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obláta or oblát, f. [Lat. word], a sacramental wafer, oblát, acc., 625. 192; oblátu buðkr, Vm. 6.
odd-hagr, adj. skilled in wood-carving, Bs. i. 143, Fas. i. 292.
odd-hending, f. a metrical term, when the first rhyming syllable stands at the head of a verse; thus in haf-löður skeflir the syllable ‘haf’ is an oddhending, Edda (Ht.) 121: in mod. usage, in Ballads (Rímur), it means two rhyming syllables in the first, and one in the second line, three being an odd number of rhyme syllables—thus, sveipaðr mundd | á silki hrund | sat eg undir kvendi is an oddhending.
odd-hendr, adj. written in the metre oddhending, Edda 139.
odd-hvass, adj. sharp-pointed, Bs. ii. 172.
oddi, a, m. a triangle, a point or tongue of land, Landn. 294, v. l.; vaxinn með þremr oddum, Fms. x. 272. II. metaph. from the triangle, an odd number, opp. to even; ein er bæn, eða þrjár, fimm, eða sjau, því er bæna tal í odda, en eigi í jafna tölu, at sú tala er í odda er, merkir eining, ok má eigi deila í tvá hluti jafna, 625. 187: hence the metaph. phrase, standask í odda, to be at odds (Shakesp.), quarrelling; stóðsk allt í odda með þeim Þormóði ok Gesti, Fb. ii. 204 (skarsk í odda, Fbr. 81 new Ed. less correct); hefir nú ok í odda staðizk með oss um hríð, Ísl. ii. 180. III. freq. in local names, of a tongue of land; Oddi, Odda-staðr, whence Odda-verjar, m. pl. the men from Oddi:—as a pr. name, Oddi, Stjörnu-Oddi = star-Oddi, Oddi the astronomer, an Icelander of the 12th century skilled in astronomy, from whom proceeded the computation called Odda-tal, n. the calculus of Oddi, Rb. 6. COMPDS: odda-maðr, m. [Dan. op-mand, qs. ‘odd-mand’]:—the third man, who gives the casting vote, the odd man (third, fifth …): as in the saying, oddamaðr er opt inn þriði, | jafntrúr skal sá beggja liði, Mkv.; hvart sem tveir megu eða fleiri göra sátt, enda verða þeir eigi ásáttir, þá er rétt at þeir taki sér oddamann, Grág. i. 485; þeir skyldi sjálfir semja sættir sínar, en Rafn vera oddamaðr, ef þá skildi á Sturl. iii. 179. odda-tala, u, f. an odd number.
ODDR, m. [A. S. ord; Germ. ort = ‘point’ of land, spot, place, but in early Germ. = Lat. cuspis; Dan.-Swed. od, odd]:—a point of a weapon Am. 59, Karl. 506, K. Þ. K. 96, and in countless instances, knífs-oddr, nálar-o., als-o., spjóts-o. (but blóðrefill of a sword): the allit. phrase, oddr ok egg, Hom. 33; með oddi ok eggju, with point and edge, at the sword’s point, by force, Nj. 149, Grág. ii. 13; ætla ek at sækja oddi ok eggju frændleifð mína, Ó. H. 32; brjóta odd af oflæti sínu, to break the point of one’s pride, to humble oneself, Nj. 94: poët. a point, spear, fölvar oddar, Hkv. 1. 52; seðja ara oddum, 2. 7; oddar görva jarli megin, see jarl. 2. a spur, which in olden times had a single point, see Worsaae, No. 356. II. metaph. the front; hann hafði yxnum skipat í odd á liði sínu, Fms. x. 404. 2. a leader; hann var oddr ok æsir fyrir þessum úfriði, Fms. viii. 57, v. l. III. a pr. name, Oddr as well as Oddi: in compds, of men, Odd-björn, Odd-geirr, Odd-leifr, Odd-marr; of women, Odd-björg, Odd-fríðr, Odd-katla, Odd-laug, Odd-leif, Odd-ný, and in the latter part Þór-oddr, Arn-oddr, Landn.
odd-viti, a, m. a leader, chief, who marches ahead, Hkv. Hjörv. 10, Hkv. 2. 10, Ó. H. 61, 214, Niðrst. 108.
OF, prep. with dat. and acc., the form varies; umb is an obsolete and rare form, hence um, sounded umm, which is far the most common form in old writers, and has altogether superseded both umb and of: [the ‘of’ answers nearest to Ulf. uf; O. H. G. oba; Germ. ob; Gr. ὑπό; Lat. sub; Sansk. upa.] Most of the oldest vellums, as also the poets, prefer to use ‘of,’ yet not all, for the Cod. Reg. of Sæm. Edda in nine cases out of ten writes um, so also did the Cod. Acad. primus (the Kringla) of the Hkr.; and this is important, for these two vellums are our chief sources for old poetry; on the other hand, the Cod. Reg. of the Snorra Edda prefers ‘of.’ Among other vellums the old fragment of the Orkn. S. (Arna-Magn. No. 325) mostly uses ‘of’ as of nóttina, Orkn. 110; of hans daga, 178; of Jól, 180; of daga þeirra bræðra, 182; but also ‘um’ e. g. ofan um sik, ofan um hann, id. The word will be given in full under letter U, so that a few references may suffice here: I. in the sense over, Lat. super, with dat. and acc., α. jörð grær of ágætum barma, Eg. (in a verse); brann of fylki, Ýt.; of svírum, Hornklofi; dík flæði of líkum, Fms. xi. 191; sjár þýtr of árum, vi. (in a verse); of bý breiðum, Lex. Poët. β. with acc., of nýt regin, Vþm. 13; of dróttmögu, 11; of liðu, Sdm. 9; of sumar, Vsp. 40; of garð risa, Gs.; of lopt ok lög, Hkv.; úlfr gengr of ýnglings börn, Eg. (in a verse); vestr fór ek of ver, Höfuðl. 1; liggja of ungan Mörukára, Fms. vi. (in a verse). II. in a causal sense = Lat. ob; of sanna sök, for a just sake, justly, Fms. ii. 322 (in a verse); of minna, for a less cause, Glúm, (in a verse); of litla sök, Lex. Poët.; of sannar deildir, id.; of minni sorgir, Korm. (in a verse).
OF and um, an enclytic particle, chiefly placed before verbs or participles, seldom before nouns; it is obsolete, and occurs only in old poetry and now and then in the oldest prose; the spelling varies, for here too the Cod. Reg. of Sæm. Edda, as also the Kringla, mostly prefer um, so as to take examples from the poem Hm., um skoðask, um skygnask, 1; um getr, 8; um á (owns), 9; þylsk hann um, um getr, 17; um farit, 18; síns um máls, 21; um gelr, 29; um þörf, 38; um getr, 58, 65; um dvelr, 59; um viðrir, 74; um lagit, 84; um vakin, 100; um komin, um sofin, 101; um kominn, 104; um gaf, 105; um geta, 123; um heilli, 129; um reist, 145; um stendr, 154; um kann, 163: of gat, 140; of alinn, 72; of kom, 145; of vitaðr, 100; of blótið, 145: vf, vf boðit, 67; vf heimtir, 14: thus in this single poem ‘um’ occurs about twenty-four times, ‘of’ five times, and ‘vf’ twice: for the other poems see Bugge’s Edition: on the other hand, of traddi, Gh. 2; of þrumir, Gm. 8; of hyggi, 34; at ek öllum öl yðr of heita, Hým. 3; of geta, 4; of teknir, 14; of heitt, 32:—in prose, ef maðr má eigi of koma, Grág. ii. 209; of förlar, Kb. 14; of telrat, 178; er héðan of sér, Ísl. (Heiðarv. S.) ii. 387; en ér of sét eigi ljós, but you see not the light, 645. 81; at eigi of sá á miðli, Íb. 11; má of rannsaka, 677. 6; þó at báðum of göri, 2; ok af því of eykr eigi atkvæði, Skálda (Thorodd) 165; sem menn of bera megu, Hom. (St.); at hann megi jafnfúss of vera, id., and passim in that old vellum, see Fritzner’s Dict. s. v.; ef því um náir, Grág. (Kb.) 209; ef þeir um sitja, 74; um ves, 76; um taki, 89; um göra (twice), 109; um telrat, 194; urn býðr, 230; um komi, 234; ef sól um sæi, if the sun was to be seen, ch. 29. II. seldom before nouns; síns um máls, Hm. (see above); um þörf, 38; as hans of dólgr, Skv.; Baldrs of barmi, Haustl.; öll of rök, Alm. 9; of sköpt, kinsmen, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.; of tregi, Gkv. 1. 3 (thus Bugge in two words); Þórs of rúni, Haustl.; of kúgi, an oppressor, Fms. vii. (in a verse); with adjectives, of reiðr, Skm.: it remains in some old sayings or phrases, án er íllt um gengi; um seinan, Nj. 91.
OF, adv. [this particle is closely akin to the prep. of; the extended form ofr- (q. v.) is mostly used in compds, not singly, and answers to Gr. ὑπέρ, Lat. super, Engl. above]: 1. as subst. excess, pride, conceit; því at hón verðr eigi svá mikil, at þar muni of þitt allt í liggja, Ld. 318; við of, to excess, Ísl. ii. 154; þótti hirðmönnum hans við of, hversu mikit, they thought it was beyond measure, Vígl. 17; um of, to excess: the phrase, of sem van, too much or too little; það er of sem van. 2. with gen., of fjár, immensity of wealth, Nj. 9, 27, Eg. 68, Ó. H. 198; of liðs, a vast host of men, Hkr. ii. 265; of manna, Fms. vi. 146.
B. Adv. too, Lat. nimis, and may be used with any adjective; when with adjectives it is better written separately, of gamall, too old; of ungr, too young, Ld. 262; of langr, of stuttr, Art. 96; of stórr, of lítill, Eg. 50; of harðr, of linr, of góðr, of vándr, of kaldr, of heitr, of magr, of feitr, of digr, of breiðr, of mjór, of hár, of lágr, of víðr, of þröngr, of margr, of fár, of mart, Njarð. 372; of þögull, of heimskr, of máligr, Art. 30, 82. 2. with adverbs; of mjök, too much, Eg. 226, Ísl. ii. 391; of fjarri, Fms. ii. 181; of lengi, too long, x. 379; of seint, too late. Art. 96; of snemma, of árla, too early; cp. um of viða, of sjaldan, of opt, etc. II. with the neut. of a past part., overmuch, too much, with the notion of having overdone or sometimes wishing not to have done it; hafa of drukkit, to have drunk too much, Gm. 51; hafa of aukit, Eg. 202, Hkr. ii. 209; hafa of gefit, to have given more than one likes, Ld. 318; hafa of gört, to have transgressed, Nj. 221, Fms. xi. 333; eigi of hefnt, Grett. 124; hafa of keypt, bought too dear, Jb. 372; hafa of mælt, Fms. i. 163; þykjast hafa of talað, wish one had not said it; sé mér þetta of mælt, Mar.; hafa of tekið við e-n, to have gone too far, Fms. viii. 258; hafa of seinat, too late, Ld. 144, Fas. i. 196; um seinat, Fms. viii. 162:—‘of’ is opp. to ‘van-,’ too much, too little, hafa van-dæmt, of-dæmt, of-mælt, Gþl. 378; van-refst of-refst, 272; of-talt van-talt, 477; of-alnir, van-alnir, Grág. i. 455. III. rarely with verbs; of-tala, to talk too much.
ofa, u, f. overbearing (= of 1); frétt hefir öld ofu þá, (pride, pomp?), Am. 1; létt sésk Atli ofu þína, A. little heeds thy overbearing, Skv. 3. 31.
ofa-, in compds, = of, vastness: ofa-fé, mikit ofafé, a vast amount of money, Fær. 11; ofafé mikit, Fms. vii. 232: ofa-mikill, adj.; ofamikit fé, Hkr. i. 182, 284; ofamikit herfang, Orkn. 378.
of-allt or of-vallt, adv. always, Orkn. 90, etc.; see ávalt or ávallt.
ofan, adv., the mod. Faroe dialect has oman, [Goth. obana; A. S. ofan; Germ. oben]:—from above, down, downwards.; falla ofan, to fall down, 623. 24, Eg. 240: taka ofan hús, to pull down, 100; fóru ofan þangat, Nj. 68; hann klauf ofan allan skjöldinn … reist ofan allan fótum, from top to bottom, 246; hann hjó frá ofan höndina, separated, cut off the hand, 160: metaph., telja e-t ofan, to ‘talk down,’ dissuade, Fms. xi. 11; taka ofan, to uncover the head. II. with prepp. denoting motion from above; ofan af landi, Eg. 32; ofan af himnum, down from heaven; ofan til skipa, 244; ofan eptir dal, ofan eptir eyrum; hann féll ofan fyrir klettinn, he fell down over the rock, Fær. 31; ofan fyrir bjargið, ganga ofan í fen, to sink, plunge into the fen, Nj. 21; veit þá heldr fyrir ofan, it sloped downwards, Fær. 40.; detta ofan í, to sink down into the mire, of cattle; þeir riðu ofan í Skaptártungu, Nj. 261; ofan í fjöru, ofan í dalinn, ofan í gröfina, etc.; ofan á herðar, mitt læri, ofan á belti, 2; ór himni ofan, down from heaven, Clem. 21; ofan frá merkjá, Eg. 100; hann lét (the garment) falla ofan um sik … sem klæðit hrundi ofan um hann, Orkn. 182; ofan um ís, down through the ice. 2. without motion; ofan á, upon, Lat. super; stendr hann þar á ofan, Ó. H. 108; liggja ofan á, leggjask ofan á, setja, láta ofan á e-t, etc.; ríða ofan á milli, to sit between the packs of a pack-horse; leggja ofan yfir, to cover over, Fas. i. 377. III. the uppermost part; viðr ofan, large at the top, Fær. 29. IV. adverbial, á ofan, over and above, to boot, into the bargain, Grett. 94, Fms. ii. 42: á þat ofan, Bs. i. 71; fyrir þat ofan, besides, Grág. i. 428: fyrir ofan, with acc.; fyrir ofan hús, Nj. 199; fyrir ofan kné, 28; fyrir ofan sjó, Fms. iv. 354; steinveggr var fyrir ofan, above, higher up, Orkn. 310; fyrir ofan ok neðan. V. with gen. above the surface of; ofan jarðar, above earth, alive; ofan sjóar, afloat.
ofan-fall, n. a downfall, Fms. ii. 276. Fbr. 88: a down-pour, of rain, Sturl. i. 163, Ann. 1391, Fas. i. 64, Karl. 527.
ofan-för, f. a descending, Ísl. ii. 339.
ofan-ganga, u, f. a descent, Sturl. i. 180, Eb. 218, Eg. 229, Stj. 365.
ofan-högg, n. a cutting down, Pr. 414.
ofan-í-gjöf, f. payment into the bargain:—rebuke.
ofan-reið, f. a riding downwards, Sturl. iii. 245.
ofan-verðr, adj., opp. to neðanverðr (q. v.), the upper, uppermost; í ofanvert bjargit, Hkr. i. 290; komnir í ofanvert riðit, Fms. ii. 5; skegg á ofanverðu barðinu, 310; breiðr at ofanverðu, Ísl. ii. 345; á ofanverðu fjalli, Str. 54; á ofanverðri Heiðmörk, Fb. ii. 292; frá öndverðu til ofanverðs, from top to bottom, Hom. 118; frá ofanverðu allr prjónaðr, John xix. 23. 2. temp. in the later part of a period, opp. to öndverðr; ofanverða nótt, towards the end of the night, late in the night, Fms. iv. 54, Gullþ. 27; öndurða … ofanverða æfi sína, Ver. 25, Rb. 410; á ofanverðum dögum Haralds, Fh. ii. 182, Gísl. 3.
ofarla, adv. = ofarliga, in a temp. sense, towards the end of a certain length of time; á hans dögum ofarla, 623. 11, Fms. iv. 24, xi. 201; o. á Langa-föstu, v. 168:—metaph., the phrase, bíta e-m ofarla, to bite sharply, Hm. 119.
ofar-liga, adv. high up, in the upper part, opp. to neðarliga, q. v.; o. í dalnum, o. í skálanum, o. á fjöllum, Grett. 111, Fms. v. 197, K. Á. 70, N. G. L. i. 14. 2. metaph., þeim mun í brún bregða ok ofarliga klæja, their upper part will itch, i. e. in the vital parts of their body, = sorely, Nj. 239, cp. Hm. 119; at faðir þinn tæki o. til launanna, thy father was made to smart for it, Ölk. 37; o. mun liggja újafnaðr í þér, of bare-faced impudence, Grett. 134. 3. temp., ofarliga á Jólum, Fms. vii. 272; ofarliga á hans dögum, Orkn. 136; o. á æfi Sigurðar konungs, Fms. vii. 162.
ofarr, adv., compar. answering to of, upp, yfir, opp. to neðarr, q. v.; superl. ofarst, but better efst, q. v.:—above, higher up; sumir ofarr sumir neðarr, Hkr. i. 71; annat augat mun ofarr en annat, Fms. vi. 206; ofarr á legsteininum, Al. 65; ofarr í ánni, Edda 75; o. en nú gangi flóð, Grág. ii. 354; draga segl ofarr, Hkv. 1. 29. 2. temp. later, more advanced in time; því meirr er ofarr var, Bs. i. 137. 3. metaph., hættú, hættú! ok lát eigi ofarr koma þessa fólsku, stop, stop! and let not this nonsense go farther, Bs. i. 810. 4. with a compar., ofar meir, ‘upper-more,’ higher up, Fms. ix. 406: temp. later, 499; sem ofar meirr (below, in a book) mun heyrask mega, Stj. 13; sem ofar meirr mun sagt vera, 44. II. superl. ofarst, uppermost, = efst (q. v.), Edda 2, Fms. vii. 64, N. G. L. i. 59, Hkr. i. 146, Grág. ii. 402.
of-át, n. (afát, Hom. 31, 53, 71), over-eating, gluttony, Skálda 208, Greg. 25, Barl. 42.
of-beldi, proncd. obbeldi, n. [qs. ofveldi], violence, overbearing, Fms. i. 221, vii. 20, Al. 10, N. G. L. i. 458, H. E. i. 470. COMPDS: ofbeldis-fullr, adj. overbearing, Stj. 8. ofbeldis-maðr, m. an overbearing man, Stj. 85.
of-bjóða, bauð, only impers. mér ofbýðr, it amazes, shocks, me.
of-bleyði, f. cowardice, Sks. 75.
of-boð, n. a shock, terror; í ofboði, in amazement:—ofboðs, adv. shockingly, very, ofboðs-legr, adj. shocking.
of-bræði, f. passion, impatience, Hom. 85.
of-deildir, f. pl. quarrelsomeness, Hom. 85.
of-dirfð, f. foolhardiness, K. Á. 232, Fms. iii. 68, vii. 18, 161, H. E. i. 504, Str. 50. ofdirfðar-fullr, adj. foolhardy, H. E. i. 473.
of-dirfska, u. f. = ofdirfð, passim in mod. usage.
of-dramb, n. arrogance, conceit, Edda 7, Ó. H. 88, Sks. 462. ofdrambs-fullr, adj. conceited, Fms. v. 217, Hom. 123.
of-drykkja, u, f. (af-drykkja, Hom. 31, 53), indulgence in drink, Fms. viii. 251, ix. 424, Barl. 42, Gþl. 276, Skálda 208. ofdrykkju-maðr, m. a drunkard, 623. 15, Fms. viii. 252, Barl. 137.
of-dul, f. great conceit, Finnb. 300.
of-dyri, n. (umdyri, Hom. 82 thrice), the ‘over-door,’ the lintel, Ver. 21, Stj. 279, Gþl. 345.
of-dælska, u, f. pertness, Sks. 519, v. l.
of-fari adj. having gone too far, doing wrong; verða offari, Fms. iii. 21, viii. 237, xi. 436, Bs. i. 296, 837.
of-fita, u, f. too much stoutness.
of-fors, n. insolence, Grett. 110 A, Fms. v. 181. offors-fullr, adj. insolent, Grett. 70 new Ed.
OFFR, n., also spelt ofr, [Lat. offertum; Germ. opfer], an offering, Fms. ix. 277, Sks. 699, 781, Hkr. iii. 66, Bs. i. 820, Anecd. 8; fórnir ok heilög offr, id.; einskis þeirra offr skal taka til heilags altaris, K. Á. 208; til prests offrs, 102; prestinum til offrs, Vm. 118; at hann hefði sukkat gózi ok offri hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, þá hann hafði með at taka offrinu, Bs. i. 820.
offra, að, [Germ. opfern; Engl. offer], to make an offering, sacrifice; offra e-m e-t, Mar.: o. sik Guði, K. Á. 58. 2. to make a gift, to present, in an eccl. sense, Al. 17: with dat. of the thing, hann offraði miklu fé til grafar Dróttins, Fms. vii. 92; offraði frú Kristín borðkeri miklu, x. 87; hann lét göra kirkju ok offraði þar til gullhring, 153; þeir vóru leiddir til altaris at offra, ix. 277: reflex., H. E. i. 405.
of-framsækni, f. intruding oneself, Sks. 295.
offran, f. an offering, Stj. 109.
of-freistni, f. over-temptation, Barl. 158.
offrend, f. an offering, Hom. 113, Str. 80.
of-fylli, f. surfeit, Al. 153, Hom. 31: medic. dropsy.
of-gangr, m. ‘over-going’ excess, Fms. iii. 39; ganga ofgöngum, Gísl, 79, N. G. L. i. 169; ganga ofgangi, Fms. vii. 269: o. sjóvar, Barl. 19; elds o., D. N. ii. 95; o. frosts ok jökla, Sks. 12 new Ed.
of-gangsi, adj. over-prevailing, Sks. 339.
of-geytlan, f. bragging, Hom. 85.
of-gjafir, f. pl. paying into the bargain, Nj. 18, v. l.
of-gæði, n. pl. great advantages, Hkr. iii. 285.
of-göngli, f. prevalence, Sks. 339, v. l.
of-harmr, m. affliction, Fms. iii. 166.
of-heyrn, f., medic. a tingling in the head, Fél. x.
of-hiti, a, m. excessive heat, Hom. 87.
of-hlátr, m. immoderate laughter, Hom. 85.
of-hlýr, m. a calm, poët., Alm. 23.
of-hyldgan, f. ‘over-flesh,’ proud flesh, of a wound, Fél. x.
of-jarl, m. an ‘over-earl,’ an over-match; verða mér sumir ofjarlar hér í héraðinu, Valla L. 206; Jóab, er mér verðr ofjarl fyrir stórleika sakir, Stj. 537: in a play of words, Einarr þambar-skelfir sá þetta ok mælti, ofjarl, ofjarl, fóstri!—Kann ek ekki við því, at yðr þykki sumt ofjarl en sum ekki at manna, Fms. vi. 53.
of-kerski, f. petulance, Nj. 129, Fms. ix. 404, v. l.
oflát, f. = obláta, q. v.
of-megri, f. starvation, N. G. L. i. 25, Gþl. 502.
of-metnaðr, m. over-pride, over-assumption, Nj. 17, Ó. H. 69, Sks. 461, Stj. 8, 144, 145, Hom. 86, 107, Ver. 10, Greg., Mar., Bs., passim in old and mod. usage. COMPDS: ofmetnaðar-fullr, adj. full of pride, 625. 90. ofmetnaðar-maðr, m. an over-proud man, Vígl. 17, MS. 677. 11, Stj. 36. ofmetnaðar-samr, adj. arrogant, Bs. i. 854.
of-mikill, adj. ‘over-muckle,’ excessive, Gm. 21.
OFN, m., spelt omn, Blas. 46; an older form ogn, Boldt 48, answering to Goth. and Swed.: [Ulf. auhns = κλίβανος; Engl. oven; Swed. ugn; Dan. ovn, kakkel-ovn; Germ. ofen; cp. Gr. ἴπν-ος]:—an oven, furnace, esp. in Norway, where there are no hot springs for bathing, Rb. 386, Ver. 29, Stj. 273, Fms. vii. 245, Bs. i. 223, Eb. 47 new Ed.; stein-ofn, a furnace of bricks (?), referring to the year 1316, Bs. i. 830, where the passage may refer to warming the apartments. 2. an oven for baking; gékk hón til nauðig ok bakaði í ofninum, Hom. 113; in olden times, as at the present day, baking and dairy work were in the women’s charge. COMPDS: ofns-eldr, m. an oven-fire, Stj. 112. ofn-grjót, n. pl. oven-stones, bricks (?), Fms. vii. 323, viii. 166 (referring to the latter part of the 12th century). ofn-reykr, m. smoke from an oven, Stj. 124. ofn-stofa, u, f. an ‘oven-closet,’ close stove, bath-room, Fms. vi. 440, where it is stated that king Olave the Quiet (1066–1093) was the first who introduced ovens or stoves (ofn-stofa) into the hall instead of the old open fires, see eldr (II); these stoves served for bathing and for heating the rooms; hann lét ok fyrst göra ofnstofur ok steingólf vetr sem sumar. The account of the death of the Berserkers in Eb. ch. 28, referring to the 10th century, may therefore be an anachronism and not an historical fact, for it is reported as extraordinary for Iceland that a bishop of Hólar (a Norseman) in the year 1316 built a ‘stone-oven’ (brick-oven) in his house, Laur. S. l. c.
of-neyzla, u, f. intemperance, Stj. 143, H. E. i. 519, Jb. 404.
OFR, adv. [cp. Goth. ufar; Engl. over; O. H. G. upar; Germ. über; Lat. super; Gr. ὑπέρ]:—over-greatly, exceedingly: with gen. but rarely, ofr fjár is perh. only a misprint for of fjár, Lv. 103 (paper MS.); otherwise as a prefix chiefly to substantives and adjectives. COMPDS: ofr-afl, n. = ofrefli, Grág. ii. 192. ofr-ást, f. passionate love, Fms. vii. 357. ofr-borð, n. overboard; in the metaph. phrase, detta fyrir ofrborð, to fall overboard, lose heart and courage. ofr-dýrr, adj. over-dear, Þórð. 65. ofr-efli, n. overwhelming force, odds, Eg. 351, Fms. i. 199, viii. 90, Ísl. ii. 363: beyond one’s strength, Oddr kvað sér þat ekki ofrefli Korm. 38, Eb. 112, Fms. i. 203; með ofrefli, Al. 134: excess, immensity o. frosts, Sks. 36 new Ed.; mikit o. gulls, Mar.: gen., ofreflis fjöldi, immensity, Stj. 95. ofreflis-menn, m. pl. powerful men, bearing all down, Nj. 75, Eg. 425, 520. ofr-fjöldi, a, m. an immense host, Karl. 506. ofr-gangr, m. = ofgangr, Sks. 18, 33 new Ed. ofr-garpr, m. an overdaring man, Grett. 156 new Ed. ofr-gjöld, n. pl. fearful, dire retribution, Skv. 2. 4. ofr-harmr, m. an overwhelming sorrow, Fb. i. 512, Fas. i. 181. ofr-hefnd, f. a fearful vengeance. Am. 72. ofr-hiti, a, m. an overwhelming heat, Hrafn. 15, Mar. ofr-hugi, a, m. a fearless, daring man, Nj. 220, Fms. i. 155, ii. 66, vi. 324, Fs. 54, Korm. 90: = ofrhugr, ákefð ok o., Fms. ii. 319. ofr-hugr, m. dauntless courage, Edda (pref.) ofr-kapp, n. fierceness, stubbornness, Ld. 178, Sturl. i. 45, Fms. vi. 146, 417, Eb. 98, Fb. ii. 51. ofrkapps-maðr, m. a fierce, stubborn man, Fs. 52, Glúm. 373, Ísl. ii. 369, Fas. i. 119. ofr-kuldi, a, m. excessive cold, Sks. 87. ofr-lengi, adv. very long, Hkr. i. 102. ofr-lið, n. overwhelming force; bera e-n ofrliði, to overpower, Fms. i. 154, Hkr. ii. 371, Barl. 190. ofr-ligr, adj. excessive; ofrligt er um örleik þinn, Skíða R. 26. ofr-máta, adv. beyond measure, Fas. iii. 424. ofr-menni, n. a mighty champion, Eb. 248. ofr-mikill, adj. very great, Sks. 141, Hkr. iii. 65. ofr-mælgi, f. high words, vaunting, Vþm. 10. ofr-mæli, n. big talk, Edda 57. ofr-skjótt, n. adj. very soon, Hkr. ii. 190. ofr-vald, n. = ofrefli. ofr-verkr, m. a violent ache or pain, Bs. ii. 29. ofr-yrða, t, to address in big words, Þiðr. 256. ofr-yrði, n. pl. high words, Edda 57, Karl. 509. ofr-þraut, f. a great trial, Konr. ofr-þungi, a, m. a crushing weight, Bs. ii. 81. ofr-ölvi, adj. the worse for drink, Hm. 13.
ofra, að, to brandish, wave in the air, with dat. of the thing brandished; þegar er Birkibeinar ofruðu vápnum sínum, Fms. viii. 43, Eb. 60; ofra vröngum ægi, to pull the oar backwards, Bragi. 2. to raise; ofra lofi e-s, to put forth one’s praise, Edda (in a verse); þegar er sólu var ofrat, when the sun had risen, Ld. 216; ofra sér, to raise the head, appear, Bs. ii. 80, 132; bið ek at eigi ofrir þú reiði þinni, Stj. 392: acc., ofra sinn hug, Bs. ii. 112. II. reflex., Guðmundr vildi þat eigi heyra né ofrask láta, G. would not let it be known, Sturl. i. 141; þat ráð sem nú var ofrat (put forth, proposed), Sturl. iv. 104, (Bs. i. 770 efnat): to pride oneself, Hom. 49, Bs. ii. 24.
ofran, f. pride, insolence, Bs. ii. 44: savageness, N. G. L. i. 80.
of-rausn, f. ‘over-boldness,’ presumption, Fms. vii. 290; er öllum þat o., at halda því fyrir mér er konungr vill at ek hafa, ix. 445, v. l.; þann dóm lét hann hvern hafa, sem honum þótti þeir sakir til hafa, hvárt sem hann var ríkr eða fátækr, en þat þótti þeim o., xi. 250; hann lét jafna refsing hafa ríkan ok úríkan, en þat þótti landsmönnum o., Ó. H. 190.
of-reyna, d, to put too strong a test, Mar.; ofreyna sik, to overstrain one’s strength.
of-ríki, n. overbearing, sheer force, tyranny; at þeir þerði eigi heim at ganga fyrir o. búandans, K. Þ. K.; ofvald eðr o., Stj. 154, Boll. 336; afli ok o., Fms. i. 34; o. ok újafnaðr, viii. 84; bera e-n ofríki, N. G. L. ii. 150. ofríkis-maðr, m. an overbearing man, Gþl. 488.
ofsa, að, to overdo, do to excess; hinum bótum er þeir ofsa eðr vansa er í dómum sitja, N. G. L. i. 184; opt eru íll vitni ofsuð fyrir skaps sakir, 247:—ofsa sik, to puff oneself up, be haughty, arrogant; ef þú ofsar þik eigi þér til vansa, Hrafn. 29. II. reflex. to grow unruly; Jupiter þótti fólkit ofsask, Bret. 6; opt verðr ofsat til vansa, a saying = pride goes before a fall, Al. 138. 2. hence mod. afsast, dep. to rave, rage.
ofsi, a, m. overbearing, tyranny; fyrir o. Haralds konungs, Fs. 123; biskup kvaðsk vænta at menn munu þessum ofsa af sér hrinda, Fb. iii. 450; ofsi ok löglausa, Ó. H. 238, Eb. 116; ofsa ok yfirgang, Fms. vi. 26; ofsi ok újafnaðr, Eg. 8; ofsa ok údáðir, Fms. i. 208; at eigi mætti ofsi steypa lögunum, Hkr. i. 72; at sjatna mundi þeirra o., Ísl. ii. 386: extravagance, meir með ofsa en fyrirhyggju, Ld. 186; Þorsteini þótti nokkut svá vita ofsa þarvist þeirra ok eigi með fullri forsjá, Fs. 13; til ofsa ok frásagnar, Gþl. 275. II. gen. prefixed, excessively; ofsa hörð veðr, vehement gales, Bs. i. 893; ofsa kláði, a sore itch. Fél. x; ofsa þrútuligr, Hkr. 642 new Ed. COMPDS: ofsa-legr, adj. excessive. ofsa-maðr, m. an overbearing, violent man, Eg. 174, Nj. 89, Fms. vi. 155, vii. 113. ofsa-veðr, n. a violent gale.
of-sinka, u, f. over-stinginess, Hom. 85.
of-sjónir, f. pl.; in the phrase, sjá ofsjónum yfir e-u, to look down upon, despise; brott ætlar hann ok görir hann þat ílla … þurfti hann ekki ofsjónum yfir þessu landi at sjá, Sturl. i. 225; ef hann hefði eigi séð ofsjónum yfir mannlegu eðli, Al. 160:—in mod. usage, to grudge one a thing. 2. mod. the seeing of phantoms.
ofskaps-maðr, read ofrkappsmaðr, Bjarn. 34.
of-skemtan, f. over-pleasure, Fms. ii. 271.
of-skvaldr, n. over-swaggering, great noise, Fms. vi. 287.
of-skynja, adj. overlooking, looking down upon; þeir þykkjask sér ærnir, en mér nokkut o., Fms. v. 226; sýnisk mér sem flestir menn sé honum o. vestr þar. Sturl. iii. 168.
of-sköpun, f., medic. monstrosity, Fél. x.
of-snjár, m. vast masses of snow, N. G. L. i. 392.
of-sókn, f. persecution, Fær. 134, Fms. i. 224, Stj. 497, Ver. 29, Th. 79, Bs. ii. 142, passim.
of-stark, n. ‘over-strength,’ showiness, pride, Str. 82 (twice).
of-stopi, a, m. overbearing, arrogance, insolence; fara með ofstopa, Nj. 222; vildi Guð nú enda láta á verða þeirra ofstopa, Fms. vii. 18, Hom. 76; ofmetnaðr ok o., Rb. 394. ofstopa-maðr, m. an overbearing man, Eb. 14, Fms. i. 6, vii. 238, Nj. 215, Orkn. 8; íllt er at eggja ofstopa-mennina, Fb. i. 522.
of-stríðleikr, m. over-strength, violence, Sks. 156.
of-styrmi, n. = ofviðri, Fr.
of-stýri, n. an ‘over-steering,’ unmanageable thing; ætla ek at þú verðir oss skjótt ofstýri, Fas. i. 365 (Skjöld. S.); yðr mun o. verða at leggja mik við velli, Boll. 344: hence the mod. ó-stýrilátr, unruly, qs. ofstýrilátr.
of-stæki, n. ferocity, Ld. 252; grunar mik at ei komir þú því við fyrir þeirra o., Ísl. ii. 347, Mag. 164; ofstækis-maðr, a fierce man, Mag.
of-stækr, adj. hot, fierce, vehement.
of-stæri, n. [stórr], pride, haughtiness, Thom. 182.
of-stöður, f. pl. priapismus, Fél. x.
of-svefni, n. over-sleep, lethargy, N. G. L. ii. 418 (v. l.), Bb. 3. 81.
of-svæsi, n. temerity. H. E. i. 261, N. G. L. i. 458.
of-svæsinn, adj. in over-high spirits.
of-sækja, sótti, to persecute, Magn. 482, Stj. 402, 448, 478, passim. ofsækjandi, part. a persecutor, Stj 376.
of-sögn, f. ‘over-saying.’ exaggeration, Fas. i. 25.
of-sögur, f. pl. exaggeration; ekki hefir hann ofsögur frá þér sagt, Fms. vi. 206; hafa eigi o. verit frá sagðar þeirra garpskap ok herði, xi. 151; eigi má ofs gum segja frá vitsmunum þínum, it cannot be too highly praised, Ld. 132, Fas. i. 84, Ísl. ii. 36, Mag. 99, 113.
of-tala, u, f. an ‘over-number,’ surplus, N. G. L. i. 182.
of-tekja, u, f. a taking too much, wronging, Bs. i. 115.
of-tign, f. a too great honour, Fas. ii. 489.
of-traust, n. ‘over-trust,’ a too great confidence.
of-treysta, t, to trust too much, Hsm.
of-tæki, n. = ofstæki (?), Njarð. 368 v. l.
of-vald, n. = ofrvald, H. E. ii. 83, Stj. 121, 154, Art. 64.
of-veðri, n. = ofviðri, Hom. 97, Fas. ii. 78.
of-verkr, m. a violent pain, Bs. i. 343, 456, Stj. 435.
of-viðri, n. a violent gale, Fms. viii. 256. K. Þ. K. 78, Fas. ii. 37.
of-virðing, f. over great an honour, Fms. vi. 17.
of-viti, a, m. an over-wise person = Germ. sonderling, one who behaves in a strange manner; hann er o., a popular phrase.
of-vægilegr, adj. ‘over-weighing,’ overwhelming, immense, Bs. ii. 5.
of-vægr, adj. overwhelming: o. herr, Ó. H. 242.
of-væni, f. ‘over-weening’ spirits, Vikv. 7.
of-þrá, immoderate lust, Hom. 85.
of-þröngva, ð, to force, ravish, Stj. 384.
of-þögli, f. stubborn silence. Art. 30.
of-þögull, adj. over-silent. Art. 30.
of-ætlan, f. an ‘over-task,’ too great a task.
of-öltiliga, adv. = úfelmtliga (?). Sturl. iii. 185 C.
OK, copulative conj.; the mod. form is og, which appears in the 15th century MSS., but the word is usually in the MSS. written thus ⁊. The Runic inscriptions mostly have auk, which diphthongal form has in the conj. been changed into ok, but is retained in the adverbial auk = etiam. As neither the stone in Tune nor the Golden horn happens to have the word, we are in the dark as to its earliest Scandinavian form. The particle ok is characteristic of the Scandinavian languages, as distinguished from the Germ. und, Engl. and; although this is more apparent than real, for the identity of ok with the Goth. copulative particle jah and uh. Hel. jac, has been conclusively demonstrated by Grimm, who also makes out an identity between Goth. uh, standing for hu, and Gr. καί, Lat. -que; the metathesis of uh for hu is analogous to Lat. ac = Gr. καί. Grimm farther supports this etymology by comparing the Teutonic compounds ne-hu, Icel. contr. né, with Lat. ne-c = ne-que, which proves the identity of both the suffixed particles, the Lat. c or que and the Teut. uh. The Goth. jah is a compound = jâ-uh = ‘immo-que;’ the Norse ok, too, is prob. a compound particle, the j being dropped, and then jâ-uh contracted into auh = auk; the final guttural h (sounded as χ), instead of being absorbed by the preceding vowel, was hardened into the tenuis k. The negative verbal suffix -a and -að, the nominal suffix -gi, and the copula ok will thus all be derived from one root,—one of the many instances of the Protean transformations of particles, even the negative and positive being interwoven into the same word.
A. And, a copula between two or more nouns; í upphafi skapaði Guð himinn ok jörð, Edda (pref., Gen. i. 1); ríki ok konungdóm, Fms. i. 23; mikill ok sterkr, Nj. 2; væn kona ok kurteis ok vel at sér, 1; dætr þrjár ok sonu þrá, 30. If the nouns are many the usage may vary:—the nouns may be paired off, eldr ok vatn, járn ok málmr, Edda 36; or the copula is only put to the last, eldr, vatn, járn ok málmr; or, if emphatic, it may be reiterated, eldr ok vatn ok járn ok málmr; or ok may be left out altogether, málmr. steinar, jörðin, viðirnir, sóttirnar, dýrin, fuglarnir, eitrormar, Edda l. c. 2. bæði ok, bæði er hann vitr ok framgjarn, Nj. 6. 3. in comparison, as, and, = Lat. ac, atque; með jöfnum skildaga ok Hrólfr Kraki görði, Fb. ii. 137; samr maðr ek áðr, the same man as before, i. 364; hafa með sér sín epli, ok bera saman ok hin, and compare them and the others, Edda 46; hón var þá úlík ok fyrr, Fms. i. 185; þat er mjök sundrleitt ok Kristnir menn göra, it differs much from what Christians do, x. 171; á sömu leið ok fyrr, i. 253; samsumars ok Steingerðr gékk frá Bersa, Korm. 160; jamvandhæfr ok flörbaugsmaðr, Grág. i. 89. 4. of an adversative character, and yet, but; mörgum sárum ok engum stórum, Fms. x. 370; þetta eru áheyrilig boð, ok újafnlig. Nj. 77; úsællig kona ertú, ok (but yet) ekki svá at eigi megi sæma við slíkt, Fms. vii. 167. 5. the particle ok connects together the parts of the sentence; þá mælti Frigg, ok spurði, then spoke Frigg, and asked, Edda 37; at þú bættir ráð þitt, ok bæðir þér konu, thou shouldst mend thy condition, and take thee a wife, Nj. 2:—it is used to mark the progress of a speech or sentence, féllusk Ásum orðtök ok svá hendr, ok sá hverr til annars, ok vóru allir með einum hug til þess er unnit hafði verkit; Loki tók. Mistiltein, ok sleit upp, ok gékk til þings …; Höðr tók Mistiltein, ok skaut at Baldri; Æsir tóku lík Baldrs, ok fluttu til sjávar, Edda 37; sendu þeir Ívar til hans, ok skyldi hann vita, Fms. x. 27. II. in the old law (the Grág.) the apodosis or conclusion is headed by ok, then, as in the standing phrase, ok verðr hann útlagr, ok varðar þat … marka útlegð, and he shall pay, i. e. then he shall …; þeir menn er sakir eigu, ok skulu þeir ganga til dóms …, and so in every page of the Grágás. III. in some ancient epic poems the ok is as an historical particle put at the head of sentences or verses in a manner which closely resembles the use of the Hebrew ו; the old Ýt. is in this respect remarkable,—ok sikling, I; ok salbjartr, 2; ok sá brann, 3; ok Visburs, ok allvald, 4; ok landherr, 5: ok ek þess opt fregit hafðak, 6; ok allvald, 7; ok þat orð, 8; ok hnakkmars, 10; ok varð hinn, 11; ok Hagbarðs, 12; ok þrálífr … ok sveiðuðs. 13; ok lofsæll, 14; ok Austmarr, ok við aur, ok dáðgjarn, 16; ok ljóshömum, 18; ok ofveg, ok sá frömuðr, 19; ok Ingjald, ok sjá urðr, 20; ok Skæreið, 22; ok nú liggr, 23: ok launsigr, ok buðlung, 24; ok um ráð, ok launsigr, 25; ok niðkvisl, 26; — so used about thirty times in this single poem; in other poems less freq., but yet it occurs, e. g. in the fragments of Vellekla, see also the references given s. v. auk (III). IV. the placing the copula before both the parts to be joined is curious; this only occurs in a few instances in old poetry; ok einnar átta, ‘and’ one eight, i. e. one plus eight = nine, Hd. (composed about 986 A. D.); ok hárar hamljót, ‘and hoary scraggy’ = hoary and scraggy, Haustl.; ok Sörli þeir Hamðir, ‘and Sorli Hamdir’ = S. and H., Bragi; ok átta enni-tungl fjögur höfuð, ‘and eight eyes four heads’ i. e. four heads and eight eyes, id.; ok hörga blóthús, Rekst.; ok svá jarlar Óláfar, = jarlar ok svá Óláfar, Sighvat; ok hringa hlínar óþurft mína, the woe of her and myself, Kormak; ok há grasi viði = há grasi ok viði, Gm. 17; ok Elfar Gandvikr miðli, Edda (Ht.) 1. V. used as an interjection; þú skalt fara í Kirkjubæ—Ok, hvat skal ek þangat? Nj. 74; ok skaltú enn þora at mæla jöfnum orðum við mik, 656 B. 10: akin to this is the mod. usage in exclamations, wrath, wonder, indignation, og, hvað er nú að tarna! og, hvernig ætli þú látir! og, ekki nema það! VI. the following are prob. ellipt.; segðú mér þat …, ok ek vilja vita, tell thou me that, and I wish to know = that which I want to know, Skm. 3; ætlar jarl at höggva þessa menn alla, ok þeir hofðu nú höndum á komit, all those, and (whom) they had got hold of, Fms. xi. 14.
B. Adverb; older form auk, q. v., [Germ. auch; Old Engl. eke]:—also; þat er ok, at, Grág. i. 36; hér eru ok tignar-klæði, Nj. 6; hann vaknar ok sem aðrir, Fms. xi. 117; svá mun ok, Hom. 142, and in countless instances old and mod., see auk; eigi ok, neither, Fms. x. 324; það er og, so so!
OK, n. [Goth. juk; A. S. geoc; Engl. yoke; O. H. G. joh; Germ. joch; cp. Lat. jugum, Gr. ζυγόν; in the Northern languages the j is dropped, ok, Dan. aag]:—a yoke, Fb. ii. 72, Rb. 398, Al. 6, 19, Sks. 136 new Ed.: metaph., ok vóru svá Norðmenn undir því oki, Ó.T. 15; ok-björn, ok-hreinn, poët. = a ‘yoke-bear,’ an ox, Ýt., Lex. Poët.
oka, að, to ‘yoke,’ subjugate; margar þjóðir okaði hann undir ríki Valdamars konungs, Fms. x. 231; at ek geta þik undir okat hans þjónustu, ii. 122; Guð okaði undir hann alla hans undirmenn, Bs. i. 167; hann mun oka yðr undir þröngvan þrældóm, Stj. 441, Karl. 134. 2. to join by a cross-piece; ker mikit ok okat með stórum timbr-stokkum, Hkr. i. 17: undir-oka, to ‘under-yoke,’ subjugate.
oki, a, m. a cross-piece fastening boards or deals together; þar skulu vera fjórar rimar í ok okar á endum, Gþl. 381; hann hljóp upp á okann ok stóð þar, the cross-piece on the inside of a door, Háv. 39 (= hurðar-oki, Eb. 182); jafn-oki, an equal match.
okkr, dat. and acc. dual, [Uif. ugk, ugkis = ἡμας, ἡμιν]:—us, of two, in countless instances; the old writers make a strict distinction between dual and plur. (okkr oss, ykkr yðr, vit vér), whereas mod. Icel. in the spoken language has exclusively adopted the dual; thus Icel. say, hann sagði okkr, hann bað okkr; this use of the dual for the plur. is prop. a familiar way of speaking, regarding the speaker himself as the one, and ‘the rest’ as the other person; in writing the old distinction is still often observed.
OKR, n. [Ulf. wokrs = τόκος, Luke xix. 23; A. S. wocor; O. H. G. wuochar; Germ. wucher; Dan. aager; Swed. ocker]:—usury, K. Á. 204, 218, Bs. i. 684; the word occurs in old writers only in eccl. writers.
okra, að, to practise usury; okra e-u or okra með e-t.
okr-karl, m. a usurer, K. Á. 206, = Dan. aager karl.
oktava or oktava-dagr, m. [Lat. word], the octave after a feast day, Bs. i. 144, H. E. i. 310.
ol-bogi, a, m. the elbow; see ölnbogi.
olea and olía, u, f. [Lat. oleum], oil, Pr. 470, 471.
olea, að, to anoint, of extreme unction, N. G. L. i. 14, 347, Fms. viii. 445, x. 148, Bs. i. 144.
olean, f. extreme unction, Fms. viii. 445, Bs. i. 469, N. G. L. i. 14, 347, H. E. i. 224, 473.
olifant, m. [for. word; Gr. ἐλέφας; Old Engl. olifaunt], the unicorn, Karl. 386:—the name of a trumpet, Karl., l. c.; skaptið var af olifant-horni, ivory? Karl. 369.
oliva, u, f., olivu-tré, n., -viðr, m. [for. word], the olive-tree, Stj. 256, 403, 413, 441, Karl. 199, Þiðr. 116. olifa-kvistr, m., Karl. 226, 334.
olla, olli, ollat, to cause; see valda.
ol-ugi, ol-hugat, ol-hugliga, oluð, = ölhugi, etc., q. v.; see alhugi.
oman, n. the boss on a sword, Þiðr. 104, N. G. L. ii. 439.
oman, adv. = ofan, Þiðr. passim.
op, n. an opening, mouth, of a bag or the like; binda fyrir opið (poka-op), freq. in mod. usage, but does not occur in old writers.
OPA, að, to retreat, go back, akin to opinn; this is the older form, whence comes hopa the common form, under which see the references.
opin-bera, að, [Germ. offenbaren], to manifest, reveal, Bs. i. 275, 869, passim, H. E. i. 526.
opin-beran, f. revelation. Opinberunar-bók, f. the Book of Revelation.
opin-berliga, adv. openly, in public, Nj. 165, Fms. i. 142, ii. 184, ix. 452, K. Á. 108, Dipl. i. 7, Sks. 577.
opin-berligr, adj. manifest, Stj. 250: public, o. skript, Fas. ii. 174.
opin-berr, adj. [Germ. offenbar], manifest, Sks. 714; göra opinbert, Fms. ii. 104: open, o. víðátta, Sks. 504; notorious, o. mál, K. Á. 152; o. ránsmaðr, 62; o. okrkarl, 62, 208.
opin-mynntr, adj. open-mouthed, Sd. 147.
OPINN, opin, opit, adj., [A. S. and Engl. open; O. H. G. offan; Germ. offen; Dan. aaben]:—open, prop. = resupinus, on the back, face uppermost; opp. to á grúfu (grovelling) opnu-selar eru fyrir því kallaðir at þeir svimma eigi á grúfu heldr opnir, Sks. 177; hann lét binda hann opinn á slá eina, Fms. ii. 179; féll sá opinn á bak aptr, vii. 191; ef maðr liggr opinn á sléttum velli, Symb. 31; opit ok öndvert, Bs. i. 746: the phrase, koma í opna skjöldu, to take one in the back (i. e. the hollow) of the shield, to take one in the rear, Eg. 295, Stj. 365. II. open; loptið var opit, Eg. 236; opnar búðir, Grág. i. 261; haugrinn opinn, Nj. 118; hann lét snúa fjöl fyrir ljórann svá at lítið var opit á, so that little was left open, Fms. vii. 191; var hurðin opin, Edda 30, Fms. vii. 314; opið bréf, an open deed, letters patent, Dipl. ii. 1; opin jörð, open, thawed N. G. L. i. 43; opin á, an open river, not icebound, Vm., Fs. 52; at mál stæði opin, open, undecided, Sturl. iii. 136; sjá banann opinn fyrir sér, Fb. i. 197; kominn í opinn dauða.
opin-sjóðr, m. open-purse, a nickname, Sturl.
opin-skár, adj. lying open, manifest, as also metaph. out-spoken, frank.
opin-spjallr, adj. out-spoken, Ad. 1, Fb. ii. 701.
opna, að, [A. S. openjan, Germ. öffnen, etc.], to open; hann létt opna hauginn, Eg. 601; opna jörð til þess at grafa niðr lík, K. Þ. K.; þeir opnuðu merina, cut it up, Fs. 56: impers., sýndisk himinn opna, Hom. 57: reflex. to open, be opened, Grág. ii. 262; opnask haugrinn, Fb. i. 215; sárit opnaðisk, Fms. ix. 276; fjallit opnaðisk, Nj. 211; himinn opnaðisk, Niðrst. 3; jörð opnaðisk, 645. 64.
opna, u, f. an opening; hvíta-salt svá mikit umhverfis opnuna (the crater), at klyfja mátti hesta af, Ann. 1341:—the two pages of an open book, erkibiskup leit skjótt á þá opnu sem upp flettisk, Safn i. 677; það stendr á þessari opnu. opnu-selr, m. a kind of seal, the mod. vöðu-selr, so called because it swims on its back (see opinn), Sks. 177.
oppruðar, gen. = ofraðar; prýðiliga til oppruðar, exceedingly grand, Fms. x. 387.
OPT, adv., better oft, compar. optarr, superl. optast, [Ulf. ufta = πολλάκις, and common to all Teut. languages]:—oft, often; þá varð þat sem opt kann henda, Fms. i. 99, and in countless instances, old and mod.; e. g. opt is freq. the first word in a host of proverbs, opt sparir leiðum þats hefir ljúfum hugat, Hm.; opt kemr æði-regn ór dúsi, oft comes a shower after a lull, Eb. (in a verse): opt er flagð í fögru skinni, etc. 2. with part. pass., opt-reyndr, oft-tried, Fms. vi. 104; opt-nemndr, opt-greindr, oft-named, etc. II. compar. optarr, oftener; eigi optarr en of sinn, not more than once, Js. 2; þá mundi hann optarr sigr fá, Fms. vi. 225; en ef hann stell optarr, Js. 129; eigi optarr, no more, id.; æ því sterkari sem hann féll optarr, Al. 52; því meira sem þat var optarr hvatt, Korm. 94, passim. III. superl. optast, oftenest, usually, mostly; hann var optast um mitt landit, Fms. i. 6; hann sat optast í Túnsbergi, 11; hann átti þar margar orrostur ok hafði optast sigr, 193, passim.
optarri, compar. adj. more frequent, Þiðr. 161.
opt-leiki, a, m. frequency, Fms. v. 241.
opt-liga, adv. often, frequently, Eg. 60, Fms. i. 13, 23, 52, Nj. 32, Hkr. i. 199; mjök optliga, very often, Fms. vii. 150, passim.
opt-ligr, adj. frequent, Stj., Mar., Skálda, Fms. x. 315.
opt-samliga, adv. = optliga, Barl. 137.
opt-samligr, adj. frequent, Barl. 94, Str. 8, 36.
opt-semi, f. frequency, MS. 4. 8.
opt-sinnis, adv. many times, Fms. iv. 176, Art.
opt-sinnum, adv. = optsinnis, Sks. 255, Al. 86, Barl. 63, 70.
ORÐ, n. [Ulf. waurd = λόγος, ρημα; a word common to all Teut. languages, old and mod.; cp. also Lat. verbum]:—a word. In the earliest usage, as in Old Engl., every sentence, clause, or saw is called a word, cp. Germ. sprüch-wort; an address or a reply is ‘a word,’ cp. Germ. ant-wort; the grammatical notion (Lat. vox, verbum) is later and derived; hann skyldi hafa þau þrjú orð í framburði sínum, þat it fyrsta orð, ‘at allir menn skyldu Kristnir vera;’ þat annat ‘at úheilög skyldi vera hof öll ok skurðgoð;’ þat var it þriðja orð, ‘at fjörbaugsgarð skyldi varða blót öll, ef váttnæm yrði,’ Fms. ii. 237; þau eru orð þrjú er skóggang varða öll, ef maðr kallar mann ragan eðr stroðinn eðr sorðinn, enda á maðr vígt í gegn þeim orðum þremr, Grág. ii. 147; orð mér af orði orðs leitaði verk mér af verki verks leitaði, Hm. 142: the saw, ferr orð ef um munn líðr, Þorst. Síðu H., Vápn. 15; ef maðr mælir nokkuru orði í mót, if he says a word against it, Nj. 216; trúa öngu orði því er ek segi, 265; vil eg eiga leiðrétting orða minna, 132; cp. the saying, allir eiga leiðrétting orða sinna: satt orð, Fms. vii. (in a verse); sinna þrimr orðum við e-n, to exchange three words with a person, Hm. 126; mæla mörgum orðum, 104; skilin orð, 135; spyrja einu orði, Fms. vi. (in a verse); fá orð, a few words; góð orð good words; íll orð, bad language; hálft orð, in the phrase, eg vildi tala hálft orð við þig (half a word, i. e. a few words), lofa e-n í hverju orði; lasta hann í hverju orði; í einu orði, in one word; segja í sínu orði hvárt, to say one thing in one breath and another in the next, Nj. 261; auka tekið orð; orð eptir orð, word for word, Dipl. iii. 11; taka til orða orðs, to begin to speak, Nj. 122, 230; kveða at orði, to say, utter, 233, 238; hafa við orð, to hint at, 160; hafa þat orð á, to give out, Fms. vii. 285; göra orð á e-u, to notice, Nj. 197; vel orði farinn, well spoken, eloquent, Fms. xi. 193, Ld. 122; varð þeim mjök at orðum, they came to high words, Nj. 27 (sundr-orða, and-orða):—allit., orð ok verk (orig. vord ok verk), words and work, Grág. i. 162, ii. 336; fullréttis-orð, 147; fornkveðit orð, an old saw, Eg. 520; Heilög orð, holy words, Grág. i. 76; fá sér e-ð til orða, to notice, to resent; eg vil ekki fá mér það til orða, Vídal. ii. 41. 2. vísu-orð, a verse line, the eighth part of a strophe, Edda (Ht.); átta menn yrki alla vísu, ok yrki eitt orð hverr þeirra, if eight persons make a strophe, each of them making a ‘word,’ of a libel, Grág. ii. 152; ef maðr yrkir tvau orð en annarr önnur tvau ok ráða þeir báðir samt um ok varðar skóggang hvárum-tveggja, 148 (of a libel); síðan kváðu þær vísu þessa, ok kvað sitt orð hver, Sturl. ii. 9. 3. gramm. a word, verb; sögn er inn minnsti hluti samansetts máls, sú sögn er af alþyðu kölluð orð, Skálda 180; nafn ok orð, noun and verb, id.; viðr-orð, adverb, id.; þóat þat orð sé í tvau samstöfur deilt, 164. II. metaph. and special usages: 1. word, fame, report; gott orð, good report, Fs. 17, Nj. 16; þar féll hann fyrir Barða, ok hafði gott orð, Ísl. ii. 366; íllt orð, evil report, Fms. vii. 59; lék hit sama orð á, Fs. 75; er þat hætt við orði, it will give rise to evil report. Band. 12 new Ed.; fyrir orðs sakir, for report’s sake, because of what people say, Nj. 6; þótt okkr sé þat til orðs lagit, although we are blamed for it, 246; þat lagði Skamkell mér til orðs, 85; aðrir leggja þeim þetta til orðs, Gísl. 84; en mér er þat lítt at skapi at hón hljóti af þér nökkut orð, Fbr. 30 new Ed. 2. a message; senda, göra e-m orð, Eg. 19, 26, 742, Nj. 163: a word, reply, sendimaðr sagði honum orð Úlfs, 160: a request, entreaty, ef þú vill ekki göra fyrir mín orð, 88; hann hefr upp orð sin ok biðr hennar, Eg. 26 (bónorð). 3. as a law phrase, an indictment, summons; enda á hann orði at ráða við hinn er við tekr, the receiver has the right of indictment or summoning, Grág. i. 334; hann á kost at sækja þann er hann vill um ok ráða sjálfr orði, 401; ok á sá orði um at ráða er eggver á, ii. 307; ok á þá hinn orði at ráða um við hann er fé þat átti, 309: orð ok særi, words and oaths, Vsp. 30:—a word, verdict, vote, or the like, kveðja búa allra þeirra orða, er hann skylda lög til um at skilja, Grág. i. 369, Nj. 238; sækja orð (vote) lögréttumanns til búðar, Grág. 1. 9; þá skal sækjandi bera fram vætti þat er nefnt var at orðum biskups, þá er hann lofaði fjár-heimting, 377. III. bón-orð, wooing; heit-orð, lof-orð, a promise; dóms-orð, a sentence; vátt-orð, testimony; urðar-orð, the ‘weird’s word,’ fate, Fsm. May there not be some etymological connection between ‘word’ and ‘weird,’ Icel. orð and urðr, qs. word, wurðr? the notion of weird, doom prevails in compds, as ban-orð, dauða-orð, = death-weird, fate; other compds denote state, condition, as in leg-orð, vit-orð, = Ulf. wit-ods; goð-orð, priesthood; met-orð, rank; gjaf-orð, marriage, being given away.
B. COMPDS: orða-atvik, n. pl. ‘word-details’ wording. orða-ákast, n. altercation, Fas. ii. 205. orða-belgr, m. a ‘word-bag,’ a great talker; cp. tala í belg, and the tale of talking a bag full, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 479. orða-bók, f. a word-book, dictionary, (mod., from the Dan. and Germ.) orða-dráttr, m. drawling, Edda (pref.) orða-far, n. a course of words, language. orða-fjöldi, a, m. a vocabulary, Edda (Ht.) 123. orða-framburðr, m. utterance, Th. 75. orða-framkast, n. the throwing out a word, a chance proposal, Eb. 130, Fas. iii. 66. orða-fullting, n. speaking good for one, Fms. ii. 63, vii. 182. orð-fyndni, f. facetiousness. orða-glæsur, f. pl. showy words, Thom. 68. orða-gnótt, f. = orðgnótt, MS. 15. 1. orða-grein, f. a phrase, Bs. i. 847, Stj. 3. orða-hagr, adj. skilled, expert in words, wordy, Fbr. 133. orða-hald, n. the keeping one’s word, Fms. viii. 413. orða-hendingar, f. pl. a bandying words, Sturl. ii. 58. orð-heppinn, adj. hitting. orða-hjaldr, m. sounding verbiage, Odd. 20. orða-hnippingar, f. pl. altercations, Eg. 258, Fms. i. 75. orð-hof, n. the word-sanctuary, i. e. the mouth, Stor. orðs-kviðr, m. a phrase, Skálda 178, Mar.: fame, Sks. 447 B; but esp. a saw, proverb, Fms. ii. 39, vi. 220, 328, Hrafn. 6, Skálda 196, passim. orðskviða-háttr, m. a verse having old saws for burden, Edda (Ht.) orða-kvöð, f. = orðalag, Sks. 565. orða-lag, n. manner of words, language, Fms. ii. 18, Sks. 8, Gísl. 139, Sturl. i. 157. orð-lagðr, part. famous. orða-lauss, adj. wordless: neut., láta e-t orðalaust, to leave it, to speak not of it, Sturl. i. 140 C, Valla L. 209. orða-leiðing, f. pronunciation (referring to long and short vowels, see leiða), Skálda 171. orða-lengd, f. the length of a verse, Edda (Ht.) 125. orð-lengja, d, to dilate upon; eg vil ekki o. þetta, I will cut it short. orða-maðr, m. a man of words, eloquent man, Bs. i. 273, Grett. 146. orð-reyrr, m. the word-reed, i. e. the tongue, Sighvat. orða-rómr, m. = orðrómr, Clem. 50. orð-ræmðr, part. notorious. orða-safn, n. a collection of words. orða-samr, adj. wordy, long-winded, Fb. i. 167. orða-semi, f. verbiage, Ld. 100. orða-skak or orða-skvak, n. a ‘word-squeak,’ scolding, Ó. H. 157, Eg. 287. orða-skil, n. pl. distinction of words; ekki mátti heyra o., Stj. 428; en ekki nam orðaskil, Fms. vi. 372; ok er hann hlýddi ef hann næmi nokkur o., Eb. 28; heyrðu þeir manna-mál inn í húsit en námu þeygi orðaskil, Mart. 124. orða-skipan, f. the position or order of words, wording, Skálda 197. orða-skipti, n. pl. exchange of words, Edda 45. orða-skortr, m. lack of words. orða-skrap, n. = orðaskrum, Fas. iii. 99. orða-skrum, n. bragging. Fas. iii. 98. orða-staðr, m.; görðu Svíar kurr mikinn ok mælti hverr í orðastað annars, one spoke like the other, they harped on the same word, Fms. iv. 368:—tala í annars orðastað, to speak as the mouth-piece of another. orð-stafir, m. pl. ‘word-staves’ phrases, Am. 9. orða-sveimr, m. a rumour, Sturl. i. 80. orð-svif, n. pl. rumours, Post. 92. orða-tiltekja, u, f. (mod. orða-tiltektir), utterance, language, Sturl. i. 109. orða-tiltæki, n. a phrase, Stj. 3. orðs-tírr, m. fame, glory, good report, Hm. 75, Eg. 35, Fms. iv. 61; falla með góðan orðstír, Ísl. ii. 394, Fs. 8; við lítinn orðstír, Fms. vii. 217, ix. 274, Fs. 34; fá mikinn orðstír, Ld. 200.
orða, að, to talk, talk of; var þetta brátt orðat, Háv. 39; cp. þau eru orðuð saman, it is talked of that they are to be married; vera orðaðr við e-ð, to be talked of in connection with a thing (in a bad sense); sem hann heyrði at menn um orðuðu ok at töldu, as he heard that people talked and gossipped, Str. 54; þá orðaði konungr (the king declared) at hér skyldi laga-skipti á vera, Fms. ix. 336, v. l.; sem þeir áðr hafa orðat nökkut, as they had spoken of, discussed, 472, v. l. 2. to word a letter or the like; orða bréf, það er vel orðað, ílla orðað, well, badly worded.
orða, u, f. [Lat. word], ordinance (the book of), Vm. 52, 119, 123, 128: mod. order, orðu-bók, f. a book of ordinance, Vm. 90, 91, 139.
orð-djarfr, adj. out-spoken, Fms. iv. 174.
orð-fall, n.; e-m verðr o., to be struck dumb (from confusion), Nj. 225, Fas. iii. 451, Bs. ii. 93.
orð-farinn, adj.; vel … orðfarinn, well … spoken, Fms. iv. 180.
orð-fár, adj. using few words, silent, Eg. 107.
orð-ferð, f. utterance; hafa o. á e-u, to utter, Fms. ix. 336, v. l.
orð-ferli, n. expression, Bs. i. 826, ii. 165.
orð-fimi, f. ‘word-skill,’ Edda (Ht.) 123.
orð-fimliga, adv. fluently, MS. 15. 1.
orð-fimr, adj. of easy, flowing speech, Ó. H. 140.
orð-fjöldi, a, m. a ‘word-store,’ vocabulary, Skálda 154.
orð-flaug, n. a floating rumour, Bs. ii. 66.
orð-fleygr, adj. rumoured, Stj. 463.
orð-fleyting, f. rumour, Bs. ii. 106.
orð-fleyttr, part. rumoured, Ann. 1359, Bs. ii. 153.
orð-fullr, adj. fully worded, Jb. 231.
orð-færð, f. a flow of words, Clar.
orð-færi, n. style, of a composition; þú skalt vanda bæði hátt ok o., Fb. i. 215: flow of words, eloquence, þeir hófu sitt eyrendi með mikilli snild ok o., Fms. ii. 235; skorti hann hvárki til vit né o., xi. 106; o. hennar ok vitrleikr, vi. 57.
orð-færliga, adv. with great elocution, glibly, Fms. i. 148, xi. 37, Orkn. 268, Fas. iii. 363.
orð-færr, adj. well spoken, Eg. 111, Fær. 200.
orð-gífr, f. a ‘word-hag,’ a sharp-tongued woman, Nj. 49.
orð-gnótt, f. a flow of words, Barl. 157, Hom. 108, Fb. ii. 175.
orð-góðr, adj. speaking well of everybody, Nj. 147, v. l.
orð-gæði, n. good words, Sks. 438, v. l.
orð-gætinn, adj. wary in one’s words, reserved, Fms. vi. 304.
orð-hagr, adj. word-skilled, a master in words, Bjarn. 70.
orð-hákr, m. a ‘word-shark,’ an abusive person, Fms. vi. 372.
orð-hegi, f. skill in words, Stj. 438 B, Fr.
orð-heill, f. a good omen; at hann stæði úti ok sæi för hans ok hefði o. fyrir, Ld. 96; Björn gékk í skálann inn ok leitaði orðheilla við menn, Glúm. 337:—report, eigi hafa þau góða orðheill, they have no good report, Fs. 34.
orð-heldinn, adj. (orð-heldni, f.), true to one’s word.
orð-hittinn, adj. facetious, Fms. vi. 193.
orð-hvass, adj. sharp-tongued, Fms. vi. 367, Nj. 185.
orðigr, adj. wordy, plausible, Ld. 124, Sturl. iii. 123.
orð-íllr, adj. speaking evil of others, Nj. 66, Sturl. ii. 39.
orð-kólfr, m., gramm. a ‘club-word,’ an apostrophe, as mey for meyu, Skálda 186.
orð-kringi, f. glibness of tongue, facetiousness, Hbl.
orð-krókr, m. ‘crooked words,’ sophistry, Fms. ii. 185.
orð-lag, n. a way of speaking, language, Sks. 454, Bs. i. 766, Fms. x. 404: talk, language, görðisk brátt mikit o. ok stórar frásagnir, vii. 293, Bs. i. 652, 665: frægðar ok góðs orðlags, good report, Fms. x. 392.
orð-lauss, adj. speechless; láta orðlaust, to be silent about, Bs. i. 621.
orð-lengd, f. using many words, Clar.
orð-lof, n. praise; vinsæld ok orðlof, Fms. vii. 175; falla með orðlofi miklu, 245.
orð-lokarr, m. a nickname, Landn.
orð-margr, adj. long-winded, Fms. vi. 32. orð-fleiri, compar., Nj. 187.
orð-næfr, adj. witty, Edda 108.
-orðr, adj., in compds, spoken: fá-orðr, marg-o., góð-o., íll-o., harð-o.
orð-rammr, adj. powerful in words, Niðrst. 2.
orð-rómr, m. report, public opinion; sá o. lagðisk á, Bs. i. 133; lagðisk þungr o. á, Ó. H. 141; mun sá o. á leggjask, at …, people will say, that …, Nj. 32; mikill o., Fs. 47; fyrir orðs sakir ok orðróms, Lv. 15; góðs orðróms, Fs. 15; ok sneri orðróm of konung, the public opinion of the king changed, Ó. H. 228.
orð-ræða, u, f. discussion; fór öll o. með þeim á sömu leið, Fms. xi. 429; var lítil o. á fyrst, Nj. 82: var mikil o., Fs. 46; bar saman orðræðu þeirra jarls ok Finnboga, the earl and F. had an interview, Finnb. 268; bað Sighvatr konung eigi reiðask þótt hann talaði bert ok segði orðræðu bónda, Fms. vi. 41; at engi o. væri á gör at þit lifit, 345.
orð-sending, f. a message, Eg. 9, 35, 37, 97, Fms. i. 53, ii. 90, 324, Nj. 217, Ld. 64, Ó. H. 141, 228, passim.
orð-sjúkr, adj. ‘word-sick,’ touchy, Ísl. ii. 141, Nj. 83.
orð-skaup, n. scurrilous language, Hkr. iii. 433, v. l.
orð-stef, n. notice; hann var hafðr í orðstefi þá er um biskupa skyldu kosningar vera í Vestfirðinga-fjórðungi, i. e. he was one on the list for election, Sturl. i. 63, v. l.
orð-stilltr, adj. moderate in one’s words, Nj. 219, Sturl. i. 92.
orð-tak, n. a phrase, expression; þat er o. at sá er tý-hraustr, Edda 16; þvílík orðtök hafa menn mjök til þess at yrkja fólgit, 110; vér skulum hafa allir eitt orðtak (watchword), framm fram Krists-menn! Ó. H. 204, Fms. ix. 510. 2. speech, words, a way of speaking, language; þá féllusk öllum Ásum orðtök, words failed them, they were sfruck dumb, Edda 37; þat þykkjumk ek skilja á orðtaki þínu, at …, Fms. xi. 56; at guðlasta með þínu heiðingligu orðtæki, ii. 130; o. vándra manna, Nj. 83; Gunnarr heyrði öll orðtökin, G. heard all the words they said, 68; um orðtæki manna, Gþl. 192; en þat er yðr er sagt frá orðtökum várum Þrænda, Ó. H. 103; þat var eitt orðtak allra, all said the same, Eg. 282; eiga orðtak við e-n, to have a talk with one, Sturl. ii. 163; var skirt orðtakið ok rómrinn mikill yfir málinu, Fms. viii. 447.
orð-vandr, adj. sensitive as to others’ words; þarftú eigi svá o. at vera, Glúm. 354: careful as to one’s words.
orð-varr, adj. ‘word-wary,’ watchful of one’s tongue, Fms. vi. 208.
orð-víss, adj. ‘word-wise,’ witty, clever, Eg. 147.
ORG, n. a howling, screaming; this word, which is very popular in mod. usage, is not found in old writers; it was prob. in the 14th or 15th century derived from the ‘organ’ used in churches,—a dismal testimony to the character of the instrumental music of Icel. at that time.
organ, n. [Gr.], an organ; allskonar söngfæri, organ, symphon …, Fms. vii. 97; eða þá er o. gengr upp ok niðr aptr ok fram um alla gamma, Skálda 172; strengleikum ok organs-söng, 655 xxiv. 2; organ-söng, id. 2. it even occurs in the old poem,—at leikurum ok trúðum hefi ek þik lítt fregit, hverr er organ (orgari Cod. A, œrgati Cod. B) þeirra Andaðar at húsum Haralds? Fagrsk. 6; and, Bjúgvör ok Listvör sitja í Herðis-dyrum organs stóli á, Sól. 76; for the word in both these references can only be derived from the Greek. COMPDS: organs-list, n. organ-playing, Bs. i. 868. organs-meistari, n. an ‘organ-master,’ organist, Bs. i. 866. organs-smíð, f. the making an organ, Bs. i. 908.
ORKA, að, [qs. vorka, akin to verk, cp. also yrkja; Ulf. waurkjan = ποιειν, ἐργάζεσθαι; and the pret. worahto on the Runic stone in Tune; A. S. weorcjan; Engl. work]:—to work, but only used in a limited sense, for vinna (q. v.) is the general word: to work, perform, be able to do, manage, önnur vann allt þat er hón orkaði, the other worked (vann) all that she could (orkaði), Dropl. 4; ek mun hjálpa þér allt slíkt sem ek orka, Fms. i. 213; ek þarf eigi meira forvirki en þetta lið orkar, Hrafn. 5; móður sína á maðr fyrst fram at færa, en ef hann orkar betr …, Grág. i. 232; treysta ek á sem ek orkaða, Fms. v. 301; ek orka tólf punda þunga (I can carry twelve pounds weight), en hestr minn berr fjögurra lesta byrði, Bær. 18; svá skal gerða þann garð sem búar sjá at hann má orka á þrem sumrum, Grág. ii. 331. 2. with dat.; þó hyggsk hann einn munu öllu orka, Fms. xi. 267; þótti öllum undr, hverju hann gat orkat, Grett. 125 A; allt þat lið er vápnum mátti orka, Fagrsk. 176; líkneskjum þeim, er ek veit eigi hverju orkat hafa, Fms. ii. 265; skal hann á einum degi kveðja alla, ef því má orka (if he can), Grág. (Kb.) i. 162; hann mátti engu á orka, he could do nothing, Fms. vii. 270; sá er ölverki orkar Ásar, Kormak; orka þrek, Orkn. (in a verse); orkaði hón vel þeim langa veg, she proceeded well on her long journey, Mar. 3. with gen. of the thing; o. e-m e-s, to cause, effect; mér orkar þat margra vandræða, Fs. 21; á skip skal skriðar orka, en skjöld til hlifa, mæki höggs, en mey til kosta, a ship shall be worked for sailing …, a maid for giving away, Hm. 81; orka e-m frægðar, to give glory to one, Edda (in a verse); hvar skal ek þess orka, Fas. iii. 72; orka e-m til þarfa, to work for one’s good, Eg. (in a verse): in the saw, jafnan orkar tvímælis þó hefnt sé, revenge works dissent, Nj. 68; allt orkar tvímælis þá gört er, 139; þetta mun orka tíðinda, this will make a story, Fb. ii. 270:—to summon, call upon, orka orða á e-n, to make one speak, accost; þá er menn orkuðu orða á hann, Fms. iv. 165 (ortu orða á hann, from yrkja, Ó. H. l. c.); ef menn tveir eigu land, ok vill annarr-tveggi orka lands-deildar á annan, Grág. ii. 253; en hverr er átt hefir skal orka heimildar á seljanda sinn, shall call on the seller to shew his title, 216; hann orkar á Óla til atkvæðis ok órræða um þetta mál, Fms. xi. 33. II. with prepp.; orkum ekki á þá fyrri, let us not be the first to use force, attack them, Grett. 119 A; þó hann orkaði á jörðina, though he tilled the earth, Ver. 5; var þat þó lengi at eigi orkaði eldr á Þórólf, that the fire could not work, had no effect on Th.’s body, Eb. 316: orka at e-u, to act, proceed with, execute; svá skal þar orka at kaupi ok at sölu sem annars staðar var tínt, Grág. ii. 246; þeir ræða nú um með sér, hversu at skal orka, what is to be done? Ld. 242; orkuðum (aurkoðom Cd.) at auðnu, we tried our fortune, Am. 96; orka til e-s, to prepare, = afla til e-s, orka til veizlu, to give a banquet. Fas. iii. 66:—to stride, walk proudly, þeir á jökla orka austr, they strode eastwards on the ice, Skiða R. 53: from the pret. orkaði (ꜹrkaði) was afterwards formed another verb arka, to stride (prop. to strive) on one’s journey. III. reflex., ekki orkaðisk á, no work was done, Fms. iv. 328, v. l.; honum þótti seint á orkask, vi. 77:—at orkask = orka at e-u, hversu hann skyldi at orkask at segja föður sínum þessi tíðendi, xi. 15:—fyrir þá skuld, at þau hefði sjálf orkask hugar á (made up their minds) at bæta meinbugi sína, Grett. 162 A; láttu þeygi orkask at vistarinnar, 677. 12; hann orkaðisk (he strove) at forðask rangar hugrenningar, Hom. (St.) 2. part. as subst.; orkandi, the worker, mighty; Guð er alls orkandi, all-powerful, 645. 50; Satan alls ílls orkandi, Niðrst. 7.
orka, u, f. work, employment; þá skal hann orku gefa honum sem þrælum sínum, N. G. L. i. 36; ef þræll á orku, 30, Stj. 263; eiga saman verk ok orku, N. G. L. i. 34; móðr af orku, Stj. 160; orka ok erfiði, farit aptr til orku yðvarrar ok byrða, 263; hús eðr smiðju þar sem hann flytr fram orku sína, 22. 2. strength, power for work; orkan þvarr þvíat elli sótti á hendr honum, Ld. 54; fyrir orku sakir, Fas. iii. 223, and so in mod. usage. COMPDS: orku-fátt, n. adj. failing in strength, Fms. iii. 168. orku-lauss, adj. out of work, N. G. L. i. 31: powerless, mod. orku-maðr, m. a working-man, Stj. 232, 273: a strong man. orku-vana, adj. bereft of strength, Fas. iii. 387.
or-lof, n., orð-lof is a false spelling, [Germ. urlaub; Dan. orlov; Engl. f-urlough]:—leave; beiða orlofs, Bs. i. 799; hann biðr sér orlofs konung at fara, Eg. 29; ek vil beiðask, herra, at þér gefit mér orlof til Íslands, Nj. 10; utan hans orlofs, without his leave, Landn 149; síðan tekr hann o. af konunginum til brottferðar, Fms. xi. 430, Fas. iii. 586; með orlofi at spyrja, Barl. 14, Sks. 52; hvárt skal ek mæla í orlofi, Eg. 46; með bezta orlofi, Fms. i. 15, passim. 2. in mod. usage, a visit to a friend or relative; thus a person boarded out when visiting his parents is said ‘fara í orlof sitt.’ COMPDS: orlofs-bréf, n. a writ of permission, authorisation, Bs. i. 799; o. biskups, Dipl. iii. 4. orlofs-laust, adj. without leave, Fms. x. 105, Fas. iii. 579, Bs. i. 631.
orlofa, að, to allow, H. E. ii. 75, Bs. ii. 93, 94.
orm-garðr, m. a ‘snake-pit,’ in tales of throwing men into pits full of snakes, Og. 28, Fas. (Ragn. S. ch. 15).
ORMR, m. [Ulf. waurms = ὄφις; A. S. wyrm; Engl. worm: O. H. G. and Germ. wurm; Dan.-Swed. orm; Lat. vermis; cp. Orms-head in Wales]:—a snake, serpent, also including ‘worms’ (cp. maðkr), and even dragons, Hm. 85, Vsp. 44, 50, Gm. 34, Skm. 27, Akv. 31, Am. 22, 55. Fms. vi. 143, Hkr. i. 103, and passim; högg-ormr, a viper; eitr-ormr, the bane of snakes, i. e. the winter time. The abode of the wicked after death was a pit full of snakes (Hver-gelmir, Ná-strönd), Edda, Vsp. 44, which calls to mind the Gehenna in Mark ix. 43, 44, and one of the Bolgos in Dante’s Inferno, Canto 24. Serpents gnawed at the root of the world-tree Yggdrasil, Gm. 34. Pits of snakes were a place of punishment, Ragn. S. l. c., Am., Akv.; but only in mythological, not in historical records. Serpents brooded over gold and treasures, cp. the serpent Fafnir, Edda, Fm., Gullþ. ch. 4, Ragn. S. (begin.); whence in poetry gold is called orm-bekkr, -beðr, -ból, -garðr, -land, -látr, -láð, -reitr, -setr, -stallr, -torg, -vangr, -vengr, the bank, bed, abode, garden, land, litter, earth, etc. of snakes, Lex. Poët. For the world-serpent, see miðgarðr. orm-fellir, m. the snake-killer = the winter, Fms. vi. (in a verse): a sword is called a snake, blóð-ormr, rand-ormr, see Lex. Poët.; ketil-ormr, a sausage, Korm.: of ships of war with dragons’ heads, Ormr inn Langi, Ormr inn Skammi, Ó.T. II. pr. names, Ormr and Ormarr; and in compds, Hall-ormr, Ráð-ormr, Þór-ormr, Goð-ormr, Veðr-ormr. = the holy Serpent, a name which indicates serpent worship, although no record of such worship is found in the Sagas. COMPDS: orms-bit, n. a snake-bite, Pr. 470. orma-bæli, n. a den of snakes, Fms. vi. 143. orms-tunga, u, f. a snake’s tongue cast in silver, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18, Bs. i. 690: as a nickname, Landn. orma-turn, m. = ormagarðr, Þiðr. 334.
orm-snáldr, n. snakes’ noses, Konr.
ORNA, að, [perh. akin to ofn or from varmr?], to get warm; þá tók Pétr at lifna ok ornuðu liðir hans, es hann vas kaldr allr orðinn, Greg. 77; svá tekr brunnrinn at orna, sem sól gengr til viðar, Al. 51; ornandi geislar, Sks. 40; orna ok hitna, Barl. 93; með ornandum tárum, 90: impers., e-m ornar, it gets warm for one, one gets warm; taki menn glímur stórar ok viti ef mönnum ornar, Sturl. iii. 20; þegar er honum ornaði, 623. 33 . hleypr hann til ára ok vill láta orna sér, Fms. xi. 141; veðr var á geysi-kallt, ok höfðusk margir á fótum ok létu orna sér, viii. 306:—orna sér, to warm oneself; nú lát hann orna sér ok fari síðan til sels várs, Lv. 60, and so in mod. usage. II. reflex. pass., flestir ornuðusk af ásjón hennar, Str. 73.
orra-beinn, adj., better örra-beinn, q. v.
ORRI, a, m. (wrongly spelt horri in Ó. H. 78, l. 8), [Dan. aarfugl]:—the heathcock, moor-fowl, tetrao tetrix, Stj. 77, Ó. H. 78; þiðra eðr orra, Gþl. 449. II. a nickname, Ó. H., Fms. vi: whence Orra-hríð, f. the name for the last onslaught in the battle at Stanford-bridge led by Eystein Orri, Fms. vi; hence, as an appellative, any fierce onslaught is in Icel. called orrahrið. orra-skáld, n. a nickname, Landn.
orrosta, u, f., mod. orosta or orusta, with a single r; in rhymes orrostur þorrinn, Sighvat, shewing that the assimilation had even then taken place: [this word is identical with A. S. eornest = duellum; O. H. G. ernust = pugna: whence Fngl. earnest. Germ. ernst, of which orrosta is an assimilated form, qs. ornosta, see Grimm’s Dict. s. v. ernst]:—a battle, Hm., Nj. 8, Fms. v. 71, vi. 69, in countless instances, for orrosta and bardagi (q. v.) are used indiscriminately. 2. in local names, Orrostu-hólmr, -hváll, -tangi, Battle-hill, etc., Korm., Eg. COMPDS: orrostu-laust, n. adj. without battle, Fms. ix. 323, Hkr. ii. 300. orrostu-ligr, adj. warlike, Fms. x. 230. orrostu-maðr, m. a warrior, Nj. 40, Fms. i. 52. orrostu-slög, n. pl. battles, Fms. xi 200. orrostu-staðr and orrostu-völlr, m. a battle-place, Korm. 4, Fas. i. 501, Fms. i. 95.
OSTR, m. [prob. identical with jastr, the Engl. yeast, dropping the initial j; ostr is a word common to all the Scandin. languages (Dan.-Swed. ost), instead of the Saxon and Germ. cheese, cese (käse), which were no doubt borrowed from the Lat. caseus]:—cheese; slátr, skreið ok ostar, Háv. 53; smjör ok ost, Nj. 74; þeir höfðu skyr ok ost (of a supper) … hann bargsk lítt við ostinn, he went slowly on with the cheese, Eb. 244; þar vóru tveir diskar fram settir, þar var eitt skamrifs-stykki á diski hverjum ok forn ostr til gnægta, Fbr. 37; Geysu dætr skáru akkeri af osti, ok sögðu at þau mundi fullvel halda herskipum Haralds konungs …, Fms. vi. 253; konan hafði einn ostinn í brott, one cheese, Bs. i. 247; ef þeir selja ær til osts, Grág. ii. 309. COMPDS: ost-fjórðungr, m. a weight of cheese, Vm. 28. ost-gjald, n. a tax payable in cheese, D.I. i. 248. ost-hleifr, m. a cheese, Ísl. ii. 351, Fs. 146, Vm. 28. ost-hlutr, m. a slice of cheese, Fbr. 38. ost-kista, u, f. a cheese-press, Nj. 76 (in which cheese was made). ost-tíund, f. a tithe paid in cheese, D. N. iii. 30. ost-tollr, m. = ostgjald; þangat liggr osttollr millum Botnsár ok Hvítskeggs-hvamms af skatt-mönnum ok búprestum, Vm. 59; for a duty payable in cheese see Vm. 28 (each farm having to pay a cheese), D.I. i. 248.
ostra, u, f. [for. word; Lat. ostrea], an oyster, Stj. 88, N. G. L. ii. 263.
OTA, að, [see etja I. 3, and not akin to hóta, as is suggested under that word]:—to push forth, with dat.; ota sér fram, to push oneself forward, intrude oneself; Þórir otar sér fram milli manna, Ísl. ii. 150: the word is very freq. in mod. usage, ota e-u fram, to hold forth; cp. ok etr hann fram berum skallanum, Fb. i. 190.
OTR, m., gen. otrs, pl. otrar, [Engl. and Germ. otter; O. H. G. otar]:—an otter; otr einn, otrinum, otrinn, otr ok lax, Edda 72; þar lá opt otr í urðinni … veiða otr er lá í urðinni, Orkn. 274, 276; otrs líki, Fas. i. 151: poët., hafs otr, vánar otr, a ‘sea-otter,’ i. e. a ship, Lex. Poët.: in local names, Otra-dalr, in western Iceland, Landn., Gísl. COMPDS: otr-belgr, m. an otter-skin, Edda 73, Fas. i. 153. otr-gjöld and otrs-gjöld, n. pl., poët. ‘otter’s-gild,’ i. e. gold, Fas: i. 154, Bm., see the tale in Edda 72, 73. otr-hundr, m. an otter-hound, Karl. 10. otra-skinn, n. an otter-skin, Rétt. 47.

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(Apr. 4, 2016) — [Editor’s Note: The following is a continuation of an in-depth analysis of the meaning of the “natural born Citizen” requirement present in Article II, Section 1, clause 5 of the U.S. Constitution and how a series of Congressional Research Service (CRS) memos dating back to April 3, 2009 through January 11, 2016, appear to purposely ignore historical documentation of the Founders’ intent when agreeing to include the term.
In his continuing analysis, DeMaio contends that the “natural born” status cannot be “legislatively concocted,” as Maskell appears to suggest.
Memo alert to readers: listen up, grab some coffee and pay attention, as this gets even more convoluted. First, as was true with regard to the unprincipled misrepresentations made in footnote 215 of the 2011 CRS Report and in footnote 207 of the present 2016 CRSR as to what, purportedly, the dissenters in the Wong Kim Ark case actually said, footnote 96 builds on the deceptions of the others by including, in a single footnote, two deceptions.
That is a demonstrably false statement. In fact, there is abundant evidence – at least to anyone desirous of learning the truth underlying the reasons for the elimination of the modifier – in the available recorded legislative history of 1 Stat. 414 (see 3 Annals of Congress 1033 – 1058 [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=004/llac004.db&recNum=432]).
That history suggests that, consistent with the concerns articulated by Alexander Hamilton in Federalist 68 with respect to the goal of erecting the highest possible barrier against “foreign influence” in the office of the “Chief Magistrate,” the repeal and removal of the term “natural born” before the word “citizen” was in recognition of the potential that, at some future date, a person who was not actually born within the geographic boundaries of the United States to two parents who were, at the time of birth, already U.S. citizens, could claim constitutional eligibility to the presidency as a “natural born Citizen.” Such a potential was seen as “an idea which ought not, explicitly or impliedly, to be admitted.” (Emphasis added) (Remarks of Cong. James Hillhouse, id. at 1046).
Earlier in the debate regarding passage of the 1795 act, Cong. Hillhouse stated that “the ground upon which foreigners should be admitted to a share in the administration of our Government ought to be narrowed in every possible way, and that if the gentleman would so modify the amendment [relating to renunciation by aliens of hereditary titles as a condition of being eligible for naturalization and admission to citizenship, moved by Cong. Giles] as wholly to exclude that class of foreigners, or any other, from ever becoming citizens, so far as to elect or be elected to any office, he would most heartily join in giving his vote for it.” (Emphasis added) (Remarks of Cong. Hillhouse, id. at 1045).
Moreover, Cong. Hillhouse was noted as taking the position with regard to foreign influence in the newly-formed government that he was unalterably opposed to any law which would “…indirectly establish the principle that [foreign] privileged orders might be introduced and exist among us, a principle which he wholly rejected and reprobated.” (Emphasis added). Id.
Had such children been intended by Congress to be eligible to the presidency, Congress would have – but did not – characterize them as being “considered natural-born citizens of the United States” on a par with those later similarly “considered” as such if born abroad to U.S. citizen parents. However, Congress plainly realized that, in enacting 1 Stat. 103 and enacting 1 Stat. 414 which repealed in toto 1 Stat. 103, it was exercising its authority under Art. 1, § 8, Cl. 4 of the Constitution. As noted in the Schneider case, that power is confined and jurisdictionally restricted to legislating with regard to “naturalization.” It is not a license to legislatively concoct “natural-born eligibility” (also a neologism) or to amend the Constitution by statute.
Thus, Congress may be seen to have realized its oversight in 1 Stat. 103 by “correcting” it with the enactment of 1 Stat. 414 and the repeal of 1 Stat. 103 in 1795. Plainly, this corrective action eliminated – or should have eliminated – any confusion created by its use of the “natural born” modifier in the earlier statute.
The only rational interpretation to be given to these comments recorded in the Annals of Congress (the predecessor to the Congressional Record) is that Congress recognized that in its original statute, 1 Stat. 103, it had improperly and extra-constitutionally broadened the category of persons who might be seen as “natural born citizens” eligible to the presidency beyond that fixed in the Constitution itself. Even in 1795, Congress realized that if the Constitution is to be the “supreme law of the Land” (Art. 6, Constitution), its provisions could not be altered or amended by statute, but only by compliance with the requirements of Art. 5 of the Constitution (which many of the members of that Congress had recently drafted and adopted).
If the Constitution’s presidential eligibility clause is to be seen as intended to “narrow” and “wholly exclude” persons who are other than “natural born Citizens,” as that concept is articulated in § 212 of de Vattel’s work, then the 1795 repeal of the “natural born” modifier of the term “citizen” with reference to children born to U.S. citizen parents elsewhere can be seen only as confirming and ratifying the intent of the Founders to absolutely restrict eligibility to the presidency to those persons born here to parents who are already citizens. No other rational explanation exists.
Moreover, this widely-available legislative history – accessible by anyone with a computer and an interest in discovering the truth as opposed to having a predetermined desire to obfuscate and conceal the truth – constitutes far more than a mere “stylistic/grammatical deletion” as posited by Mr. Maskell in fn. 96 of the 2016 CRS Report. On the contrary, it is manifest competent evidence that the Congress intended, in exercising its constitutional powers with respect to “naturalization,” to correct its prior mistaken journey into creating another class of people who might be seen as eligible to the presidency, but who were, in fact, not so eligible.
Restricting the office to persons born in this nation to two parents who, at the time of the birth, are also citizens of the nation as contemplated in § 212 of de Vattel’s tome presents the highest barrier against improper foreign (i.e., alien) influence. Any standard less than that – such as the one advocated by the 2016 CRS Report – cannot be squared with the clear legislative history of the repeal of 1 Stat. 103 and the enactment of 1 Stat. 414.
At minimum, according to § 212 of Vattel’s tome, the child must be born of a father who is already a citizen, because “in order to be of the country, it is necessary that a person be born of a father who is a citizen; for, if he is born there of a foreigner, it will be only the place of his birth, and not his country.” See, e.g., http://www.thepostemail.com/2015/11/25/of-naturalized-and-natural-born-the-courts-point-of-view/.
The 2016 CRSR cites and relies on numerous sources in going about its circuitous tasks. One such source cited throughout the report is Professor James H. Kettner and his work “The Development of American Citizenship, 1608 – 1870” (hereinafter “Kettner”). See 2016 CRSR at 3, fn. 13; 8, fn. 41; 11, fn. 52; 27, text and fn. 129. While the 2016 CRSR cites many portions of the Kettner work in purported support of its narrative, the book also contains some relevant discussion which the report’s author would likely prefer be ignored. Perhaps that is why the following discussion does not appear in the 2016 CRSR.
Specifically, Professor Kettner notes (Id. at 230) that with regard to the eligibility requirements for the presidency, the Constitutional Convention received, on August 22, 1787, a report from the “Committee of Detail” outlining the qualifications for the chief executive. That report proposed that the chief executive “shall be of the age of thirty-five years, and a citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitant thereof for twenty-one years.” (Emphasis added). Idem.
Professor Kettner then continues: “This [Committee of Detail report] in turn was amended by the Committee of Eleven on September 4 [, 1787] to require that the president be a ‘natural born Citizen or a Citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution.’ Persons naturalized before ratification, then, were eligible for the office on basically the same terms as native Americans; persons adopted thereafter were permanently barred from the presidency – the only explicit constitutional limitation on their potential rights.” (Emphasis added). Idem.
Rocket science, this is not: the clear import and meaning of that passage is that, from Professor Kettner’s perspective, foreign aliens (i.e., non-U.S. citizens) who were “adopted” (i.e., brought into the national body politic as naturalized citizens rather being “born” in the nation) after the ratification of the Constitution were to be “permanently barred” from holding the office of the president.
As discussed hereafter, that is why the Founders inserted the “citizen grandfather clause” in Art. 2, § 1, Cl. 5, allowing as an exception to the “natural born Citizen” eligibility restriction those persons who were already merely “citizens” at the time of the nation’s birth following the formal severance with Great Britain effectuated in 1776 by the Declaration of Independence. Indeed, without the “citizen/grandfather” exception, George Washington – born in Virginia, British America, in 1732 to a mother (Mary Ball) and father (Augustine) who were at the time of his birth both British subjects – could not have served as President after ratification of the Constitution because of the “natural born Citizen” restriction.
Jay’s letter used the phrase “any but a natural born Citizen.” The Committee of Eleven, and ultimately the Constitution, used the phrase “No person except a natural born Citizen….” Under either phrase, the conclusion is inescapable that through the use of this restrictive, limiting language, the Founders intended to strictly prohibit and exclude from eligibility to the office any person other than a “natural-born Citizen.” Under the 2016 CRSR, that could mean, literally, tens of millions of people. Ask yourself this: is that what motivated Hamilton when he wrote Federalist 68?
Finally, against this historical Constitutional Convention factual backdrop, Professor Kettner confirms that “[t]here was an implicit assumption that birth within the United States conferred citizenship – the president was to be a ‘natural born citizen’ resident in the United States….” Id.
Even under the irrational theory espoused by the 2016 CRS Report – i.e., that any person born to a U.S. citizen anywhere in the world or that a person born here without regard to the two parents’ citizenship satisfies the eligibility requirements of Art. 2, § 1, Cl. 5 – it is clear that a compelling argument can be made that Professor Kettner recognized that the Founders intended that the birth needed to be, at minimum, actually within the geographic boundaries of the United States. Calgary, Alberta, Canada does not fit that description.
Quite apart from Professor Kettner’s discussion of why persons “adopted” into the nation via statutory naturalization were to be “permanently barred” from eligibility to the presidency, the 2016 CRSR cites Professor Kettner’s criticism of the Supreme Court’s decision in Scott v. Sanford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857). This, of course, is the infamous “Dred Scott” decision, in which Chief Justice Roger Taney (joined by six other Justices, with Justices John McLean, a Harvard-educated Republican, and Benjamin Curtis, also a Harvard-educated Republican, dissenting) held that slaves, and even freed slaves, including their offspring, were not “citizens” of the United States.
The decision, of course, was abrogated – not to be confused with “overruled,” which only the Supreme Court can do to its own opinions – by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War. It is virtually universally condemned as the “worst and most vilified Supreme Court decision in the history of the United States.” See CRSR at 26-27 text and fn. 126. On this singular point, your faithful servant agrees with the 2016 CRSR.
However, after first establishing that the “Dred Scott” decision is an abomination, the 2016 CRSR then proceeds to associate it with the beliefs and arguments of certain “birthers.” Reprobation by association. Déclassé, of course, but not unexpected.
The patent irony of both Mr. Maskell’s “highly exclusionary reading” comment in the 2016 CRSR and the “consistent exclusionist principles” quoted from Professor Kettner’s work is that the historical record is replete with proof that this is precisely what the Founders intended when they changed the eligibility clause to read “natural born Citizen” from the prior “citizen” language. As much as Messrs. Maskell and Kettner might wish that the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission regulated the topic of presidential eligibility, that topic is governed – mercifully – by Art. 2, § 1, Cl. 5 of the Constitution and not the EEOC.
Stated otherwise, consistent with § 212 of de Vattel’s work, the Founders specifically sought to erect the highest possible, “highly exclusionary” standard for the office of the chief executive rather than an “open-arms-to-anyone” standard.
From the concerns articulated in Federalist 68; to the floor debates surrounding the deletion of the modifier term preceding the word “citizen” in 1 Stat. 414; to the numerous references to de Vattel’s “Law of Nations” as being “continually in the hands of the members of our Congress now sitting… ” (B. Franklin, Dec. 9, 1775 letter to Charles William Frederic Dumas), the intent of the Founders was to erect the highest possible barrier to foreign influence insinuating itself into the presidency.
Professor Kettner’s criticism of Judge Taney’s decision in the Dred Scott case must be viewed against the distinguishing backdrop that the only issue in the case was whether or not, by virtue of a slave’s status as “property” rather than as a “citizen,” the suit could be maintained in the first place. The case did not involve any question involving an analysis of whether Mr. Scott was a “natural born Citizen” within the meaning of the Constitution’s eligibility clause.
Professor Kettner’s comment, therefore, that Justice Taney could achieve his desired result only by “distorting history and making ‘bad law’” has a parallel here: only by distorting history through ellipsis deletion of the words of Supreme Court cases; and/or inserting bracketed and conclusory comments into historical quotes, changing their meanings; and/or failing to reveal the legislative history behind the repeal of the “natural-born” modifier before the term “citizen” in 1 Stat. 414 can the faulty “logic” of the 2016 CRSR be understood.
Thus, in both the 2009 and 2011 documents, Mr. Maskell argued that, based on the language that had been altered by the ellipsis, the Supreme Court purportedly “stated” in Perkins v. Elg (carefully avoiding the term “held” or “ruled”) that such a person would be a “natural born citizen” despite the (false) fact that his parents were “aliens” (as the 2009 document characterized them) or possessed “dual citizenship” (as the 2011 document characterized them).
In fact, the father, Steinkauler the elder, was naturalized as a U.S. citizen in 1854 and his wife was also a U.S. citizen by marriage. Their son was born to these two U.S. citizens in 1855 in St. Louis, Missouri. Thus, the son (Steinkauler the younger) was, in reality, a “natural born citizen” as characterized by Attorney General Pierrepont because he was born to two U.S. citizen parents within the geographic boundaries of the United States.
By misrepresenting the status of his father as being either an “alien” (as in the 2009 document) or as possessing “dual citizenship” (as in the 2011 document), both the 2009 and the 2011 CRS documents portray the status of the son as a “natural born citizen” eligible to the presidency despite the purported (and false) painting of his father as being an alien or a person with dual citizenship. In fact, the son was a natural born citizen because both of his parents were U.S. citizens when he was born here, thereby making Attorney General Pierrepont’s “become President of the United States” observation understandable.
But wait… there’s still more.
Why the previously-missing language has been restored in the 2016 CRSR is at present unclear. Perhaps it was because the linguistic chicanery was first exposed here, but the fact that it has happened at all is noteworthy. Or perhaps it is because now, as opposed to in 2009 and 2011, the question of eligibility arises in the context of a person who may possess dual citizenship as opposed to a person whose father was never a U.S. citizen, thereby transgressing the principles of § 212 of de Vattel’s work.
So altered, the language is made to appear that the Supreme Court adopted the Attorney General’s conclusion that, “even though” the father’s renunciation of his American citizenship took place after the son’s birth, it had no effect on the son’s “dual citizenship” nor on the Attorney General’s opinion that, if and when the son attained majority and returned to the United States, “in due time, if the people elect, he can become President.” See 2016 CRSR at 43.
In fact, Attorney General Pierrepont characterized Steinkauler the younger as a “native-born American citizen” when, in fact, he qualified as a “natural-born citizen” by virtue of the fact (obscured in the 2009 and 2011 CRS products) that when he was born in St. Louis, both his mother and father were, via naturalization and marriage, U.S. citizens.
Through selective editing via ellipses and bracketed insertions of words not appearing in the Attorney General’s opinion, the 2016 CRSR document seeks to make the case that Perkins v. Elg stands for the proposition that, even if one is born here to alien parents or parents with dual citizenship, that person, despite the foreign citizenship of the parents, would nonetheless support the conclusion that the person was a “citizen at birth” and thus eligible to the presidency, the logic and principles of de Vattel’s § 212 notwithstanding.
In fact, as was the case with Steinkauler the younger, Marie Elg was a natural born citizen because, at the moment of her birth in Brooklyn, New York (Oct. 2, 1907), both of her parents were naturalized U.S citizens, her father renouncing his Swedish citizenship and becoming an American citizen in 1906.
’The term ‘dual nationality’ needs exact appreciation. It refers to the fact that two States make equal claim to the allegiance of an individual at the same time. Thus, one State may claim his allegiance because of his birth within its territory [jus soli], and the other because at the time of his birth in foreign territory his parents were its nationals [jus sanguinis].. The laws of the United States purport to clothe persons with American citizenship by virtue of both principles.’ (Emphasis added) Id.
The use by the U.S. State Department of the terminology “clothe persons with American citizenship by virtue of both principles…,” i.e., jus soli and jus sanguinis, runs exactly counter to the 2016 CRS narrative that only “place of birth” (jus soli) matters in determinations of whether one is a “natural born Citizen.” Clearly, parentage (i.e., jus sanguinis) plays a role as well.
Because of their fundamental concern that the Chief Magistrate possess undivided loyalty and allegiance to the United States alone, unencumbered by any foreign influence whatsoever, the snake oil being peddled by the 2016 CRSR that the Founders simultaneously intended to adopt a “non-Vatellian” definition of the term – which, by the way, would open up the office to the very persons the Founders wished to exclude – is nonsense. Dangerous nonsense. Witness what exists today at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C.
7 Responses to "Of Neologisms, End-Around Runs and Gorillas: The Congressional Research Service 2016 Report on Presidential Eligibility, Part II"
There is no doubt that the CRS memorandums by Jack Maskell are disingenuous and misleading. Why this is so is another matter of concern that has not been addressed.
The matter of Cruz’s birthright is not significant in the Congressional acts of 1790 or 1795 as they relate to naturalization and define children’s citizenship based only on that of the father and/or place of birth. Cruz has claimed to be a “natural born” citizen by virtue of his mother’s U.S. citizenship. However it was not until May 1934 when Congress revised naturalization laws in statute 1993 to declare that a child born to a US citizen mother in a foreign country became an automatically naturalized US citizen at birth. All children born outside of US soil and declared to be US citizens by virtue of parentage are considered “naturalized” and not eligible to serve as POTUS.
Today’s politicians treat our constitution like motorists treat traffic laws!
This is closely related to getting the ineligible Obama in office. It allowed him, once there, to populate the Executive branch with as many treasonous scumbags as he wanted, which he immediately did.
The significance of this Executive Order, signed by George W. Bush on June 30th, 2008 should not be overlooked. It paved the way for Barry Hussein Obama and Biden to populate America’s federal government will all sorts of America hating scumbags with an agenda of weakening the most powerful nation in the World. Obama’s brain, Valerie Jarrett, members of the Muslim Brotherhood, Barry’s many unvetted Czars and probably hundreds, if not thousands of others who would not have a prayer of passing a security background check are given a free pass. Congress mandated this Executive Order allowing the takeover be implemented by January 2009. That just happened to be when Barack Hussein Obama began populating the Executive branch with his equally treasonous “employees”, immune from the requirements for a security background check, just as Obama himself, members of Congress and Supreme Court Justices are.
The set-up worked and most people are not aware of this key element in it’s success.
Section 1.1. Policy. Executive branch policies and procedures relating to suitability, contractor employee fitness, eligibility to hold a sensitive position, access to federally controlled facilities and information systems, and eligibility for access to classified information shall be aligned using consistent standards to the extent possible, provide for reciprocal recognition, and shall ensure cost-effective, timely, and efficient protection of the national interest, while providing fair treatment to those upon whom the Federal Government relies to conduct our Nation’s business and protect national security.
If the above is not changed America will always be held hostage by the ability of the president and commander-in-chief to employ and provide information to the enemy anytime they want……….treason made “legal”.
A lot of work went into this article.. Very appreciated.
What seems the net results is the law was circumvented while the Treasury was looted 10 Trillion in 7 years.
We knew this Jack Maskell Memo was fooling Congress in the CRS administration the minute we started getting letters back from Congressmen referring their intelligence to it.
Uploaded on Jun 5, 2011Listen to the 5 Vetting Hurdles Obama cleared and see how Congress through the Jack Maskell Memo was deceived into letting the qualification of “natural born citizen” slide into the mud of the 14th Amendment. This is Dumb and Dumber- The CRS Memo and Congress today on The Lion’s Den Show with host Cody Robert Judy.
One thing that Professor Elhauge made clear was you can’t “naturalize” [natural born Citizen] which any attempt in excusing by statute or amendment of such circumstance as McCain, Obama, Rubio falls under.
I say kudos to both Harvard Professors Tribe and Elhauge who have agreed whole heartedly on this point, both being reasonably sound minded.
“Natural born” does not equal “natural” born, “natural” as a stand alone word being a state or condition of one’s birth, not subject to any act of Congress nor declaration of the Supreme court, and not alterable by such. The opposite of “natural” is not “un-natural”; it is “foreign, which is exactly what Ted Cruz is.
Congressman Hillhouse’s statement “an idea which ought not, explicitly or impliedly, to be admitted” is part of a larger argument he made.
Under Congressman Hillhouse’s example, a titled nobleman could come to the U.S., refuse to renounce his titles and thus not be eligible to become a U.S. citizen by naturalization. But his children would still be “natural born citizens”. Hmmmm, “natural born citizens” even though their father was an alien.