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Items where Subject is "Postharvest Management > Food Technology"
Abbas, H.K. and Zablotowicz, R.M. and Horn, B. W. and et al, . (2011) Comparison of major biocontrol strains of non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus for the reduction of aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid in maize. Food Additives and Contaminants, 28 (2). pp. 198-208.
Abdulraheem, M.O. and Aberuagba, F. and Okafor, J.O. and Otaru, A.J. (2013) Physio-Chemical Properties of Malted Sorghum as Material For Mucamalt Using Cashew Apple Juice Extract As Vitamin C Fortifier. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 4 (2). pp. 67-78.
Adebowale, A.A. and Adegoke, M.T. and Sanni, S.A. and Adegunwa, M.O. and Fetuga , G.O. (2012) Functional Properties and Biscuit Making Potentials of Sorghum-wheat Flour Composite. American Journal of Food Technology, 7 (6). pp. 372-379.
Adenij, A.A. and Lawa, M.M. (2012) Effects of Replacing Groundnut Cake with Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal in the Diets of Grower Rabbits. International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2 (3). pp. 1-6.
Adeniji, A. A. (2013) Nutritional Value of Palm Kernel Cake Supplemented with or Without Probiotics to Replace Groundnut Cake in the Diets of Weaner Rabbits. Journal of Animal Science Advances, 3 (10). pp. 517-523.
Akond, A.S.M.G.M. and Khandaker, L. and Berthold, J. and Gates, L. and Peters, K and Delong, H. and Hossain, K. (2011) Anthocyanin, total polyphenols and antioxidant activity of common bean. American Journal of Food Technology, 6 (5). pp. 385-394.
Allouche, J. (2011) The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade. Food Policy (Supplement 1), 36. S3-S8.
Anandan, S. and Zoltran, H. and Khan, A.A. and Ravi, D. and Blümmel, M. (2012) Feeding value of sweet sorghum bagasse and leaf residues after juice extraction for bio-ethanol production fed to sheep as complete rations in diverse physical forms. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 175 (3-4). pp. 131-136.
Arya, S.S. and Vidyasagar, K. and Nath, H. (1972) Storage properties and acceptability trials on refined groundnut oil as a substitute for hydrogenated oil. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics , 9 (3). pp. 145-152.
Ashur, S.S. (1972) Nitrogen Retention of Adult Human Subjects Who Consumed Combinations of Wheat and Rice Supplemented with Chickpea, Sesame Meal, Milk or Whey. PhD thesis, Purdue University.
Balasubramanian, S.C and Ramachandran, M (1957) Amino-acid Composition of indian Food Stuffs part -III Thereonine and Arginine content of some cereals. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 45 (4). pp. 623-629.
Bamidele, O.P. and Akanbi, C.T. (2013) Influence of gamma irradiation on the nutritional and functional properties of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) flour. African Journal of Food Science, 7 (9). pp. 285-290.
Barker, R. and Gabler, E.C. and Winkelmann, D. (1979) Long-term consequences of technological change on food security : the case for cereal grain. Other. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Bassiri, A. and Nahapetian, A. (1977) Differences in concentrations and interrelationships of phytate, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, zinc, and iron in wheat varieties grown under dryland and irrigated conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 25 (5). pp. 1118-1122.
Bisoi, P.C. and Sahoo, G. and Mishra, S.K. and Das, C. and Das, K.L. (2012) Hypoglycemic Effects of Insoluble Fiber Rich Fraction of Different Cereals and Millets. Journal of Food Processing & Technology, 3 (11). pp. 1-11.
Blandford, D. and Plocki, J.A. von (1977) Evaluating the disincentive effect of PL480 food aid: the Indian case reconsidered. Other. New York State College of Agriculture, New York.
Block, R.J. and Diana Bolling, B.S. (1951) The amino acid composition of proteins and foods : The analytical methods and results. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, illionois U.S.A.
Bolarinwa, I.F. and Olaniyan, S.A. and Adebayo, L.O. and Ademola, A.A. (2015) Malted sorghum-Soy composite flour: preparation, chemical and physico-chemical properties. Journal of Food Processing Technology, 6 (8). pp. 1-7.
Bora, P. and Das, P. (2018) Some physical and functional properties of Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) grown in Assam. International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, 6 (2). pp. 1188-1194.
Bora, P. and Das, P. and Bhattacharyya, R. and Saikia, A. (2018) Effect of processing on the phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) milled fractions. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 6 (4). pp. 18-22.
Brnić, M. and Hurrell, R.F. and Songré-Ouattara, L.T. and B Diawara, B. and etl, . (2016) Effect of phytase on zinc absorption from a millet-based porridge fed to young Burkinabe children. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71 (1-5). pp. 137-141.
Cercamondi, C, I. and Egli, I. M. and Mitchikpe, E. and et al, . (2013) Total Iron Absorption by Young Women from Iron-Biofortified Pearl Millet Composite Meals Is Double That from Regular Millet Meals but Less Than That from Post-Harvest Iron-Fortified Millet Meals. The Journal of Nutrition. pp. 1-7.
Cercamondi, C.I. and Egli, I.M. and Mitchikpe, E. and et al, . (2013) Iron Bioavailability from a Lipid-Based Complementary Food Fortificant Mixed with Millet Porridge Can Be Optimized by Adding Phytase and Ascorbic Acid but Not by Using a Mixture of Ferrous Sulfate and Sodium Iron EDTA. The Journal of Nutrition, 143 (8). pp. 1233-1239.
Chakravorty, S.C. (1969) Chemical Study of Sorghum as a Staple Food in India-Part I : Protein Content in Relation to Colour of Jowar Grains. Labdev Journal of Science and Technology, India, 7-B (2). pp. 127-129.
Chang, Y. and Alli, I. (2012) In silico assessment: Suggested homology of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) legumin and prediction of ACE-inhibitory peptides from chickpea proteins using BLAST and BIOPEP analyses. Food Research Internation. pp. 1-44.
Chaudhary, P. and Kapoor, A.C. (1984) Changes in the nutritional value of pearl millet flour during storage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 35 (11). pp. 1219-1224.
Chaudhuri, D.K. (1977) Anti vitamins in food. Science and culture, 43 (12). pp. 516-519.
Chiremba, C. and Taylor, J.R.N. and Rooney, L.W. and Beta, T. (2012) Phenolic acid content of sorghum and maize cultivars varying in hardness. Food Chemistry. pp. 1-8.
Clemente, A. and Sanchez-Vioque, R. and Vioque, J. and et al, . (1998) Effect of cooking on protein quality of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seeds. Food Chemistry, 62 (1). pp. 1-6.
Cluskey , J.E. and Wu, Y.V. and Wall, J.S. and Inglett, G.E. (1979) Food applications of oat, sorghum, and triticale protein products. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 56 (3). pp. 481-483.
Csinos, A.S. and Gaines, T.P. (1986) Peanut pod rot complex: A geocarposphere nutrient imbalance. Plant Disease, 70 (6). pp. 525-529.
Deosthale, Y.G. (1978) Nutritive value of Indian foods: some recent studies. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 68 (Supp.). pp. 1-16.
Desai, B.L.M. and Daniel, V.A. and Rao, S.V. and et al, . (1970) Studies on low cost balanced foods suitable for feeding weaned infants in developing countries. 2. Supplementary value of low cost balanced foods based on cereals, cottonseed or peanut flour and Bengal gram flour to poor Indian diets. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 7 (1). pp. 21-26.
Desikachar, H.S.R. (1977) Processing of maize, sorghum and millets for food uses. Journal of Science and Industrial Research, 34 (4). pp. 231-237.
Desikachar, H.S.R. (1972) Utilisation of cereals, and cereal products in India. In: Post Harvest Technology of Cereals and Pulses: Proceedings of the Seminar, December 21-23, 1972, New Delhi .
Devadas, R.P. and Jalaja, R and Radharukmani, A (1966) Comparison of nutritive value, cooking qualities and acceptability of four selected strains of hybrid cholam (Sorghum vulgare) with a local strain. Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 3. pp. 47-49.
Devisetti, R. and Yadahally, S.N. and Bhattacharya, S. (2014) Nutrients and antinutrients in foxtail and proso millet milled fractions: Evaluation of their flour functionality. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 59 (2). pp. 889-895.
Dichter, C. R. (1984) Risk Estimates of Liver Cancer Due to Aflatoxin Exposure from Peanuts and Peanut Products. Food Chemical Toxicology, 22 (6). pp. 431-437.
Dixon, S. and Shackley, P. (2003) The use of willingness to pay to assess public preferences towards the fortification of foodstuffs with folic acid. Health Expectations, 6 (2). pp. 140-148.
Dreyer, J.J. (1966) Biological Assessment of Protein Quality: Digestibility of the proteins in Certain Foodstuffs. South African Journal of Nutrition, 42. pp. 1304-1313.
Dudhate, A.K. and More, D.R. and Dudhate, A.K. (2017) Studies on process standardization and nutritional value of Indian heritage Food-Kharodi. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6 (5). pp. 590-593.
de Almeida Costa, G.E. and Queiroz-Monici, K.D.S. and Reis, S.M.P.M. and Oliveira, A.C.D. (2006) Chemical composition, dietary fibre and resistant starch contents of raw and cooked pea, common bean, chickpea and lentil legumes. Food Chemistry, 94 (3). pp. 327-330.
Edirisinghe, N. (1987) The food stamp scheme in Sri Lanka: Costs, benefits, and options for modification. Project Report. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington.
Ejoh, S.I. and Ketiku, O.A. (2013) Vitamin E Content of Traditionally Processed Products of Two Commonly Consumed Oilseeds - Groundnut (Arachis Hypogea) and Melon Seed (Citullus Vulgaris) in Nigeria. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences, 3 (2). pp. 1-5.
Ekberg, A. and Fields, M.L. and Edmondson, J. (1979) Effect of storage on lysine-enriched corn, millet and sorghum. Journal of Food Science, 44 (2). pp. 630-631.
El Tinay, A.H. and Gadir, A.M.A. and El Hidai, M. (1979) Sorghum fermented Kisra bread. 1. Nutritive value of Kisra. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 30 (9). pp. 859-863.
Fekria, A.M. and Isam, A.M.A. and Suha, O.A. and Elfadil, E.B. (2012) Nutritional and functional characterization of defatted seed cake flour of two Sudanese groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars. International Food Research Journal, 19 (2). pp. 629-637.
Fox, G.P. and O’Donnell, N.H. and Stewart, P.N. and et al, . (2012) Estimating Hydrogen Cyanide in Forage Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60 (24). pp. 6183-6187.
Galiana-Balaguer, L. and Roselló, S. and Nuez, F. (2006) Characterization and selection of balanced sources of variability for breeding tomato (Lycopersicon) internal quality. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 53 (5). pp. 907-923.
García, M. and Pinstrup-Andersen, P. (1987) The pilot food price subsidy scheme in the Philippines: its impact on income, food consumption, and nutritional status. Documentation. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington.
Gernah, D.I. and Ega, B.M. and Umoh, U.E. (2012) Effect of boiling time on the quality of ‘Zogale’: A snack food produced from peanut (Arachis hypogea) cake and boiled Moringa oleifera leaves. African Journal of Food Science, 6 (10). pp. 287-293.
Gibson, R.S. and Carriquiry, A. and Gibbs, M.M. (2014) Selecting desirable micronutrient fortificants for plant-based complementary foods for infants and young children in low-income countries†. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. pp. 1-14.
Giovinazzo, G. and Ingrosso, I. and Paradiso, A. and De Gara, L. and Santino, A. (2012) Resveratrol Biosynthesis: Plant Metabolic Engineering for Nutritional Improvement of Food. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 67 (3). pp. 191-199.
Godoy , J.G.V. and Tesso, T.T. (2013) Analysis of Juice Yield, Sugar Content, and Biomass Accumulation in Sorghum. Crop Science, 53 (4). pp. 1288-1297.
Gopalan, C (1972) Pellagra in sorghum eaters. In: Proceedings of the First Asian Congress of Nutrition, 22 January - 2 February, 1971, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad.
Gopalan, C (1969) Possible role for dietary leucine in the pathogenesis of pellagra. The Lancet, 293 (7587). pp. 197-199.
Gueye, S. and Thiaw, C. and Sembene, M. (2012) Insecticidal effect of kaolin powder flavoured with essential oils of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) and Annona senegalensis Pers. (Annonaceae) versus Caryedon serratus Olivier (Coleoptera-Bruchidae) groundnut stock pest. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences. pp. 1-6.
Gull, A. and Jan, R. and Nayik, G.M. and Prasad, K. and Kumar, P. (2014) Significance of finger millet in nutrition, health and value added products: A Review. Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and Engineering & Technology, 3 (3). pp. 1601-1608.
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Kaushal , P. and Sharma, H.K (2013) Convective dehydration kinetics of noodles prepared from taro (Colocasia esculenta), rice (Oryza sativa) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) flours. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 15 (4). pp. 202-213.
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Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 476 U.S. 747 (1986), was a United States Supreme Court case involving a challenge to Pennsylvania's Abortion Control Act of 1982.
Appellees brought an action in Federal District Court alleging that the Pennsylvania Abortion Control Act of 1982 violated the Federal Constitution and seeking declaratory and injunctive relief. The court denied appellees' motion for a preliminary injunction, except as to one provision of the Act which it held was invalid. The Court of Appeals, after granting appellees' motion to enjoin enforcement of the entire Act, held unconstitutional, on the basis of the intervening decisions in Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc., 462 U.S. 416, Planned Parenthood Assn. of Kansas City, Mo., Inc. v. Ashcroft, 462 U.S. 476, and Simopoulos v. Virginia, 462 U.S. 506, the following provisions of the Act: (1) the portions of § 3205 that, with respect to the requirement that the woman give her "informed consent" to an abortion, require her to be informed of the name of the physician who will perform the abortion, the "particular medical risks" of the abortion procedure to be used and of carrying her child to term, and the facts that there may be "detrimental physical and psychological effects," medical assistance benefits may be available for prenatal care, childbirth, and neonatal care, the father is liable to assist in the child's support, and printed materials are available from the State that describe the fetus and list agencies offering alternatives to abortion; (2) § 3208 that requires such printed materials to include a statement that there are agencies willing to help the mother carry her child to term and to assist her after the child is born and a description of the probable anatomical and physiological characteristics of an unborn child at "two-week gestational increments"; (3) § 3214(a) and (h) that require the physician to report, among other things, identification of the performing and referring physicians, information as to the woman's residence, age, race, marital status, and number of prior pregnancies, and the basis for any judgment that a medical emergency existed or for any determination of nonviability, and the method of payment for the abortion, and further provide that such reports shall not be deemed public records but shall be available for public inspection and copying in a form that will not lead to disclosure of the identity of any person filing a report; (4) § 3211(a) that requires the physician, after the first trimester, to report the basis for his determination that a child is not viable; (5) § 3210(b) that requires a physician performing a post-viability abortion to exercise the degree of care required to preserve the life and health of any unborn child intended to be born and to use the abortion technique that would provide the best opportunity for the unborn child to be aborted alive unless it would present a significantly greater medical risk to the pregnant woman's life or health; and (6) § 3210(c) that requires that a second physician be present during an abortion performed when viability is possible, which physician is to take all reasonable steps necessary to preserve the child's life and health. The court held that the validity of other provisions of the Act might depend on evidence adduced at the trial and accordingly remanded these features of the case to the District Court.
1. In a situation such as is presented by this case, where the judgment below is not final and the case is remanded for further development of the facts, this Court has no appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 1254(2). But the jurisdictional statement here is treated as a petition for certiorari, and the writ is granted. Pp. 754-755.
(a) The printed materials required by § 3205 and § 3208 are nothing less than an attempt to wedge the State's message discouraging abortion into the privacy of the informed-consent dialogue between the woman and her physician. Similarly, § 3205's requirement that the woman be advised that medical assistance may be available and that the father is responsible for financial assistance in support of the child are poorly disguised elements of discouragement for the abortion decision. And § 3205's requirements that the physician inform the woman of "detrimental physical and psychological effects" and of all "particular medical risks" are the antithesis of informed consent. Pp. 759-765.
(b) The scope of the information required by § 3214(a) and (h) and § 3211(a) and its availability to the public belie any assertions by the State that it is advancing any legitimate interest. The reporting requirements of those sections raise the specter of public exposure and harassment of women who choose to exercise their personal, intensely private, right, with their physician, to end a pregnancy. Thus, they pose an unacceptable danger of deterring the exercise of that right and must be invalidated. Pp. 765-768.
(c) Section 3210(b) is facially invalid as being unsusceptible to a construction that does not require the mother to bear an increased medical risk in order save her viable fetus. Section 3210(c), by failing to provide a medical-emergency exception for the situation where the mother's health is endangered by delay in the second physician's arrival, chills the performance of a late abortion, which, more than one performed at an earlier date, tends to be under emergency conditions. Pp. 768-771.
Blackmun, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Brennan, Marshall, Powell, and Stevens, JJ., joined. Stevens, J., filed a concurring opinion, post, p. 772. Burger, C. J., filed a dissenting opinion, post, p. 782. White, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which Rehnquist, J., joined, post, p. 785. O'Connor, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which Rehnquist, J., joined, post, p. 814.
Andrew S. Gordon, Senior Deputy Attorney General of Pennsylvania, argued the cause for appellants. With him on the briefs were LeRoy S. Zimmerman, Attorney General, and Allen C. Warshaw, Chief Deputy Attorney General.
^ . Briefs of amici curiae urging reversal filed for the United States by Acting Solicitor General Fried, Acting Assistant Attorney General Willard, Deputy Assistant Attorney General Kuhl, John F. Cordes, and John M. Rogers; for the National Right to Life Committee, Inc., by James Bopp, Jr.; for the United States Catholic Conference by Wilfred R. Caron and Mark E. Chopko; for Senator Gordon J. Humphrey et al. by Robert A. Destro and Basile J. Uddo; for Watson D. Bowes, Jr., et al. by Steven Frederick McDowell; and for John D. Lane et al. by John E. McKeever.
Briefs of amici curiae urging affirmance were filed for the Attorney General of New York by Robert Abrams, Attorney General, pro se, Robert Hermann, Solicitor General, Rosemarie Rhodes, Assistant Attorney General, and Lawrence S. Kahn, Sanford M. Cohen, and Martha J. Olson, Assistant Attorneys General; for the American Civil Liberties Union et al. by Nan D. Hunter, Janet Benshoof, and Suzanne M. Lynn; for the American Medical Association et al. by Benjamin W. Heineman, Jr., Carter G. Phillips, Newton N. Minow, Jack R. Bierig, Stephan E. Lawton, Joel I. Klein, Joseph A. Keyes, Jr., and Ann E. Allen; for the Center for Constitutional Rights et al. by Anne E. Simon, Nadine Taub, Rhonda Copelon, and Judith Levin; for the National Abortion Federation by David I. Shapiro, Sidney Dickstein, Kenneth M. Simon, and Amy G. Applegate; for the National Abortion Rights Action League et al. by Lynn I. Miller; for the National Family Planning and Reproductive Health Association, Inc., by Robert T. Crothers; for the National Organization for Women et al. by Diane E. Thompson; and for the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc., et al. by Dara Klassel and Eve W. Paul.
Briefs of amici curiae were filed for the American Psychological Association by Donald N. Bersoff and Bruce J. Ennis; for the Women's Lawyers' Association of Los Angeles, California, et al. by Susan R. Schwartz, Carol Boyk, Judith Gordon, and Lorraine Loder; for the Unitarian Universalist Association et al. by Madeline Kochen; for Senator Bob Packwood et al. by Laurence H. Tribe and Kathleen M. Sullivan; for Susan Bandes et al. by Arthur Kinoy; and for Olivia Gans et al. by James Bopp, Jr.


68-406. Designation of highways in state system; total mileage, exclusions; revision and classification; connecting links and detours; direct routes to certain facilities and institutions; roads in state parks; posting speed limits and establishing facilities on certain streets and roads; temporary road closings. (a) The secretary of transportation shall designate, adopt and establish and may lay out, open, relocate, alter, vacate, remove, redesignate and reestablish highways in every county in the state, the total mileage of which shall not exceed 10,000 miles. The total mileage of such highways in each county shall be not less than the sum of the north to south and east to west diameters of the county. The highways so designated shall connect the county seats and principal cities and market centers, and all such highways, including bridges and culverts thereon, shall comprise the state highway system. The secretary of transportation shall make such revisions, classifications or reclassifications in the state highway system as are found on the basis of engineering and traffic study to be necessary, and such revisions, classifications or reclassifications may include, after due public hearing, removal from the system of roads which have little or no statewide significance, and the addition of roads which have statewide importance and will provide relief for traffic congestion on existing routes on the system. All roads which have been placed upon the state highway system shall be a part of the state highway system, but changes may be made in the state highway system when the public safety, convenience, economy, classification or reclassification requires such change. The total mileage of the state highway system shall not be extended except by act of the legislature. Highways designated under this section shall be state highways, and all other highways outside of the city limits of cities shall be either county roads or township roads as provided for by law. The state highway system thus designated shall be constructed, improved, reconstructed and maintained by the secretary of transportation from funds provided by law.
(b) In addition to highways of the state highway system, the secretary of transportation shall designate in those cities on such system certain streets as city connecting links. "City connecting link" means a routing inside the city limits of a city which: (1) Connects a state highway through a city; (2) connects a state highway to a city connecting link of another state highway; (3) is a state highway which terminates within such city; (4) connects a state highway with a road or highway under the jurisdiction of the Kansas turnpike authority; or (5) begins and ends within a city's limits and is designated as part of the national system of interstate and defense highways.
(c) The secretary of transportation may mark and maintain existing roads as detours, but detour roads shall not be a part of the state highway system, except that such roads shall be marked and maintained by the secretary of transportation only until that portion of the state highway system for which such road is substituted is completed and open for travel.
(d) The secretary of transportation may use moneys appropriated from the state highway fund for the purchase of right-of-way, construction, improvement, reconstruction and maintenance of a highway over the most direct and practicable routes from state highways to a state lake, a federal lake or reservoir established by federal authority, any property managed or controlled by the Kansas department of wildlife, parks and tourism, national monuments and national historical sites, military reservations, motor carrier inspection stations, approaches and connections within an urban area, as defined by federal highway laws, places of major scenic attractions which possess unusual historical interest, as defined by subsections (1) and (2) of K.S.A. 76-2018, and amendments thereto, on which the state now holds or may hereafter hold a long-term lease, a state institution, from the city limits of the nearest city to a state institution, a state-owned natural and scientific preserve, as defined by subsection (b) of K.S.A. 74-6603, and amendments thereto, or such road or roads located within the boundaries of a state park and not presently maintained by a federal agency as shall be designated by the secretary of transportation. Such highways or roads shall not be a part of the state highway system, and the secretary of transportation is not required to plan, design or construct such highways or roads in conformity with the standards applicable to the state highway system.
(e) The secretary of transportation may make reroutings of any portion of the state highway system if such rerouting is required in writing by the United States department of transportation of the federal highway administration before it will permit federal funds to be used thereon. The secretary of transportation shall have control and regulation for purposes of posting speed limits and establishing access and egress facilities on any and all portions of streets and roads which are, or have been, a part of the state highway system, and which have been or may be, placed inside of the limits of an incorporated city by the creation of a new municipality or by the extension of the limits or boundaries of any existing municipality.
(f) Except pursuant to article 21 of chapter 68 of Kansas Statutes Annotated, only the secretary of transportation may authorize temporary closing of any part of the state highway system by any person for any purpose in the interest of the state. Every authorization granted under this subsection shall be granted subject to conditions specified by the secretary to provide for: (1) Proper detours, signing and markings; (2) timing which will not unreasonably inconvenience the public; and (3) such additional conditions as are appropriate to avoid unreasonable risk of injury to any person. Such requests shall be made in writing and submitted to the secretary at least five days prior to the closing date. In emergencies, temporary closing may be authorized by the secretary by oral communications. The secretary may waive all or any part of the notice otherwise required by this subsection.
Except as provided in subsection (g), any person failing or neglecting to comply with the provisions of this subsection, upon conviction, shall be guilty of a nonperson unclassified misdemeanor.
(g) In cases of sudden emergency, temporary closing of any part of the state highway system may be authorized by order of a person designated by the board of county commissioners for an area outside of any city or a person designated by the governing body of a city for an area within such city. In such cases of sudden emergency the person authorizing such closing shall inform the secretary of transportation thereof as soon as practicable and obtain the authorization of the secretary for any additional time thereafter for such closing.
History: L. 1927, ch. 255, § 6; L. 1929, ch. 225, § 3; L. 1933, ch. 97, § 1 (Special Session); L. 1935, ch. 245, § 1; L. 1937, ch. 285, § 1; L. 1949, ch. 344, § 1; L. 1953, ch. 300, § 1; L. 1961, ch. 302, § 1; L. 1972, ch. 245, § 1; L. 1975, ch. 350, § 1; L. 1975, ch. 427, § 85; L. 1978, ch. 271, § 3; L. 1981, ch. 263, § 1; L. 1984, ch. 251, § 1; L. 1984, ch. 293, § 6; L. 1984, ch. 252, § 1; L. 1988, ch. 269, § 1; L. 1989, ch. 118, § 179; L. 1993, ch. 124, § 1; L. 2012, ch. 47, § 89; July 1.
L. 1925, ch. 214, § 2.


Individual sections in the Hawaii Revised Statutes can be viewed on-line. The contents of inclusive chapters also can be viewed; however, the section headings in a chapter listing are not linked to the section texts. Links in the list below are to computer file directories containing the indicated section(s) and inclusive chapter listing.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 263-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 658A-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 583-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 490-1-101 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 329-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 832-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 554B-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 526-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 510-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 551D-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 489E-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 636C-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 337-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 505-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 556-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 658B-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 658C-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 651C-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 327E-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92F-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 576B-101 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 483-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 484-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 428-101 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 425D-101 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 517D-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 584-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 572D-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 557A-101 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 560-1-101 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 554C-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 833-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 836-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 485-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 831-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 525-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 539-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 553A-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 554A-1 et seq.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 429-1 et seq.


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For the company Südkap GmbH und Co. KG, as the operator of the hotel "BUDERSAND Hotel – Golf & Spa – Sylt", the protection of your privacy and the legally compliant handling of your personal data has top priority. This data privacy statement defines the basis on which we process your personal data which we collect or which you make available to us. As a general rule, we only process your personal data with your prior consent. However, the aforementioned rule does not apply in case your prior consent is impossible for factual reasons and/or the processing of your personal data is permitted by legal regulations.
Insofar as you have given your consent to the processing of your personal data, Art. 6 (1) (a) GDPR serves as legal basis. The processing of personal data, which we need for the performance of a contract or for pre-contractual measures, is carried out on the basis of Art. 6 (1) (b) GDPR. Insofar as processing is carried out for the fulfilment of a legal obligation to which we are subject, Art. 6 (1) (c) GDPR serves as the legal basis. In case the processing is necessary to safeguard our legitimate interests or those of a third party, and such interests are not overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of you as the data subject, Art. 6 (1) (f) GDPR serves as our legal basis for the processing of personal data.
Your personal data will be deleted or blocked as soon as the purpose of their storage has ceased to exist. Further storage may be made if this is prescribed by the European or national legislators by means of ordinances, laws or other regulations to which we are subject.
When you contact us by e-mail or using the contact form provided on our website (http://www.budersand.de/de/kontakt/kontakt/), we will save your e-mail address and message so that we can answer your enquiry. As an option, you can also enter your a title, academic title, your first and last name, your company, your address and your telephone number in addition to your e-mail address, so that we can also address you personally and answer your enquiry in an even more targeted manner. The data will be deleted as soon as they are no longer required to achieve the purpose for which they were collected, or we restrict processing in case of legal obligations to retain data. The legal basis for the processing of the data which you submit to us upon establishment of contact is Art. 6 (1) (b) GDPR. The legal basis for the processing of the data in case of consent is Art. 6 (1) (a) GDPR. You have the possibility to withdraw your consent to the processing of personal data at any time. If you contact us by e-mail or via the contact form, you can object to the storage of your personal data at any time. In this case, any and all personal data stored in the course of the establishment of contact by means of the contact form or the e-mail will be deleted. You can withdraw your consent and object to the storage of your personal data by sending an e-mail to hotel@budersand.de or to the contact details stated in the "about us" section.
On our website, you have the possibility to book online different room categories in our hotel as well as other services, such as a rental car, an e-bike or a garage parking space by providing your personal data. For the conclusion of the contract it is necessary that you give us your personal data which we need for the conclusion of the contract. The mandatory information required is your first and last name, your e-mail address, your address and telephone number as well as your credit card data. You can also voluntarily provide us with additional data so that we can adapt your room to your individual wishes in the best possible way. We process your personal data in order to process your reservation. The processing of your personal data is therefore necessary to fulfil a contract with you. For this purpose, we may also forward your data to payment service providers and our contractual partners. The legal basis for the processing of your personal data is Art. 6 (1) (b) GDPR.
By reason of commercial and tax laws, we are obliged to store your address, payment, and order data for a period of ten years. However, we will restrict processing after two years.
We attach the greatest possible importance to the security of your data. In order to prevent unauthorized access by third parties to your personal data, in particular financial data, the transmission of your data, in particular the order process, is transmitted using 2048-bit SSL encryption.
We use external service providers to process your personal data. These have been carefully selected and commissioned by us, are bound by our instructions and are regularly checked.
We offer you the possibility to send a request to our BUDERSAND Spa on our website via (http://www.budersand.de/de/spa/anfrage/). When you contact our Spa, we will store your form of address and your first and last name to answer your request. As an option, you can also enter your a title, academic title, your first and last name, your company, your address and your telephone number so that we can process your enquiry in a more targeted manner. The processing of your personal data from the contact mask serves us solely to process your Spa enquiry and to conclude a contract with you. The data will be deleted as soon as they are no longer necessary to achieve the purpose for which they were collected. This is the case, if the data is no longer required for the execution of the contract. Even after the conclusion of the contract, it may still be necessary to store your personal data in order to comply with contractual or legal obligations. The legal basis for the processing of your personal data entered into the enquiry template is Art. 6 (1) (b) GDPR.
On our pages https://www.budersand.de/de/kulinarik/kai3/ and https://www.budersand.de/de/kulinarik/stroenholt/ you have the possibility to reserve a table for KAI3 or Restaurant Strönholt. This is done via an online reservation system. Here we pass your data on to Opentable, OpenTable GmbH, Zeil 109, Frankfurt 60313, as they operate the reservation system for us. You can find their data protection declaration under: https://www.opentable.de/legal/privacy-policy.
Furthermore, in the voucher shop presented on our website, we offer you the opportunity to purchase various BUDERSAND gift vouchers. If you would like to order a voucher in our voucher shop, it is necessary for the conclusion of the contract that you enter the personal data we need for the processing of your order. The required data for the processing of your BUDERSAND voucher order are marked separately. These are your salutation, your form of address, your first and last name, your address, telephone number, your e-mail address, and your payment data. Any further information is voluntary. We process your personal data in order to process your BUDERSAND voucher order. The processing of your personal data is therefore essential to fulfil the contract with you. For this purpose, we may also pass on your data to our payment service providers and sales partners. The legal basis for the processing of your personal data is Art. 6 (1) (b) GDPR.
We attach great importance to the greatest possible security of your data. In order to prevent unauthorized access by third parties to your personal data, in particular financial data, the transmission of your data, in particular the order process, is transmitted using 2048-bit SSL encryption.
With your consent, you can subscribe to our BUDERSAND hotel newsletter, in which we will inform you about our current offers and information around the BUDERSAND Hotel – Golf & Spa – Sylt.
For the registration to our newsletter we use the so-called double opt-in process. This means that after your have registered for our newsletter, we will send an e-mail to the e-mail address you specified; in this e-mail, you must confirm the sending of the newsletter. In the event that your registration is not confirmed within 24 hours, your information will first be blocked and then automatically deleted. In addition, we store the IP addresses you used and the time of registration and confirmation. The purpose of this procedure is to be able to prove your registration for the receipt of the newsletter and to be able to clarify any possible misuse of your personal data.
The only mandatory information for sending the newsletter is your e-mail address. After having received your confirmation, we will save your e–mail address for the purpose of sending you the newsletter. The data will be stored until you unsubscribe from our newsletter. The legal basis for this is Art. 6 (1) 1st sentence (a) GDPR.
You can withdraw your consent to receiving the newsletter at any time and unsubscribe from the newsletter. You can cancel your subscription simply by clicking on the link provided in each of our newsletters, by sending an e-mail to hotel@budersand.de, or by sending a message to the contact details stated in the section "about us".
This website uses transient cookies and persistent cookies, the scope and functionality of which we will explain to you in more detail below.
Transient cookies are automatically deleted when you close your browser. These include in particular the so-called session cookies. Session cookies store a session ID with which various requests from your browser can be assigned to the shared session. This allows your computer to be recognized when you return to our website. Session cookies are deleted when you log out or close your browser.
Persistent cookies are automatically deleted after a specified period, which varies depending on the cookie. You can delete cookies at any time in the security settings of your browser.
You can configure your browser settings according to your wishes and refuse the acceptance of third party cookies or all cookies, for example. However, we would like to point out that in this case you may not be able to use all functions of our website without restriction.
The legal basis for the processing of personal data using cookies is Art. 6 (1) 1st sentence (f) GDPR. Our legitimate interest lies in providing our website and improving the quality of our website and its content.
You are also entitled to object to the processing or use of your personal data for purposes of advertising or market and opinion research as well as business-like data processing.
Furthermore, as a matter of principle, you have the right to withdraw your prior consent to the processing of your personal data at any time with future effect. The withdrawal of consent shall not affect the legality of the processing carried out on the basis of the consent until the withdrawal.
To exercise your rights, you can send an e-mail to hotel@budersand.de or a letter to BUDERSAND Hotel – Golf & Spa – Sylt with the addition "FAO the Data Protection Officer", Am Kai 3, 25997 Hörnum, Sylt, Germany.
Furthermore, without prejudice to any other administrative or judicial remedy, you have the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority about the processing of your personal data by us.

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D.C. Law Library - § 46–251.10. Sanctions; limitations on liability.
↪ § 46–251.10. Sanctions; limitations on liability.
Chapter 3. Interstate Family Support. [Repealed].
§ 46–251.10. Sanctions; limitations on liability.
(a) An employer shall not discharge, refuse to employ, or take disciplinary action against a parent or employee based on the parent or employee’s obligation to provide health insurance coverage for a child under a medical support notice or a support order.
(b) There shall be a rebuttable presumption that an employer who engages in conduct described in subsection (a) of this section, within 90 days from the date of receipt of the medical support notice or the support order, is in violation of this section and may be subject to the sanctions in subsection (c) of this section.
(c) Any employer who engages in conduct described in subsection (a) of this section shall be subject to a civil penalty of up to $10,000. An employee, a parent, or the IV-D agency may bring a civil action against an employer who violates subsection (a) of this section. A civil penalty obtained under this section shall be used to offset the employee’s duty of support.
(d) If an employer fails to withhold an employee contribution for health insurance coverage or fails to send a withheld contribution to the health insurer as required by § 46-251.08, a judgment shall be entered against the employer for the amount not withheld or paid to the health insurer, and for any reasonable counsel fees and court costs incurred by the employee, a parent, the health insurer, or the IV-D agency as a result of the failure to withhold or make payment.
(e) An employer shall be liable for unreimbursed health care expenses incurred by or on behalf of a child as a result of the employer’s failure to comply with the requirements of this subchapter or § 1-307.42.
(f) A health insurer shall be liable for unreimbursed health care expenses incurred by or on behalf of a child as a result of the health insurer’s failure to comply with the requirements of this subchapter or § 1-307.41.
(g) Neither an employer nor a health insurer shall be subject to liability under subsections (d), (e), or (f) of this section if the employer or health insurer proves by a preponderance of the evidence that the failure to comply was due to exigent circumstances beyond the control of the employer or health insurer.
(h) Neither an employer nor a health insurer who complies, in accordance with the requirements of this subchapter, with a medical support notice or a support order that is regular on its face shall be subject to civil liability to an individual or entity for conduct in compliance with the medical support notice or support order.
This section is referenced in § 46-251.03.
For temporary (90 day) addition of this section, see § 110 of Medical Support Establishment and Enforcement Emergency Amendment Act of 2002 (D.C. Act 14-485, October 3, 2002, 49 DCR 9631).
For temporary (90 day) addition of this section, see § 110 of Medical Support Establishment and Enforcement Congressional Review Emergency Amendment Act of 2002 (D.C. Act 14-600, January 7, 2003, 50 DCR 664).
For temporary (90 day) addition of this section, see § 110 of Medical Support Establishment and Enforcement Emergency Amendment Act of 2003 (D.C. Act 15-208, October 24, 2003, 50 DCR 9856).
For temporary (90 day) addition of this section, see § 110 of Medical Support Establishment and Enforcement Congressional Review Emergency Amendment Act of 2004 (D.C. Act 15-330, January 28, 2004, 51 DCR 1603).
For temporary (225 day) addition of section, see § 110 of Medical Support Establishment and Enforcement Temporary Amendment Act of 2002 (D.C. Law 14-238, March 25, 2003, law notification 50 DCR 2751).
For temporary (225 day) addition of section, see § 110 of Medical Support Establishment and Enforcement Temporary Amendment Act of 2003 (D.C. Law 15-84, March 10, 2004, law notification 51 DCR 3376).


Executive Summary: Probably the most common construction contract documents in use in America are the AIA (American Institute of Architects) documents. The A101/A201 for Owner-General Contractor and the A401 for General Contractor-Subcontractor were both reissued in 2017. See some of the substantive changes here.
§ 1.7 Digital Data Use and Transmission (A201) – receiver of digital information shall have responsibility for errors if a protocol is not established by the parties. So, the answer is, make sure that you establish a protocol that puts the onus of accuracy on the author, not the receiver.
§ 3.7.4 Notice for Differing Site Conditions (A201) – notice requirement changed from 21 days to 14 days.
§ 9.6.8 Indemnification for Liens (A201) – most owners had their lawyers add in an indemnification for liens that required contractors to substitute a surety bond for the property. Now this language is a fixed part of the A201.
§ 11 Insurance (A201) – the insurance section was pretty much gutted. It now recognizes the need to be flexible to changes in the insurance market. Talk to your insurance agent the first time you sign the 2017 A201 agreement – insurance is getting more complex and is putting more liability on the contractor.
§ 14.4.3 Termination for Owner’s Convenience (A201) – it used to be that the contractor received payment for overhead and profit on uncompleted work. Now there is an upfront negotiated termination fee. This forces owner and contractor to hash out a number at the time of contract negotiation. Many think this is an owner win, which likely means they’ll select an unreasonably small number.
§ 4.5 Liquidated damages (A101) – no real change. It was moved so that it could be more easily found in the documents. They were in § 8 before.
§ A.3.2.2.2 Limitation on exclusions (Insurance Exhibit) – the contractor can’t have certain exclusions in their Commercial General Liability coverage. Your standard policy may very well exclude things that cannot be excluded per this section and adding it on after the fact can be very spendy! Make sure your insurance agent knows about this change!
§ 4.1 Liquidated damages flow-down (A401) – the LDs that the general contractor is exposed to are passed down to the subcontractor.
§ 4.2.3.2 Subcontractor submittals (A401) – although subcontractors (and GCs) have always had to traverse the slippery slope of submittal compliance and the nuances of approved versus reviewed submittals and what all that means, this language now squarely puts more responsibility on the subcontractor to review their own submittals.
My Story. I’ve seen these documents on very small to very large jobs. I’ve never had to actually rely on them or suffer a blow from them, in any dispute, on projects in which I was the contractor.
I know that the AGC does not participate in the edit of these documents. The reasons are probably twofold: (1) AGC has their own competing product called ConsensusDocs and (2) AGC likely doesn’t feel as if they would be heard at any collaborative meeting to modify the documents.
The common understanding is that AIA favors the design professional while the ConsensusDocs favors the contractor. My position is that ConsensusDocs is a more balanced approach to the work. More on this later.


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1. NEGLIGENCE — WHETHER DUTY OWED IS QUESTION OF LAW FOR THE COURT. — Whether a duty is owed is a question of law to be decided by the court; before any duty, or any standard of conduct, may be set, there must first be proof of facts which give rise to it; and once the standard is fixed, there must be proof that the actor has departed from it. 2. NEGLIGENCE — NEGLIGENCE COMPARED WITH PRODUCTS LIABILITY KNOWLEDGE OF POTENTIAL DANGER. — Under products liability, a manufacturer or supplier is liable by virtue of having placed a defective, unreasonably dangerous product an the market, irrespective of any knowledge of the dangerous character of the product; whereas in liability based on negligence, whether one knew or should have known of a potential danger is a necessary constituent of fault. 3. NEGLIGENCE — DUTY TO WARN OF KNOWN POTENTIAL DANGER RECOGNIZED BEFORE PRODUCTS LIABILITY ENACTED IN ARKANSAS IN 1973. — The common law has recognized a duty to warn of a known potential danger well before product liability was enacted in Arkansas in 1973. 4. PRETRIAL PROCEDURE — MOTIONS IN LIMINE — PROPER USE OF. — Motions in limine are not to be used as a sweeping means of testing issues of law; such motions are to be used to prevent some specific matter, perhaps inflammatory, from being interjected prior to the trial court's having decided on its admissibility outside the hearing of the jury. 5. PRETRIAL PROCEDURE — MOTIONS IN LIMINE — PURPOSE. — Motions in limine are to enlighten the court and advise counsel of the specific nature of the anticipated testimony so that the court may intelligently act on such motions. 6. PRETRIAL PROCEDURE — NO ERROR TO DENY MOTION IN LIMINE UNDER CIRCUMSTANCES. — Where appellant filed a motion in limine on the morning of trial seeking to exclude any evidence or argument that appellant failed to warn appellee of the possibility of a fire from the combustion of transmission fluid boiling out onto the exhaust manifold, and in failing to warn appellee to use an external cooler, but could not produce any supporting cases upon the trial judge's request, it was not error for the trial judge to refuse to grant a motion in limine.
Appeal from Faulkner Circuit Court; Francis Donovan, Judge; affirmed.
Wright, Lindsey Jennings, for appellant.
James F. Swindoll, P.A., for appellee.
Appellee James Slack filed suit against appellant George Schichtl for negligently installing a new motor and rebuilt transmission in Slack's pickup truck. The complaint alleged negligent repair of the transmission, failure to repair defects, failure to warn of dangers, and failure to exercise ordinary care under the circumstances. Soon after the work was performed the truck caught fire and burned. The jury upheld Slack's claim by a general verdict and awarded $7,719.13 for the truck and tools destroyed by the fire.
On the morning of trial Schichtl filed a motion in limine to exclude any evidence or argument that Schichtl failed to warn Slack of the possibility of a fire from the combustion of transmission fluid boiling out onto the exhaust manifold, and in failing to warn Slack to use an external cooler. The trial judge asked for cases Supporting that position and counsel answered, "I couldn't find any cases." The motion was denied and Schichtl has appealed. The only point for reversal is that the trial court erred in denying the motion in limine. We affirm.
The testimony established that James Slack had dealt with George Schichtl for some eight years in servicing slack's vehicles. Slack owned a 3,000 pound boat and had experienced problems with the transmission on his truck in towing the boat. Schichtl and Slack decided to put a larger engine and a transmission in the truck. The work was completed at a cost of $1,922.86 and the truck was delivered to Slack on July 11, 1985. Between the initial delivery and the fire some three weeks later, Slack twice returned the truck to Schichtl because the engine was overheating and the transmission was making a roaring noise. Schichtl attributed the noise in the transmission to the front pump gears not meshing properly. The other problem he attributed to a faulty sending unit, which only made it appear the engine was overheating. He testified that the cause of the fire was transmission fluid boiling out of the dipstick onto the manifold and igniting; he said, "As a mechanic you see that situation and fire is a real danger. I didn't tell Mr. Slack about the fire danger but I knew it existed." Schichtl never told Slack there was any limit on what he could pull "except common sense." Slack testified when he drove the truck after picking it up the second time the temperature was still running hot.
On the morning of July 30 Slack left Conway for Pine Bluff towing a party barge, weighing about 1,600 pounds. At Redfield a passing motorist signaled to him that flames were coming from the engine compartment. He managed to get out of the truck just before it was totally destroyed by fire. Slack testified he was never warned of the danger of fire and had no indication that a fire was going to occur. Moreover, he said, "George told me to disregard the temperature gauge because he didn't have it hooked up right."
George Schichtl cites us to numerous cases recognizing a duty to warn in certain situations but he has cited no authority for the proposition that, as a matter of law, he was under no duty to warn Slack either of the possibility of fire or the use of an external cooler. Schichtl argues correctly that whether a duty is owed is a question of law to be decided by the court. We fully agree. But ordinarily the answer depends on the final analysis on the bits and pieces of the evidence. As Prosser puts it, "Before any duty, or any standard of conduct, may be set, there must first be proof of facts which give rise to it; and once the standard is fixed, there must be proof that the actor has departed from it." Prosser and Keeton on Torts (5th Edition), Chapter 6, p. 235. There is no real issue but that Schichtl owed Slack a duty to exercise ordinary care. The jury was instructed without objection on the general principles of negligence. In a similar scrutiny of the facts in Keck v. American Employment Agency, Inc., 279 Ark. 294, 652 S.W.2d 2 (1983), we disagreed with the trial court, which had granted a directed verdict for the defendant, and concluded that there was a jury issue as to whether an employment agency had breached a duty to its clientele to exercise ordinary care for their protection from persons only pretending to be prospective employers.
[2, 3] Schichtl urges that because this is not a product liability case there could be no duty to warn. That argument overlooks an essential difference between common law liability based on negligence and the modern concept of product liability. In the latter, a manufacturer or supplier is liable by virtue of having placed a defective, unreasonably dangerous product on the market, irrespective of any knowledge of the dangerous character of the product. Whereas in liability based on negligence, whether one knew or should have known of a potential danger is a necessary constituent of fault. The common law has recognized a duty under such circumstances well before product liability was enacted in Arkansas in 1973. See Green v. Equitable Powder Mfg. Co., 95 F. Supp. 127 (1951) and Dulin v. Circle F. Industries, Inc., 558 F.2d 456 (1977).
We need not decide whether there was a duty under the circumstances of this case, because we do not agree that a motion in limine was the proper means of testing an entire theory of law advanced by the plaintiff. That can be accomplished by a motion under ARCP Rule 12(b) (6), for example, with a supporting brief of legal authorities, or by proper objection to the evidence itself and by a motion for a directed verdict if the plaintiff's case is seen as resting on a faulty legal theory. Schichtl twice moved for a directed verdict, but he has not asked that we review those denials on appeal and they are waived.
appellee points out that no objection was made when evidence was offered with respect to a lack of warning, urging that any error is waived. But in Ward v. State, 272 Ark. 99, 612 S.W.2d 118 (1981), we said that where a motion in limine is made to specific evidence, and denied, the objection is preserved. We have not departed from that position, but we have pointed out that motions in limine are not to be used as a sweeping means of testing issues of law. Such motions are to be used to prevent some specific matter, perhaps inflammatory, from being interjected prior to the trial court's having decided on its admissibility outside the hearing of the jury. Kitchens v. State, 271 Ark. 1, 607 S.W.2d 345 (1980); Arkansas State High way Comm. v. Pulaski Inv. Co., 272 Ark. 389, 614 S.W.2d 675 (1981).
The motion in limine is a useful tool, but care must be exercised to avoid indiscriminate application of it lest parties be prevented from even trying to prove their contentions. That a plaintiff may have a thin case or a defendant a tenuous defense is ordinarily insufficient justification for prohibiting such party from trying to establish the contention. Nor should a party ordinarily be required to try a case or defense twice — once outside the jury's presence to satisfy the trial court of its sufficiency and then again before the jury. Moreover, the motion in limine is not ordinarily employed to choke off an entire claim or defense, as it was here regarding arson. Rather, it is usually used to prohibit mention of some specific matter, such as an inflammatory piece of evidence, until the admissibility of that matter has been shown out of the hearing of the jury.

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