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The ELCHEMA Potentiostat, Model PS-605, is designed to maintain a known potential difference between two output connectors, WE and REF (the Working Electrode and Reference Electrode, respectively), regardless of changes in either the resistance or capacitance of the external circuit connected to these points by the user. The dynamic capabilities of the Potentiostat are designed to allow controlling experiments with fast changing potential programs, as well as to achieve a high degree of the system stability. The Model PS-605 with its rise time of 600 ns is also a very fast potentiostat and it allows the user to scan potential with scan rates up to 100 kV/s under favorable conditions. To achieve this high a scan rate, electrodes with very low capacitance have to be used. Recommended are electrodes with capacitance in the range from few pF to 200 pF. The resistance of electrodes and connections should also be kept as low as possible. For the measurement set-up with PS-605, we recommend a fast Program Waveform Generator (Model FG-206F) and Digital Oscilloscope (Cat. # OSC223). For longer transients and slower scan rates, a high precision 16-bit VOLTSCAN Data Logger (DAQ-616SC) controlled by Voltscan real-time data acquisition and control software can be used. Further data processing, graphing and spreadsheet reporting can be done with any spreadsheet and graphics package, e.g. Microsoft Excel or Microcal Origin.
CONTROLS Chapter 3 3. respectively. The PROGRAM-IN input is internally connected to a high speed differential amplifier.g. This socket is identical (and electrically shorted) to the P-IN BNC socket provided for your convenience on the back panel of the instrument (if you do not change very often the program voltage source it may be more convenient to use the back panel socket P-IN and keep all the cable connections on the back). CONTROLS The front and back view of the Instrument are presented in Figures 1 and 2. This input is symmetrical. i. For exemplary schematics of connections and experimental measurement set-up. PROGRAM-IN BNC input socket to receive a potential program waveform from a fast function generator (e.g. the controls are described in the following order: Input / Output Connectors Switches Panel Meters Diode Indicators Analog Filters and Other Controls Read this Chapter carefully since it provides you with a full and systematic description of the functionality and limitations of all features and facilities available in the instrument.e.1 FRONT PANEL Input / Output Connectors 1.. For the front panel. 3. DAQ-616).. refer to the Chapter 5. you can change the sign of the program voltage by reversing the signal and guard lines (the signal line is 6 . ELCHEMA Model FG-206F) or a digital-to-analog converter (e.
CONTROLS Chapter 3 7 .
the current flowing is -10 mA (cathodic). ground. 3. the output voltage is -1 V. a. the current flowing is +10 mA (anodic). The extended linearity of the I-OUT signal is from -3 V to +3 V.c. CURRENT output: BNC socket providing output voltage proportional to the current flowing through the electrochemical cell (or dummy cell). E-OUT POTENTIAL output: BNC socket providing output voltage equal to the potential E of the working electrode (measured with respect to the potential of the reference electrode). Connect this socket to an external recorder monitoring the changes in E. The output voltage of 1 V corresponds to the current equal to the CURRENT RANGE selected. The input voltage range is from +10 V to -10 V vs. Floating voltage sources will be referenced to ground with 1 Mohm resistance mentioned above.CONTROLS Chapter 3 internally referenced to the analog ground of the potentiostat through a 1 Mohm resistor and the guard line is also referenced to ground through a 1 Mohm resistor).c. Because of the high input impedance. Do not connect to the program input any voltage sources which exceed the allowed potential range from +15 V to -15 V vs. a reference electrode (in potentiostatic mode). The PROGRAM-IN input is a non-inverting input. The load impedance should not be lower than 2 kohm. ground. For example. or force a positive (anodic) current flow equal to the nominal current range (in galvanostatic mode). 2. This means that a +1000 mV program voltage (signal line vs. This socket is identical (and electrically shorted) to the I-OUT BNC socket provided for your convenience on the back panel of the instrument. for the same CURRENT RANGE of 10 mA. The actual current is also displayed on the CURRENT panel meter. guard) will set the potential of the working electrode to the value E = +1000 mV vs. if the selected CURRENT RANGE is 10 mA and the output voltage is +1 V. a. I-OUT 8 . The load impedance should not be lower than 2 kohm. If. basically any type of a generator or waveform programmer can be connected to the PROGRAM-IN input. This socket is identical (and electrically shorted) to the E-OUT BNC socket provided for your convenience on the back panel of the instrument.
while WE and REF inputs to the internal circuitry are connected according to the CELL switch selection. and counter electrode are immersed in the electrolyte solution and properly connected to the potentiostat before you switch the EXTERNAL CELL on. i. and CE' is shorted to the REF' input. switch the cell OFF immediately (connect back to DUMMY CELL) and check the connections. CE. the potential control is retained also in GS position. and REF. If any of the overload diodes is activated. With CELL ON and CONTROL OFF.In this position. are disconnected.e. 6.current control (Galvanostat). reference electrode. to the dummy cell (when CELL switch is in the OFF position).) Use 1 mA CURRENT RANGE to work with dummy cell. an internal 1 kohm precision resistor is connected to simulate the electrochemical cell. you 5. WE.potential control (Potentiostat) and GS . ON (or: EXTERNAL) . The BNC sockets on the front panel: REF. CELL 9 . MODE Toggle switch with two positions: PS . If the Galvanostat option is not installed.the output of the power amplifier is disconnected from the CE socket. are connected to internal circuitry to allow for a full potential or current control according to the PS/GS mode.All three BNC sockets: WE. (The resistor is connected between the WE' and CE' inputs of the potentiostat circuitry. CELL SELECTOR with two positions: OFF (or: DUMMY CELL) .CONTROLS Chapter 3 Switches and Potentiometers 4. Make sure the working electrode. CONTROL Two position toggle or pushbutton switch to turn the potentiostatic or galvanostatic control ON and OFF: OFF . or to the WE and REF sockets on the inside panel of the Faraday Cage (when CELL switch is the ON position). and CE.
PROGRAM INPUTS Three toggle switches for three program voltage sources (A. OFF . respectively. or current (in GS mode). A Two position toggle switch: ON . Two position toggle switch: ON . corrosion potential. REF. the potential measurements for virtually any type of electrodes can be accomplished. The Working and Reference Electrodes must be connected to the tip banana jacks WE and REF. and C). OFF . Two position toggle switch: B C 10 .the potential selected with the potentiometer B is applied to to the program input of the summing amplifier provided that the potential source selector A or B is set to B. otherwise the control is imposed on the internal dummy cell (1 kohm resistor). and CE) are connected to the internal control system and the instrument controls either the potential (in PS mode).CONTROLS Chapter 3 can perform measurements of the rest potential. B. The control is imposed on the external electrochemical cell when the CELL switch is in the ON position. or EMF. ON .zero Volts is applied to the program input of the summing amplifier. The composite program waveform P is equal: P = (VA or VB) + VC where Vi is the voltage of the source i.the potential selected with the potentiometer A is applied to to the program input of the summing amplifier provided that the potential source selector A or B is set to A.zero Volts is applied to the program input of the summing amplifier. even for those with very high impedance. Since the input resistance of the measuring circuitry is higher than 1013 ohms.all three electrode inputs (WE. and one toggle switch to select source A or B. 7.
turn the VOLTAGE SELECTOR rotary switch located beneath the POTENTIAL panel meter to monitor the source A and turn the adjust potentiometer to the desired value. 8.zero Volts is applied to the program input of the summing amplifier. 7''. OFF . This adjustment can be done even with the B toggle switch OFF. must be connected to BNC input C located on the back panel: it can be either an external function generator or the BNC cable marked P (for PROGRAM) from our Break-up Box. A .program voltage source A (irrespective of the position of the A/B source selector and the ON/OFF switch for the source A). VOLTAGE SOURCE A Voltage source A 10-turn adjust potentiometer with potential span from -2 V to +2 V. To adjust the voltage of B. B ..external program voltage source C (the meter will read zero when the position of the ON/OFF switch for the source C is OFF. and with the A/B switch in either position. the external voltage source. To adjust the voltage of A. The waveform C is added to the source A or B whichever is selected. This adjustment can be done even with the A toggle switch OFF. 7'. turn the VOLTAGE SELECTOR rotary switch located beneath the POTENTIAL panel meter to monitor the source B and turn the adjust potentiometer to the desired value. These voltages can be displayed in either millivolts or Volts (using the 11 .potential waveform applied to BNC socket marked C is presented to the program input of the summing amplifier. VOLTAGE SELECTOR Four position rotary switch to select voltage source for display on the POTENTIAL meter: E . Two position toggle switch to select voltage source A or B.program voltage source B (irrespective of the position of the A/B source selector and the ON/OFF switch for the source B).CONTROLS Chapter 3 A/B ON . C . VOLTAGE SOURCE B Voltage source B 10-turn adjust potentiometer with potential span from -5 V to +5 V. 10 V max. and with the A/B switch in either position.potential of the working electrode. Model DAQ-617).
9. RANGE CURRENT RANGE selector: Nine position rotary switch for current range selection. For low current ranges. 10. Too high a speed would manifest itself by the appearance of overshoots. A. Rotary switch with five positions allowing to select appropriate frequency compensation for the given electrochemical cell. B.) 12 . for potential steps with fast rise times. or even oscillate. The range selected is indicated by a lighting diode.Minimal frequency compensation is employed. while too slow speed would cause a slow settling. positions 1-3 should work best. VOLTAGE SENSITIVITY Two position toggle switch allowing to display measured voltages (E. Use these positions of the SPEED control unless a better stability and less noise is found at other positions. For special cells.g. In general. The gains are: 1. e. 2. and 5. from 100 mA to 1 nA. If oscillations are encountered (blinking red indicator in the CURRENT RANGE section and/or extensive noise at the I-OUT recorder output). FAST . Usually. SPEED (Custom system only). the extended linearity from -300% to +300% of the range value can be utilized.CONTROLS Chapter 3 mV/V Voltage Sensitivity switch). (Avoid using FAST settings for IR-drop compensation. GAIN 12. For each range. Turning to a less sensitive current range. so the potentiostat may react with an overshoot (for a step excitation). it is advised to observe on a digital oscilloscope the potentiostat response to a step function to determine the best selection of the SPEED control. or C) in mV or V. 100 mA or 10 mA may also help. we recommend to use a Faraday Cage and the output filter to achieve a high stability of the system. 11. or pure capacitive loads. the system will be more stable on less sensitive current ranges and at slower scan rates. Three position toggle switch to select gain for the recorder output signal I-OUT. immediately turn the CELL switch to the OFF position.
Small frequency compensation is used to reduce overshoots and prevent oscillations while still maintaining very fast response. Remember that the SLOW setting reduces considerably the potentiostat bandwidth and may distort the measured signals. POTENTIAL DPM Digital Panel Meter (DPM) displaying. B. A. The display range is from -1999 mV to +1999 mV. for large positive and large negative values. Outside of this range. The display range is from -19999 to +19999 and includes decimal point dependent on the range selected. or C. Outside of this range.00 V).3 V and +10. respectively. In this case. CURRENT DPM Digital Panel Meter displaying the actual value of the current flowing through the electrochemical cell (or dummy cell). 14. the meter can be set to lower sensitivity and the potential displayed in Volts (-10. Use the SLOW setting only for special cells for which faster modes produce oscillations or instabilities. respectively.CONTROLS Chapter 3 SLOW . For slower scan rates and lower currents measured. selected with the VOLTAGE SELECTOR rotary switch. one of the potentials: E. 13 . the meter displays 1 or -1. REF). use input and output filters to reduce noise.00 V to +10. the meter displays 1 or -1. The current overload diode is activated at 3 times the nominal current range (approximately). if any. Panel Meters 13. in either mV or V. E is the actual value of the working electrode potential (measured with respect to the potential of the reference electrode. The potential overload diode is normally activated at -10. B are the adjustable voltage sources and C is the external program input. for large positive and large negative values.3 V (approximately). A.
CONTROLS Chapter 3 14 .
POWER INDICATOR Red LED indicating if the AC power is ON. 16. IR COMP. CURRENT OVERLOAD Red LED activated when the measured current exceeds approximately 3 times the actual current range. 24. CELL INDICATOR (Optional) Yellow LED indicating if the external electrochemical CELL is ON. 18.CONTROLS Chapter 3 Diode Indicators 15. SPEED INDICATORS Green LEDs indcating the frequency compensation (SPEED) selection. INDICATOR Red LED indicating if the IR COMPENSATION is turned ON. CURRENT RANGE INDICATORS Green LED's indicating the CURRENT RANGE selection. CONTROL INDICATOR (Optional) Red LED indicating if the CONTROL is applied or not to the load (an external electrochemical cell or an internal dummy cell). POTENTIAL OVERLOAD Red LED activated when the measured potential of the working electrode (vs. 23. reference electrode) exceeds the default potential range: -10. INPUT FILTER INDICATORS Green LEDs indicating the input filter selection. 22. 21.3 V). 15 . OUTPUT FILTER INDICATORS Green LEDs indicating the output filter selection. 20. 19.3 V to +10. 17.
02 0. For faster measurements.2 0. The time constants are as follows: FILTER POSITION 0 1 2 3 4 5 LED TIME CONSTANT # ms none 1 2 3 4 5 Filter OFF 3 100 250 600 1000 16 . INPUT FILTER SELECTOR Six position rotary switch for selecting the time constant of an input filter installed on the program input amplifier (external potential source C). The time constants are as follows: FILTER POSITION 0 1 2 3 4 5 LED TIME CONSTANT # ms none 1 2 3 4 5 Filter OFF 0.002 0. 26.7 2 This filter is designed for cyclic voltammetry with scan rates up to 1 kV/s. OUTPUT FILTER SELECTOR Six position rotary switch for selecting the time constant of an output filter installed on the current amplifier. the input filter should be either turned OFF or in the position 1.CONTROLS Chapter 3 Analog Filters and Other Controls 25.
the system is over-compensated. 27. the output filter should be turned OFF. ADJUST potentiometer to a value slightly lower than the measured value of the resistance of the solution between Working Electrode and Reference Electrode. ON . In this position.IR compensation is turned OFF.CONTROLS Chapter 3 This filter is designed for slower scan cyclic voltammetry with scan rates up to 500 mV/s. you can still compensate for the Ohmic potential drop using the following procedure: (1) Set the IR COMP. Check always if the general shape of the i-E or i-t curve recorded remains unchanged after selecting the higher time constant. One full turn corresponds to 10 % of the current measuring resistor. ADJUST potentiometer clockwise until oscillations of the current and potential begin. Slower scan rates and lower current ranges usually require higher time constants. ADJUST Scaled multiturn potentiometer used to set the resistance for Ohmic potential drop compensation. If this resistance is unknown. SWITCH to ON. Set the IR COMP. ADJUST potentiometer to 0 (zero). 28. The maximum value of the solution resistance Run to be compensated at the current range iRANGE is given by the following formula: Run = 1/iRANGE with Run expressed in [ohm]. At this point. and iRANGE expressed in [A].IR compensation is turned ON. Too high a time constant may affect not only the high frequency noise but also the signal itself. the ohmic potential drop corresponding to the resistance set with the IR compensation adjust potentiometer is being used to correct the potential of working electrode. (2) Turn the IR COMP. For faster measurements. The maximum compensation is equivalent to the value of the current measuring resistor (10 turns). The beginning of 17 . IR COMP. IR COMP. SWITCH Toggle switch with two positions: OFF . (3) Slowly turn the IR COMP.
CONTROLS Chapter 3 oscillations can be observed on the oscilloscope or XY-recorder as an increased noise. Remember that potentiostat is capable of outputting up to 15 V at 1 A current. Often you can avoid IR compensation by minimizing the distance between WE and REF electrodes. If you experience a noise problem with your electrochemical cell. Sometimes it is safer to slightly under-compensate to achieve greater stability of the system. do not use any IR compensation. The uncompensated ohmic resistance actually stabilizes the system. 18 . Turn the dial back to a value just before the start of oscillations. POWER Main power switch. and/or increasing the conductance of the supporting electrolyte. 29. your Working Electrode may be ruined by uncontrolled anodic or cathodic currents. Large oscillations are usually indicated by the POTENTIAL and CURRENT OVERLOAD warning diodes. WARNING: When the system becomes unstable and begins to oscillate due to the IR potential drop overcompensation. using Luggin capillary.
P-IN PROGRAM INPUT BNC socket.2. a reference electrode (in potentiostatic mode). ELCHEMA Model FG-206F) or a D/A Converter (e.g. The P-IN input is a non-inverting input. guard) will set the potential of the working electrode to the value E = +1000 mV vs. or force a positive (anodic) current flow equal to the nominal current range (in galvanostatic mode). Connect this socket to an external recorder monitoring the changes in E.g.c. Floating voltage sources will be referenced to ground with 1 Mohm resistance mentioned above. Because of the high input impedance.CONTROLS Chapter 3 3. basically any type of a generator or waveform programer can be connected to the P-IN input. Connect this socket to the output of an analog voltage source such as a Waveform Programer (e. The input voltage range is from +10 V to -10 V vs.e. i. our DAQ616SC system). you can change the sign of the program voltage by reversing the signal and guard lines (the signal line is internally referenced to the analog ground of the potentiostat through a 1 Mohm resistor and the guard line is also referenced to ground through a 1 Mohm resistor). This input is symmetrical. BACK PANEL 1. This means that a +1000 mV program voltage (signal line vs. This socket is identical (and electrically shorted) to the E-OUT BNC socket provided for your convenience also on the front panel of the instrument. E-OUT 19 . POTENTIAL output: BNC socket providing output voltage equal to the potential E of the working electrode (measured with respect to the potential of the reference electrode). The load impedance should not be lower than 2 kohm. The P-IN input is internally connected to a high speed differential amplifier. This socket is identical (and electrically shorted) to the PROGRAM-IN BNC socket located on the front panel of the instrument. Do not connect to the program input any voltage sources which exceed the allowed potential range from +15 V to -15 V vs.c. a. a. 2. ground. ground.
Back panel 20 .CONTROLS Chapter 3 This page is for Figure 2.
do not connect the REF socket directly to the Reference Electrode in the EQCN cell. do not connect the CE socket directly to the Counter Electrode in the EQCN cell. connect this socket to a corresponding BNC socket REF on the side panel of the Faraday Cage (e. do not connect the WE socket directly to the Working Electrode in the EQCN cell. The extended linearity of the I-OUT signal is from -3 V to +3 V. In the latter case. The output voltage of 1 V corresponds to the current equal to the CURRENT RANGE selected. In the latter case. BNC socket to be connected to the Working Electrode in an electrochemical cell. the output voltage is -1 V. EQCN-7002). EQCN-700-2).. BNC socket to be connected to the Reference Electrode in an electrochemical cell. CE 6.g. for the same CURRENT RANGE of 10 mA. EQCN-7002).CONTROLS Chapter 3 3. This socket is identical (and electrically shorted) to the I-OUT BNC socket provided for your convenience also on the front panel of the instrument. the current flowing is -10 mA (cathodic). The load impedance should not be lower than 2 kohm. In a system with the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Nanobalance. I-OUT CURRENT output: BNC socket providing output voltage proportional to the current flowing through the electrochemical cell (or dummy cell).g.. In a system with the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Nanobalance. REF 21 . For example. connect this socket to a corresponding BNC socket WE on the side panel of the Faraday Cage (e. In the latter case. The grounded shield of the cable may be left open. if the selected CURRENT RANGE is 10 mA and the output voltage is +1 V. 4. If.. In a system with the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Nanobalance. The actual current is also displayed on the CURRENT panel meter. WE 5.g. BNC socket to be connected to the Counter Electrode in an electrochemical cell. connect this socket to a corresponding BNC socket CE on the side panel of the Faraday Cage (e. the current flowing is +10 mA (anodic).
The instrument chassis is connected internally to the power line ground wire (a. If the 110/220 V switch is not set properly for your power supply. and 220 V. 50 to 60 Hz.c. 22 . it is not connected directly to the instrument CHASSIS or to the power line ground wire. ground). American. POWER socket HP type socket for A. Multi-pin audio-type socket for power SUPPLY lines to be connected with a multiconductor cable (provided) to a similar multi-pin audio-type socket on the back panel of the Potentiostat.C. SPLY (Custom system only).CONTROLS Chapter 3 7. 8.e. It will accept 110 V or 220 V. The analog ground is floating. Banana socket shorted to the instrument chassis. Standard female DB-25 socket for digital input/output communication. British. GND 10. (Custom system only). turn the power to the instrument off. power inlet. CHASSIS 11. The switch is set to 110 V when shipped within the USA and Japan. and European power cords are available. Check the position of this switch before you connect power to the instrument. Use power cords supplied with the instrument. i. 110/220 V switch Power line voltage selector. Black or brown isolated Banana socket connected to the analog ground of the instrument circuitry. It should be connected to the corresponding male DB-25 connector on the side panel of the Faraday Cage. I/O 9. elsewhere. WARNING: Make sure the power in the instrument is OFF before you change the position of the 110/220 V switch. and change the position of the 110/220 V selector to the appropriate position. 12. You can connect externally the GND socket to the instrument CHASSIS or analog ground of other instruments if necessary.
provided. REF 4.g. (Custom system only). Model EQCN-700-2). I/O 5.3. BNC socket – connect this socket to the corresponding BNC socket CE on the back panel of the potentiostat. WARNING: Make sure the power in the instrument is OFF. Multi-pin audio-type socket for power SUPPLY lines to be connected to a similar multi-pin audio-type socket on the back panel of the potentiostat using a multiconductor cable marked PS-605 SPLY. CE 3. Standard DB-25 male socket with proprietary communication bus lines to be connected to a DB-25 female socket on the back panel of the potentiostat. 2 A slow melting fuse if replacement is necessary. and the power cord is disconnected from the instrument before you replace the fuse. FUSE Power fuse. Use 250 V.CONTROLS Chapter 3 13. In a system with Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Nanobalance which includes a Faraday Cage (e. 3. Faraday Cage (side panel) Faraday Cage is not included with a standard PS-605 potentiostat/galvanostat. BNC socket – connect this socket to the corresponding BNC socket REF on the back panel of the potentiostat. SPLY 23 . WE BNC socket – connect this socket on the side panel of the Faraday Cage to the corresponding BNC socket WE on the back panel of the potentiostat. (Custom system only). 2. make the following connections: 1.
all EQCN systems (EQCN-900 in EQCN mode): WORKING ELECTRODE pin tip banana jack (blue) is part of the two jacks (blue and white) for quartz crystal electrodes. In a system with Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Nanobalance which includes a Faraday Cage (e. . which are marked: LIQUID and AIR. Use as short a wire as possible.. The input impedance is higher than 1012 ohm.g. . respectively. SCE). Saturated Calomel Electrode. Use only very short wires for the connection. CE COUNTER ELECTRODE: pin tip banana jack (red) for connection to the counter electrode (auxiliary electrode) in the electrochemical cell. refering to the medium the electrodes are in. make the following connections: 1. Model EQCN-700-2). Use only short wires for the connection. Faraday Cage is not included with a standard PS-605 potentiostat/galvanostat. WE 24 .EQCN-900.g. REFERENCE ELECTRODE: pin tip banana jack (yellow) for connection to the reference electrode (e. Refer to the EQCN manual for details of connecting the quartz crystal assembly. REF 3. Faraday Cage (internal panel) As mentioned above.CONTROLS Chapter 3 3. 2. QCI mode: WORKING ELECTRODE: pin tip banana jack (blue) for connection to the working electrode in the electrolytic cell.4. Use short wires for connections to the electrochemical cell.
You should push the BNC forward when making a connection or a disconnection in order to relieve the rotational tension on the BNC socket. Grounding and Environmental Transients It is very important to properly ground the instrument.INITIAL CHECKS Chapter 4 4. Our components are marked with seals. Inspection After the instrument is unpacked.2. Use only 25 . the instrument should be carefully inspected for damage received in transit. Use the guidelines for maximum voltage at the inputs. 4. otherwise they might become loose. INITIAL CHECKS 4. If any shipping damage is found. Do NOT open and attempt to repair anything yourself. Precautions Care should be taken when making any connections to the instrument. follow the procedure outlined in the "Claim for Damage in Shipment" section at the end of this Manual.3. 4. Use minimal force when putting on or taking off the BNC connections. There should be no signal applied to the inputs when the instrument is turned off. The outputs should not be loaded. Contact us in the event that any of our components do not operate properly. otherwise your warranty agreement will be nullified. Operate the instrument in a cool and well ventilated environment. They can only be connected to high input impedance devices such as plotters or oscilloscopes.1.
4. lasers. In such a case. 4. 26 . rf equipment.. However. unless you find it beneficial in reducing noise. High level transients generated in power supply lines by heavyduty electric motors. THERMAL SENSITIVITY The instrument should be warmed up for 30 minutes in order to achieve the greatest accuracy.INITIAL CHECKS Chapter 4 three-connector power cords with ground connector connected to a good ground. arc welders. WARNING: Do not attach ground wires to a gas or heating pipe. may interfere with the normal operation of the potentiostat. placing a power line stabilizer in the lab may solve the problem. you can additionally connect the instrument CHASSIS to a water pipe or other good ground connector. etc. If necessary. Do not connect analog ground of the instrument (provided at the GND socket on the back panel) to the instrument CHASSIS ground. Use a thick cable for grounding purposes. for general purposes the improvement might be insignificant and thus warmup could be omitted.
Normally. Unpacking Carefully remove all paper and tape used in shipping. INSTALLATION The operating instructions have been made short and simple but make sure they are followed in this exact order.2. and nothing is connected to the instrument. and in all other devices. Check the items against the packing list. WARNING: Before you change the position of the 110/220 V switch.1. Initial set-up (1) (2) Make sure the POWER in the Potentiostat. Make sure the POWER in the Potentiostat is OFF. (3) Attach the power cord to the back panel of the instrument. is OFF. Check the 110/220 V power voltage switch located in the back panel of the instrument. Bold letters indicate connections and controls on the Potentiostat only.INSTALLATION Chapter 5 5. British or European plug on the other end. and nothing is connected to the instrument before you proceed with the Initial set-up procedure. the POWER switch must be set to OFF. This is a standard cable with HP type plug on one end (the instrument end) and American. Place instrument on a convenient bench. 5. Change the position of this switch if necessary. this switch is set for 110 V operation (American) and 220 V (European). 5. 27 .
Set the IR COMP. plug the BNC connector marked E to the E-OUT BNC socket in the potentiostat). the current flowing through this resistor would be from -1 mA to +1 mA (i. In this case. for the recorder setting indicated in point (14). Set the current OFFSET switch if available in your unit to OFF. The program waveform should be within +1000 mV to -1000 mV. Set the MODE switch (PS/GS) to PS position (potentiostat). Connect the I-OUT BNC socket to the input of the analog recorder of data acquisition cable (if you are using our DAQ-616 Data Conversion Card and DAQ-617 Break-up Box. In this position.INSTALLATION Chapter 5 (4) Set the CELL switch to the OFF position. This means that for the potential changes in the range from -1 V to +1 V. SWITCH to OFF.e. plug the BNC connector marked I to the I-OUT BNC socket in the potentiostat). a DUMMY cell (1 kohm internal resistor) simulating the electrochemical cell is connected to the inputs of the potentiostat circuitry. Connect the E-OUT BNC socket to the input of the analog recorder of data acquisition cable (if you are using our DAQ-616 Data Conversion Card and DAQ-617 Break-up Box. (5) (6) (7) Set the current RANGE rotary switch to 1 mA. from -100% to +100% of the nominal current range). connect the BNC connector marked P (for: (8) (9) (10) (11) 28 . the waveform may be supplied by the computer. You will always use this range with dummy cell since the internal dummy cell resistor is 1 kohm. Set the PROGRAM switches as follows: A OFF B OFF C OFF A/B A This will supply zero Volts to the potential program preamplifier. Connect BNC socket marked C (PROGRAM source C) to the output of a function generator. (If you are using DAQ-616/DAQ-617 Data Acquisition.
C2. (a) Attach the coaxial cables marked C1. 29 .INSTALLATION Chapter 5 PROGRAM) to BNC socket for PROGRAM source C in the potentiostat. and C3 on the front panel of the potentiostat and the side panel of the Faraday Cage.) (12) (Custom system only). and C3 to the coresponding BNC sockets C1. (b) Attach the multiconductor data communication cable with standard DB-25 connectors to the coresponding DB-25 female socket I/O on the back panel of the potentiostat and DB-25 male socket on the side panel of the Faraday Cage. Follow instructions of the VOLTSCAN manual. C2. (c) Attach the supply cable with 6-pin audio connectors to the SPLY socket on the back panel of the potentiostat and to the coresponding socket on the side panel of the Faraday Cage.
30 .INSTALLATION Chapter 5 Figure 3a.
INSTALLATION Chapter 5 Figure 3b. 31 .
32 .INSTALLATION Chapter 5 Figure 3c.
e. the voltage supplied to the PROGRAM input) is +500 mV. 3 updates per s). Turn the A ADJUST potentiometer to the left and to the right. Observe the POTENTIAL and CURRENT panel meters readings. front panel meters may not show actual values because of the slow update rate (ca.INSTALLATION Chapter 5 5. Position the recorder pen in the center of the chart using recorder Zero Offsets. Note that for fast changing potential and current values. Turn the POWER switch in the potentiostat to ON (position 1). Set the PROGRAM source A switch to the OFF position.3 Power-on checks (13) Set the potential channel sensitivity on your recorder to 2 V FS (full scale) and the current channel sensitivity to 2 V FS. Set the PROGRAM source C switch to the OFF position. as well as the recorder output voltages at the I-OUT and E-OUT outputs. the POTENTIAL and CURRENT panel meters should show: 000 (±2 digits).000 ohm = 500 mV potential drop across 1 kohm dummy cell resistor. The panel meters should show the same reading. Turn the POWER to the recorder ON.) At the same time.5 mA x 1. and on current channel should also be +500 mV. (From Ohm's law: 0. After 15 minute warmup. Turn the function generator ON and set the PROGRAM source C toggle switch on the potentiostat to the ON position. the voltage output to the recorder on potential channel should be +500 mV.g.e. Select the source A using the A/B selection toggly switch. the POTENTIAL panel meter should show +500 mV and the CURRENT panel meter should show 0. Set the PROGRAM source A switch to the ON position.: if the applied potential (i. (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) 33 . Set the PROGRAM source B switch to the OFF position. Set the PROGRAM source B switch to the ON position.500 mA.
marked REF.INSTALLATION Chapter 5 (19) Turn the POWER switch to OFF (position 0). Turn the recorder and the function generator OFF. a 10 mM copper(II) solution in 0. Test experiment with external cell ON You are now ready to use the potentiostat for measurements. start VOLTSCAN by typing: vv [ENTER]. follow the important steps: (1) Check if the reference electrode is placed in the solution and connected to the orange tip banana jack.4. enter password if any. If you are using DAQ-616 Data Acquisition System and VOLTSCAN 3.0 real-time data acquisition software.1 M HNO3. SCE to 0 mV and back to +500 mV. Now. Set: POTENTIAL mV E1 = 500 E2 = 0 E3 = 500 E4 = 500 t1 = 1 t2 = 0 t3 = 0 DELAY s SCAN RATE mV/s v1 = 100 v2 = 100 v3 = 100 SCANS: 3 and VOLTSCAN will provide you with the PROGRAM wave you need in your experiments. 5. you can use. on the internal panel of the Faraday Cage. and go to PARAMETERS table. 34 . Program your waveform generator for sweep from +500 mV vs. for example. This completes the initial checking procedure. If you want to perform a simple checking experiment.
marked CE. on the internal panel of the Faraday Cage. (4) (5) (6) Set the current RANGE on the potentiostat to 1 mA FS. (7) (8) (9) (10) Carefully change the cathodic potential limit to a more negative value until copper deposition just begins to take place. set: CONTROL OFF 35 . Apply an appropriate potential (the conditioning potential) to the program input P-IN from your waveform generator or D/A converter. on the internal panel of the Faraday Cage. you should be able to observe an increase of the anodic peak due to the copper stripping. follow the instructions supplied in the VOLTSCAN manual). On the voltammogram. (If you are using our automated data acquisition system with VOLTSCAN 2 or higher. Switch the CONTROL toggle to the ON position. (11) After you finish all experiments. (3) Check if the working electrode is placed in the solution and connected to the green tip banana jack. Set the SPEED switch to the position 2 or 3. The conditioning potential should now be imposed on the working electrode. Set the CELL switch on your potentiostat to the ON (EXTERNAL cell) position. marked WE. Initiate the potential scan. Set the PROGRAM toggle switch to the ON position.INSTALLATION Chapter 5 (2) Check if the counter electrode is placed in the solution and connected to the red tip banana jack. This is a true EMF measurement since the input impedance of the Model PS-605 is greater than 1013 ohm. the reference electrode potential) under open circuit conditions. The POTENTIAL panel meter should show the potential of the working electrode (vs.
INSTALLATION Chapter 5 CELL OFF 36 .
(13) Turn the POWER to the instrument OFF.INSTALLATION Chapter 5 (12) Before you turn the instrument off. set: PROGRAM OFF to protect the charge sensitive program input from electrostatic damage. 37 .
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 38 .ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS Chapter 6 6.
IR – ohmic potential drop compensation. PS – main control amplifier. REF – reference electrode.ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS Chapter 6 R + D Iout C E RE F W E I B Σ N Eout P + S - Σ I R PROGRAM N Cin + D - A or B Constant Voltage Source FIGURE 4. Σ – summing point. N – inverting amplifier. Simplified block diagram of electric circuits of the potentiostat Model PS-605. PROGRAM – program waveform amplifier. 39 . B – high impedance buffer. CE – counter electrode. WE – working electrode. D – differential amplifier.
It should be returned postpaid. Box 5067 Potsdam. SERVICING NOTES In case of malfunction of the Potentiostat. the unit may be returned to the factory for service. 40 . Before shipping the instrument. contact your local dealer or the factory: ELCHEMA Customer Service P. no charges for repair will be made for time and materials.: (315) 268-1605 to receive the claim number. Model PS-605.SERVICING NOTES Chapter 7 7. The guarantee does not cover misuse of the Model PS-605 or damage due to improper handling or service. Since the equipment is guaranteed for one year. NY 13676 FAX: (315) 268-1709 Tel.O.
installation. In the case of instruments not manufactured by ELCHEMA. special. IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. We are not liable for direct. 4. Operation outside the environmental specification of the product. ELCHEMA shall. 41 . and aggressive solvents).Chapter 8 WARRANTY All our products are warranted against defects in material and workmanship for one year from the date of shipment. 3. the warranty of the original manufacturer applies. incidental. 5. If ELCHEMA receives notice from the Buyer of any defects during the warranty period. fuses. Unauthorized modification or misuse. at its option. service. light sources. Improper site preparation and maintenance. solids. THE WARRANTY SET FORTH IS EXCLUSIVE AND NO OTHER WARRANTY. or use of our instrumentation. valves. C. Improper or inadequate maintenance by Buyer. or punitive damages of any kind from any cause arising out of the sale. WHETHER WRITTEN OR ORAL. ELCHEMA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. reference electrodes. solutions. gaskets. B. The Warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from: 1. indirect. consequential. Our obligation is limited to repairing or replacing products which prove to be defective during the warranty period. seals. 2. O-rings. All products manufactured by ELCHEMA Company are thoroughly tested and inspected before shipment. including but not limited to: glass items. either repair or replace hardware products which prove to be defective. and filters are excluded from warranty. Operation in corrosive environment (including vapors. Expendable items. Limitation of Warranty A.
including help with instruments under warranty.Chapter 8 For assistance of any kind. CLAIM FOR DAMAGE IN SHIPMENT Your instrument should be inspected and tested as soon as it is received. Give full details of the difficulty and include the instrument model and serial numbers.: (315) 268-1605 FAX: (315) 268-1709 42 . with the insurance company. Wrap the instrument in heavy paper or a plastic bag and surround it with three or four inches of shock-absorbing material to cushion it firmly and prevent movement inside the container. Box 5067 Potsdam. You may use the original shipping carton or any strong container. Estimates of charges for non-warranty or other service work will always be supplied. file a claim with the carrier or. GENERAL Your ELCHEMA field office is ready to assist you in any situation. if insured separately. There will be no charges for repairs of instruments under warranty. Service date and shipping instructions will be promptly sent to you. NY 13676 Tel. before work begins. If the instrument is damaged in any way or fails to operate properly. SHIPPING THE INSTRUMENT FOR WARRANTY REPAIR On receipt of shipping instructions. and you are always welcome to get directly in touch with the ELCHEMA Service Department: ELCHEMA Customer Support P.O. The instrument is insured for safe delivery. contact you ELCHEMA field office of instructions. except transportation charges. forward the instrument prepaid to the destination indicated. if requested.

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[220 U.S. 345, 346] Messrs. Frederic R. Coudert, Howard Thayer Kingsbury, Paul Fuller, and Harry Weston Van Dyke for plaintiffs in error and appellants.
[220 U.S. 345, 349] Messrs. Paul Charlton andIsaac Adams for appellee.
The plaintiffs in error, who were plaintiffs below, are creditors of the city of Manila as it existed before the cession of the Philippine Islands to the United States by the treaty of Paris, December 10, 1898 [30 Stat. at L. 1754]. Upon the theory that the city, under its present charter from the government of the Philippine Islands, is the same juristic person and liable upon the obligations of the old city, these actions were brought against it. The supreme court of the Philippine Islands denied relief, holding that the present municipality is a totally different corporate entity, and in no way liable for the debts of the Spanish municipality. [220 U.S. 345, 352] The fundamental question is whether, notwithstanding the cession of the Philippine Islands to the United States, followed by a reincorporation of the city, the present municipality is liable for the obligations of the city incurred prior to the cession to the United States.
We shall confine ourselves to the question whether the plaintiffs in error are entitled to judgments against the city upon their several claims. Whether there is a remedy adequate to the collection when reduced to judgment is not presented by the record. But whether there is or is not a remedy affords no reason why the plaintiffs in error may not reduce their claims to judgment. Mt. Pleasant v. Beckwith, 100 U.S. 514, 530 , 25 S. L. ed. 699, 703. The city confessedly may be sued under its existing charter, and that implies at least a right to judgment if they establish their demands.
The city as now incorporated has succeeded to all of the property rights of the old city and to the right to enforce all of its causes of action. There is identity of purpose between the Spanish and American charters and substantial identity of municipal powers. The area and the inhabitants incorporated are substantially the same. But for the change of sovereignty which has occurred under the treaty of Paris, the question of the liability of the city under its new charter for the debts of the old city would seem to be of easy solution. The principal question would therefore seem to be the legal consequence of the cession referred to upon the property rights and civil obligations of the city incurred before the cession. And so the question was made to turn in the court below upon the consequence of a change in sovereignty and a reincorporation of the city by the substituted sovereignty.
This disposes of the question of the jurisdiction of this court, grounded upon the absence from the petition of the plaintiffs of any distinct claim under the treaty of Paris, since, under 10 of the Philippine organic act [220 U.S. 345, 353] of July 1, 1902 [32 Stat. at L. 695, chap. 1369, U. S. Comp. Stat. Supp. 1909, p. 226], this court is given jurisdiction to review any final decree or judgment of the supreme court of the Philippine Islands where any treaty of the United States 'is involved.' That treaty was necessarily 'involved,' since neither the court below nor this court can determine the continuity of the municipality nor the liability of the city as it now exists for the obligation of the old city, without considering the effect of the change of sovereignty resulting from that treaty. See Reavis v. Fianza, 215 U.S. 16, 22 , 54 S. L. ed. 72, 75, 30 Sup. Ct. rep. 1.
The historical continuity of a municipality embracing the inhabitants of the territory now occupied by the city of Manila is impressive. Before the conquest of the Philippine Islands by Spain, Manila existed. The Spaniards found on the spot now occupied a populous and fortified community of Moros. In 1571 they occupied what was then and is now known as Manila, and established it as a municipal corporation. In 1574 there was conferred upon it the title of 'Illustrious and ever loyal city of Manila.' From time to time there occurred amendments, and, on January 19, 1894, there was a reorganization of the city government under a royal decree of that date. Under that charter there was power to incur debts for municipal purposes and power to sue and be sued. The obligations here in suit were incurred under the charter referred to, and are obviously obligations strictly within the provision of the municipal power. To pay judgments upon such debts it was the duty of the ayuntamiento of Manila, which was the corporate name of the old city, to make provision in its budget.
The boundaries described in 2 include substantially the area and inhabitants which had theretofore constituted the old city.
By 4 of the same act, the government of the city was invested in a municipal board.
Section 16 grants certain legislative powers to the board, and provides that it shall 'take possession of all lands, buildings, offices, books, papers, records, moneys, credits, securities, assets, accounts, or other property or rights belonging to the former city of Manila, or pertaining to the business or interests thereof, and, subject to the provisions herein set forth, shall have control of all its property except the building known as the ayuntamiento, provision for the occupation and control of which is made in 15 of this act; shall collect taxes and other revenues, and apply the same in accordance with appropriations, as hereinbefore provided, to the payment of the municipal expenses; shall supervise and control the discharge of official duties by subordinates; shall institute judicial proceedings to recover property and [220 U.S. 345, 355] funds of the city wherever found, or otherwise to protect the interests of the city, and shall defend all suits against the city,' etc.
Section 69 of the charter expressly preserved 'all city ordinances and orders in force at the time of the passage of this act, and not inconsistent herewith,' until modified or repealed by ordinances passed under this act.
Section 72 is the repealing clause, and provides for the repeal of 'all acts, orders, and regulations' which are inconsistent with the provisions of the act.
The charter contains no reference to the obligations or contracts of the old city.
If we understand the argument against the liability here asserted, it proceeds mainly upon the theory that inasmuch as the predecessor of the present city, the ayuntamiento of Manila, was a corporate entity created by the Spanish government, when the sovereignty of Spain in the islands was terminated by the treaty of cession, if not by the capitulation of August 13, 1898, the municipality ipso facto disappeared for all purposes. This conclusion is reached upon the supposed analogy to the doctrine of principal and agent, the death of the principal ending the agency. So complete is the supposed death and annihilation of a municipal entity by extinction of sovereignty of the creating state that it was said in one of the opinions below that all of the public property of Manila passed to the United States, 'for a consideration, which was paid,' and that the United States was therefore justified in creating an absolutely new municipality, and endowing it with all of the assets of the defunct city, free from any obligation to the creditors of that city. And so the matter was dismissed in the Trigas Case by the court of first instance, by the suggestion that 'the plaintiff may have a claim against the Crown of Spain, which has received from the United States payment for that done by the plaintiff.' [220 U.S. 345, 356] We are unable to agree with the argument. It loses sight of the dual character of municipal corporations. They exercise powers which are governmental and powers which are of a private or business character. In the one character a municipal corporation is a governmental subdivision, and for that purpose exercises by delegation a part of the sovereignty of the state. In the other character it is a mere legal entity or juristic person. In the latter character it stands for the community in the administration of local affairs wholly beyond the sphere of the public purposes for which its governmental powers are conferred.
See also Dill. Mun. Corp. 4th ed. 66; Petersburg v. Applegarth, 28 Gratt. 321, 343, 26 Am. Rep. 357, and Oliver v. Worcester, 102 Mass. 489, 3 Am. Rep. 485.
In view of the dual character of municipal corporations there is no public reason for presuming their total dissolution as a mere consequence of military occupation or territorial cession. The suspension of such governmental functions as are obviously incompatible with the new political relations thus brought about may be presumed. [220 U.S. 345, 357] But no such implication may be reasonably indulged beyond that result.
Such a conclusion is in harmony with the settled principles of public law as declared by this and other courts and expounded by the text-books upon the laws of war and international law. Taylor, International Pub. Law , 578.
The above language was quoted with approval in Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, 298 , 45 S. L. ed. 1088, 1110, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 770.
That the United States might, by virtue of its situation under a treaty ceding full title, have utterly extinguished every municipality which it found in existence in the Philippine Islands, may be conceded. That it did so, in view of the practice of nations to the contrary, is not to be presumed, and can only be established by cogent evidence.
That during military occupation the affairs of the city were in a large part administered by officials put in place by military order did not operate to dissolve the corporation, or relieve it from liability upon obligations incurred before the occupation, nor those created for municipal purposes by the administrators of its affairs while its old officials were displaced. New Orleans v. New York Mail S. S. Co. 20 Wall. 387, 394, 22 L. ed. 354, 358. During that occupation and military administration the business of the city was carried on as usual. Taxes were assessed and taxes collected and expended for local purposes, and many of the officials carrying on the government were those found in office when the city was occupied. The continuity of the corporate city was not inconsistent with military occupation or the constitution or institutions of the occupying power. This [220 U.S. 345, 359] is made evident by the occurrences at the time of capitulation. Thus, the articles of capitulation concluded in these words: 'This city, its inhabitants, . . . and its private property of all descriptions, are placed under the special safeguard of the faith and honor of the American Army.' This was quoted in President McKinley's instructions of April 7, 1900, to the Philippine Commission, and touching this he said: 'I believe that this pledge has been faithfully kept.' And the commission was directed to labor for the full performance of this obligation. This instruction was in line with and in fulfilment of the 8th article of the treaty of Paris of December 10, 1898. Under the 3d article of that treaty the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands was ceded to the United States, the latter agreeing to pay to Spain the sum of $20,000,000. Under the first paragraph of the 8th article, Spain relinquished to the United States 'all the buildings, wharves, barracks, forts, structures, public highways, and other immovable property which, in conformity with law, belong to the public domain, and as such belong to the Crown of Spain.' It is under this clause, in connection with the clause agreeing to pay to Spain $20,000,000 for the cession of the Philippine group, that the contention that all of the public rights of the city of Manila were acquired by the United States, which country was therefore justified, as absolute owner, in granting the property rights so acquired to what is called the 'absolutely new corporation' created thereafter. But the qualifying words touching property rights relinquished by Spain limit the relinquishment to 'property which, in conformity with law, belonging to the public domain, and as such belong to the Crown of Spain.' It did not affect property which did not, in 'conformity with law, belong to the Crown of Spain.' That it was not intended to apply to property which, 'in conformity with law,' belonged to the city of Manila as a municipal cor- [220 U.S. 345, 360] poration, is clear. This is demonstrated by the second paragraph of the same article, which reads: 'And it is hereby declared that the relinquishment or cession, as the case may be, to which the preceding paragraph refers, cannot in any respect impair the property or rights which by law belong to the peaceful possession of property of all kinds, of provinces, municipalities, public or private establishments . . . having legal capacity to acquire and possess property in the aforesaid territories renounced or ceded, or of private individuals.' Thus, the property and property rights of municipal corporations were protected and safeguarded precisely as were the property and property rights of individuals.
That the cession did not operate as an extinction or dissolution of corporations is herein recognized, for the stipulation against impairment of their property rights has this plain significance.
The conclusion we reach, that the legal entity survived both the military occupation and the cession which followed, finds support in the cases which hold that the Pueblos of San Francisco and Los Angeles, which existed as municipal organizations prior to the cession of California by Mexico, continued to exist with their community and property rights intact. Cohas v. Raisin, 3 Cal. 443; Hart v. Burnett, 15 Cal. 530; Townsend v. Greeley, 5 Wall. 326, 18 L. ed. 547; Merryman v. Bourne, 9 Wall. 592, 602, 19 L. ed. 683, 686; Moore v. Steinbach, 127 U.S. 70 , 32 L. ed. 51, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1067; Los Angeles Farming & Mill. Co. v. Los Angeles, 217 U.S. 217 , 54 L. ed. 736, 30 Sup. Ct. Rep. 452.
'Many corporations, for want of legal magistrates, have lost their activity, and obtained new charters. Maidstone, Radnor, Carmarthen, and many more are in the same case with Colchester. And yet it has never been disputed but that the new charters revive and give activity to the old corporation; except, perhaps, in that case in Levinz, where the corporation had a new name; and even there the court made no doubt. Where the question has arisen upon any remarkable metamorphosis, it has always been determined 'that they remain the same as to debts and rights."
The cases of Trigas and Vilas went off upon demurrers, and no question of remedy arises here.
The appeal of Aguado is from a decree upon a final hearing denying him all relief.
That all three of the plaintiffs in error are entitled to proceed to judgment when they shall establish their several claims is obvious from what we have said. But in the Aguado Case it is sought to establish his claim as a charge against certain property and funds held by the city as trustee, known as the Carriedo fund. In 1734 one Don Francisco Carriedo y Perodo bequeathed to the city a fund for the establishment of waterworks, to be kept as a separate fund and devoted to the erection and maintenance of the works. This fund was loyally kept and greatly increased, and was enlarged by a special tax upon meat, devoted to that purpose. The works were finally completed in 1878, and have been since operated by the city, the income and special tax going to maintenance. Certain securities belonging to the fund are now held by the city, the income being applied to the operation of the works. Aguado took a contract to supply coal for the use of the [220 U.S. 345, 363] Carriedo works, and made a deposit to guarantee the contract. When the city was occupied by the American Army it was indebted to him for coal so supplied, as well as for the deposit so made. That the coal was bought for and used in the operation of the Carriedo works is not denied. But there is no evidence that the credit was given to the Carriedo fund so held in trust under the will of Carriedo. The contract was made with the ayuntamiento of Manila, just as all other contracts for city supplies or works were made. The contract not having been made with special reference to the liability of the fund held in trust by the city, but apparently upon the general credit of the city, we are not disposed to reverse the judgment of the court below, holding that the claim of Aguado did not constitute a charge upon the Carriedo fund.
Aguado is, nevertheless, entitled to a judgment. The designation of the city in the petition as trustee may be regarded as descriptive. The debt having been incurred by the city, it must be regarded as a city liability. Taylor v. Davis (Taylor v. Mayo), 110 U.S. 330, 336 , 28 S. L. ed. 163, 165, 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 147.
Our conclusion is that the decree in the Aguado Case must be reversed and the case remanded, with direction to render judgment and such other relief as may seem in conformity with law. The judgments in the Trigas and Vilas Cases will be reversed and the cases remanded, with direction to overrule the respective demurrers, and for such other action as may be consistent with law, and consistent with this opinion.

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We'll see today in chapter 3 the account of the rise of Samuel to the position of a prophet (v. 21), a fact acknowledged and accepted by every Israelite. The Hebrew word used to describe Samuel in v. 1 (naar) refers to a young teenager. As we read this opening passage of chapter 3, we should probably think of Samuel as a boy in his early teens. (Josephus wrote that Samuel was 12 years old.) It seems that several years have passed since chapter 2's end. At this time in Israel's history (i.e., the late Judges Period), special revelations from God were rare, normally coming to prophets in visions or dreams (as in Numbers 12:6; 1 Samuel 28:6). Samuel, who saw clearly, both physically and spiritually, contrasts with Eli, who couldn't see well either way.
The writer of Samuel informs us that, “In those days the word of the Lord was rare; there were not many visions” (v. 1). Men weren't listening to God in those days, and God didn't speak very often. This “silence” is often a form of divine judgment. We 're told that prophecy was rare, so that we see the calling of Samuel as an end to God’s silence (see vv. 19–21).
The lamp of God (v. 3) is an expression that refers to the lamps on the sanctuary lampstand that continued to give light through the night (Exodus 27:20–21). The fact that it (they) had not gone out indicates that God called to Samuel just before dawn. Samuel may have been sleeping in the holy place or the sanctuary courtyard. Eli evidently slept nearby (v. 5). Samuel's self-discipline in getting up three times in response to what he thought was Eli's call is commendable; his selfless, willing obedience qualified him to receive the ministry that God entrusted to him.
In vv. 11–14, God restated for Samuel what the prophet had told Eli concerning the fate of Eli's house in the near and far future (see vv. 27–36 that Week 3's summary highlights). Under Mosaic Law, the penalty for showing contempt for the priesthood, for disobeying parents, and for blasphemy, was death (Deuteronomy 17:12; 21:18-21; Leviticus 24:11–16, 23). This was what "Hophni" (literally "Tadpole") and "Phinehas" ("Black One") would experience (as shown in next week's summary: v. 11). The cutting off of Eli's family line happened approximately 130 years later (1 Kings 2:27, 35).
The details provided for us in vv. 2, 3, and 7 help us understand the setting in which these events took place. Samuel was lying down in his appointed place inside the tabernacle, not that far from the Ark of the Covenant, a.k.a. the Holy of Holies. Eli was sleeping somewhere else, not too far to hear Samuel's calls. As the author informs us, Eli’s eyesight had greatly deteriorated; his vision was seriously impaired. With Eli’s age, weight, and visual limitations, he needed the help of a boy such as Samuel who was able to bring Eli a drink of water or run other errands for him. It was only natural for Samuel to assume that a late-night call had come from his master, Eli.
Remember: From the writer’s statement in v. 3, we know that God's call to Samuel came early in the morning, for he writes: “The lamp of God had not yet gone out.” The lamp is the golden lampstand, having seven lamps that are to “burn continually.” This doesn't mean they are to burn 24 hours a day, but that they're to always burn at night.
Then Eli realized that the Lord was calling the boy. 9So Eli told Samuel, “Go and lie down, and if he calls you, say, ‘Speak, Lord, for your servant is listening.’” So Samuel went and lay down in his place (1 Samuel 3:8–9).
So Eli told Samuel, “Go and lie down, and if he calls you, say, ‘Speak, Lord, for your servant is listening.’” So Samuel went and lay down in his place (1 Samuel 3:9).
For the first two times that Samuel was called by God, the young lad assumed he'd heard his master Eli's voice, which is understandable, especially if Eli sometimes called to Samuel for assistance during the night. It wasn't until the third “call” that Eli finally grasped the situation, realizing that it was God who was calling Samuel so he could reveal his Word to the boy. Following Eli's instructions, Samuel responded directly and knowingly to God when the Lord called the third time.
God's announcement to Samuel of what he was about to do to him would certainly cause both ears of those who'd heard such news to tingle. That's no exaggeration. When Eli heard the news, he collapsed, resulting in his death (which is shown in v. 18 on Week 5's summary page). The message given to Samuel focused on Eli’s sin more than on the sins of his sons. More specifically, God indicated that he'd bring about judgment on Eli and his house because Eli knew well of his sons' sins but did nothing to restrain them. In contemporary terms, Eli was an “enabler.” He facilitated his sons’ sinful behavior rather than resisted and opposed it.
19The Lord was with Samuel as he grew up, and he let none of Samuel’s words fall to the ground. 20And all Israel from Dan to Beersheba recognized that Samuel was attested as a prophet of the Lord. 21 The Lord continued to appear at Shiloh, and there he revealed himself to Samuel through his word.
The author next informs us that Samuel's encounter with God, and his resulting reception of God's Word, is the first of many. Verse 21 tells us specifically of at least a second appearance of God to Samuel at Shiloh; the inference is that others will follow. It was at this first appearance of God to Samuel that young Samuel not only seems to have begun to know the Lord but also to have become a prophet. Soon, Samuel will become a priest, then a judge; so keep up with these revealing hearty summaries.
The closing three verses summarize Samuel's continuing ministry as a "prophet" (Hebrew: nabbi') in Israel. In addition, the Hebrew ro'eh for Samuel, which we'll cover in chapter 9, describes the same office as being a "seer." So, when "prophet" appears, it usually emphasizes the proclamation aspect of the individual's ministry, and when "seer" occurs, the emphasis is usually on his or her ability to perceive messages from the Lord. The author reveals that Samuel was a proclaiming prophet and a perceptive seer.
V. 19 begins with "The Lord was with Samuel as he grew up." Is there anything better than knowing that you have the LORD with you? For Christians, we know the value we have in having God with us: If God is for us, who can be against us? (Romans 8:31). God is for us, not because we're so good or great, but because of who we are in Jesus.
The following phrase in v. 19, "let none of his words fall to the ground," means that all of Samuel's prophecies came to pass, and were known to be true words from God. Therefore, all Israel . . . recognized that Samuel had been established as a prophet of the LORD. The "fall to the ground" phrase is a metaphor taken from archery: The arrow that falls to the ground fails to reach its target. In contrast, all of Samuel's words hit their mark. They were effective because God found him to be a reliable "bow" that accurately and reliably delivered his words.
And the often-repeated phrase in v. 20, "from Dan to Beersheba," became proverbial during the united monarchy; it described all the land of Israel: Dan stood on the northern border, about 150 miles from Israel's southernmost major town, Beersheba.
Finally, v. 21 declares that the Word of the Lord came to Samuel. The phrase "The Lord revealed himself to Samuel through his word" is what Samuel the prophet communicated to the people. He did this so consistently that his word amounted to the Lord's Word.
Closing considerations Chapter 3 demonstrates how God rewards faithful obedience to his word by providing additional ministry opportunities (cf. Matthew 25:22–23; 1 Timothy 1:12). Samuel became the source of God's revelations to Israel. He continued to receive revelations from God as he represented God on earth because he remained faithful. Eventually, he became the most powerful man in Israel — even anointing the nation's first two kings. Like Moses, Samuel became an excellent leader of the Israelites. He functioned as judge, priest, and prophet. Yet he glorified the kings whom he appointed — the Lord's anointed — above himself. In many respects he foreshadowed the Lord Jesus Christ.
Chapters 1 through 3 prepare us for the rest of 1 and 2 Samuel, both historically and theologically. They teach us that God responds to the faith of his children, even insignificant people. A barren and therefore despised woman became the mother of Israel's most powerful man because she trusted and obeyed God. This was a complete reversal of what one would naturally expect. The three chapters also document that God blesses with fertility those who commit to his revealed will, but he cuts off the uncommitted.
There are four conflicts and reversals of fortune in these chapters: Peninnah and Hannah (ch. 1); the arrogant and the innocent (2:1–10); Eli's sons and Samuel (2:11–36); and Eli's "line of priests" and Samuel's "line of prophets" (3:1–4:1a). God decides who'll prosper and who'll perish. His judgment is based on his faithfulness to what he's said he'd do when people respond appropriately to his will.
Q. 1 What do you make of Eli's physical disability (v. 2 and 2:33)? What might this and "the lamp of the Lord" (v. 3) symbolize?
Q. 2 What does it mean that Samuel "let none of his words fall to the ground" (v. 19)?
Next week's summary is titled "Israel's Defeat: The Ark of the Covenant Is Captured" (4:1–23).

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