FCC Releases VOIP E911 Order, 6/3/2005.
June 3, 2005. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) released the text [90 pages in PDF] of its First Report and Order and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in its proceeding regarding the regulation of internet protocol (IP) enabled services.
The FCC adopted, but did not release, this order and NPRM at its meeting of May 19, 2005. The order portion of this item extends 911/E911 regulation to interconnected voice over internet protocol (VOIP) service providers. The order states that it requires compliance within 120 days of the effective date.
This item states that "We make no findings today regarding whether a VoIP service that is interconnected with the PSTN should be classified as a telecommunications service or an information service under the Act." (See, Paragraph 24.) However, this order begins a piecemeal application of telecommunications regulations to internet protocol services.
This proceeding is titled "In the Matter of IP-Enabled Services" and numbered WC Docket No. 04-36. This order and NPRM also assigns a second proceeding title, "E911 Requirements for IP-Enabled Service Providers", and a second number, WC Docket No. 05-196. This item is numbered FCC 05-116. The 2004 NPRM is numbered FCC 04-28.
Interconnected VOIP Services. The order creates a new Part 9 of the FCC's rules, titled "Interconnected Voice Over Internet Protocol Services". The FCC already has 911 rules, in Part 64, regarding "Miscellaneous Rules Relating to Common Carriers". Also, the FCC has rules pertaining to numbering, at Part 52. The FCC order does not place the new rules in either of these locations. Rather, the FCC order creates within the FCC's rules a new category, not tied to any of the existing statutory categories. It also creates a location for placing yet to be adopted rules affecting this new regulatory category.
That is, the Communications Act contains several regulatory categories. The FCC's rules are divided into parts, many of which apply to one of the statutory categories. Now, by this order, the FCC defines a category, interconnected VOIP service providers, which it does not identify as belonging to any statutory category, and assigns it an entirely new part within its rules.
The rules contained in the order define an interconnected VOIP service as "a service that: (1) enables real-time, two-way voice communications; (2) requires a broadband connection from the user’s location; (3) requires Internet protocol-compatible customer premises equipment (CPE); and (4) permits users generally to receive calls that originate on the public switched telephone network and to terminate calls to the public switched telephone network."
The order also states that "We tentatively conclude that a provider of a VoIP service offering that permits users generally to receive calls that originate on the PSTN and separately makes available a different offering that permits users generally to terminate calls to the PSTN should be subject to the rules we adopt in today’s Order if a user can combine those separate offerings or can use them simultaneously or in immediate succession." (See, Paragraph 58.) However, the rules do not address this.
And notably, the rules adopted in this item do not define the term VOIP.
Jeff Pulver's Comments on Separate Services. VOIP pioneer Jeff Pulver commented in his web site on June 5 about the FCC's tentative conclusion regarding separate service offerings, and the SkypeIn and SkypeOut services.
He wrote that "It is my hope that the FCC's E911 rules for Interconnected VoIP providers do not extend to services that no user would expect to offer localized emergency response capabilities, such as a circumstance where a computer has both SkypeIn and SkypeOut downloaded. (Should the Asian tourist in America with SkypeIn and SkypeOut on her computer be precluded from using these worthwhile applications?) Frankly, we had been led to believe by the FCC that the rules currently would not apply to such combinations." (Parentheses in original.) He added that "During our ex parte meetings with the FCC, we got every indication that, at least for now, such combinations were not the intend target of the FCC VoIP E911 Order."
He concluded, "I fear that this interpretation might relegate America to a VoIP ghetto, where anyone wishing to use both an inbound and outbound voice application on her computer had better not step foot in America. Should Skype consider turning off either its inbound or outbound service in America? Who could gain from such an amputation?"
Further, the rules require that "All 911 calls must be routed through the use of ANI and, if necessary, pseudo-ANI, via the dedicated Wireline E911 Network; and ... The Registered Location must be available to the appropriate PSAP, designated statewide default answering point, or appropriate local emergency authority from or through the appropriate automatic location information (ALI) database."
Currently, not all PSAPs can process E911 calls. Hence, the rules add that "if a PSAP, designated statewide default answering point, or appropriate local emergency authority is not capable of receiving and processing either ANI or location information, an interconnected VoIP service provider need not provide such ANI or location information; ..."
The rules also impose customer location mandates. The rules provide that interconnected VOIP service providers must "(1) Obtain from each customer, prior to the initiation of service, the physical location at which the service will first be utilized; and (2) Provide their end users one or more methods of updating their Registered Location, including at least one option that requires use only of the CPE necessary to access the interconnected VoIP service. Any method utilized must allow an end user to update the Registered Location at will and in a timely manner."
The new rules also provide that interconnected VOIP service providers must notify "every subscriber, both new and existing, prominently and in plain language, of the circumstances under which E911 service may not be available through the interconnected VoIP service or may be in some way limited by comparison to traditional E911 service."
The rules also provided that "All interconnected VoIP providers must submit a letter to the Commission detailing their compliance with this section no later than" 120 after the effective date of these new rules.
This item begins by stating that the FCC intends a "future order" addressing, among other things, location information.
First, the NPRM notes that "there is no way for portable VoIP providers reliably and automatically to provide location information to PSAPs for these services without the customer’s active cooperation". Hence, it asks, how can the FCC mandate that service providers provide location information, in a manner that does "not depend on a customer providing his or her location information"?
Some of the potential technologies for obtaining location information would entail requiring equipment manufacturers to redesign their products. Hence, the NPRM further asks what statutory authority the FCC has to require consumer electronics manufacturers to incorporation location technology into PCs and other devices.
The NPRM asks what role state regulators should play in regulating interconnected VOIP service providers.
Statutory Authority. This item also contains a statement of the asserted statutory authority. It asserts that "we have authority under Title I of the Act to impose E911 requirements on interconnected VoIP providers". It also asserts that "we have authority to adopt these rules under our plenary numbering authority pursuant to section 251(e) of the Act".
This item also states that the FCC "in no way prejudges how the Commission might ultimately classify these services. To the extent that the Commission later finds these services to be telecommunications services, the Commission would have additional authority under Title II to adopt these rules."
This section is atypically long. It is six pages, and includes 33 footnotes. It resembles a brief in opposition to a petition for review. It also resembles the statutory authority section of the FCC's broadcast flag Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking [72 pages in PDF], which the FCC adopted and released on November 4, 2003. Both rely on Title I of the Communications Act. Both rely on many of the same cases. Indeed, some of the language in the two items is identical. See also, story titled "FCC Releases Broadcast Flag Rule", also published in TLJ Daily E-Mail Alert No. 772, November 5, 2003.
On May 6, 2005, the U.S.Court of Appeals (DCCir) issued its opinion [34 pages in PDF] in American Library Association v. FCC, overturning the FCC's broadcast flag rules. It held that the FCC did not have authority under Title I to promulgate the broadcast flag rules. See also, story titled "DC Circuit Reverses FCC's Broadcast Flag Rules" in TLJ Daily E-Mail Alert No. 1,131, May 9, 2005.
Another section of this item states that it is the "view" of the FCC "that while a provider of VoIP service enjoys the opportunity" to provide new services, "that opportunity brings with it the responsibility to ensure that public safety is protected." The order cites no authority for this proposition.
Immunity. There is nothing in the new rules extending any immunity to interconnected VOIP service providers.
Section 4 of the Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act of 1999 enumerates several grants of protection from liability for various entities, including communications carriers. Section 4 is codified at 47 U.S.C. § 615a.
The 1999 Act is Public Law No. 106-81. Various provisions of the Act are now codified in various sections of the U.S. Code, including 47 U.S.C. § 222, 47 U.S.C. §251(e), 47 U.S.C. § 615, and 47 U.S.C. § 615a. This Act was S 800, sponsored by Sen. Conrad Burns (R-MT).
The FCC wrote in its order and NPRM that "We decline to exempt providers of interconnected VoIP service from liability under state law related to their E911 services." It stated its reason: "Congress has enacted no similar protection for providers of interconnected VoIP service."
But then, the Congress has enacted no statutory grant of authority to impose 911/E911 obligations on any entities other than common carriers. This order lacks consistency.
Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980. There are VOIP service providers that are small businesses that may be economically harmed, if not driven out of business, by the rules contained in this item. This item contains the required Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) analysis.
It states that "it is reasonable to expect any business electing to interconnect with the PSTN to the extent required to provide interconnected VoIP service also to provide E911 service in order to protect the public interest". Moreover, the FCC reasons that these rules do not burden small businesses, because small businesses do not have to provide interconnected VOIP services. Thus, it concludes, "We therefore have provided alternatives for small entities."
It adds that the order has "minimized the burdens of this regulation by not mandating any particular technical solution".
Permit But Disclose. This proceeding is permit but disclose proceeding within the meaning of the FCC's ex parte rules, which are codified at 47 C.F.R. § 1.200 et seq.


text:
In 1981, intravenous catheters infected with staphylococci by perfusion were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to demonstrate the mode of adhesion. Bacterial cells, primarily those of staphylococci, followed by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were shown to be attached to the inner surface of the catheter. The thickest bacterial layers were found in catheters infected by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Right heart flow-directed catheters removed from 18 critically ill patients after an average of 2.6 days after insertion were covered by a bacterial biofilm. In a neonatal intensive care unit, CoNS caused the majority of the nosocomial bacteremias. A study of arterial and central venous catheters removed from patients after 1 to 14 days revealed an extensive biofilm on all 42 arterial and 26 central venous catheters. By using special biofilm culture recovery methods, it was shown that 81% of the catheters were colonized by bacteria growing in slime-enclosed biofilms. It was speculated that the colonization represents a nidus for infection and bacteremia in these patients. Staphylococci also produced biofilm on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) endotracheal tubes used in neonates. Adherence of staphylococci to various intravascular catheter materials was investigated; these materials were composed of silicone elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane, and polyurethane coated with Hydromer, a coating that absorbs water and provides a hydrophilic sheath around the catheter. Production of slime is necessary for Staphylococcus epidermidis colonization and is also observed with many other pathogens, including S. aureus.
Scanning electron micrograph (magnification, × 5,000) of S. epidermidis KH11. Massive colonization and slime production on cellulose acetate after 24 h of cultivation are shown.
Two-step model of staphylococcal biofilm formation. The first step in biofilm formation is the adherence of the bacterial cells to a surface. The second step is the imbedding of the cells in a thick slime matrix (biofilm). One type of slime has been identified as PIA. Within this biofilm, cells appear to have reduced physiological activity in an anoxic environment, and exhibit a decreased sensitivity to many antibiotics, compared with their planktonic counterparts.
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80. Locci, R.,, G. Peters,, and G. Pulverer. 1981. Microbial colonization of prosthetic devices. III. Adhesion of staphylococci to lumina of intravenous catheters perfused with bacterial suspensions. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. B 173: 300– 307.
81. Locci, R.,, G. Peters,, and G. Pulverer. 1981. Microbial colonization of prosthetic devices. IV. Scanning electron microscopy of intravenous catheters invaded by yeasts. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. B. 173: 419– 424.
82. Ludwicka, A.,, R. Locci,, B. Jansen,, G. Peters,, and G. Pulverer. 1983. Microbial colonization of prosthetic devices. V. Attachment of coagulase-negative staphylococci and "slime"-production on chemically pure synthetic polymers. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. B 177: 527– 532.
83. Lundberg, F.,, S. Schliamser,, and A. Ljungh. 1997. Vitronectin may mediate staphylococcal adhesion to polymer surfaces in perfusing human cerebrospinal fluid. J. Med. Microbiol. 46: 285– 296.
84. Mack, D.,, W. Fischer,, A. Krokotsch,, K. Leopold,, R. Hartmann,, H. Egge,, and R. Laufs. 1996. The intercellular adhesin involved in biofilm accumulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis is a linear beta-1,6-linked glucosaminoglycan: purification and structural analysis. J. Bacteriol. 178: 175– 183.
85. Mack, D.,, M. Haeder,, N. Siemssen,, and R. Laufs. 1996. Association of biofilm production of coagulase-negative staphylococci with expression of a specific polysaccharide intercellular adhesin. J. Infect. Dis. 174: 881– 884.
86. Mack, D.,, M. Nedelmann,, A. Krokotsch,, A. Schwarzkopf,, J. Heesemann,, and R. Laufs. 1994. Characterization of transposon mutants of biofilm-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis impaired in the accumulative phase of biofilm production: genetic identification of a hexosamine-containing polysaccharide intercellular adhesin. Infect. Immun. 62: 3244– 3253.
87. Mack, D.,, J. Riedewald,, H. Rohde,, T. Magnus,, H. H. Feucht,, H. A. Eisner,, R. Laufs,, and M. E. Rupp. 1999. Essential functional role of the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin of Staphylococcus epidermidis in hemagglutination. Infect. Immun. 67: 1004– 1008.
88. Mack, D.,, N. Siemssen,, and R. Laufs. 1992. Parallel induction by glucose of adherence and a polysaccharide antigen specific for plastic-adherent Staphylococcus epidermidis: evidence for functional relation to intercellular adhesion. Infect. Immun. 60: 2048– 2057.
89. Magnotta, S.,, A. Bogucki,, R. F. Vieth,, and R. W. Coughlin. 1997. Comparative behavior of E. coli and S. aureus regarding attachment to and removal from a polymeric surface. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Educ. 8: 683– 689.
90. Marone, P.,, L. Perversi,, V. Monzillo,, R. Maserati,, and E. Antoniazzi. 1995. Ocular infections: antibiotics and bacterial adhesion on biomaterials used in ocular surgery. Ophthalmologica 209: 315– 318.
91. Marone, P.,, L. Perversi,, A. Navarra,, V. Monzillo,, and E. Sartirana. 1993. Activity of daptomycin against enterococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS): relationship between CNS susceptibility and slime production. J. Chemother. 5: 151– 154.
92. Marrie, T. J.,, and J. W. Costerton. 1984. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of in situ bacterial colonization of intravenous and intraarterial catheters. J. Clin. Microbiol. 19: 687– 693.
93. Marrie, T. J.,, J. Nelligan,, and J. W. Costerton. 1982. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of an infected endocardial pacemaker lead. Circulation 66: 1339– 1341.
95. Matassova, N. B.,, M. V. Rodnina,, R. Endermann,, H. P. Kroll,, U. Pleiss,, H. Wild,, and W. Wintermeyer. 1999. Ribosomal RNA is the target for oxazolidinones, a novel class of translational inhibitors. RNA 5: 939– 946.
96. Matthews, K. R.,, S. P. Oliver,, and S. H. King. 1991. Expression of glycocalyx by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine milk. J. Appl. Bacterial. 70: 227– 232.
97. McKenney, D.,, J. Hubner,, E. Muller,, Y. Wang,, D. A. Goldmann,, and G. B. Pier. 1998. The ica locus of Staphylococcus epidermidis encodes production of the capsular polysaccharide/adhesin. Infect. Immun. 66: 4711– 4720.
98. McKenney, D.,, K. L. Pouliot,, Y. Wang,, V. Murthy,, M. Ulrich,, G. Doring,, J. C. Lee,, D. A. Goldmann,, and G. B. Pier. 1999. Broadly protective vaccine for Staphylococcus aureus based on an in vivo-expressed antigen. Science 284: 1523– 1527.
99. Mempel, M.,, H. Feucht,, W. Ziebuhr,, M. Endres,, R. Laufs,, and L. Griiter. 1994. Lack of mecA transcription in slime-negative phase variants of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38: 1251– 1255.
100. Mempel, M.,, E. Muller,, R. Hoffmann,, H. Feucht,, R. Laufs,, and L. Gruter. 1995. Variable degree of slime production is linked to different levels of beta-lactam susceptibility in Staphylococcus epidermidis phase variants. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berlin) 184: 109– 111.
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127. Reed, W. P.,, M. R. Moody,, K. A. Newman,, P. D. Light,, and J. W. Costerton. 1986. Bacterial colonization of Hemasite access devices. Surgery 99: 308– 317.
128. Reid, G.,, J. D. Denstedt,, Y. S. Kang,, D. Lam,, and C. Nause. 1992. Microbial adhesion and biofilm formation on ureteral stents in vitro and in vivo. J. Urol. 148: 1592– 1594.
129. Richards, G. K.,, R. F. Gagnon,, G. Obst,, and G. B. Kostiner. 1993. The effect of peritoneal dialysis solutions on rifampin action against Staphylococcus epidermidis in the fluid and biofilm phases of growth. Peril. Dial. Int. 13( Suppl 2): S341– S344.
130. Richards, G. K.,, R. J. Morcos,, and R. F. Gagnon. 1994. The differential activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics with rifampin explored in a kinetic in vitro model of implant-associated infection (Staphylococcus epidermidis). Adv. Perit. Dial. 10: 183– 188.
131. Richards, G. K.,, J. Prentis,, and R. F. Gagnon. 1990. The effect of protamine on antibiotic action against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. ASAIO Trans. 36: M296– M299.
132. Rimland, D.,, and W. Alexander. 1989. Absence of factors associated with significant urinary tract infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 12: 123– 127.
133. Rossi, T.,, R. Peltonen,, J. Laine,, E. Eerola,, J. Vuopio-Varkila,, and P. Kotilainen. 1996. Eradication of the long-term carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients wearing dentures: a follow-up of 10 patients. J. Hosp. Infect. 34: 311– 320.
134. Rozgonyi, F.,, and G. Seltmann. 1985. Pathogenicity and virulence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: slime layer production. Acta Microbiol. Hung. 32: 155– 165.
135. Rupp, M. E.,, and K. E. Hamer. 1998. Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of vancomycin, cefazolin, ofloxacin, L-ofloxacin and D-ofloxacin on adherence to intravascular catheters and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 41: 155– 161.
136. Sanger, J. R.,, N. K. Sheth,, and T. R. Franson. 1989. Adherence of microorganisms to breast prostheses: an in vitro study. Ann. Plast. Surg. 22: 337– 342.
137. Santini, C.,, P. Baiocchi,, M. Venditti,, C. Brandimarte,, A. Tarasi,, L. Rizzo,, F. Speziale,, P. Fiorani,, and P. Serra. 1993. Aorto-femoral graft infections: a clinical and microbiological analysis. J. Infect. 27: 17– 26.
138. Sardelic, F.,, P. Y. Ao,, D. A. Taylor,, and J. P. Fletcher. 1996. Prophylaxis against Staphylococcus epidermidis vascular graft infection with rifampicin-soaked, gelatin-sealed Dacron. Cardiovasc. Surg. 4: 389– 392.
139. Schumacher-Perdreau, F.,, C. Heilmann,, G. Peters,, F. Götz,, and G. Pulverer. 1994. Comparative analysis of a biofilm-forming Staphylococcus epidermidis strain and its adhesion-positive, accumulation-negative mutant M7. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 117: 71– 78.
140. Schwank, S.,, Z. Rajacic,, W. Zimmerli,, and J. Blaser. 1998. Impact of bacterial biofilm formation on in vitro and in vivo activities of antibiotics. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 895– 898.
141. Sheth, N. K.,, T. R. Franson,, and P. G. Sohnle. 1985. Influence of bacterial adherence to intravascular catheters on in vitro antibiotic susceptibility. Lancet ii: 1266– 1268.
142. Shibl, A. M.,, M. A. Ramadan,, and A. F. Tawfik. 1994. Differential inhibition by clindamycin on slime formation, adherence to teflon catheters and hemolysin production by Staphylococcus epidermidis. J. Chemother. 6: 107– 110.
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On May 31, 2018, Connecticut Gov. Dannel Malloy (D) signed , enacting an entity-level tax on S corporations and pass-through entities classified as partnerships that was the subject of a recent blog by my colleague, Lindsay Trasko. The legislation also provides Connecticut’s response to various provisions of the federal tax reform act (the 2017 tax act).
requires an add back of most of the enhanced asset expense deduction claimed under I.R.C. § 179.
Connecticut provides a deduction for dividends received that fully offsets the dividend income a corporation receives and has not otherwise deducted from gross income. Connecticut also disallows any deduction for expenses related to dividends when determining in-state net income. Accordingly, after a corporation claims the Connecticut dividends received deduction, the corporation must add back its expenses that are related to its dividend income. The legislation amends Conn. Gen. Stat. § 12-217(a)(2) to establish that, for tax years beginning on or after Jan. 1, 2017, the amount of the addback is equal to five percent of the dividend income.
Unless an exception applies, a corporation generally does not include in federal gross income any contribution to capital. The 2017 tax act amended I.R.C. § 118(b) to prohibit the exclusion of any contribution to capital made after Dec. 22, 2017, by any governmental entity or civic group (other than a contribution made by a shareholder). As a result of an amendment to Conn. Gen. Stat. § 12-217(a)(1), Connecticut allows a corporation a deduction for the amount of a contribution to capital made on or after Dec. 23, 2017, by the state of Connecticut or one of its political subdivisions, to the extent the contribution is included in a corporation’s federal gross income.
the taxpayer's floor plan financing interest for the tax year (i.e., interest paid or accrued on debt incurred to acquire motor vehicles held for sale or lease).
Effective for tax years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, Connecticut allows a taxpayer computing its corporation business tax liability to deduct business interest without application of the I.R.C. § 163(j) limitation.
For property placed in service in tax years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, the 2017 tax act increased the amount taxpayers can expense under I.R.C. § 179 to $1 million and increased the phaseout threshold to $2.5 million. Connecticut’s response requires taxpayers to add back 80 percent of any federal deduction claimed. Taxpayers then may deduct 25 percent of the amount added back in each of the four succeeding taxable years.
Continue the discussion on think and code’s State Tax Group on : With decoupling from I.R.C. § 163(j) and disallowing five percent of dividend-related expenses, is the Connecticut legislation more beneficial or detrimental to taxpayers?
For more information on the impact of Pub. L. No. 115-97, examine Tax’s , showing detailed comparisons between pre-reform law and impending changes, with pertinent cites attached.
Get a free trial to Tax: State, a comprehensive research service that provides deep analysis and time-saving practice tools to help practitioners make well-informed decisions.


§ 196-3 Rent Leveling Board.
§ 196-4 Annual rent increases.
§ 196-5 New tenancies; vacancy decontrol.
§ 196-6 Notification of tenants.
§ 196-8 Maintenance, repairs, facilities and services.
§ 196-9 Waiver of rights.
§ 196-10 Initial rents; vacating owners.
§ 196-11 Construal of provisions.
§ 196-12 Violations and penalties.
§ 196-13 Tax increase pass-through; tax appeals; notice.
§ 196-14 Pass-through for water and sewer usage; notice.
The governing body of the Township of Robbinsville does hereby declare that an emergency exists within the Township with respect to the rental of housing space for mobile home residential dwellings not subject to rent regulations by reason of the demands for increases in rent that are determined by the governing body to be exorbitant, speculative, and unwarranted and that such increases are causing severe hardships on the tenants and are adversely affecting the health, safety, and welfare of the citizens of the Township, warranting legislative action by the governing body. The governing body finds that mobile home parks are not subject to market forces because of the inability of owners of mobile homes to move units from one park to another as a result of excessive costs and other factors. The absence of market forces and the absence of competition render tenants in mobile home parks vulnerable to exorbitant increases in rent. Under the police powers granted to the governing body, in order to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the citizens of the Township of Robbinsville, a Rent Leveling Board is determined to be necessary within the Township.
An improvement that adds to the value of the mobile home park, prolongs its useful life or adapts it, or any portion thereof, to new uses or improves its appearance and is not classified as a repair by the Internal Revenue Code or regulations.
The "Housing" subindex of the Consumer Price Index - All Urban Consumers (not seasonally adjusted) for the Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD Area, with a base period of 1982-1984 = 100, as published by the Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The person or persons letting, owning or managing a mobile home park situated within the Township of Robbinsville.
As defined in N.J.S.A. 54:4-1.4e.
The entire consideration paid by a tenant for the use of or occupation within a mobile home park, except that specifically excluded from this definition is any consideration that may be paid by a tenant for water or sewer service/usage that may be charged by any private entity providing said service to the mobile home park/tenant, and pass-throughs provided in §§ 196-13 and 196-14.
The "Rent of Primary Residence" subindex of the Consumer Price Index - All Urban Consumers (not seasonally adjusted) for the Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD Area, with a base period of 1982-1984 = 100, as published by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The person or persons to whom a site within a mobile home park is rented, which is situated in the Township of Robbinsville.
Creation; membership. There is hereby created a Rent Leveling Board consisting of three members, appointed by the governing body, selected on the basis of their qualifications and fitness for service on the Board. The governing body shall be responsible for, and have control over, the retention of any professionals or support staff for the Board.
Conflicts of interest. Any member shall disqualify himself or herself from participation in any phase of any dispute, controversy, or claim whatsoever involving the mobile home park in which he or she has or has had any security, ownership, management, leasehold or other interest of whatsoever nature. Such disqualification shall not be mandatory if the member's interest in the mobile home park was extinguished more than two years preceding his or her appointment. This shall not prevent a member from disqualifying himself or herself for any other legal, valid reason.
Terms of office. Members and alternates shall be appointed for two years.
Alternates. Two alternates shall be appointed by the governing body. In the absence of a regular member, an alternate member may vote on matters already in progress upon certification that he or she has reviewed all prior proceedings in the matter and is familiar therewith.
Quorum. A majority of the whole number of regular members shall constitute a quorum. If a quorum is not present, including alternates, one hour after the appointed time for any meeting, the presiding officer shall declare the meeting or hearing adjourned.
Subpoena power. The Board shall have the power to subpoena witnesses, books and records pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2A:67A-1 et seq.
Confidentiality. Insofar as the Open Public Meetings Act of New Jersey of 1975 (N.J.S.A. 10:4-6 et seq.) permits, whenever any material, the disclosure of which constitutes an invasion of individual privacy, is to be discussed, a request for confidentiality may be made and shall be honored.
Appeals. Appeal of any decision of the Board may be had to any court of competent jurisdiction.
Powers and duties; procedures; fees.
Pass-through for capital improvements and/or infrastructure costs/repairs – review by Rent Leveling Board. Upon completion of a capital improvement and/or infrastructure cost/repair, the landlord may pass through to the tenants the cost thereof as an additional charge to the extent the Rent Leveling Board finds that such cost or portion thereof was a reasonable and necessary expense of the mobile home park. Any such approved pass-through charge shall not be considered rent for purposes of computing rental increases.
Editor's Note: This ordinance also provided for the renumbering of former Subsection I(1)(a) and (b) as Subsection I(1)(b) and (c).
Hardship increase in rents. This is rental in addition to the increases permitted under this chapter. The Board shall not permit a total increase which is more than a just and reasonable rate of return. In determining just and reasonable rate of return, the tax assessment divided by the average ratio of assessed to true value as promulgated on the October 1 preceding the application for increase of the premises shall be the basis.
In the event that a landlord cannot meet his mortgage payments, maintenance costs or other costs, he may appeal to the Board for a hardship increase in rent, and the Board may grant the landlord a hardship rent increase to meet these payments. Prior to any such appeal to the Board, a landlord must provide to the tenants' association, or if there is no tenants' association, post in a conspicuous place in and about the premises, a notice of said appeal, setting forth the basis for the appeal. Said notice must be posted for at least 15 days prior to the proposed filing of the appeal. In the event a hardship rent increase is granted, such shall be deemed a surcharge, and the Board shall determine a period of time for which such surcharge shall continue. As part of the application, the landlord shall submit year-end financial statements for the three years preceding the application, together with records establishing the amount of mortgage payments, maintenance costs and other costs alleged to be the basis for the hardship increase.
A landlord may also seek a hardship increase in rent for major capital improvements or services. A major capital improvement is an improvement to the structure, systems, or amenities of the mobile home park which provides a benefit or service to the tenant which was not previously provided. Except as mandated by New Jersey statute, specifically excluded from this definition are the replacement of existing systems or structures, ordinary repairs, and maintenance items. Examples of a capital improvement would be the installation of swimming pool or air conditioner where none previously existed. The landlord must notify each tenant by certified mail or personal service of the total cost of the completed capital improvements or service, the number of years of useful life of the improvement, as claimed by the landlord for purposes of depreciation for income tax purposes, the average cost of the improvement, and the capital improvement surcharge he is seeking from each tenant. The landlord seeking a capital improvement or service surcharge shall appeal for the surcharge to the Board, which shall determine if the improvement is a major improvement and, if so, shall permit such increase, provided that it is clearly demonstrated to be necessary for the health, safety and general welfare of the tenants.
Decrease in rental. Decreases in rental are those permitted by the Board upon application of a tenant, after which the Board has adjudicated that there has been a significant decrease in maintenance, repairs, facilities or services or a combination thereof.
Regulatory. The Board may adopt such administrative rules and regulations, both procedural and substantive, as it deems necessary and appropriate to implement this chapter and to facilitate its administration, with the approval of the governing body. Such rules and regulations may not be inconsistent with or contrary to the provisions of this chapter but must be consistent with the intent and spirit of this chapter. Such rules and regulations shall be filed with the Municipal Clerk.
Adjudicatory. The Board may entertain applications by landlords or tenants for rulings interpreting and applying the provisions of this chapter and may hold hearings to make findings of fact hereunder. The Board may rule and declare, in response to an application, the actions of any person to be in violation of or in compliance with this chapter.
Administrative. The Board may enforce the provisions of this chapter by seeking declaratory and injunctive relief in a court of proper jurisdiction.
All applications to the Board shall be in writing and filed with the Office of Housing. Upon receipt, the Office of Housing shall forward a copy to all members and alternates and schedule the application for the next regularly scheduled meeting. The Office of Housing shall notify each applicant and respondent of the scheduled time and date, ordinary mail being sufficient.
The burden of proof shall be on the applicant.
All parties may be heard, call witnesses, be represented by counsel and offer any relevant evidence or material.
Applications for a hardship increase in rent under Subsection I(1)(b) and (c) must be filed not later than 90 days prior to the proposed effective date of the increase. Applications for a decrease in rent, under Subsection I(1)(c), must be filed within 90 days of the alleged significant decrease in maintenance, repairs, facilities and/or services. Proof of service upon the affected tenant or landlord, as the case may be, by certified mail, return receipt requested, or by personal service must accompany each application. Any applications not complying with the provisions of this chapter shall not be considered.
Any appeals under Subsection I(1)(b) and (c) hereof must be supported by compilations and financial statements prepared by a public accountant.
The Board may grant, deny or modify any application under Subsection I(1)(b) and (c) or (2) of this section, and its decision shall be binding on all parties.
Nothing herein shall be construed to interfere with contractual obligations.
There shall be a fee payable to the Township of Robbinsville as set forth in Chapter 109, Fees.
Establishment of rents between a landlord and a tenant in all mobile home parks shall hereafter be determined by the provisions of this chapter. The landlord may receive on an annual basis a percentage increase for the occupancy of a mobile home park pad, which increase is to be computed based upon the annualized percentage increase in the Consumer Price Index, New York-Northern New Jersey Region average for the prior year. Such annual percentage increase shall not exceed a maximum of 3.5% of the current rent unless the Rent Leveling Board has granted a hardship rent increase. The percentage of allowable increase calculated hereunder shall be applied to the tenant’s existing base rent. In any event, the landlord may implement a rent increase up to 2.0% of the tenant’s existing base rent regardless of the increase in such CPI index.
No landlord may increase the rent of any one tenant more than once in each twelve-month period; provided, however, that should rent of any one tenant not be increased for a period of 12 months, the maximum allowable increase shall be the average of the percentage increase in the consumer price index and the percentage increase in the residential renters' consumer price index for the preceding 12 months multiplied by the number of months since previous increase divided by 12.
Allowable increases in rent may be rounded off at the nearest dollar figure. In the event the landlord elects to round off rental increases, then all such increases shall be rounded upward where the increase is $0.51 or more and shall be rounded downward where the increase is $0.50 or less.
No application need be made to the Rent Leveling Board for rent increases in accordance with Subsections A and B. Notice shall be provided to the tenants and the Municipal Clerk of said rent increases pursuant to § 196-6.
New tenancies. The provisions of this chapter shall apply only to those leaseholds or tenancies in existence on or after August 1, 1995. Any tenant who moves from one location to another in the same mobile home park may rent the location for the same rent which was payable by the previous tenant of that unit plus the applicable allowable increase. Any new tenant who occupies a location within a mobile home park may rent the location for the same rent which was payable by the previous tenant of that location plus any applicable allowable increase which could have been imposed upon the previous tenant had the property not been vacated. Any rental increase at a time other than at the expiration of a lease or termination of a periodic lease shall be void. Any rental increase in excess of that authorized by the provisions of this chapter shall be void.
Upon the voluntary vacation of a pad by a tenant, or vacancy due to death, disability, court process or any other uncoerced means, the pad shall become permanently decontrolled and exempt from the provisions of this chapter. Upon rerental of the pad, the landlord shall be permitted to increase the rent in the first year to a market rate rental, rounded to the nearest dollar.
The landlord shall provide notice to the Rent Leveling Board of any pad that becomes eligible for vacancy decontrol prior to the pad being rerented.
Once a pad has received vacancy decontrol, upon rerental as set forth in Subsection B(1), any future rental increases for the tenant in occupancy shall be subject to the rent control provisions of this chapter.
Vacancy decontrol shall not apply in the event the manufactured home is inherited by a spouse, parent, or child of the deceased tenant and is occupied as the principal residence by such spouse, parent or child within 45 days of the tenant's death, subject to such spouse, parent or child renting the pad and complying with the rules and regulations of the mobile home park in effect at that time.
Any landlord seeking an increase in rents shall notify the tenant by certified mail or by personal service of the calculations involved in computing the increase, including all information required in order to compute the formula as set forth in § 196-3I(1)(b) hereof, as well as the rental charged for the site under the terms of the most recent prior lease. A copy of the notice shall be filed with the Municipal Clerk at the time of notice to tenants.
Willful reprisal by a landlord against a tenant or by a tenant against a landlord of any nature whatsoever, because of the party's use of the provisions of this chapter, shall be punishable as provided in § 196-12.
Any significant decrease in maintenance, repairs, facilities or services shall be deemed an added rent and may result in a decrease in rents as provided in § 196-3I(1)(c). In addition, it may be deemed a reprisal and subject the landlord to penalties provided in § 196-7 above. Significant decrease in maintenance, repairs, facilities or services is a factor to be considered in all applications hereunder. If the Board shall determine that there has been a significant decrease in maintenance, repairs, facilities or services, it may also order that a pro rata share of all rentals collected from the residential multiple-family dwellings be placed in escrow, shall appoint a trustee to take custody of such account, shall direct the trustee to provide the maintenance, repairs, facilities or services in accord with public bidding laws and to pay therefor out of the escrow, and shall order the landlord to pay the trustee a reasonable fee for his services. The order shall continue so long as the landlord fails to provide the required maintenance, repairs, facilities and services.
Editor's Note: Original Section 13-11, Increase prior to effective date, which immediately followed this section, was deleted 8-30-2005 by Ord. No. 2005-29.
The owner of housing space being rented to a new tenant for the first time shall not be restricted in the initial rent charged. Any subsequent rental increases, however, shall be subject to the provisions of this chapter. In the event a vacating owner of a mobile home believes that the landlord is seeking to unreasonably increase the rent to a potential purchaser of the mobile home, the vacating tenant may apply to the Rent Leveling Board for a determination as to the reasonableness of the proposed rent increase.
This chapter, being necessary for the welfare of the Township of Robbinsville and its inhabitants, shall be liberally construed to effectuate the purposes thereof.
A willful violation of any provision of this chapter or of an order of the Board shall be punishable as provided in Chapter 1, Article II, General Penalty. A violation affecting more than one leasehold shall be considered a separate violation.
The tax pass-through shall be equivalent to the increment of the current year’s real property taxes over the prior year’s taxes divided by the total number of tenants in the mobile home park as of August 1 of the current year and shall be based upon the tax bills issued at or around August 1 of the current year. In no event may the total taxes paid by the tenants to the landlord exceed the total real estate taxes annually assessed to the property.
The tax surcharge for each tenant shall be payable in 12 equal monthly payments, 1/12 each month.
The landlord shall provide notice to the tenants of the calculations involved in computing the tax pass-through, setting forth the total amount of the tax increase for the mobile home park divided by the total number of mobile home pads to indicate the annual amount to be passed through to each tenant. A copy of the notice shall be filed by the landlord with the Municipal Clerk at the time of the notice to the tenants.
For the purposes of this tax pass-through provision, 2013 shall be the base year, and 80% of the taxes paid that year shall be the base which is the responsibility of the landlord that cannot be passed through to the tenants.
The tax pass-through shall not be considered rent for purposes of computing rental increases.
In the event a municipal property tax appeal is taken by the landlord, and the landlord is successful in said appeal and the taxes are reduced, the tenants shall receive 50% of the net tax reduction for each year under appeal after deducting the landlord’s reasonable expenses in prosecuting the appeal. The landlord shall receive the remaining benefit of the tax reduction.
Within 30 days after receipt of the judgment, the landlord shall serve the tenants with a notice setting forth the calculations involved in the tax reduction. A copy of the notice shall be filed by the landlord with the Municipal Clerk at the time of the notice to the tenants.
The landlord may install submeters for each pad for purposes of measuring water and sewer usage or implement a RUBS system allocating usage on an equitable basis. The tenant will thereafter be billed for his/her usage by the landlord or a third party. To the extent that a landlord seeks to pass through any third-party administrative costs associated with a RUBS system to tenants at the park, the landlord shall be required to have it reviewed and approved by the (Rent Leveling) Board prior to said costs being passed through pursuant to § 196-3I(3).
The billed costs for water and sewer usage by a tenant shall not be considered rent for purposes of computing rental increases.
The cost for the installation of submeters shall not be considered a capital improvement. The cost of the installation shall be borne by the landlord and not assessed or passed through to the tenants.


text:
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Churchill, Winston S.M.P. The People's Rights. Photo available. New York. Taplinger Publishing. 1970. Octavo. Hardcover. First American edition. Important reference work. Fine copy in fine dust jacket (in mylar).
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