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Topic supervisor: -- all --Alexy Andrej, Ing. arch.Andráš Milan, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Bacová Andrea, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Baláž Martin, Mgr. art., ArtD.Bartošová Nina, Ing. arch., PhD.Bašová Silvia, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Bátor Jozef, Ing. arch., PhD.Botek Andrej, doc. Ing. arch. Mgr., PhD.Czafík Michal, Ing. arch., PhD.Čerešňová Zuzana, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Daniel Peter, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Dulla Matúš, prof. Ing. arch., DrSc.Fejo Katarína, Ing. arch., PhD.Görner Karol, Ing. arch., PhD.Hain Vladimír, Ing. arch., PhD.Hanáček Tomáš, Ing. arch., PhD.Hrašková Nadežda, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Hronský Michal, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Humaj Peter, doc. akad. soch.Ilkovič Ján, doc. Ing. arch., CSc.Ilkovičová Ľubica, doc. Ing. arch., CSc.Jelenčík Branislav, doc. Ing., ArtD.Joklová Viera, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Kalesný František, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Keppl Julián, prof. Ing. arch., CSc.Kočlík Dušan, Ing., ArtD.Korček Pavol, Ing. arch., PhD.Kosnáč Pavel, Ing. arch.Kováč Bohumil, prof. Ing. arch., PhD.Krajcsovics Lorant, Ing. arch., PhD.Kráľová Eva, doc. Ing., CSc.Kristiánová Katarína, Ing. arch., PhD.Kujanová Katarína, Ing. arch., PhD.Kusý Martin, Ing. arch.Lipková Michala, Mgr. art., ArtD.Macháčová Klára, Ing. arch., PhD.Majcher Stanislav, Ing. arch., PhD.Mazalán Peter, Mgr. art. Ing. arch., PhD.Meziani Yakoub, Ing. arch., PhD.Moravčíková Henrieta, prof. Dr. Ing. arch.Nahálka Pavel, Ing. arch., PhD.Oravcová Eva, Ing. arch., PhD.Paliatka Peter, prof. akad. soch.Paňák Pavel, Ing. arch.Pauliny Pavol, Ing. arch., PhD.Pavúk Ján, Ing. arch., PhD.Petelen Ivan, prof. akad. arch. Ing. arch., PhD.Pifko Henrich, doc. Ing. arch., CSc.Polakovič Štefan, Ing. arch.Polomová Beata, Ing. arch., PhD.Puškár Branislav, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Putrová Eva, Ing. arch., CSc.Rollová Lea, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Salcer Igor, Ing. arch., ArtD.Selcová Ľubica, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Schleicher Alexander, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Smatanová Katarína, Ing. arch., PhD.Sopirová Alžbeta, doc. Ing. arch., CSc.Šimkovič Vladimír, prof. Ing. arch., PhD.Šíp Lukáš, Ing. arch., PhD.Špaček Robert, prof. Ing. arch., CSc.Tóthová Zuzana, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Uhrík Martin, Mgr. art., PhD.Urlandová Andrea, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Varga Tibor, Ing. arch., PhD.Vinárčiková Jana, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Vitková Ľubica, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Vodrážka Peter, prof. Ing. arch., PhD.Vojteková Eva, Ing. arch., PhD.Vráblová Edita, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.Závodný Ľubomír, Ing. arch.Zvonek Miroslav, doc. akad. soch., ArtD.Žitňanský Márius, doc. Ing. arch., PhD.
4. DT Adaptive storage system Lipková, M. Institute of Design (FA) I-DZ FA 1 / 1 Protušová, N.
5. DT Adaptation of building to a new purpose, Bratislava - interior Kočlík, D. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) I-DZ FA 2 / 2 Nagyová, K.
6. DT Adaptation of building to a new purpose, Bratislava - interior Hronský, M. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) I-DZ FA 2 / 2 Bačišinová, D.
8. BT Aplykation of recykled material in office furniture Paliatka, P. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / -- Nemcová, D.
12. DT Art campus of Academy of fine arts and design in Bratislava Varga, T. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Alföldiová, V.
13. DT Authentic inspiration - Sitting interior element Baláž, M. Institute of Design (FA) I-DZ FA 1 / 1 Vámoš, J.
14. DT Puppet Theatre Humaj, P. Institute of Design (FA) I-DZ FA 1 / -- Brabcová, L.
15. DT Banská Bystrica , former urban Brewery - architectural study of the area revitalization Kráľová, E. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Matia, M.
16. DT Beta : the pass of tommorow Aleppo Šimkovič, V. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Al-Hussein, M.
17. DT Business Hotel****, multifunctional residential complex, Harbour City – Bratislava, Ružinov Tóthová, Z. The Institute of Architecture of Residential Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Lukáčová, M.
18. BT Bratislava - Kollárovo square - public space Kováč, B. Institute of Urban Design and Planning (FA) B-AU FA 1 / 1 Marková, N.
19. BT Bratislava Kollárovo námestie - public space Sopirová, A. Institute of Urban Design and Planning (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 2 Podešva, D.
21. BT Bratislava Kollárovo Square- Public Space Hanáček, T. Institute of Urban Design and Planning (FA) B-AU FA 1 / 2 Hollý, B.
22. DT Future of mobility Lipková, M. Institute of Design (FA) I-DZ FA 1 / 1 Forgáč, J.
25. DT Café bar – bookshop, Bratislava Dúbravka – interior Vinárčiková, J. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Lacková, S.
31. BT Multifuncktional box of brick for children Paliatka, P. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / -- Romančíková, I.
32. DT Children´s Center, Laveno-Mombello (Italy) - interior Hronský, M. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Merkovská, I.
33. DT Children´s Center, Santa Cruz (Bolivia) - interior Hronský, M. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Teplanová, B.
35. DT Craft based design Lipková, M. Institute of Design (FA) I-DZ FA 1 / 1 Masár, J.
36. DT Fusion of design and craft Lipková, M. Institute of Design (FA) I-DZ FA 1 / 1 Pšenáková, K.
37. DT Meditation house, Bratislava Bátor, J. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Kollárová, D.
38. DT New builging on Župné Square and Revitalisation of Michael´s Moat in Bratislava Pauliny, P. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Uličiansky, T.
39. DT Dream Tower, Praha, Nové Butovice Závodný, Ľ. The Institute of Architecture of Residential Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 3 / 3 Raučina, M.
40. DT DREAM TOWER, PRAHA, NOVÉ BUTOVICE Puškár, B. The Institute of Architecture of Residential Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 3 / 3 Planka, M.
41. DT DREAM TOWER, PRAHA, NOVÉ BUTOVICE Majcher, S. The Institute of Architecture of Residential Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Gogaľová, M.
42. DT DREAM TOWER, PRAHA, NOVÉ BUTOVICE Majcher, S. The Institute of Architecture of Residential Buildings (FA) I-ARCHxA FA 1 / 1 Bozhinova, T.
43. DT Educational aid Humaj, P. Institute of Design (FA) I-DZ FA 1 / -- Strihovská, S.
47. DT EXPO Bratislava- Regeneration of Pálenisko Harbour Area Hanáček, T. Institute of Urban Design and Planning (FA) I-URB FA 1 / 1 Feriancová, B.
48. BT Outdoor object for festival event Paliatka, P. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / -- Páriš, T.
49. BT Outdoor object for festival event Paliatka, P. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 3 / -- Uhlárová, L.
50. DT Forest hotel, Plevník Slovakia Šimkovič, V. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Bučo, P.
51. BT Funeral design Lipková, M. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / 1 Suchá, L.
52. BT Toy developing the cognitive functions and fine motor skills of children Paliatka, P. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / -- Skovayová, B.
53. BT Seesaw Paliatka, P. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / -- Hancková, D.
61. DT Inspiration Hostel - Entering into the Art of the World. Karloveské rameno Bratislava Žitňanský, M. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Tarhaničová, M.
62. DT Inspiration hostel: Art Center on the Danube Žitňanský, M. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Czikóová, L.
63. BT Inspiring mobility - Personal car Baláž, M. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 3 / 3 Blaško, M.
64. DT Inspiring mobility – Solar Car Baláž, M. Institute of Design (FA) I-DZ FA 1 / 1 Adámek, D.
65. DT Inspiring Living - Intelligent Waste Separator Baláž, M. Institute of Design (FA) I-DZ FA 1 / 1 Telepovský, J.
66. DT Inspiring lifestyle - Oral hygiene Baláž, M. Institute of Design (FA) I-DZ FA 1 / 1 Bartoš, M.
67. BT Interactive product for children Lipková, M. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / 1 Reháková, M.
68. DT Interior of the Lighthouse Hotel Salcer, I. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 2 Hanzelová, T.
69. DT Interior of sports and wellness center in Piešťany Salcer, I. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 2 Kusendová, S.
71. DT Uhrovec mansion, architectural study of the revitalization of the building and the historical area Kráľová, E. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / -- Dulín, A.
72. DT Kid´s factory, Laveno - Mombello, Italy Paňák, P. Dean's Office (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Fuckuláková, N.
73. BT Kollárovo námestie, Bratislava - public space Putrová, E. Institute of Urban Design and Planning (FA) B-AU FA 1 / 2 Chmurová, B.
74. BT Kollarovo Square in Bratislava Smatanová, K. Institute of Urban Design and Planning (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 2 Kakvicová, K.
75. BT Kollarovo square in Bratislava Vitková, Ľ. Institute of Urban Design and Planning (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 2 Rybanská, L.
76. DT The composter for a biogas plant Paliatka, P. Institute of Design (FA) I-DZ FA 1 / -- Čička, M.
78. DT Community Center Vígľaš – interior Vinárčiková, J. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Poliak, D.
79. BT Saab electromobil concept Paliatka, P. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / -- Štefan, F.
80. BT Coffee table with multiple use Paliatka, P. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / -- Fábiková, K.
81. DT Conversion of the administrative building (M.M.Scheer), Ruzomberok - interior Daniel, P. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Veselovská, V.
82. DT Church with Pastoral Center, Bratislava Bátor, J. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Horváth, M.
83. DT Landscape area Tatranská Polianka Putrová, E. Institute of Urban Design and Planning (FA) I-URB FA 1 / 1 Nagy, K.
84. DT Landscape area Vyšné Hágy Putrová, E. Institute of Urban Design and Planning (FA) I-URB FA 1 / 1 Maga, K.
87. DT Cultural and spiritual center with central sacral space, Trnavské mýto Kusý, M. Dean's Office (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Trnková, M.
88. DT Community Center, Neratovice - interior Hronský, M. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Matkobišová, R.
89. BT Bathroom for a small apartment Paliatka, P. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / -- Hencová, M.
90. DT Liptovská Mara - Space for recreation and leisure Oravcová, E. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 2 Kamenská, N.
91. DT Lisbon - Marvilla, city palace, architectural study of the revitalization of abandoned complex Kráľová, E. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Kolesárová, L.
94. BT Martin - Námestia SNP - public space Kováč, B. Institute of Urban Design and Planning (FA) B-AU FA 1 / 1 Adamko, M.
95. BT Martin, Námestie SNP - public space Bašová, S. Institute of Urban Design and Planning (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 2 Jedináková, S.
96. BT Martin Námestie SNP - public space Görner, K. Institute of Urban Design and Planning (FA) B-AU FA 1 / 2 Tekulová, V.
97. DT Between the lines - expansion of central part of Žilina Paňák, P. Dean's Office (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Kypus, J.
98. DT Bratislava City Záhorská Bystrica - Concept of Development Sopirová, A. Institute of Urban Design and Planning (FA) I-URB FA 1 / 1 Juhásová, D.
102. DT Multifunctional Harbor City Complex Majcher, S. The Institute of Architecture of Residential Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 2 / 2 Ďuďajová, A.
103. DT Multifunctional residential complex Harbour City – Bratislava, Ružinov Tóthová, Z. The Institute of Architecture of Residential Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 3 / 3 Bertóková, S.
104. DT Multifunctional residential complex Harbour City – Bratislava, Ružinov Kosnáč, P. The Institute of Architecture of Residential Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 3 / 3 Motyčková, N.
105. DT MIX Palárikova / Žabotova Polakovič, Š. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 2 Benková, Z.
106. DT Modrý Kameň - conservation and restoration of the castle Hrašková, N. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Ksiažeková, V.
107. DT Modrý kameň. Monument restoration of the castle. Botek, A. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) I-ARCH FA 2 / 2 Müllerová, A.
109. BT Multifunction Gym Varga, T. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) B-AU FA 3 / 3 Hudec, M.
112. BT Multifunction Gym Polomová, B. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 3 Mačuhová, D.
113. BT Multifunction Gym Uhrík, M. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) B-AU FA 3 / 3 Horváth, D.
114. BT Multifunction Gym Macháčová, K. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 3 Kavuljáková, L.
115. BT Multifunction Gym Pavúk, J. The Institute of Architecture of Residential Buildings (FA) B-AU FA 4 / 5 Beljička, M.
116. BT Multifunction Gym Andráš, M. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) B-AU FA 3 / 3 Bolfík, I.
117. BT : Multifunction Gym Kalesný, F. Institute of Architectural Constructions and Civil Engineering Structures (FA) B-AU FA 4 / 4 Vidiš, K. J.
118. BT Multifunction Gym Korček, P. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 5 Blahunková, V.
119. BT Multifunction Gym Alexy, A. Institute of Architectural Constructions and Civil Engineering Structures (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 3 Rovňanová, A.
120. BT Multifunction Gym Hain, V. Institute of Architectural Constructions and Civil Engineering Structures (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 5 Suváková, Ľ.
121. BT Multifunction Gym Hrašková, N. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 2 Medlenová, L.
122. BT Multifunction Gym Ilkovič, J. Institute of Architectural Constructions and Civil Engineering Structures (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 2 Žákovičová, K.
123. BT Multifunction Gym Pifko, H. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) B-AU FA 1 / 3 Kadák, M.
124. BT Multifunction Gym Meziani, Y. Institute of Architectural Constructions and Civil Engineering Structures (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 4 Tarbaj, J.
125. BT Multifunctional children's furniture Paliatka, P. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / -- Gujberová, G.
126. BT Multifunktion variable furniture Paliatka, P. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / -- Tináková, D.
127. DT Museum of the Boucher de Perthes, Abbeville - interior Mazalán, P. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Paľuchová, M.
128. DT Liptovská Mara Museum Nahálka, P. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 2 Madudová, S.
129. DT Museum of TANAP, Tatranska Lomnica - interior Daniel, P. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Varšová, L.
130. DT Embassy of the Czech Republic in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Paňák, P. Dean's Office (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Hunčárová, K.
131. DT Visitors´center in ZOO Bojnice Ilkovičová, Ľ. Institute of Architectural Constructions and Civil Engineering Structures (FA) I-ARCH FA 2 / 2 Novacká, J.
132. DT New identity of Zemplínska Šírava - selected aspects Paňák, P. Dean's Office (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Janičová, M.
133. DT New central railway station, Bratislaca Bátor, J. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Jurášková, P.
134. DT Nová Maša - Ferdinand´s ironwork, urban-architectural study of the revitalization of the former metallurgical complex Kráľová, E. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Aschenbrierová, V.
137. BT NTRL cosmetics - New brand development strategy and packaging design Lipková, M. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / 1 Krajčovičová, K.
138. DT Sports area Building in Mlada garda Varga, T. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Antolík, J.
139. DT Public Building, Winter Harbour, Bratislava Schleicher, A. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 4 / 4 Šeliga, F.
141. DT Residential area Crescenzago - Miláno Paňák, P. Dean's Office (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Le, M. H.
142. DT Future Housing Estate in Nitra - Zobor Keppl, J. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Kozáková, P.
143. DT Monument Restoration of Historical Building of the Main Railway Station in Bratislava Vodrážka, P. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Husárová, F.
145. DT Monument Restoration of the main Building Danubius Factory in Bratislava Vodrážka, P. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Inczingerová, L.
148. DT Topic of panel housing - selected aspects Paňák, P. Dean's Office (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Hybský, M.
150. DT Multifunctional residential building „BEACH“ - Recife, Brasil – interior Vinárčiková, J. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Silva Campos Pires, L. R.
151. DT Multifunctional residential complex, Bratislava - Petržalka - new center Bacová, A. The Institute of Architecture of Residential Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 2 / 2 Brna, A.
152. DT Multifunctional apartment complex Harbour City Vráblová, E. The Institute of Architecture of Residential Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 2 / 2 Koščová, A.
153. DT Multifunctional apartment complex in Petržalka Vráblová, E. The Institute of Architecture of Residential Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 2 / 2 Rumpelová, K.
154. DT Multipurpose house Macháčová, K. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) I-ARCH FA 3 / 3 Petrík, M.
155. DT Multipurpose Building in Crescenzago, Milan Vojteková, E. Institute of Architectural Constructions and Civil Engineering Structures (FA) I-ARCH FA 3 / 3 Mrvišová, B.
156. DT POLYFUNCTIONAL RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX - NOVÉ CENTRUM - BRATISLAVA,PETRŽALKA Selcová, Ľ. The Institute of Architecture of Residential Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 2 / 2 Gašpar, M.
157. DT Multifunctional Residential Complex, Bratislava - Petržalka Czafík, M. The Institute of Architecture of Residential Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 3 / 3 Smolková, A.
158. DT Multifinctional Residential Complex, Bratislava - Petrzalka Závodný, Ľ. The Institute of Architecture of Residential Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 3 / 3 Kliská, A.
171. DT Workplace 2020 Pifko, H. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) I-ARCH FA 2 / 3 Cipko, M.
174. DT Space for culture and folk traditions - Liptovská Mara Oravcová, E. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 2 Katrenová, M.
177. BT Recycled cork product Paliatka, P. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / -- Oriešek, M.
179. DT Architecture that Reacts Uhrík, M. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) I-ARCH FA 5 / 7 Rusnačková, S.
181. DT Redesigned of the transformer ZSDIS. Zvonek, M. Institute of Design (FA) I-DZ FA 1 / 1 Mosný, M.
182. DT Reconstruction of the cinema to the cultural center, Leopoldov Petelen, I. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / -- Scheibenreifová, S.
184. DT Recreation and evacuation center Paňák, P. Dean's Office (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Masný, J.
185. DT Revitalisation and Monument Restoration of the Main Railway station in Bratislava Pauliny, P. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Harniš, F.
186. DT Revitalization of the public spaces of Tomášovce village Vitková, Ľ. Institute of Urban Design and Planning (FA) I-URB FA 1 / 1 Štrbíková, D.
187. BT Residence of Ambassador Kujanová, K. Institute of Architectural Constructions and Civil Engineering Structures (FA) B-AU FA 4 / 5 Vranová, Z.
192. BT Residence of Ambassador Korček, P. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) B-AU FA 3 / 5 Domiková, B.
193. BT Residence of Ambassador Alexy, A. Institute of Architectural Constructions and Civil Engineering Structures (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 2 Radová, L.
194. BT Residence of Ambassador Salcer, I. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 2 Lecsőová, M.
195. BT Residence of Ambassador Bátor, J. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) B-AU FA 5 / 5 Bohovicová, S.
196. BT Residence of Ambassador Andráš, M. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 3 Borošová, V.
197. BT Residence of Ambassador Botek, A. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) B-AU FA 3 / 3 Mihaľová, Z.
198. BT Residence of Ambassador Krajcsovics, L. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) B-AU FA 4 / 4 Kislíková, A.
199. BT Residence of Ambassador Pauliny, P. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 2 Mravík, A.
200. BT Residence of Ambassador Šíp, L. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) B-AU FA 3 / 3 Humajová, K.
201. BT Residence of Ambassador Hain, V. Institute of Architectural Constructions and Civil Engineering Structures (FA) B-AU FA 3 / 5 Šidlovská, A.
202. BT Residence of the ambassador Kráľová, E. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) B-AU FA 3 / 3 Lipiansky, V.
203. BT Residence of Ambassador Bartošová, N. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) B-AU FA 3 / 3 Návojský, R.
204. BT Residence of Ambassador Meziani, Y. Institute of Architectural Constructions and Civil Engineering Structures (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 4 Tomášová, L.
205. BT Residence of Ambassador Pifko, H. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) B-AU FA 2 / 3 Jobus, O.
206. BT Residence of Ambassador Vodrážka, P. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) B-AU FA 3 / 3 Matoušková, K.
207. BT Residence of Ambassador Daniel, P. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) B-AU FA 1 / 2 Labath, K.
208. BT Residence of Ambassador Petelen, I. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) B-AU FA 1 / 1 Kuchar, M.
209. BT Residence of Ambassador Polomová, B. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) B-AU FA 1 / 3 Presinszky, K.
212. DT Satelites of the Cities and their Future. Housing estate Triblavina, Bratislava Keppl, J. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Mrva, M.
215. BT Tapas serving service Humaj, P. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / -- Križanová, J.
220. DT Smart city Lamač Špaček, R. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 2 Červeňaková, S.
222. BT aj Paliatka, P. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / -- Krejčiová, S.
223. DT Light Humaj, P. Institute of Design (FA) I-DZ FA 1 / -- Hanusová, Ž.
230. DT School of Architecture Šíp, L. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) I-ARCH FA 2 / 2 Lesná, R.
231. DT African School Project: Education for the Future Šíp, L. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 2 Kmeťová, V.
232. DT Sport hall Martin Žitňanský, M. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Makovníková, S.
233. DT Topolčany, Old Hospital Complex - design of the monumental restoration of selected objects. Polomová, B. Institute of History and Theory of Architecture and Monument Preservation (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Dražová, B.
234. BT Topoľčany Old hospital - public space Kristiánová, K. Institute of Urban Design and Planning (FA) B-AU FA 1 / 2 Végh, D.
235. DT Transformation of the Bratislava - Dimitrovka area Bašová, S. Institute of Urban Design and Planning (FA) I-URB FA 1 / 1 Vachuna, L.
236. DT The Chest Humaj, P. Institute of Design (FA) I-DZ FA 1 / -- Krahulcová, E.
239. DT University Housing in Genoa Varga, T. Institute of Ecological and Experimental Architecture (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Kákošová, N.
241. BT Variable kid furnture Paliatka, P. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / -- Harmanová, R.
243. DT eVolo 2019 Skyscraper competition – Vertical City Oravcová, E. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 2 Krajč, F.
244. DT Wine adventure center, Svätý Jur, social spaces Petelen, I. Institute of Interior and Exhibition Design (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 2 Gregušová, K.
247. DT Vivaldi's Four, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia Šimkovič, V. Institute of Public Buildings (FA) I-ARCH FA 1 / 1 Veselovská, S.
248. BT Educational open source robot Lipková, M. Institute of Design (FA) B-D FA 1 / 1 Fundárek, Ľ.

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Justia › US Law › Case Law › Texas Case Law › Supreme Court of Texas Decisions › 1973 › Robinson v. Robbins Petroleum Corporation, Inc.
Robinson v. Robbins Petroleum Corporation, Inc.
R. O. ROBINSON, Petitioner, v. ROBBINS PETROLEUM CORPORATION, INC., et al., Respondents.
Rehearing Denied December 19, 1973.
*866 C. Sidney McClain, Thomas R. Hartnett, III, Dallas, for petitioner.
Colley & Lloyd, Bob M. Lloyd, Henderson, Potter, Lasater, Guinn, Minton & Knight, Charles F. Potter, Tyler, Anthony G. Riddlesperger, Houston, for respondents.
The question here is the right of the surface owner of a tract, the minerals of which are included within a secondary recovery unit, to recover damages from the operator and owners of the unit for salt water taken from his tract for purposes of waterflooding the entire unit. The litigation began with the unit operator seeking an injunction to prevent the surface owner from interfering with the operations, but the phase of the controversy before us now is the surface owner's action against the unit operator and mineral interest owners to collect damages for the salt water which has been taken to repressure the oil bearing formation. Summary judgment was entered by the trial court in favor of the operator and mineral interest owners, and the Court of Civil Appeals affirmed on the ground that their dominant estate entitled them to this use of the water. 487 S.W.2d 794.
R. O. Robinson owns only the surface estate of an 80 acre tract by virtue of a deed to him dated August 5, 1964. This 80 acres was one of several tracts totalling 221 acres leased on April 5, 1943, to Robbins Petroleum Corporation by D. V. Wagoner and others, who were at that time the owners of the entire fee. Oil production held the lease in force, and Robinson acquired his surface estate subject thereto. It was not until after Robinson's deed that the secondary recovery units were formed. Apparently there are now three waterflood units being operated in formations at depths from 4,798 feet to 5,500 feet, and each includes all or part of the 221 acres of the Wagoner lease. The size of the three units varies from 1,295 acres to 1,807 acres. Robbins Petroleum Corporation is the operator and is using a former oil well located on the Robinson 80 acres to produce salt water to be injected and drive the three waterflood units. The record before the court on this motion for summary judgment does not show any particulars as to the use of the salt water or operation of the units. Robinson pleaded that his salt water was carried by pipelines to injection wells elsewhere and that three million barrels of water had been used in the waterflood units by the time of filing of the pleadings.
The first question presented is whether salt water is part of Robinson's surface estate. If it is owned by the mineral owners, that ends any claim by Robinson. We look first to the language of the instruments of conveyance for the answer to this question. There are two instruments: the 1943 Wagoner lease and the 1964 deed to Robinson. The lease "grants, leases and lets exclusively unto Lessee for the purpose of investigating, exploring, Prospecting, drilling and mining for and producing oil, gas, and all other minerals...." Lessee is given "free use of oil, gas, coal, wood and water from said land, except water from Lessor's wells for all operations hereunder and the royalty on oil, gas, and coal shall be computed after deducting any so used." The deed to Robinson conveyed "the surface rights only" and excluded "all oil, gas and/or mineral rights of every kind and nature belonging to said land." Under comparable words of conveyance judicial construction has not divided the mineral from the surface according to the technical or scientific meaning. When closely related to the surface itself, gravel and limestone and even iron ore have been held not to *867 be embraced by mineral ownership. Acker v. Guinn, 464 S.W.2d 348 (Tex.1971); Heinatz v. Allen, 147 Tex. 512, 217 S.W.2d 994 (1949); Psencik v. Wessels, 205 S.W.2d 658 (Tex.Civ.App.1947, writ ref.).
It has been decided that water is part of the surface estate according to the ordinary and normal use of the words conveying or reserving minerals. Sun Oil Company v. Whitaker, 483 S.W.2d 808 (Tex.1972). It has been said, and is argued here, that a different result should be reached as between fresh water and salt water. See Ambassador Oil Corp. v. Robertson, 384 S.W.2d 752 (Tex.Civ.App.1964, writ ref., n. r. e., with per curiam opinion reserving this question 390 S.W.2d 472); Hudson, Salt Water is a Mineral, 50 Tex. L.Rev. 448 (1972). We are not attracted to a rule that would classify water according to a mineral contained in solution. Water is never absolutely pure unless it is treated in a laboratory. It is the water with which these parties are concerned and not the dissolved salt. If a mineral in solution or suspension were of such value or character as to justify production of the water for the extraction and use of the mineral content, we would have a different case. The substance extracted might well be the property of the mineral owner, and he might be entitled to use the water for purposes of production of the mineral. See State v. Parker, 61 Tex. 265 (1884); Cain v. Neumann, 316 S.W.2d 915 (Tex.Civ.App. 1958, no writ). In either case the water itself is an incident of surface ownership in the absence of specific conveyancing language to the contrary. And in our case the saline content has no consequence upon ownership.
We turn now to the implied easement of the mineral owners. Their ownership of the minerals carries with it the right to use the surface, including water, to the extent reasonably necessary to develop and produce the minerals. The use of water for secondary recovery operations has been upheld as the right of the mineral lessee upon this basis. Sun Oil Company v. Whitaker, 483 S.W.2d 808 (Tex.1972). In the Whitaker case, however, the parties stipulated that the waterflood operation was reasonable and proper for the production of oil from the leased premises, and the evidence tended to prove that the operation would account for the production of additional oil of the value of $3,200,000. There is no proof in the record before us now of the necessity for the waterflood operation to obtain production of oil from the lands embraced by the Wagoner lease. Without conclusive proof of that fact, the summary judgment in favor of the unit operator and owners was improper. Texas Rules Civil Procedure Rule 166-A(c); Swilley v. Hughes, 488 S.W.2d 64 (Tex. 1972). In his application to this court, Robinson has no point of error on the failure of the summary judgment proof in this respect. Robinson's complaint is against the lower court holding that the operator has the right to take salt water from this 80 acre tract to drive the oil throughout a secondary recovery unit of some two thousand acres, without his consent and without compensation for benefits flowing to premises not covered by or authorized to be pooled by the Wagoner lease. We agree that the lower courts erred in this holding.
In the Whitaker case the water was being used exclusively for the production of minerals under the premises of the lease to which the surface owner was subject. Even if the waterflood operation is reasonably necessary to produce oil from premises of the Wagoner lease, it does not follow that the operator is entitled to the use of Robinson's surface for the secondary recovery unit that includes acreage outside the Wagoner lease. This more extensive use is permitted in Oklahoma. Holt v. Southwest Antioch Sand Unit, 292 P.2d 998 (Okl.1955). We do not agree with the rule applied by the Oklahoma Supreme Court in Holt, because it fails to give due regard to the rights of the surface estate. See Getty Oil Company v. Jones, 470 S.W.2d 618 (Tex.1971). Robinson took his surface title subject to the Wagoner lease and *868 the implied right of the mineral owner to make reasonable use of the surface to produce certain minerals from the land covered by the Wagoner lease. Nothing in the Wagoner lease or the reservation contained in Robinson's deed authorized the mineral owner to increase the burden on the surface estate for the benefit of additional lands. See 1 Williams & Meyers, Oil and Gas Law § 219.6, p. 286 (Matthew Bender 1972); Losee, Legal Problems of a Water Supply for the Oil and Gas Industry, 20th Oil & Gas Inst. 61 (Matthew Bender 1969). The fact that the Railroad Commission entered orders approving the recovery units may be relevant to the propriety of the use of the water for production from lands of the Wagoner lease, but no statute or order purports to diminish the title or otherwise extend the burden upon Robinson's surface estate.
Robinson, as owner of the surface, is entitled to protection from uses thereof, without his consent, for the benefit of owners outside of and beyond premises and terms of the Wagoner lease. Likewise, the rights of the mineral owners are entitled to be protected in their use of the salt water which was reasonably necessary to produce oil under the premises and terms described in the Wagoner lease. We hold that Robinson is entitled to recover the value of that portion of the salt water which has been consumed for the production of oil for owners of lands outside the Wagoner lease. If, for example, only Robinson water were used to drive the oil, and that water were consumed or lost to Robinson, the proportion of the water for which the operator would owe Robinson would be the same as the proportion of the oil recovered for lands outside the Wagoner lease. This assumes that this particular unit operation is reasonably necessary for the production of Wagoner lease minerals. If this is not the case, Robinson is entitled to damages for all of the water which has been used without his consent.
The judgments below are reversed and the cause is remanded to the trial court.


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BROCKTON SAVINGS BANK vs. ISAAC SHAPIRO & others.
Present: QUA, C.J., RONAN, SPALDING, & WILLIAMS, JJ.
At the trial of an action by a savings bank, payee of a note secured by a mortgage of real estate, against the maker for a deficiency remaining after a sale in foreclosure, an issue, whether one, to whom the maker had conveyed the mortgaged premises "subject to" the mortgage, had assumed and agreed with the maker to pay the note, properly was submitted to the jury where there was evidence, partly oral and partly in the form of admissions taken from records of the bank, which warranted a finding of such assumption and agreement.
At the trial of an action on a real estate mortgage note by the payee-mortgagee against the maker-mortgagor for a deficiency remaining after a sale in foreclosure of the mortgage, where the defendant contended that his rights as a surety, consequent upon his having conveyed the mortgaged premises to a grantee who had assumed and agreed with the defendant to pay the note, had been impaired by an extension agreement between the grantee and the plaintiff whereby the time for payment was extended, the grantee agreed to pay the principal on the extended date and not to require the plaintiff to receive payment before that date, and it was provided that nothing contained in the agreement should "be construed to impair the security of . . . [the plaintiff] . . . under said mortgage, nor affect, nor impair any rights or powers which . . . [the plaintiff] may have under the said note and mortgage for the recovery of the mortgage debt, with interest, in case of nonfulfillment of this agreement by" the grantee, the trial judge properly refused to regard such reservation of the plaintiff's rights as sufficient to prevent the defendant from being discharged from liability on the note by the agreement.
CONTRACT. Writ in the Municipal Court of the City of Boston dated April 5, 1939.
The action was removed to the Superior Court.
Following the decision reported in 311 Mass. 695, there was a second trial of the action before Burns, J.
and it was not created . . . by the giving of this extension.
"If the defendants were sureties they were sureties before any extension was considered at all or talked about, but if they were sureties [and there was] any change in the obligation that existed at the time they became such whereby the terms and the time of payment of the obligation on which they were originally liable were changed or made different by the extension . . . and their rights were in any wise prejudiced . . . they would be discharged from liability.
"So that . . . it would be a question for you to determine whether the rights of the defendants were harmed by this agreement.
"The extension was a valid and enforceable agreement between the bank and the grantees, and the bank could not terminate it before September 1, 1939. That is what the agreement of extension says. . . .
"It is not . . . true that this bank had no right to extend the mortgage without the consent of the defendants, but . . . if they did extend that mortgage without the consent of the defendants and the defendants were prejudiced thereby, that is . . . they were harmed by it in any rights that they would have if no extension had been made, did it change the situation as far as they are concerned? If it did, then they are discharged from liability."
M. J. Zieman, for the plaintiff.
S. B. Stein, for the defendants.
Mortgage" was executed between the bank and the grantees whereby the time for the payment of the principal of the mortgage note was extended for three years from September 1, 1936, and the grantees agreed to pay the mortgage debt at the expiration of that time and also agreed that they would not require the bank to receive payment before such expiration. This indenture included a provision that nothing contained in it should "be construed to impair the security of said Bank, its successors and assigns, under said mortgage, nor affect, nor impair any rights or powers which it may have under the said note and mortgage for the recovery of the mortgage debt, with interest, in case of nonfulfillment of this agreement by said Equity Owners." There is no contention that the defendants consented to this extension. On February 24, 1939, the bank foreclosed the mortgage under the power of sale contained therein, apparently for nonpayment of taxes and interest. After application of the proceeds of the sale to the unpaid balance of the note there remained a deficit of $34,154.47 and interest thereon, to recover which this action is brought. This figure is not questioned. There was evidence that after the foreclosure the bank brought an action against the grantees to recover the deficit on their covenant contained in the indenture of extension to pay the mortgage debt, and that this action was settled by the grantees paying to the bank the sum of $5,500 in return for a "covenant not to sue" given by the bank to the grantees.
deal with the substance of all the exceptions which have been argued, although it will not be necessary to deal separately with each request for ruling.
1. There was no error in leaving to the jury the question whether the grantees not merely took subject to the mortgage, but assumed and agreed with the defendants to pay it. It is true that the deed from the defendants to the grantees contained only the statement that the premises were conveyed "subject to" the mortgage, but while this did not constitute an agreement to assume and pay the mortgage as part of the purchase price, it was not inconsistent with the existence of such an agreement. Drury v. Tremont Improvement Co. 13 Allen 168. Flynn v. Kenrick, 285 Mass. 446. McRae v. Pope, 311 Mass. 500, 504-505. A written contract of purchase and sale which preceded the deed is equally inconclusive. There was evidence that there was an agreement to assume and pay. This evidence was partly oral and partly in the form of admissions taken from records of the bank which were held to be competent in the former opinion, 311 Mass. at page 698. See further page 700. Indeed, it was held in the former opinion (page 698) that this issue as to the assumption of the mortgage by the grantees was one for the jury. The second trial brought about no such change in the posture of the case as to call for a different conclusion. The former decision covers the point.
former opinion, 311 Mass. at pages 702-704. It was there pointed out that the bank did not reserve all its rights against the sureties, and that its reservation of rights was conditioned upon the grantees not fulfilling the terms of the indenture of extension. If the grantees fulfilled those terms, the defendants could not, until the expiration of three years after September 1, 1936, pay the mortgage note themselves and also then enforce the mortgage against the grantees. During the same time the indenture of extension by its terms prevented the grantees from performing their contract with the defendants to pay the mortgage note. And even if the defendants could sue the grantees for not performing their contract, there was no means by which during the period of extension the defendants could avail themselves of the mortgage security. Their right of subrogation was therefore impaired. Restatement: Security, Section 129. Williston on Contracts (Rev. ed.) Sections 339, 1225, 1230.
This case differs from Hutchins v. Nichols, 10 Cush. 299, upon which the bank relies. In that case the surety lost no rights under any mortgage, and it was held that the change in the obligation could not be detrimental to the surety.
directed to the point in question was made and refused. The requests to which we are now referred as bearing upon the point bear upon it only remotely and equivocally. Some of these were incorrect and to give the others would merely have been confusing. The judge nowhere told the jury that the payment of $5,500 for the covenant not to sue discharged the defendants. On the contrary he submitted the case to the jury and correctly instructed them that they should treat the $5,500 paid by the Williamsons for the covenant not to sue as if paid on account of the mortgage debt. If the defendants and also the grantees had become obligated to pay to the bank the same mortgage debt, the defendants because they were the makers of the note, and the grantees because they had covenanted to pay it in the indenture of extension, even if those in one group were not liable jointly with those in the other, the payment by the grantees in return for a covenant not to sue was, at least in the absence of clear proof of a contrary intention, a payment upon the note which enured to the benefit of the defendants. Williston on Contracts (Rev. ed.) Section 341. Restatement: Contracts, Section 120 (1). See Kenworthy v. Sawyer, 125 Mass. 28, 30; New York Bank Note Co. v. Kidder Press Manuf. Co. 192 Mass. 391, 406-407; Matheson v. O'Kane, 211 Mass. 91; O'Neil v. National Oil Co. 231 Mass. 20, 28-29; Shapiro v. Lyon, 254 Mass. 110, 117; Arnold v. Jacobs, 316 Mass. 81, 84; Perry v. Oliver, 317 Mass. 538. It follows that evidence was admissible to prove such payment and the giving of the covenant not to sue. Anti v. Boston Elevated Railway, 247 Mass. 1, 6.
We have not considered exceptions not argued. Neither have we considered argument not addressed to exceptions. Two appeals upon interlocutory matters have not been argued and are treated as waived.
upon us by some more stringent rule than that of stare decisis under which we commonly regard ourselves as bound by decisions in different cases, since the present decision would be the same in any event. See Wall v. Old Colony Trust Co. 177 Mass. 275, 279; Lunn & Sweet Co. v. Wolfman, 268 Mass. 345, 349; Blankenburg v. Commonwealth, 272 Mass. 25, 28; Cann v. Barry, 298 Mass. 186, 187; Peterson v. Hopson, 306 Mass. 597, 602. We do not intend to cast any doubt upon the former opinion.

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Art. 1. - (1) Copyright and neighbouring rights and the protection and sanction of those rights shall be governed by the Constitution, by this Law and by other texts.
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(e) unauthorised reproduction of works brought to the knowledge of the public by public communication, in interactive regime.
(3) The holder of copyright in a work that has been reproduced in accordance with paragraph (1) of this Article shall be entitled to compensatory remuneration. Such remuneration in the amount of 3% of the retail sale price shall be paid by enterprises (including manufacturers or importers) of recording appliances (sound recording equipment, video recorders, etc.) and mediums (texts and cassettes for sound or video recording, optical discs, compact discs, etc.) used for reproduction.
(4) The collection, distribution and payment of the compensatory remuneration shall be undertaken by the organisations for the collective administration of the economic rights of authors, performers and phonogram producers, in accordance with an agreement concluded by such organisations. Unless otherwise stated in such agreement, the remuneration shall be shared as follows: 40% to authors, 30% to performers and 30% to phonogram producers.
(5) The amount of the compensatory remuneration and the manner of payment shall be determined by agreement between the above-mentioned enterprises (including manufacturers or importers), on the one hand, and the organisations for the collective administration of the economic rights of authors, performers and phonogram producers, on the other.
(6) The compensatory remuneration shall be shared amongst the authors of the works referred to in paragraph (3) of this Article, where it may be assumed that their works have been subject to reproduction for personal use, and the other holders of copyright or neighbouring rights in such works.
(7) No compensatory remuneration shall be paid in respect of the equipment and recording mediums referred to in paragraph (3) of this Article where they are exported, where they constitute professional equipment not intended for home recording or where they are imported by a natural person for his own exclusive use.
c) reproduction shall accompany the digital broadcasting or the action assuring work accessibility to perception within the normal operation process of the used equipment and shall entail automatic removal of the copy, excluding finding and exploitation of the work for any other purposes, except for cases specified in subparagraphs (a) and (b).
(c) of isolated articles and other succinct works or of short extracts of written works (save for computer programs) that have been lawfully published if such reproduction is made by a teaching establishment and the copy so obtained is intended for use in the classroom.
(2) Reprographic reproduction as referred to in paragraph (1)(b) and (c) of this Article shall be permitted on condition that no reprographic reproduction license is offered by an organisation for the collective administration of the economic rights of authors in such a manner that the library, archive service or teaching establishment is aware or should be aware thereof.
(f) reproduction or communication to the public of works of architecture, photographic works and works of fine art permanently located in a public place, except where presentation of the work constitutes the main purpose of the reproduction or if it is used for commercial purposes.
(2) The exporting of a copy of a work by a natural person for his own exclusive use shall be permitted without the consent of the author or other holder of copyright and without payment of remuneration.
(c) examine, study and experiment the way in which the computer program functions with the view to determining the ideas and principles which are at the basis of each element of the program, if this is carried out during any permissible action of launching for execution, showing on computer screen, execution, forward or saving of the program.
(2) A backup copy of a computer program may not be used for any purposes other than those referred to in paragraph (1) of this Article and shall be destroyed in the event of possession of the copy of the computer program or of the database ceasing to be lawful.
(c) that the information obtained by means of decompilation is used solely for the above-mentioned purposes and that it is neither communicated to other persons nor used to produce a computer program similar to the original program or to perform any other act that infringes copyright.
(4) Computer programs shall be protected as literary works, regardless of their form and manner of expression. The author of a computer program shall enjoy all moral rights and economic rights referred to in Articles 9, 10 and 17.
Art. 24.-(1) The economic rights referred to in Article 10 may be transferred by the author or other holder of copyright by means of an author's contract.
(b) under a non-exclusive license, the licensee may use the work in the same way as other persons who have obtained authorization to use it by the same means, with no right to allow or to prohibit other persons from using this work in any form and in any manner.
Art. 25.-(1) An author's contract shall be concluded in written form and shall set out the types of use of the work (the rights transferred by the contract), the term of the contract and the territory for which rights are transferred, the amount of remuneration or the conditions for determining such amount for each of the types of use of the work, the conditions and time limits for payment of the remuneration and any other conditions considered essential by the parties. An author's contract on exploitation of publicized works in periodic press may also be concluded verbally.
(2) If an author's contract does not stipulate the territory for which a right is transferred, such transfer shall have effect on the territory of the Republic of Moldova only.
(3) If an author's contract does not stipulate its term of validity, it shall be deemed concluded for three years as from the date of conclusion if it concerns use of a work in its original form or for five years if it concerns use of a work in a modified form or in translation.
(4) The National Copyright Agency shall draw up model authors' contracts in collaboration with the organisations concerned.
(5) Any clauses in an author's contract that are contrary to the provisions of this Law shall be deemed null and void; the conditions set out in this Law shall apply in place thereof.
(6) Any clause in an author's contract that restricts the author's future faculty to create works on a given subject or in a given field shall be null and void.
(7) An author's contract shall define the remuneration in the form of a percentage of the revenue obtained from the use of the work by the envisaged means, in the form of a lump sum, in accordance with a scale or in any other way. The Government, on the initiative of the State Agency for Copyright, in common agreement with creation unions, shall set the minimum tariffs for the author's royalties and the manner in which they shall be applied. Where such rates have been fixed, no author's contract may foresee payment of lower remuneration.
Art. 26.-(1) Performers, phonogram producers and broadcasting and cable distribution organisations shall be the holders of neighbouring rights. Neighbouring rights shall be exercised without prejudice to author's rights.
(c) the year of first publication of the phonogram.
(2) Phonogram producers and broadcasting and cable distribution organisations shall exercise their rights under this Law on the basis of a contract concluded with the authors and performers (or group of performers) who perform the work that is recorded on a phonogram or is broadcast over the air or by cable.
(d) the performance has not been fixed on a phonogram, but is included in a program broadcast by a broadcasting or cable distribution organisation meeting the conditions set out in paragraph (6) of this Article.
(b) the phonogram was published for the first time in the Republic of Moldova or was published here within 30 days of the date of its first publication in another State.
(6) The rights of broadcasting and cable distribution organisations shall be protected in accordance with this Law if the organisation has its headquarters in the Republic of Moldova and broadcasts from transmitters located on the territory of the Republic of Moldova.
(7) The neighbouring rights of foreign natural and legal persons shall be protected in accordance with the international agreements to which the Republic of Moldova is party.
for each form of use.
(f) communication for general information, by cable or by radio-electric communication means, of the performance recorded on phonogram in such a way as to enable all the representatives of the public, on their own choice, to access the performance from any place and at any time (the right to public communication in interactive regime, including by Internet).
(3) The authorizations referred to in paragraph (2) of this Article shall be given by the performer or, in the case of a collective performance, by the leader of the group or other person appointed by the group, by means of a written contract concluded with the user.
(4) The authorizations referred to in paragraph (2)(a) to (c) of this Article shall not be required for the rebroadcasting of a performance, recording for the purposes of broadcasting and reproduction of such recording by a broadcasting or cable distribution organisation if such authorizations are explicitly contained in the contract concluded by the performer with such organisation. The amount of the remuneration to be paid to the performer for such use shall also be stipulated in the contract.
(5) Conclusion of a contract to create an audiovisual work by a performer and the director shall imply transfer by the performer of the rights referred to in paragraph (2) of this Article.
(6) The director of an audiovisual work shall not be entitled to use the sound or the images fixed in such work separately unless such is foreseen in the contract.
(7) The exclusive right to exploit a performance created pursuant to explicit instructions by the employer or to service duties shall belong to the person to whom the interpreter is bound by employment contract for a period of three years, unless otherwise provided in such contract.
(8) A performer may transfer the exclusive rights afforded by paragraph (2) of this Article to other persons by contract.
Art. 28 -(1) A phonogram producer shall enjoy the exclusive right to exploit his phonogram in any form, including the right to remuneration for each type of use of the phonogram.
(d) importation for the purposes of distribution of copies of the phonogram, including copies made with the authorization of the phonogram producer.
(e) communication for general information, by cable or by radio-electric communication means, of the phonogram in such a way as to enable all the representatives of the public, on their own choice, to access the phonogram from any place and at any time (the right to public communication in interactive regime, including by Internet).
(4) The right to distribute copies of a phonogram by rental shall belong to the phonogram producer irrespective of any right of ownership in the copies.
(5) A phonogram producer may transfer the exclusive rights afforded by paragraph (2) of this Article to other persons by contract.
Art. 29.-(1) A broadcasting or cable distribution organisation shall enjoy the exclusive right to exploit its broadcast in any form, including the right to remuneration for each type of use of the broadcast.
(e) communication of the broadcast to the public in places to which a charge is made for admission.
(f) communication for general information, by cable or by radio-electric communication means, of the broadcast in such a way as to enable all the representatives of the public, on their own choice, to access the broadcast from any place and at any time (the right to public communication in interactive regime, including by Internet).
permissible to use a performance, a phonogram or a program broadcast or transmitted by cable, or recordings thereof, without the consent of the performer, the phonogram producer or the broadcasting or cable distribution organisation and without payment of remuneration.
(d) in the cases referred to in Article 22.
(2) It shall be permissible, without the consent of the performer, the phonogram producer or the broadcasting or cable distribution organisation, for natural persons to use performances, broadcasts or recordings thereof or to reproduce phonograms for personal purposes. Such acts shall be subject to payment of remuneration as set out in Article 20.
(3) Application of the limitations on neighbouring rights shall in no way prejudice either the normal exploitation of the subject matter of neighbouring rights or normal exploitation of the works incorporated therein and shall not prejudice either the legitimate interests of the performer, the phonogram producer or the broadcasting or cable distribution organisation or those of the authors of the works involved.
(d) retransmission of the phonogram.
(2) For the purposes of this article, a phonogram brought to the knowledge of the public, by cable or by radio-electric communication means, in such a way as to enable all the representatives of the public, on their own choice, to access the phonogram from any place and at any time, shall be deemed published for commercial purposes.
(3) The collection, distribution and payment of the remuneration referred to in paragraph (1) of this Article shall be carried out by one of the organisations for the collective administration of the rights of phonogram producers and performers, in accordance with an agreement concluded by those organisations. Unless otherwise stipulated in the agreement, the remuneration thus collected shall be distributed as follows: 40% to the authors, 30% to the performers and 30% to the phonogram producers.
(4) The amount of the remuneration applicable to each type of use of a phonogram and the manner of its payment shall be determined by agreement between the user of the phonogram or the unions (associations) of users, on the one hand, and the organisations for the collective administration of the rights of phonogram producers and performers, on the other, or, if the parties do not reach an agreement, by a body specially empowered to that effect.
b) the royalties shall be paid by the organisation for collective administration of economic rights which issued the respected license. The amount of the royalties shall constitute 50% of the minimum tariff set by legislation for usage in such a manner of phonograms for commercial purposes.
(c) on condition that it destroys such recording at the latest on expiry of the period of time referred to in Article 22(1)(b) with respect to ephemeral recordings of literary, artistic or scientific works.
Art. 33.-(1) The rights of performers referred to in Article 27 shall have effect for 50 years as from the first performance. The performer's right to be named and his right for respect for his reputation shall be protected without limitation in time.
(2) The rights of phonogram producers referred to in Article 28 shall have effect for 50 years as from first publication of the phonogram or for 50 years as from its first recording if the phonogram is not published during that period.
(3) The rights of broadcasting or cable distribution organisations referred to in Article 29 shall have effect for 50 years as from the broadcasting or cable transmission of the program by such organisation.
(4) The periods of time referred to in paragraphs (1), (2) and (3) of this Article shall be computed as from January 1 of the year following that in which the legal event that initiates the period has occurred.
(5) The rights afforded by this Chapter shall pass to the heirs (in the case of a legal person, to his successors in title) of the performer, the phonogram producer or the broadcasting or cable distribution organisation, for the remainder of the periods of time referred to in paragraphs (1), (2) and (3) of this Article.
(6) After the death of a performer, the protection of his moral rights shall be assumed in accordance with Article 17(9).
Art. 34.-(1) The National Copyright Agency shall be responsible for protecting the rights of authors and holders of neighbouring rights.
(g) carry out any other task assigned to it by the Government.
Art. 34/1 - (1) The National Copyright Agency has the status of a legal person and is answerable to the Government.
(2) The National Copyright Agency is managed by the Director General, appointed and dismissed by the Government.
(3) The Regulation of the National Copyright Agency shall be elaborated in accordance with the present Law and shall be approved by the Government.
Art. 35.-(1) Where the individual exercise of copyright and neighbouring rights encounters difficulties, there shall be established organisations for the collective administration of economic rights. Such organisations shall operate in accordance with this Law, on the basis of statutes and within the limits of the powers they receive from the holders of copyright and neighbouring rights (authors of literary, artistic or scientific works, performers, phonogram producers, etc.).
(2) The operation of the organisations for the collective administration of economic rights shall be self-financed.
(3) There may be established either organisations administering a specific type of right on behalf of various categories of holder or organisations administering various rights on behalf of a single category of copyright holder or organisations administering various rights for various categories of holder.
e) meets other requirements set by the Government.
(5) Organisations for the collective administration of economic rights shall be established directly and freely by the holders of copyright or neighbouring rights who shall either become members of the organisation or shall empower it by written contract.
(6) Organisations for the collective administration of economic rights shall be authorized neither to carry out a commercial activity nor to exploit the works and subject matter of neighbouring rights for which they have received powers of collective administration.
(7) An organisation that has granted a license shall be required to settle any dispute arising from an economic claim asserted by the holder of copyright or neighbouring rights with regard to the users concerning exploitation of a work or of the subject matter of neighbouring rights under license.
(g) perform any other activity pursuant to the powers received from the holders of copyright and neighbouring rights.
(2) The organisations for the collective administration of economic rights shall be entitled to require users of works or of subject matter of neighbouring rights to provide them with the programs and other duly certified documents specifying the works used and the revenue obtained; they may also require payment of remuneration within given time limits.
(c) simultaneously with the payment of the remuneration, to render accounts to the holders of copyright and neighbouring rights of the use of their rights.
(4) An organisation for the collective administration of economic rights shall be entitled to dispose of the amounts of remuneration obtained from users that have not been claimed within three years of the day on which they have been paid into its account, either by adding them to the amounts to be distributed or by allocating them to other purposes for the benefit of the holders of copyright and neighbouring rights that it represents.
(5) The holders of copyright and neighbouring rights who have not given powers to an organisation for the collective administration of economic rights for the collection of remuneration in accordance with paragraph (1)(d) of this Article shall be entitled to require such organisation to pay to them the remuneration due to them or to require it to exclude their works and subject matters of neighbouring rights from the licenses it grants to users.
g) other documents necessary to verify the compliance of the activity of the organisation with the present law.
Art. 37.-(1) Any use of a literary, artistic or scientific work that infringes the copyright or neighbouring rights afforded by this Law shall be unlawful.
(2) Copies of a work or a phonogram the manufacture or distribution of which infringes copyright or neighbouring rights shall constitute infringing copies.
(3) Copies of works or phonograms protected under this Law in the Republic of Moldova which are imported without the consent of the holder of copyright or neighbouring rights from States in which the works or phonograms have never been protected or have ceased to be protected shall also constitute infringing copies.
(4) Infringing copies of a work or phonogram may be confiscated by court decision or by an arbitration award. Destruction of the materials and equipment used in their manufacture may also be ordered, depending on the nature of the infringement of copyright and neighbouring rights.
(5) Infringing copies of a work or phonogram that have been confiscated may be handed on request to the holder of copyright or neighbouring rights. Where the holder of copyright or neighbouring rights has not requested that the infringing copies of a work or phonogram be handed to him, they shall be sold or destroyed by court decision or arbitration award. Confiscated materials and equipment used in the manufacture of infringing copies shall become the property of the State by court decision or arbitration award.
(6) Infringing copies of a work or phonogram that have been lawfully acquired by other persons shall not be subject to confiscation.
- distribution, import for distribution purposes, public communication, communication for general information in interactive regime of works and other objects protected by the present law, from which information on administration of copyright and neighbouring rights has been deleted without the right holder's authorisation.
(2) Actions referred to in paragraph (1) of this article shall be sanctioned under the provisions of the Minor Offences Code and the Penal Code.
(e) to pay an indemnity, in place of damages or surrender of revenue, of between 500 and 500.000 Moldovan Lei.
(2) The holder of copyright or neighbouring rights may choose freely between the measures set out in paragraph (1)(c) to (e) of this Article.
(3) Any person who infringes copyright or neighbouring rights shall be liable to the civil, administrative and criminal sanctions provided by law.
(c) material damages for the moral prejudice suffered.
(5) Any person who knowingly or by negligence destroys the original of a work of fine art, a manuscript or a master copy of an audiovisual work (negative, original recording) shall, if the author or holder of neighbouring rights so requires, make good the material and moral prejudice suffered, in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs (1), (3) and (4) of this Article.
(6) Before examining the case on its merits, the court may issue an order enjoining the defendant, or the person that it has good reason to believe is infringing copyright or neighbouring rights, from performing certain acts: manufacture, reproduction, sale, rental, importation, etc.
(7) If a legal person commits an isolated or a systematic serious infringement of copyright or neighbouring rights, the court may order a suspension of activities of up to 30 days and, in accordance with administrative law.
(8) The court shall be required to order the descriptive or actual seizure of all allegedly infringing copies of works or phonograms together with the materials and equipment used for their manufacture and reproduction.
(10) The customs authorities shall be entitled to seize copies of works or phonograms that have been the subject of attempted unauthorized importation or exportation. If such copies of works or phonograms prove to be infringing, the court may order any one of the measures referred to in paragraph (1)(c) to (e) of this Article against the infringer.
(11) Natural persons holding copyright or exclusive neighbouring rights who themselves institute legal proceedings or who empower the National Copyright Agency or an organisation for the collective administration of economic rights to do so on their behalf shall be exempted from court costs. The court may decide in such case to sentence the person found guilty of infringement of copyright or neighbouring rights to pay the court costs in accordance with the conditions and in the amount laid down by law.
Art. 39.-(1) This Law aims to strengthen the legal, economic and welfare guarantees afforded to authors and holders of neighbouring rights in the exercise and protection of their potential for intellectual creativeness and for the defence of their moral rights and their economic rights.
(2) The economic rights of authors and holders of neighbouring rights shall be protected in accordance with the laws on remuneration for work. The remuneration of authors shall not be subject to value-added tax. The natural or legal person who exploits the objects protected by copyright or neighbouring rights shall pay all compulsory deductions for social assurance related to payment of royalties.
(3) In order to protect the economic rights of authors and holders of neighbouring rights from the effects of inflation, the minimum rates for authors laid down for the creation, publication and first public performance of a work shall be indexed to the development of the minimum wage.
welfare funds and other funds of which the assets shall not be subject to taxation.
person who, having training and professional experience in the field of creation concerned, exercises an intellectual activity in an independent manner and does not maintain standing employment relationships with any legal person.
(2) The profession of independent creator presumes maximum freedom in the choice of working and resting arrangements and in the field of application of the potential for intellectual creativeness.
(3) In the event of inability to work, an independent creator shall be entitled to the indemnities paid to him by the authors' society of which he is a member.
(4) The State shall pay to independent creators a retirement pension, an invalidity pension, for the loss of family support and in the other cases provided for by law.

matches:
Art. 2
Art. 4
Art. 8
Art. 10
Art. 13
Art. 14
Art.15
Art. 16
Art. 17
Art. 18
Art. 19
Art. 20
Art. 24
Art. 25
Art. 26
Art. 28
Art. 29
Art. 33
Art. 34
Art. 34
Art. 35
Art. 37
Art. 39