Journal of Laws (Dziennik Ustaw) No 89, item 555, with subsequent amendments. During the hearing on 9 May 2010, Łukasz Kasprowicz was referred by the Court for a psychiatric examination (in search for the opinion of an expert psychiatrist), and the counsel for the defence was appointed by the Court.
The Regional Court in Poznań Stare Miasto in its judgment of 25 January 2011 case file VIII K 745/09/8 sentenced Łukasz Kasprowicz for three hundred hours of community service and prohibited Mr Kasprowicz from performing professional activities as a journalist for one year, which also means the annual ban on publishing articles on the Internet. Mr Kasprowicz appealed. The District Court in Poznań in its judgment of 8 June 2011 case file IV Ka 266/11 overturned the questioned judgment. The Court acquitted Mr Kasprowicz of 13 charges, and in the other two the Court decided to discontinue the case/proceedings due to the relatively low social harm of the actions. Zofia Springer filed a cassation complaint to the Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland.
The Supreme Court in its judgment of 16 October 2012 case file V KK 391/11 decided that opinions published on websites are not different from these expressed in other media. Therefore, the assessment on the infringement of personal rights should be not applied differently.
Categories: Art. 212 CRC | Art. 361 § 3 CRPC | computer crime | criminal law | defamation | image | legal regulations on computer networks | personal rights or interests | Polish Criminal Code | Polish Criminal Proceedings Code | Polish Regional Court.
Arnold Buzdygan brought a private accusation before the Regional Court for Wrocław Śródmieście V Criminal Division against Olgierd Rudak. The indictment was based on the provisions of Articles 212 § 2 and 216 § 2 of the Criminal Code – CRC – (in Polish: Kodeks Karny) of 6 June 1997, published in Journal of Laws (Dziennik Ustaw) No 88, item 553, with subsequent amendments.
shall be subject to a fine, the penalty of restriction of liberty or the penalty of deprivation of liberty for up to one year.
shall be subject to a fine or the penalty of restriction of liberty .
§ 2. Whoever insults another person using the mass media, shall be subject to a fine, the penalty of restriction of liberty or the penalty of deprivation of liberty for up to one year.
The court in Wroclaw was obliged ex officio under Article 35 § 1 of the Criminal Proceedings Code – CRPC – (in Polish: Kodeks Postępowania Karnego) of 6 June 1997, published Journal of Laws (Dziennik Ustaw) No 89, item 555, with subsequent amendments, to examine its jurisdiction and if found otherwise, to refer the case to the court with the proper one. The Court in Wrocław held that pursuant to Article 31 § 1 of the CRPC, the jurisdiction is where the offense was committed (the teritorial jurisdiction). Buzdygan claimed that the offense was commited in the article entitled “Trolls scour in the Net” which was published in the Polish magazine Przekrój of 11 November 2007, in addition the allegedly defamatory content was broadcasted by TV stations such as TVN, Polsat and TVP, in their news and in the Internet. Judge Jolanta Pol-Kulig had to decide on the location of the Internet.
[b]oth the editorial office of Przekrój and the abovementioned TV stations and the Internet are located in Warsaw, one should consider that the commitment of a crime to the detriment of the private prosecutor was performed in that place.
The Court in its order of 31 December 2008 case file V K 1595/08 referred the case to the Regional Court for Warszawa Śródmieście II Criminal Division. Interestingly, the Court in Wrocław did not consider that the alleged offense was not committed.
See also “Personal rights, case I ACa 949/09“.
Categories: Art. 212 CRC | Art. 216 CRC | Art. 31 §1 CRPC | Art. 35 §1 CRPC | computer crime | computer law | criminal law | defamation | e-law issues | personal rights or interests | Polish courts | Polish Criminal Code | Polish Criminal Proceedings Code | Polish law | Polish Regional Court | right of publicity.
The main sources of binding laws in the Republic of Poland are the Constitution of 2 April 1997, acts passed by the Parliament, ratified international treaties and regulations issued, for example, by the Prime Minister or the Council of Ministers – Polish government. Regulations are issued for the purpose of implementation of acts. The main legal acts on trade mark protection in the Republic of Poland are the following.
The old Polish Trade Mark Act – TMA – (in Polish: Ustawa o znakach towarowych) of 31 January 1985, Journal of Laws (Dziennik Ustaw) No 5, item 15, with subsequent amendments.
Act of 30 June 2000 on Industrial Property Law – IPL – (in Polish: ustawa Prawo własności przemysłowej) of 30 June 2000, Journal of Laws (Dziennik Ustaw) of 2001 No 49, item 508, consolidated text of 13 June 2003, Journal of Laws (Dziennik Ustaw) No 119, item 1117, with subsequent amendments.
Administrative Proceedings Code – APC – (in Polish: Kodeks postępowania administracyjnego) of 14 June 1960, Journal of Laws (Dziennik Ustaw) No 30, item 168, consolidated text of 9 October 2000, Journal of Laws (Dziennik Ustaw) No 98, item 1071 with subsequent amendments.
Act on proceedings before administrative courts – PBAC – (in Polish:Prawo o postępowaniu przed sądami administracyjnymi) of 30 August 2002, Journal of Laws (Dziennik Ustaw) No 153, item 1270, with subsequent amendments.
Criminal Proceedings Code – CRPC – (in Polish: Kodeks Postępowania Karnego) of 6 June 1997, Journal of Laws (Dziennik Ustaw) No 89, item 555, with subsequent amendments.
Since 1 May 2004 which was the accession day to the EU, the Republic of Poland has been bound by all aquis communitaire including the Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trade mark (CTMR). The CTMR is a part of the Polish Legal system and is directly aplicable by Polish Courts, especially by the Court for the Community Trade Marks and Community Designs (in Polish: Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie Wydział XXII Sąd Wspólnotowych Znaków Towarowych i Wzorów Przemysłowych).
The right of protection for a sign being capable to be registered as a trade mark is granted by the Patent Office of the Republic of Poland (PPO). Trade mark holders in the Republic of Poland may protect their rights in civil and criminal proceedings. Moreover, they may also use the procedures before customs authorities.
The Republic of Poland is not a common law country and the courts are not bound by decisions of other courts. However Polish judges tend to widely recognise the decisions and verdicts of the Polish Courts of Appeal and the Polish Supreme Court. Only resolutions of the Supreme Court that are decided as a legal principle are universally binding. The decisions of foreign bodies such as the General Court and Court of Justice of EU may be recognised only as so-called persuasive precedents.
The Patent Office of the Republic of Poland is a central government agency responsible inter alia for receiving and examination of applications seeking protection for trade marks and deciding in matters related to granting rights of protection trade marks (decisions with regard to processing of national and International trade mark applications, decisions on the invalidation and the lapse of the right of protection for a trade mark etc.). The provisions of the Code of Administrative Proceedings shall apply accordingly to litigation procedure before the Patent Office in cases not regulated by the IPL. Decisions made or orders issued by the PPO are liable to complaint lodged to the Voivodeship Administrative Court (VAC) in Warsaw. Judgments made by the VAC may be a subject of a cassation complaint filed before the Supreme Administrative Court (SAC).
Trade mark infringement actions are brought before a District Court. There are no specific courts which have exclusive jurisdiction for resolving trade mark disputes, except the Court for Community Trade Marks and Community Designs which is strictly focused on the legal issues related to CTMs.
a court order that the infringer (upon its own request, in case of unintentional infringement) to pay the relevant sum to the benefit of the trade mark owner if the cessation of infringement or forfeiture of the goods held by the infringer (means of manufacturing, materials) would be excessive, and the above-mentioned sum to be paid would fulfil the right holder’s interest.
for the transfer of a right of protection for a trad emark in the case referred to in Article 161 of the IPL.
The IPL defines counterfeit trademarks as identical trademarks illegally used or trade marks which in the course of trade can not be distinguished from the trade marks registered for the goods covered by the right of protection. The party aggrieved by the infringement has to commence a criminal action. Only after the filing of the motion can the proceedings be started and continued ex officio. The sole exception is when a person committing the crime in respect of a registered trade mark obtains permanent profits from its criminal activity or commits acts resulting in the turnover of counterfeit goods bearing the trade mark, which are of significant value. In such case the infringer is subject to more serious criminal penalties and proceedings will be started ex officio.
Customs law, in addition to civil and criminal law, is the third administrative regime of protection for trade mark rights. Provisions of Council Regulation (EC) No 1383/2003 of 22 July 2003 concerning customs action against goods suspected of infringing certain intellectual property are directly aplicable on the territory of the Republic of Poland. The application for action shall be submitted to the Polish Customs Chamber seated at Modlińska 4 Street, 03-216 Warsaw.
Where a domain name including a sign that has been registered as a trade mark by an unauthorized third party, the trade mark holder can use mediation, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) proceedings or civil court action to obtain the cancellation or transfer of such a domain. See also “Polish case law on domain names“.
Categories: Polish Act on Combating Unfair Competition | Polish Act on Industrial Property Law | Polish Act on Patent Attorneys | Polish Act on Trade marks | Polish Administrative Proceedings Code | Polish Appeallate Court | Polish Civil Code | Polish Court for the Community Trade Marks and Community Designs | Polish courts | Polish Criminal Proceedings Code | Polish District Court | Polish law | Polish Supreme Administrative Court | Polish Supreme Court | regulations | review | trademark law | Voivodeship Administrative Court.
The Regional Court in Słupsk in its judgment of 16 December 2008, case file II K 367/08 acquitted Leszek Szymczak from charges of publishing press material featuring criminal content that publicly incited its readers to commit offences. This case concerned posts that were published at the online forum of http://gazetabytowska.pl website (also accessible at http://gby.pl), which – according to the Public Prosecutor’s Office – included incitement to commit crime. Charges were based on Article 49a of the Polish Act of 26 January 1984 on Press law – APL – (in Polish: ustawa Prawo prasowe), published in Journal of Laws (Dziennik Ustaw) No 5, item 24, with subsequent amendments.
In connection with the provisions of Article 255 of the Polish Criminal Code – CRC – (in Polish: Kodeks Karny) of 6 June 1997, published in Journal of Laws (Dziennik Ustaw) No 88, item 553, with subsequent amendments.
The Court ruled that according to the provisions of Polish Press Law, Leszek Szymczak is the publisher and the editor, however the entries that were posted by visitors of his website did not constitute a press material. The appeal brought by the Prosecutor Office was rejected. See “Press law, case VI Ka 202/09“.
See also “Press law, case VI Ka 409/07” and “Press law, case IV KK 174/07“.
Categories: Art. 255 CRC | Art. 49a APL | computer law | criminal law | defamation | e-law issues | ISP liability | legal regulations on computer networks | personal rights or interests | Polish Act on Press Law | Polish courts | Polish Criminal Code | Polish Criminal Proceedings Code | Polish law | Polish Regional Court | press law.
Tadeusz Rejman, a Polish patent attorney, was representing his client before the public prosecutor’s office in case of a trade mark infringement. The public prosecutor’s office discontinued the investigations and decided that Tadeusz Rejman is not entitled to represent a person during criminal proceedings. An advocate representing Tadeusz Rejman filed a complaint to the Constitutional Tribunal challenging the constitutionality of the provisions of Article 88 of the Criminal Proceedings Code – CRPC – (in Polish: Kodeks Postępowania Karnego) of 6 June 1997, published in Journal of Laws (Dziennik Ustaw) No 89, item 555, with subsequent amendments. According to Mr Rejman, the challenged provisions infringed on Article 2 and Article 65 of the Polish Consitution.
The Republic of Poland shall be a democratic state ruled by law and implementing the principles of social justice.
1. Everyone shall have the freedom to choose and to pursue his occupation and to choose his place of work. Exceptions shall be specified by statute.
2. An obligation to work may be imposed only by statute.
3. The permanent employment of children under 16 years of age shall be prohibited. The types and nature of admissible employment shall be specified by statute.
4. A minimum level of remuneration for work, or the manner of setting its levels shall be specified by statute.
5. Public authorities shall pursue policies aiming at full, productive employment by implementing programmes to combat unemployment, including the organization of and support for occupational advice and training, as well as public works and economic intervention.
The unconstitutionality of Article 88 of the CRPC was based on the fact that patent attorneys do not have the legitimacy to act in criminal proceedings as a representative of a party, which in consequence violates the rule of a democratic state and that the exclusion of patent attorneys from cases relating to industrial property protection in criminal proceedings, is restricting their right to act on behalf of their clients in cases where they have the knowledge and preparation on a much higher level than other practitioners. This exclusion is also a violation of their constitutional right to free practice.
The Constitutional Tribunal in its judgment of 27 July 2006 case file SK 43/04, published in Orzecznictwo Trybunału Konstytucyjnego Seria A, 2006, No. 7, item 89, ruled that representation of the sufferer in criminal investigations proceedings conducted by the prosecuting authority does not fall within the scope of the patent attorney profession. These steps can be entrusted only to an advocate or a legal advisor where appropriate.
Categories: Art. 2 Constitution | Art. 65 Constitution | Art. 88 CRPC | Polish Chamber of Patent Attorneys | Polish Constitution | Polish Constitutional Tribunal | Polish Criminal Proceedings Code | Polish patent attorneys.


1. The appointment of a receiver upon the application of a creditor is not an act of bankruptcy, except in cases of insolvency. P. 294 U. S. 447.
2. A contract by which a corporation, in consideration of moneys to be advanced and services to be rendered, assigned designated accounts receivable and agreed to collect them, turn over the proceeds, as collected, to the assignee, and pay the assignee, as compensation for the advances and services, a specified percentage rate on the net face of the accounts, remains binding on receivers appointed by a federal court to carry on the corporation and its business as a going concern if it was valid and binding on the corporation. P. 294 U. S. 447.
state law, and if the party claiming under it intervened in the receivership case not to seek equity but merely for the protection of his legal rights under the contract. P. 294 U. S. 448.
4. The maxim "He who seeks equity must do equity" presupposes that equitable, as distinguished from legal, rights have arisen from the subject matter in favor of each of the parties, and it requires that such rights shall not be enforced in favor of one who affirmatively seeks their enforcement, except upon condition that he accord to the other his correlative equitable rights. P. 294 U. S. 449.
5. The maxim "He who comes into equity must come with clean hands" does not apply to one who comes in perforce to secure the fruits of a perfectly valid, albeit a hard, contract. P. 294 U. S. 451.
6. This maxim, when applicable, requires that the party affected shall be denied relief in toto. P. 294 U. S. 451.
7. Where, because of an error in limine, the merits and measure of a claim on the facts and law applicable have not been inquired into by the two lower federal courts, this Court may reverse the decrees of both and remand to the District Court for further proceedings in accordance with the opinion. P. 294 U. S. 453.
Certiorari, 293 U.S. 552, to review the affirmance of a decree of the District Court which allowed only in part a demand made by the present petitioner on the receivers of a corporation. The corporation became bankrupt while the case was pending in the court below, and the trustee in bankruptcy was substituted for the receivers.
contract purports to be one for the purchase of designated accounts receivable for which petitioner promised to pay 100% of the actual net amounts thereof, less a charge for interest on the purchase money outstanding and less compensation for certain services rendered or to be rendered by petitioner. Fifty percent of the actual net amounts was to be paid in cash upon acceptance of the accounts, and the remainder, with specified deductions and additions, was to be paid immediately upon payment of the accounts. All original checks, drafts, notes, etc., received by the company in full or partial payment of any of the accounts so purchased were to be delivered to petitioner at its office on the day of their receipt. Attorneys' fees, costs and expenses incurred by petitioner were to be paid by the company. Compensation for services was to be at the rate of 83 1/2% of one-thirtieth of 1% of the net face amount of accounts for each day from the date of purchase. Total charges against the company, as estimated by the parties, would equal about 20% per annum upon the outstanding balance of cash advances up to November 24, 1933.
Among other services, petitioner agreed to furnish to the company specified information upon request in respect of customers; to furnish information and advice as to the most desirable method of keeping books, records, and accounts of the company; to give, upon request, financial and business advice; to obtain and have on hand at all times funds to make prompt remittance for acceptable accounts; to supply forms needed for assignment of accounts; to put its credit and collection department at the disposal of the company, and to furnish advice and opinions as to the form and legality of the company's sales contracts with its customers.
solvent, having assets greatly exceeding its liabilities, and the receivers were directed to continue the business as a going concern and to do all things necessary to that end and to preserve the property. They were directed to take charge of all assets, books of account, etc.; to employ and discharge and fix compensation of employees, agents, etc.; to collect, sell, and liquidate accounts, etc., and to purchase on credit or otherwise such supplies and equipment as might be necessary to continue the business as a going concern. All persons were enjoined from interfering with the receivers in their possession of the property, the administration of their trust, or in the performance of the duties imposed upon them.
The receivers refused to pay over to petitioner anything collected on the assigned accounts unless directed to do so by the court. Subsequently, such direction being given, the receivers from time to time paid to petitioner various sums which, together with an amount collected by the petitioner itself, finally liquidated the amount due petitioner up to the time when the receivers were appointed. This liquidation was effected between the date of the receivership and December 29, 1933, a period of 35 days. Petitioner had already (on November 29, 1933) intervened in the receivership proceeding with a petition seeking compliance on the part of the receivers with the terms of its contract, and, after the liquidation to the extent stated above had been effected, petitioner continued the proceeding under its petition, demanding payment at the contract rate of a sum aggregating at the end of the 35-day period, $4,394.48, together with reasonable attorneys' fees and costs. No accounts were purchased or assigned after the receivership, and the only obligation which remained was to carry out the terms of the contract insofar as they affected the accounts already assigned.
the estimated 20% per annum on the moneys actually advanced to the company. The amount which it was claimed had accrued during the 35-day period was equivalent to an average of about 28.3% per annum from the date of the appointment of the receivers. The petition asked for reasonable attorneys' fees, without specifying any amount. The only testimony on the subject was that of an attorney who said the sum of $7,800 was reasonable.
feel that a court of equity is any place for him to press his demands."
February 18, 1934, while the appeal was pending in the Court of Appeals, a petition in bankruptcy was filed in the federal District Court against the company, and this was followed by an adjudication of bankruptcy and the selection, April 16, 1934, and qualification, later, of the respondent McKey as trustee in bankruptcy. Subsequently, upon the application of both parties, McKey was substituted in the Court of Appeals as appellee.
In connection with the discussion which follows, two considerations are to be borne in mind: 1. When the receivers were appointed November 24, 1933, the company was solvent, having assets exceeding its liabilities in the sum of $13,000,000, and there is nothing in the record to suggest that this condition of solvency did not continue until after the completion of the 35-day period here involved. 2. What effect, if any, an act of bankruptcy might have had upon the life or operation of the contract we need not determine, since it is plain that the appointment of a receiver upon the application of a creditor is not an act of bankruptcy except in cases of insolvency. Title 11, U.S.C. § 21(a), as amended May 27, 1926, Title 11, U.S.C. Supp. VII, § 21(a)(5); Nolte v. Hudson Nav. Co., 8 F.2d 859, 866; Meek v. Beezer, 28 F.2d 343, 345; In re Edward Ellsworth Co.,, 173 F. 699, 700, 701; In re Guardian Building & Loan Assn., 53 F.2d 412, 415.
The effect of the contract was to bind the company as agent of petitioner to collect the purchased accounts and deliver to the latter the proceeds in kind from day to day as fast as they were collected. The receivers were equally bound.
use of a large part of the proceeds of the accounts in advance of their payment, and from the services of petitioner, is not a matter for judicial inquiry. The parties dealt at arm's length. The contract was voluntarily executed by the board of directors of the company. It is not suggested that there was any mistake or any fraud or overreaching on the part of petitioner. The contract, it is conceded, is valid under the statutes of Illinois as construed by the Supreme Court of the state, Tennant v. Joerns, 329 Ill. 34, 160 N.E. 160, and, so far as the record discloses, it was performed on the part of petitioner in all respects up to at least the appointment of the receivers.
"abrogate the rule that courts of equity will not lend their aid to enforce contracts which upon their face are so manifestly harsh and oppressive as to shock the conscience."
With that view as here applied we are unable to agree.
The contract was in force when the receivers were appointed, and it continued effective until the expiration of 35 days thereafter, at which time it was brought to an end. During that period, if there were no default on petitioner's part, the contract, insofar as it remained unperformed, was enforceable against these receivers as theretofore it had been against the company. Merchants' & Manufacturers' Securities Co. v. Johnson, 69 F.2d 940, 945; compare Fosdick v. Schall, 99 U. S. 235, 99 U. S. 251.
or because the court thinks, that these terms are harsh or oppressive or unreasonable. A party may stand upon the terms of a valid contract in a court of equity as he may in a court of law.
"If he asks no favors, he need grant none. But if he calls upon a court of chancery to put forth its extraordinary powers and grant him purely equitable relief, he may with propriety be required to submit to the operation of a rule which always applies in such cases, and do equity in order to get equity."
"Legal rights are as safe in chancery as they are in a court of law, and, however strong an appeal may be to the conscience of a chancellor for equitable relief, he is powerless to grant it if the one from whom it must come will be deprived of a legal right."
Colonial Trust Co. v. Central Tr. Co., 243 Pa. 268, 276, 90 A. 189, 191. The maxim "he who seeks equity must do equity" presupposes that equitable, as distinguished from legal, rights, substantive or remedial, have arisen from the subject matter in favor of each of the parties, and it requires that such rights shall not be enforced in favor of one who affirmatively seeks their enforcement except upon condition that he consent to accord to the other his correlative equitable rights. But it is well settled, this Court said in Hedges v. Dixon County, 150 U. S. 182, 150 U. S. 189, "that a court of equity, in the absence of fraud, accident, or mistake, cannot change the terms of a contract."
"We think it a satisfactory reply to such a proposition that the complainants in the present case were not seeking equity, but to avail themselves of a substantive right under the statutory law of the state. . . . With the policy of the state legislation, the federal courts have nothing to do. If the states . . . think that the evils of usury are best prevented by making usurious contracts void, and by giving a right to the borrowers to have such contracts unconditionally nullified and cancelled by the courts, such a view of public policy, in respect to contracts made within the state and sought to be enforced therein, is obligatory on the federal courts, whether acting in equity or at law. The local law, consisting of the applicable statutes as construed by the supreme court of the state, furnishes the rule of decision."
Compare Brine v. Insurance Co., 96 U. S. 627.
defendant who had filed a cross-bill for defensive relief, holding that the maxim applied only against one who had affirmatively sought equitable relief.
It seems to be conceded -- or, if not, it must be -- that in an action at law against the receivers, the court would have been bound to enforce the contract under review strictly in accordance with its terms. And, not to go beyond the case in hand, the rule is not otherwise where plaintiff, precluded by judicial order from proceeding at law, is obliged to submit the determination of his strictly legal rights to a chancery court because it has plenary control of the remedy.
The maxim that "he who comes into equity must come with clean hands," which the District Court invoked and made the basis of its decision, for reasons similar to those already stated, is equally inapplicable. Certainly no unconscionable or inequitable conduct can be attributed to petitioner because it undertook to secure the fruits of a perfectly valid, albeit a hard, contract in the only court to which it could apply without being subject to a charge of contempt. Moreover, the maxim, if applicable, required the District Court to halt petitioner at the threshold and refuse it any relief whatsoever, not to compromise with it, as the court did, by allowing a part of what was claimed. It seems plain enough that in no aspect of the case is any equitable principle involved.
appointed to continue the business of the corporate parties to the contract. In deciding the case, the Court of Appeals of the Eighth Circuit emphasized the fact that the receiver was appointed (as the receivers were here) not to wind up the affairs of the corporations, but to carry on their business as going concerns, and it held that he succeeded to their property subject to the contract rights which obtained at the time of his appointment. "He had no greater or different rights than those that might have been asserted by the companies." Reversing a decree of the District Court, the Court of Appeals directed the entry of a decree in favor of the securities company for the full amount claimed, that amount to constitute a special lien upon all accounts receivable still unpaid and upon the proceeds of the same in the hands of the receiver. In re International Raw Material Corp., 22 F.2d 920, involved a contract which, although not in identical terms, was in principle the same as that here under consideration. That court, resting upon a New York statute denying to a corporation the defense of usury, enforced the contract against a trustee in bankruptcy. It considered and definitely rejected the doctrine announced in the Reed & Furniture Co. case, holding there was no justification for nullifying the agreement of the parties because the interest and commissions deliberately arranged were too large to satisfy the ideas of a court. See also, to the same effect, In re Gotham Can Co., 48 F.2d 540; Ramsey v. Marlin Firearms Corporation, 14 F.2d 314; Estes v. E. B. Estes & Sons, 24 F.2d 756.
We see no escape from the logic of these decisions.
in order to maintain the good will of the company and preserve its receivables as live and valuable assets, and seemed to think that the petitioner had been benefited thereby. No suggestion, however, is made by either of the lower courts or by the respondent as to how much of these expenditures should be borne by petitioner, and the record affords no information by which the amount can be calculated. Even less does it appear how much, if any, of these expenditures related to the assigned accounts.
Whether, upon further and more definite evidence, under all the circumstances and consistently with the provisions of the contract, petitioner may be held for any part of these expenditures we do not determine.
Both lower courts refused to allow any amount for attorneys' fees, apparently on the ground, which we have rejected, that to do so would be contrary to equitable principles. The contract seems to contemplate a reasonable allowance for such fees, but the amount, if any, remains to be fixed by the District Court upon consideration of all pertinent facts relating to services rendered by the attorneys after the date of the receivership, and with due relation to its ultimate determination upon the merits.
We refrain from expressing any opinion as to the effect of any change of circumstances, due to the receivership and liquidation of petitioner's claims during the period in question, upon the amount, if any, of petitioner's recovery, or any opinion in respect of the law applicable thereto.
* This disposition of the case finds precedent in a large number of decisions of this Court, among which the following are cited as examples: Owensboro v. Owensboro Waterworks Co., 191 U. S. 358, 191 U. S. 372; Wilson Cypress Co. v. Del Pozo, 236 U. S. 635, 236 U. S. 656-657; Brown v. Fletcher, 237 U. S. 583, 237 U. S. 586; Gerdes v. Lustgarten, 266 U. S. 321, 266 U. S. 327; Twist v. Prairie Oil Co., 274 U. S. 684, 274 U. S. 692; United States v. Brims, 272 U. S. 549, 272 U. S. 553; Grant v. A. B. Leach & Co., 280 U. S. 351, 280 U. S. 363.


text:
VanderMeulen, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Hopkin, Dostal, Malkowski, and Mann, JJ., joined. Malkowski, J., filed a concurring opinion.
Justice VanderMeulen delivered the opinion of the Court.
The question before the Court is whether there may be liability for Peer Advisors accused of defrauding the 1Ls entrusted to their care by telling them fanciful lies about law school. The plaintiffs, a class of graduating 3Ls, filed suit against their now-graduated former Peer Advisors seeking damages for fraud. The lower court dismissed the plaintiffs’ cause of action citing lack of jurisdiction. We now reverse.
But it is not the merits of the PA system before the Court. At issue is the set of soothing statements programmatically made by PAs to frightened 1Ls throughout the duration of the PA–1L relationship. Plaintiffs, a class of graduating members of the Class of 2019, allege that these statements were fraudulent and that they suffered grave psychic and pecuniary damage as a result of their reliance on the statements. The lower court, Judge Davies presiding, dismissed plaintiffs’ claim for lack of personal jurisdiction, arguing that, because defendant former PAs no longer attend UVA Law, they cannot be held liable for any damages they might have inflicted on plaintiffs, citing our seminal holding in SBA v. Mahoney, 220 U.Va. 17, 23 (2016) for that proposition. (“Dean Mahoney doesn’t go here anymore, kids, stop trying to sue him for your student loans.”) Plaintiffs filed a timely appeal to this Court.
We can dispense with the jurisdictional issue with ease: First of all, as Petty Rule of Civil Procedure 1 states succinctly, “We do what we want.” Implicit in this rule is the power to do whatever we want. And besides, we’ve often held that our jurisdiction extends to anything having only the most tenuous connection with the Law School. See NGSL v. Burly Alumni, 43 U.Va. 12 (2003) (former bros are under our petty jurisdiction); Fuqua v. Chipotle, 254 U.Va. 110 (2009) (so is the Chipotle burrito artist who screwed up the SBA President’s burrito); Pittman v. Fillkie Warr, 907 U.Va. 670 (2019) (and the co-chair of a major New York law firm who once recruited a UVA Law student). Our jurisdiction is, in short, expansive and ever-growing. We have no problem asserting personal jurisdiction over a couple of recently graduated alums who lived, studied, and made fools out of themselves on the Corner here in Charlottesville.
So now that the lower court is reversed, you’d think we’d remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion, right? WRONG. We’re here, the case is ripe, and I’m putting off weeks of Caleb Nelson’s reading at the moment, so we might as well knock this baby out.
Unlike complicated common-law fraud that the Court doesn’t remember learning, Petty Law fraud is straightforward: If you lie, someone reasonably believes it, and suffers because she believes it, that’s fraud. The reasonable belief part is key. See, e.g., Smith v. Hulvey, 242 U.Va. 990 (2010) (“There can be no recovery where only a complete moron would believe he ‘can graduate debt-free if [he] put [his] mind to it.’”).
There can be no doubt that at least some credulous 1Ls bought the above-listed statements—the poor dears. Plaintiffs allege they not only believed the trusted mentor-figures who brought beer to their pregames, but relied on the PAs’ statements to their detriment—a necessary element of Petty Law fraud. See Class of 2017 v. Glendon, 847 U.Va. 344 (2017) (“You said there’d be Duck Donuts, Glendon, we skipped lunch!”) Now, they claim, they’ve been injured in various ways: a firm job in Colby, Kansas; a miserable position on a journal managing board; the savage laughter of unsympathetic sectionmates; and a permanent eye-twitch from twice-weekly all-nighters during 2L. These injuries are cognizable and sufficient to constitute damages: The Court collectively shudders imagining living in the hellscape of western Kansas.
In their defense, defendants at least spare the Court the farcical claim that the contested statements are true. They instead argue that the lies were a sort of necessary, coddling encouragement, like telling a child he can be an astronaut if he wants to be. Most children, of course, cannot be astronauts, due either to their complete lack of competence in physics or the gap in their resumes where their naval aviation career ought to be. Similarly, defendants claim, of course not every 1L can land in New York or D.C., but 1Ls’ believing they can is critical to maintaining their hopeful spirits. Likewise, if 1Ls knew people would remember in stunning detail every excruciating moment of their hideous attempts to explain easements or substantive due process, they wouldn’t even have the courage to show up to class.
When I started this opinion, I thought I was going to agree with plaintiffs, but honestly I’ve kind of convinced myself here. How would anyone make it through 1L if they knew the truth that 2L was just as excruciating? Why would anyone bother learning the Rule Against Perpetuities if they knew their efforts would be in vain—that they were bound for Nowheresville or worse: Cleveland. In light of this change of heart, we’ve decided to reverse Judge Davies (for old time’s sake) and remand for trial on the main factual issue in this case—what was the biggest waste of 3Ls’ time in law school: journal tryouts or sucking up at firm receptions?
The Court of Petty Claims is REVERSED and the case is REMANDED for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
PAs, you say? I ran into a fellow who purported to be my PA at Libel rehearsals my 1L spring. I’d never seen him before. He felt bad for failing me and said I didn’t have to refill his beer. I proceeded to refill his beer. This concludes the history of my PAs and me.

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