In 2015, after the US reopened its embassy in Cuba and restarted diplomatic relations with the Cuban government, Cuba was removed from the list of State sponsors of terrorism and was no longer referred to as a "rogue state".

(meta data) TITLE: What is behind the US-Cuba thaw? - BBC News

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The US has reopened its embassy in Havana, bringing to an end decades of hostility between the two nations.

US President Barack Obama and his Cuban counterpart Raul Castro announced in December moves to normalise diplomatic relations between the two countries.

In a flag-raising ceremony to reopen the US embassy in Havana, US Secretary of State John Kerry called on Cuba to become more democratic.

"We remain convinced the people of Cuba would be best served by a genuine democracy, where people are free to choose their leaders, express their ideas, practice their faith," Mr Kerry told those gathered on the embassy grounds and millions of islanders watching and listening live.

Efforts to get Alan Gross released had been going on for years

The Obama Administration had been trying to bring about the release of Alan Gross for years.

In early 2013, President Obama authorised secret talks to go ahead in Canada and the Vatican.

A major factor driving the talks was Alan Gross's deteriorating health.

If his continued detention was a major sticking point in relations between the two countries, his death in a Cuban jail would have been an almost insurmountable obstacle.

In August, his lawyer said that he did not know if Mr Gross would survive for much longer.

Pressure was therefore mounting on the Cuban government to free him before his health took another turn for the worse.

Some analysts also think the Cuban government was spurred on by the economic crisis its ally Venezuela is facing.

Venezuela and its socialist president, Nicolas Maduro, have given the Cuban government economic and ideological support for years.

But falling oil prices have hit Venezuela hard and may have raised fears in Havana that Venezuela may not be able to be as generous in the future.

A series of editorials calling for a lifting of the US embargo on Cuba published in the New York Times also signalled a shift among US opinion makers and their desire for a softening of the US stance on Cuba.

President Obama said the current policy had had little effect

President Obama did not mince his words in his speech.

He said that decades of isolation had "failed to accomplish our enduring objective of promoting the emergence of a democratic, prosperous, and stable Cuba".

While he conceded that the policy had been devised with the best of intentions, he said it had "had little effect".

But the president also made sure to couch the policy change in positive terms, saying that "we are renewing our leadership in the Americas".

Raul Castro sounded a cautious note, stressing that there were still "profound differences" between the two countries.

He delivered his speech in a very deliberate manner, with none of the triumphalist notes one could have expected on the day when a US president announced a major shift in relations with the small Communist-run island.

He also mentioned his brother Fidel Castro a number of times, implying that the talks had been given the approval of the leader of the 1959 Cuban revolution.

## What does it mean for ordinary Cubans?

Cubans should find it easier to get construction materials to build private homes after the policy shift

Cubans have been deeply affected by the US embargo, and while its lifting is not on the cards at present, President Obama announced a series of measures that will make a difference to the lives of many Cubans.

The amount of money which can be sent in remittances will quadruple from $500 (£320) to $2,000 per quarter.

Telecom providers will be allowed to improve Cuba's infrastructure so that more Cubans can access the internet.

Currently Cuba has one of the lowest internet penetration in the world and what little there is is unaffordable for many.

Cubans will also be able to import construction materials to build private homes, a move aimed at easing the severe shortage of suitable homes on the island.

Travel restrictions to Cuba will be relaxed, making family visits and cross-border humanitarian projects easier.

The two Cuban-American members of the US Senate have been scathing about the new policy.

Republican Senator Marco Rubio said the changes would further bolster Raul Castro in power

Republican Senator Marco Rubio said that rather than bring about change it would go "a long way in providing the economic lift that the Castro regime needs to become permanent fixtures in Cuba for generations to come''.

His Democratic colleague Robert Menendez, who chairs the Senate Foreign Relations committee, said President Obama's actions had "vindicated the brutal behaviour of the Cuban government".

A group of Cuban-Americans took to the streets in Miami calling President Obama a traitor.

But there were also those who welcomed the policy shift.

Ric Herrero, executive director of #CubaNow, a non-partisan group which says it wants to "empower the Cuban people" said the changes would "allow the Cuban people to determine their own future and rely less on the Cuban state".

Some Cuban-Americans in Miami accused President Obama of conspiring with Raul Castro

While President Obama can take steps to normalise relations with Cuba, he cannot lift the embargo without the approval of the US Congress.

He is likely to face stiff opposition from representatives from Florida, where many Cuban exiles who fled Castro's Cuba settled.

Mario Diaz-Balart, a Republican Congressman from Florida, accused Mr Obama of being the "appeaser-in-chief who is willing to provide unprecedented concessions to a brutal dictatorship that opposes US interests at every opportunity".

But there are also those like Senator Dick Durbin who are hopeful that the change will "create a force for positive change in Cuba that more than 50 years of our current policy of exclusion could not achieve".

While some of the practical measures announced on Wednesday are likely to ease Cubans' lives quite quickly, more lasting change was going to take time, the president said.

"I do not expect the changes I am announcing today to bring about a transformation of Cuban society overnight."

But he said he was hopeful that a policy of engagement rather than isolation would "help the Cuban people help themselves".

HavanaBarack ObamaUnited StatesCubaRaul Castro

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The United States employed several tools to isolate and punish "rogue states". Tough unilateral economic sanctions, often at congressional behest, were imposed on or tightened against Iran, Libya, Cuba, Sudan, and Afghanistan. After the conclusion of the Gulf War in 1991, the United States selectively used airpower against Iraq for years during the Iraqi no-fly zones to force them in complying with various United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding disarmament (i.e., Resolution 687) and human rights (i.e., Resolution 688). Cruise missiles were fired at Afghanistan and Sudan in retaliation for terrorist attacks against U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in August 1998. In March 1999, NATO launched a massive air-bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in response to the Yugoslav Army's crackdown on ethnic Albanian separatists in the province of Kosovo.
 In the last six months of the Clinton administration, U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright announced that the term "rogue state" would be abolished in June 2000, in favour of the term "states of concern", as three of the nations listed as "rogue states" (Libya, Iran, and North Korea) no longer met the conditions established to define a "rogue state".
 Libya was removed from the State Sponsors of Terrorism list in 2006 after achieving success through diplomacy. Relations with Libya also became more mutual following the eight month Libyan Civil War in 2011, which resulted in the National Transitional Council ousting longtime Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi from power.


In 2010, Canyons began hosting part of the Sprint Grand Prix of Skicross and Snowboardcross, which lasted several consecutive years.

(meta data) TITLE: U.S. Sprint Grand Prix coming to Park City | ParkRecord.com

(meta data) AUTHOR: by Christopher Kamrani, of The Record staff

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# U.S. Sprint Grand Prix coming to Park City

Canyons resort will have a chance to showcase its new mountain amenities to a world-wide audience this winter.

The U.S. Sprint Snowboarding Grand Prix will be held Feb. 11-12 at Canyons resort and will draw some of the world's best athletes.

The announcement was made Tuesday afternoon at the base of the resort.

Vice President of Marketing for Canyons, Todd Burnette, attributes landing the event to the hard work the resort has put in revamping parts of the mountain and giving it a world-class atmosphere.

"We're incredibly excited to have the U.S. Snowboarding Grand Prix to be the first event we're going to hold here," he said.

Chief Revenue and Marketing Officer for USSA Andrew Judelson explained that Canyons and Sprint have made a commitment to host Grand Prix in Park City for one year, but anticipates a deal in the works that could further the relationship and extend the partnership in the future.

"Talk about taking what is a great resort and making it into a world-class resort, I think you just need to look out the window and see what Todd (Burnette) and his team are doing here to reflect where they're taking this resort," Judelson said.

The stop in Park City is the second of three on the Grand Prix tour.

The renovations that have taken place on the mountain this summer will allow spectators to view the finish respective races at the "snow beach" area surrounded by new restaurants and shops.

Some featured athletes will be Olympic silver medalist Lindsey Jacobellis, Jonathan Cheever, Parkite JJ Tomlinson and snowboarding legend Shaun Paulmer.

Tomlinson is excited to be able to put on a show in his backyard.

"It's definitely an advantage to sleep at home," he said.

"I'm really excited to be able to race here.

I live 15 minutes away from this mountain."

As for racing against a snowboarding pioneer like Palmer, Tomlinson is in awe.

"I used to play Shaun Palmer's pro snowboarding video game when I was like 10."

The two-day event will commence Feb. 11 with both men's and women's qualifying rounds and final races starting Feb. 12.

The event will be broadcast on Feb. 19 on NBC at noon.

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#### Park City Council contest, with razor-thin margin, may head to a recount

The two-vote margin between the sixth- and seventh-place finishers in the Park City Council primary election is so narrow after the initial counting that there is a possibility the final tally would fall within the range that a recount could be requested.

The possibility of a recount will not be known until an Aug. 27 canvass.

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Prior to its merger with Park City Mountain, Canyons Resort covered nine mountain peaks with maximum elevation of 9,990 feet (3,040 m) on Peak 9990. The terrain had 182 trails, five bowls, six natural halfpipes, and three terrain parks. Side-mountain and backcountry skiing on the surrounding National Forest land could be accessed through gates found on some of the peaks.


Celtic fans were normally given the whole of the Broomloan Stand for Old Firm derbies until 2018, when Rangers opted to restrict their allocation to the much smaller corner section.

(meta data) TITLE: Rangers and Celtic to reduce away fans allocation at derby matches - BBC Sport

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# Rangers and Celtic to reduce away fans allocation at derby matches

Celtic and Rangers usually take around 7,000 travelling fans to derbies

Rangers and Celtic plan to significantly reduce the number of visiting supporters at next season's derby matches.

The Glasgow rivals both cite increased demand for season tickets.

Celtic fans normally receive both tiers of Ibrox's Broomloan Stand in a reciprocal arrangement that sees about 7,000 travelling fans attend derbies.

But all visiting teams are now set to receive less than 1,000 tickets for games against Rangers.

Celtic issued a swift response, indicating that they will follow suit.

A statement on the Scottish champions' website read: "An unprecedented double treble and historic season for the club has led to a phenomenal level of demand from supporters to be part of Celtic.

"We are happy to reciprocate in terms of ticket allocation, something which will give us the opportunity to meet this huge demand to visit Celtic Park."

Rangers say they are responding to demand after receiving an "enormous" number of requests from supporters wishing to buy season tickets on top of more than 40,000 renewals.

A statement said: "Our supporters will always come first and as many of them as practically possible must be accommodated.

That is why the club has decided on an overall increase in the total number of season tickets available to our supporters to what will be a historical record.

"An unfortunate consequence of putting our supporters first is that this increased demand negatively impacts on the number of tickets which will be allocated to visiting teams.

"This means all visiting fans will now be situated in the corner between the Broomloan and Sandy Jardine Stands."

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All of the stands are designed using the 'goalpost' structure, in which a large portal frame supports perpendicular beams on which roof cladding is secured. A Rangers Megastore is located in the corner between the Copland Road and Govan Stands.
 Away fans are normally accommodated in the corner of the ground between the Broomloan and Govan Stands. Ibrox is seen as being an intimidating ground for visiting supporters. Rangers banned Celtic fans in 1994 from attending games at Ibrox, citing the damage caused to the Broomloan Stand by the visitors in previous derbies. The ban was lifted after one game, as the Scottish Football League passed a resolution preventing clubs from taking that action. Before the corners were filled in, away fans were accommodated in the lower tier of the Broomloan Stand. Rangers had to take action in 1996 to prevent their fans in the upper deck from throwing items at visitors.


Muhammed later gave Gelini a lesson in Mardi Gras style which pushed Gelini to move to New Orleans after graduation.

From the funk-laced beats and bass-heavy sousaphone blasts that kick off their album "Spyboy" to the gritty warmth of singer J'Wan Boudreaux's voice, New Orleans brass band-meets-Mardi Gras Indian outfit Cha Wa radiates the fiery energy of the best features of the city's street culture.

"Spyboy" was produced by Galactic's Ben Ellman and features special guests Big Chief Monk Boudreaux (The Wild Magnolias, HBO's Treme), Nigel Hall (Lettuce, Nth Power), and Danica Hart.

Cha Wa's debut, "Funk N Feathers," explored contemporary riffs on the traditional music Boudreaux grew up singing alongside his grandfather, Big Chief Monk Boudreaux, in the Golden Eagles Mardi Gras Indian tribe.

Now "Spyboy" ups the ante by digging deeper into the sound of New Orleans culture and giving it a modern twist.

The disc's largely original material takes advantage of the band's new horn section to highlight the musicians' personal ties to the street music of their hometown.

"We wanted to take the roots of what we love about New Orleans brass band music and Mardi Gras Indian music and then voice it in our own way," says the group's drummer and founder, Joe Gelini.

Dating back to the late 1800s, the Mardi Gras Indian tradition began when African-American men first marched in Native American dress through the streets of New Orleans on Mardi Gras day.

The tradition, which includes a host of songs shared among the various tribes, has been kept alive for over a century and today is as vital as ever.

Mardi Gras Indians have influenced the biggest names in New Orleans music: The Meters, Dr. John, the Marsalis family, the Neville Brothers, Trombone Shorty and others.

The most prominent Mardi Gras Indian today is Monk Boudreaux, the Big Chief of the Golden Eagles tribe, and his grandson J'Wan Boudreaux (who holds the position of Spyboy in the tribe) is stepping up with Cha Wa to propel their culture forward.

J'Wan joined the group when he was still in high school.

At the time, Gelini, then a recent Berklee School of Music grad, had been playing drums for Boudreaux's grandfather, having learned the traditional Mardi Gras Indian beats from original Wild Magnolias bass drummer Norwood "Geechie" Johnson at Sunday night Indian practices in Uptown New Orleans.

As the band evolved, J'Wan emerged as the front man.

On "Spyboy," Boudreaux's vocals (with support from Thaddeus "Peanut" Ramsey's smooth-voiced Indian style), the booming, funked-up sound of the band's new four-part horn section, and Gelini's mix of second line grooves and soulful Indian rhythms have all combined to kindle a new fire in Cha Wa's ever-developing sound.

Although "cha wa" means "we're comin' for ya" in Indian vernacular, Boudreaux says the album "Spyboy" is "Cha Wa all around" for a different reason.

With songwriting contributions to "Spyboy" from band members Joe Maize, Thaddeus 'Peanut' Ramsey, Ari Teitel and Clifton 'Spug' Smith, along with J'Wan and Gelini, Cha Wa ignites an entire new generation with contemporary anthems set ablaze by its high-flying ensemble.

Says Boudreaux, "Everyone put their minds together to make this music.

Everyone had input on at least one song.

And the whole band has a different type of connection these days.

The track "Get On Out the Way" -- with its loose, '70s funk rhythm, tight horn parts and deep, bouncing sousaphone -- brings that celebratory vibe to life by spiking a traditional Indian phrase with a fast-moving brass band twist.

There's also a more serious, social message at work in Cha Wa's music.

Gelini and Monk wrote "Visible Means Of Support" about Monk's experience with the '50s-era Jim Crow vagrancy law used primarily to arrest African-American men.

On the J'Wan-penned, big beat-centric "Chapters," the singer tackles more contemporary issues, in this case, the internal struggles he faced while being raised by a single mom.

The mellow, piano and vocals-only "J'Wan's story" sees him taking a different approach to bridging the gap between beauty and harsh reality in New Orleans when he explains, spoken word-style, the basics about how and why Mardi Gras Indian culture developed.

"We dress up in the Indian suits to pay homage to the Native American Indians, because around the time of slavery, they were the first ones to take us in," he says, elaborating on the song.

"Everything on our suits is handmade -- the beads, the patterns, we sew together pieces of fabric and make the panels, we make the boots -- everything."

Not that you need a firm understanding of Indian or brass band culture to feel the dance-ready vibrations of Cha Wa's new music.

"It's dance music so I think people are attracted to it.

Even if people have no idea what the history is, it's automatically infectious," Gelini explains.

"J'wan's the next generation," the drummer adds.

Cha Wa was formed in 2014 by bandleader and drummer, Joe Gelini. Gelini first heard of Mardi Gras Indians while he was attending the Berklee School of Music in Boston. During his time in Boston, he went to see a performance by Idris Muhammad, a New Orleans-born jazz drummer. Muhammed was performing in traditional Mardi Gras style, which piqued Gelini’s interest.


It is expected that by 2019 Netherlands will join the arrangement with immigration checks in Netherlands, allowing direct trains from Amsterdam to London through the Eurotunnel.

(meta data) TITLE: Eurostar launches London-Amsterdam route - BBC News

(meta data) AUTHOR: https://www.facebook.com/bbcnews

# Eurostar launches London-Amsterdam route

Channel Tunnel train operator Eurostar is launching direct services between London and Amsterdam.

Trains will run twice daily from 4 April, with the journey from St Pancras to Amsterdam taking three hours and 41 minutes.

But for an initial period, the Eurostar service will only run direct one-way, from London to the Dutch city.

Passengers travelling from Amsterdam to London will have to change at Brussels to clear passport controls.

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Eurostar says the connection at Brussels is a temporary measure until the British and Dutch governments reach an agreement to allow passport checks to be conducted on departure in the Netherlands.

It says this should be in place by the end of 2019.

## Analysis: Victoria Fritz, BBC transport correspondent

It's been a long time coming, but finally passengers will have the option of travelling between the UK and the Netherlands direct by rail.

The German operator Deutsche Bahn announced and then cancelled a link between the UK and Dutch capitals five years ago.

Since then, Eurostar's efforts have been plagued by technical and bureaucratic set-backs.

Uptake is likely to be small, at least at first.

Whilst Brits are familiar with international train travel, the Eurostar brand will be much newer to those on the other end of the line.

There will be only two trains a day from the UK.

That compares to 70 direct flights daily from London to Amsterdam, for example.

Although Eurostar cannot compete on flexibility of travel, the train company is putting itself in direct competition with the airlines on price.

Fares start at £35 for a one-way ticket.

There will be those, particularly business travellers, who would prefer access to power sockets, free wifi and room to work on a train over the retail extravaganza of modern airports.

wrinkling the passport controls process on the return leg.

Hassle-free, connected travel is a luxury many will be prepared to pay handsomely for.

The rail company will be running two services a day, departing at 08:31 and 17:31 respectively, with one-way fares starting at £35.

Eurostar also says the new service will cut the journey time between London and Brussels by 17 minutes to one hour and 48 minutes.

"The launch of the London to Amsterdam service marks a historic milestone in the expansion of international high-speed rail travel, revolutionising the connection between these important destinations," the company said.

It says more than four million passengers travel between London and Amsterdam by air each year and therefore the market is the same size as it was when the London-Paris services launched in 1994.

It points out that since then, the market for travel between London and Paris has more than doubled.

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While the juxtaposed controls existed previously, Brexit in 2019 is expected to require an increase at border control. For this reason, it is expected that the UK will have to contribute more to the border. The view of Brexiteer Iain Duncan Smith is that "There is no logical or legal reason why Britain should pay anything towards this. It is an absurdity."
 From France's point of view, the border between France and the UK will be more expensive than the border between Ireland and the UK.
 From Hauts-de-France region president Xavier Bertrand, the "Traité de Sandhurst" is nothing new ("Il n'y a rien de nouveau"): The British will continue issuing checks that will just compensate a grand total's fraction.


Frances Sternhagen reprised her role as Trey's overbearing and intrusive mother Bunny MacDougal; she received an Emmy nomination for her performance in the series.

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### Outstanding Guest Actress In A Comedy Series - 2002

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Cynthia Nixon acted as the acerbic and sarcastic lawyer Miranda Hobbes, who holds a pessimistic view on relationships and men.
 The fourth season featured a number of recurring and guest actors whose characters contributed significantly to the series plotlines. Chris Noth reprised his role as Mr. Big, a sly businessman who at this point remains friends with Carrie despite their previous romantic relationships. David Eigenberg portrayed Miranda's on-off boyfriend, bar owner and father of her child Steve Brady. Willie Garson played entertainment manager and Carrie's gay friend Stanford Blatch. Kyle MacLachlan appeared as Trey MacDougal, a doctor with Scottish ancestry and Charlotte's nearly impotent husband. John Corbett reprised his role as Aidan Shaw, a carpenter, bar owner and Carrie's boyfriend-turned-fiancé. Mario Cantone returns to the series as a recurring guest actor, portraying Charlotte's gay friend and former wedding planner Anthony Marantino. Sônia Braga joined the series as Maria Diega Reyes, an artist and Samantha's girlfriend.


Prince Stefan was christened on 15 December 2018 at the Royal Palace's Chapel.

(meta data) TITLE: PRINCE STEFAN CHRISTENED BY PATRIARCH IRINEJ AT ROYAL CHAPEL OF ST. ANDREW FIRST-CALLED | The Royal Family of Serbia

# PRINCE STEFAN CHRISTENED BY PATRIARCH IRINEJ AT ROYAL CHAPEL OF ST. ANDREW FIRST-CALLED

His Holiness Patriarch Irinej of Serbia christened young Prince Stefan, the son of Their Royal Highnesses Prince Philip and Princess Danica, at the Royal Chapel of St. Andrew the First-Called in the Royal Compound in Dedinje, Belgrade, Serbia.

Prince Stefan's godparents are HRH Prince Alexander (twin brother of HRH Prince Philip), Mrs. Petra Lazarevic and Mr. Dusan Antunovic, long standing family friends of the Royal Couple Prince Philip and Princess Danica.

Joining the Patriarch in officiating the christening was His Grace Bishop Lavrentije of Sabac who married TRH Crown Prince Alexander and Crown Princess Katherine in 1985, and also christened Princes Philip and Alexander.

Prince Stefan wore the Christening gown that His Majesty King Peter II wore on the day of his christening officiated by His Holiness Patriarch Dimitrije of Serbia in 1923 in Belgrade, and his godfather was King George V.

The "journey" of the Christening gown was very interesting: it was found by Mrs. Janette Vincent, whose grandfather' brother's wife Miss Ramsey lived with a nanny of the Royal Household in the time of HM King Peter II childhood.

In a meantime, the Christening gown was inherited by Mrs. Vincent's father, sister and then herself, who contacted the Serbian Royal family in order to bring it back to them.

After the christening, His Royal Highness Prince Stefan acquired the right and obligation to be the bearer of the Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Karadjordje Star (1st class), which is the highest decoration of the Royal House.

Besides the parents of Prince Stefan, TRH Prince Philip and Princess Danica, the christening ceremony was attended by Their Royal Highnesses Crown Prince Alexander and Crown Princess Katherine, Prince Stefan's Godfather His Royal Highness Prince Alexander, Her Royal Highness Princess Maria da Gloria of Orleans and Bragança, Duchess of Segorbe, HRH Princess Anne of France, godmother of HRH Prince Philip, Mrs. Maja Gojkovic, President of the National Assembly of Serbia, Princess Danica's parents Beba and Cile Marinkovic, Their Royal Highnesses' son David Andrews with spouse Dr. Angeliki Andrews Margariti and their son Alexander Andrews, Mrs. Betty Roumeliotis, sister of HRH Crown Princess Katherine.

On the occasion of Prince Stefan's christening, at the Royal Palace there was presented the exhibition "Royal Ceremonies" which shows the photographs of many ceremonies like the coronation of HM King Peter I, the wedding of Their Majesties King Alexander I and Queen Maria, christening of HM King Peter II, wedding of Their Majesties King Peter II and Queen Alexandra, christening of HRH Crown Prince Alexander, wedding of TRH Crown Prince Alexander and Crown Princess Katherine, christening of HRH Hereditary Prince Peter, the christening of TRH Prince Philip and Prince Alexander, and more.

HRH Prince Stefan was born in Belgrade, Serbia on Sunday, 25 February 2018 at 10:30am.

With the blessing of His Holiness Patriarch Irinej of Serbia, the bells of Belgrade's St. Sava Temple tolled heralding the birth of the newborn member of the Serbian Royal Family.

That was the first time that the 49 bells of the biggest orthodox temple in the Balkans announced such a birth.

The bells of St. George church in Oplenac and Zica monastery tolled heralding the birth, too.

This birth of a male child was the first one in the Royal Family in Serbia after 90 years when HRH Prince Tomislav was born in Belgrade, who was the brother of HM King Peter II, the grandfather of HRH Prince Philip.

His Royal Highness Prince Philip is the fraternal twin of Prince Alexander and second in line to the Throne after Hereditary Prince Peter.

He is the son of HRH Crown Prince Alexander and HRH Princess Maria da Gloria of Orleans Bragança.

Prince Philip is the grandson of HM King Peter II and HM Queen Alexandra.

His Godparents are HM King Constantine of the Hellenes, HM the Queen of Spain and HRH the Duchess of Calabria.

In 2000, Prince Philip graduated from The King's School Canterbury in England.

Prince Philip then graduated from University College London (UCL) with a Bachelor of Arts Honours in Humanities and following that he worked for a bank in the City of London.

Prince Philip finished École hôtelière de Lausanne (EHL) Switzerland and worked in London.

Prince Philip worked for a global systematic hedge fund in Cyprus.

He is now working with a renowned global asset manager in London.

Her Royal Highness Princess Danica was born on 17 August 1986 and lived in Paris since 1992 where she completed the largest part of her studies.

She graduated in graphic design and visual communications at the Academy of Applied Arts in Paris, as well as in the Comparative Literature and Slavic Studies at the Sorbonne-Paris University.

In London, the Princess finished her Master of Graphic Design and Communication at the Chelsea College of Art and Design – University of Art in London.

She spent a large part of her childhood and growing up both in Belgrade and Paris.

Their Royal Highnesses Prince Philip and Princess Danica were married at Saborna Church in Belgrade on 7 October 2017.

The wedding was officiated by His Holiness Patriarch Irinej of Serbia.

The godmother was HRH Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden and the godfather was His Royal Highness Hereditary Prince Peter.

The Royal Family thanks everyone who helped with the christening: Studio Maruska, Kovacevic, Aleksandrovic, Royal wineries, Art Ival chocolates, violin player Mr. Dragan Sredojevic, guitar player Mr. Nemanja Bogunovic, studio "SP video", Herald of the Royal Household Mr. Ljubodrag Grujic, Ivkovic atelier, clergy of Belgrade-Karlovac Diocese and the School of Theology choir.

On 24 July 2017 his engagement to Danica Marinković was announced. Danica Marinković (born in Belgrade, 17 August 1986), is a graphic designer, and the daughter of Milan "Cile" Marinković (b. 1947 in Belgrade), a respected impressionist painter, by his wife, Zorica "Beba" Krupež. Danica is officially a citizen of France and, like Prince Philip, studied in the United Kingdom, graduating from the Chelsea College of Arts in London before embarking on a successful career as a designer.
 Prince Philip married Danica Marinković on 7 October 2017 at the Cathedral Church of Saint Michael the Archangel in Belgrade, Serbia. Their witnesses were Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden and  Peter, Hereditary Prince of Yugoslavia. His two godmothers, Queen Sofía of Spain and Princess Anne, Duchess of Calabria attended the wedding.
 Princess Danica gave birth to their son Stefan in Belgrade on 25 February 2018 at 10:30 am. Stefan is the first male child born to the royal family in Serbia for 90 years, the last such birth being that of Prince Tomislav in Belgrade in 1928.


Roger Ebert from "Chicago Sun Times" awarded the film 3/4 stars, calling it "a weird, uneven, generally intriguing thriller".

(meta data) TITLE: Fade to Black Movie Review & Film Summary (1980) | Roger Ebert

(meta data) COPYRIGHT: © Copyright 2019,

Far from being just a simple comedy about fitness and weight loss, Brittany's journey includes the healing and forgiveness it takes to really meet those…

Overcomer isn't for an audience that cares about being told a story.

It's aimed at an audience that doesn't mind too much if a story…

Roger Ebert on James Ivory's "Howards End".

"The Ballad of Narayama" is a Japanese film of great beauty and elegant artifice, telling a story of startling cruelty.

### Ain't I a Woman: Sojourner Truth Takes Her Rightful Place in History Among the Statues in Central Park

An article about the inclusion of Sojourner Truth on Central Park's suffragette statue.

An article celebrating the one-year anniversary of our first female editor at RogerEbert.com, Nell Minow.

###### Chicago Stories Gala 2019 to Feature Play by Chaz Ebert on October 5th|Chaz's Journal

###### Fly Me to the Moon: 50th Anniversary of Apollo 11 and Man's Walk on

###### Video: Roger Ebert Day Declared in Chicago on July 12th, 2005|Chaz's Journal

From a childhood of pain, a lifetime of art.

###### The Active Eye: D.A. Pennebaker, 1924-2019|MZS

###### Happy One Year Anniversary to Our First Female Editor, Nell Minow|Chaz's Journal

###### The Unloved, Part 68: K-19: The Widowmaker|MZS

### One, Two, Three: A wild Cold War farce from Wilder and Cagney

A reappreciation of a Billy Wilder classic.

### A Hitchockian Nightmare: On Alan J. Pakula's Presumed Innocent

FFC Seongyong Cho looks back at Alan J. Pakula's twisty thriller Presumed Innocent.

###### The Haunting of Spotlight|Far Flungers

###### On the President's Orders Plays at Human Rights Festival|Far Flungers

###### That Complicated Thing Called Love: On Pawel Pawlikowski's Cold War|Far Flungers

### Buy What Showtime is Selling in On Becoming a God in Central Florida

A review of Showtime's great On Becoming a God in Central Florida.

### Music Box Memories: A Legendary Theatre Celebrates 90 Years

Our Managing Editor and staff give some love to Music Box on its 90th birthday.

###### Home Entertainment Guide: August 22, 2019|Demanders

###### Andrew Davis and The Fugitive Return To Chicago|Festivals & Awards

###### The Story of Richard Williams and His Unfinished Fairy Tale, The Thief and the Cobbler|Balder and Dash

Almost every day, I get half a dozen calls from readers who urgently need the answers to obscure questions about movie lore.

Today's latest: "After Tarzan always said 'Me Tarzan, you Jane,' what did Jane say back?"

It astonishes me that people expect movie critics to have the answers to these questions, which require the addictive, repetitive viewing of old movies.

Indeed, I sometimes think movie trivia is an avoidance of movie art: Obsession with the license plate on a movie character's car has nothing to do with the movie in question, but it does place the trivia addict in a safe position of ascendancy over the larger issues in the movie.

At parties, movie trivia experts are like stand-up comedians.

They've found a way to dominate the conversation without having one.

They're like Travis McGee's definition of a bore: They deprive you of solitude without providing you with companionship.

I originally started out to say that it would probably help to be a movie buff if you find yourself watching "Fade to Black."

This is a weird, uneven, generally intriguing thriller about a young man whose fantasy life is totally controlled by images from movies.

He works in a Los Angeles film exchange, checking and shipping movie prints, and at night he comes home to his museum-like room in the home of his aunt-a shrill harridan who would feel less secure in her wheelchair if she had ever seen "Kiss of Death."

The young man is played with a kind of creepy power by Dennis Christopher, in a role completely opposite from his last appearance as the hero of "Breaking Away."

He is lonely, socially isolated, hostile.

(Although when he bets money on a trivia question, it's one with a ridiculously easy answer: He wants to know Humphrey Bogart's full name in "Casablanca."

If you don't, don't call me, call Siskel.)

Things start going wrong in the kid's life.

He makes a date with a young girl (Linda Kerridge) who looks just like Marilyn Monroe, and then it looks to him as if she's stood him up.

This is too much all at once, and the kid goes berserk.

In a scene we know is inevitable, he mimics Richard Widmark in "Kiss of Death" and pushes his aunt down the stairs.

Then he begins masquerading as his other movie heroes-Hopalong Cassidy, James Cagney, the Mummy-and wiping out the rest of his opposition.

These scenes are handled by director Vernon Zimmerman with a mixture of reality and stylized fantasy.

For example, when Hoppy gets in a shootout the scene is staged and lit like a movie, which heightens the effect.

But it's not lit like a Hopalong Cassidy movie; it's lit solely to backlight and single out the hero, and, that, no doubt, is the kid's own fantasy.

I don't want to give away too many of the movie's surprises, although if you're a movie buff you'll anticipate a lot of them.

The climax, though, is a bravura piece of stylistic overkill, with Christopher creeping around on the roof of Hollywood's Chinese Theater, looking like a cross between the Phantom of the Opera and Cary Grant in "To Catch a Thief "

Just pure escapist silliness, I suppose.

But I was rather moved by the Christopher character's loneliness in the earlier scenes (later, he's frankly just a caricature manipulated by the plot).

I also liked the way that some of the minor roles, including Kerridge's, were handled to develop the humanity of the characters rather than just the stereotypes.

All of those are positive responses-and I can balance, them, I suppose, against the certainty that this movie is going to inspire all sorts of telephone calls from trivia maniacs wanting to know who it was who shouted "I finally made it, Ma! Top of the world!"

###### 30 Minutes On: "Prometheus"Matt Zoller Seitz

A nightmare movie ruled by nightmare logic, and gorgeous from start to finish.

###### Son of the father: Peter Fonda, 1940-2019Matt Zoller Seitz

From a childhood of pain, a lifetime of art.

###### Andrew Davis and The Fugitive Return To ChicagoPeter Sobczynski

An article about The Fugitive returning to Chicago's Music Box Theatre for the venue's 90th anniversary.

The Ebert Club is our hand-picked selection of content for Ebert fans.

You will receive a weekly newsletter full of movie-related tidbits, articles, trailers, even the occasional streamable movie.

Club members also get access to our members-only section on RogerEbert.com

###### Buñuel in the Labyrinth of the Turtles

###### The Amazing Johnathan Documentary

###### What You Gonna Do When the World's on Fire?

###### Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark

###### Fast & Furious Presents: Hobbs & Shaw

###### Once Upon a Time ... in Hollywood

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 45% based on 11 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 4.9/10.


Original Board members included Kiyoshi Kurokawa, Peter Piot, Ann Veneman, and Ko-Yung Tung.

(meta data) TITLE: Board of Directors | Global Health Innovative Technology Fund

GHIT Fund Global Health Innovative Technology Fund

The Board of Directors consists of global health experts and management professionals.

In addition to overseeing operations by the Management Team, it also resolves important business matters including approval of major rules, strategic plans, annual operational plans/budget, and funding decisions based on recommendations from the Selection Committee.

Former World Health Organization (WHO) assistant director-generalProject Professor, Global Research Institute at Keio University

Invited Professor at Osaka University Post Graduate School of MedicineMinister's Advisor on International Affairs, Ministry of Health, Labour and WelfareBoard member of National Center for Global Health and MedicineMember of Executive Board, WHO

He served as Assistant Director-General of WHO from March 2007 to May 2015.

He led the largest technical cluster comprising HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases.

During his tenure, the morbidity and mortality of these three major infections showed trends of decline, and a few tropical diseases were on track towards elimination and even eradication in case of dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease).

Before joining WHO, he worked at the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan.

Dr. Nakatani received his M.D. from Keio University School of Medicine, M.H.P.Ed from the University of New South Wales, and Ph.D. from Keio University.

London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineFormer Executive Director, UNAIDS

Peter Piot is Director of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, and Professor of Global Health.

He was also founding Executive Director of UNAIDS and Under Secretary-General of the United Nations (1995-2008), and has served in numerous other international and academic leadership roles.

He sits on numerous boards and has received numerous scientific and civic awards, including the Canada Gairdner Global Health Award, Robert Koch Gold medal, and Prix International INSERM, Paris.

He was a 2014 TIME Person of the Year (The Ebola Fighters), and received the Prince Mahidol Award for Public Health.

In 2013 he was the laureate of the Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize for Medical Research.

Professor Piot co-discovered the Ebola virus in Zaire in 1976, and led research on AIDS, women's health, and public health in Africa.

He was knighted as a baron in his native Belgium, and received an honorary knighthood in the U.K.

He has published over 500 scientific articles and 16 books.

Catherine Kaseri Ohura is CEO & Executive Director of the GHIT Fund —

Previously, she served as the Executive Officer and Unit Head of Japan Commercial Operations & Customer Experience at Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) K.K. (located in Japan).

She also served as Executive Officer and Senior Director, Regional R&D Operations (responsible for Japan, China R&D Operations) at BMS K.K.

At BMS (in the US), one of her roles was the Global Lead/General Manager for the BMS Network of Women (B-NOW).

In this groundbreaking industry leadership role, she drove business performance at BMS globally by fostering a more powerfully diverse and broadly inclusive people and business strategy.

Prior to her role at BMS, Ohura worked in Japanese pharmaceutical company for clinical development, regulatory affairs, quality assurance, pharmacovigilance, and project management.

She received her undergraduate degree in chemistry, mathematics, and business from the University of Denver, and a master's degree in regulatory affairs and quality assurance from Temple University School of Pharmacy.

She has completed all but dissertation in the PhD program for Project Management at Capella University and is PMP (Project Management Professional) certified.

Managing Director, Biological E. Limited

Mahima Datla is Managing Director of Biological E.

Over the past 13 years at BE, she has been involved in strategy and has also served as Senior Vice President of the company.

She is currently responsible for strategic operations and projects.

She drives Biological E.'s engagement with Government of India as well as the DCVMN and has been a GAVI board member since 2011.

She is a graduate in Business Administration Management from Webster University, London.

Director, Office of Global Health Cooperation

Toru Kajiwara graduated from University of Oxford in 2001 with M.Phil in International Relations, and currently serves as Director of the Office of International Cooperation at the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.

Prior to his current assignment, he served as Counsellor at Permanent Mission of Japan to UNESCO (2014-2017) in Paris, and as Deputy Director at International Economy / OECD / European Union Economic Affairs Divisions (2013-2014), as well as the Southeast Asia Division (2010-2012) at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

From 2006 to 2008, Mr. Kajiwara worked as Advisor at the Office of Executive Director for Japan in the World Bank Group in Washington DC.

He was also involved in UN Security Council affairs and African development in his earlier careers at the Foreign Ministry.

Former Director-General, International Bureau, Ministry of Finance

Former President, Policy and Research Institute, Ministry of FinanceFormer Executive Director, International Monetary Fund representing Japan

Mr. Momma worked for the Ministry of Finance (MOF), Cabinet Office, and Ministry of Defense covering various responsibilities including budget, tax, finance, international finance, multilateral development banks, external aid, global health, and national securities issues.

He also served as Counsellor, Permanent Delegation of Japan to OECD, and Senior Advisor to Executive Director of World Bank Group representing Japan.

He has in-depth experiences and knowledge particularly in the fields of international economic cooperation and development assistance to the developing countries.

Mr. Momma currently assumes several positions including Special Researcher at MOF's Policy Research Institute, Senior Research Advisor at the Institute for International Policy Studies, Vice President of the Association of African Economy & Development Japan, Executive Director of Japan Myanmar Association, and Executive Advisor to Nippon Life Insurance Company.

Manabu Sumi has worked in Japan's public health and global health arena over several decades.

Currently, he serves as Director, Global Health Policy Division, International Cooperation Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), the position he has held since July 2017.

Prior to joining MOFA, he was engaged in public health affairs in the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and Ministry of Environment of Japan, which involved the revision of the medical payment system, food safety, mental health, environmental health, and international health.

He has also served as Director of Cancer Control and Health Promotion Division, Health Service Bureau (2011), Director of Office of International food, Department of Food Safety (2012), and Counselor of the Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations (2014).

He received both medical and doctoral degrees from Nagoya University, and a master's degree from Harvard School of Public Health.

Former Secretary, United States Department of Agriculture

Ann M. Veneman has a distinguished career in public service, including serving as Executive Director of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (2005-2010) and as the United States Secretary of Agriculture (2001-2005).

Ms. Veneman graduated from the University of California, Davis, received a master's degree in public policy from the University of California, Berkeley, and a juris doctor degree from the University of California, Hastings College of the Law.

In 2009 she was named to the Forbes 100 Most Powerful Women list.

Hikaru Ishiguro serves as Statutory Auditor at INSPiRE Corporation, among other board positions.

He is a graduate of the University of Tokyo and holds a LLM from Harvard Law School.

Starting with Sumitomo Bank, he worked with a variety of global financial institutions and also served as President of Health and Global Policy Institute.

Mr. Ishiguro became Comptroller of the University of Tokyo in 2004 and served in this role for 8 years.

He is a member of the New York Sate Bar Association.

Former Senior Vice President and General Counsel of the World Bank

Professor. Ko-Yung Tung is an international lawyer, with extensive experience in both the public and private sectors.

He has served as Senior Vice President and General Counsel of the World Bank, where he was instrumental in establishing The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and the Secretary General of The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).

He is Lecturer at Law at Harvard Law School where he teaches a course on international law.

He practiced law at the international law firms of Morrison & Foerster, O'Melveny & Myers, and Debevoise & Plimpton.

The GHIT Board benefits particularly from his expertise in international organizations, development and corporate governance.

He received his undergraduate degree in physics from Harvard University and his law degree from Harvard Law School, and did graduate studies at the University of Tokyo, Faculty of Law.

Standing Committees of the Board are established to serve specific functions.

Reviews audit reports with the auditor and ensures that appropriate internal controls are in place.

Helps to review GHIT's portfolio and determine strategy for future Requests for Proposals.

Review and critique strategies that solidify introductory plans for new products.

Reviews CEO and COO performance and makes recommendations regarding annual compensation and bonuses to the Board of Directors.

Confirms whether GHIT is being managed in accordance with its policies.

Creates succession plans for the Chair of the Board of Directors and CEO.

Proposes Board member succession plans and priorities for future composition to the Board of Directors and the Council.

Global Health Innovative Technology Fund (GHIT)

The idea of a Japanese nonprofit focused on global health R&D was conceived during a conversation between Tachi Yamada and former executive at Eisai Co. Ltd., BT Slingsby – the fund's first CEO and founder of GHIT. A launch committee was set up in 2012 among the Government of Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Astellas, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Shionogi, Takeda, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. This committee worked collectively to design the organization based on the idea that new investment and innovation are needed to address some of the world’s most neglected diseases[13] and that Japan – a leader in health technologies innovation – could be doing more in the global fight against infectious diseases.[14] The launch committee also designed the unique governance model to minimize potential conflicts of interest in investment decision making. In 2013, the GHIT Fund formally launched with an initial commitment of over US$100 million.


With Haile Giyorgis' removal from office by then-Regent "Ras" Tafari Makonnen in 1917, the post of "Negadras" of Addis Ababa lost most of its powers to the office of "Kantiba", the head of the municipal government, which had been created in 1910, with other towns later following suit.

Collection: Wikipedia Outlinks March 2016

Crawl of outlinks from wikipedia.org started March, 2016.

These files are currently not publicly accessible.

It has been several years since the last time we did this.

For this collection, several things were done:

This collection will be complete, as there is a

good chance we will share the data, and sharing data with pointers to random

other collections, is a complex problem.

2. For the first time, did all the different wikis.

This one, the seed list was built from all 865 collections.

The Wayback Machine - https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033624/http://www.seleda.com/nov00/mayor.shtml

Addis Ababa's first real mayor ruled at the beginning of the last century, a period of transition for Ethiopia and its urban areas, much as is the case today.

His life was full of intrigue, the calculated pursuit of power, and the callous use of marriage to further his political career.

He was an extremely controversial figure, widely seen as being corrupt and presided over Ethiopia's small but growing number of monied capitalists.

He ruled Addis Ababa not with the actual title of mayor (Kentiba), but as Negadras (or head of the merchants) from 1900 to 1917.

Hayle Giyorgis was an extremely powerful national figure who, as we shall see, became Bitweded, the Prime Minister of Ethiopia, and basically ran the country on Lej Iyasu's behalf from about 1914 to 1916, as well as the most important early formative influence on the growth and development of Addis Ababa.

Hayle Giyorgis's origins are obscure but it is fairly clear that he was neither a peasant nor an aristocrat.

There seems to have been no discernible commercial background in his family's past.

His father was put in charge of the Empress Taytu's granaries in Adda, an important but "middle level" management position in the mid to late nineteenth century Ethiopian court.

However, this meant that his family already had at least some access to influence and contacts on behalf of their children.

In about 1890, Hayle Giyorgis obtained his first administrative position as an assistant to the new Negadras of Addis Ababa, Aggedew.

To obtain such a position he almost certainly must have performed well in the traditional education system of Ethiopia and become sufficiently literate in Amharic to become attuned to the subtleties and procedures of the imperial court.

First, he took over the administration of the Addis Ababa customs (Wanna Yegumruk Sehafi) in 1894.

This was an extremely important and lucrative position in the Ethiopian empire ruled by Emperor Menilek and Empress Taytu.

By the beginning of the twentieth century it was the second largest market in Ethiopia, surpassed only by Harar.

The head of the capital's customs was in a position to make large amounts of money for the Emperor and for himself.

Menilek increasingly insisted that all imports and exports had to be funneled through the capital so that they could be more efficiently taxed.

You can be sure that the Emperor would insist on an official totally loyal to him to supervise this most lucrative of revenues.

His second big break came when his mentor, Negadras Aggedew died in 1900 and Menilek appointed him the new Negadras of Addis Ababa.

The Negadras was an important position in the Ethiopian court, but of course, did not compare, at least yet, to the wealth and prestige of the nobles of the land, like a Dejazmach or Ras, let alone a Negus.

Nor was a Negadras really comparable in the history of Addis Ababa to the major figures of either of the imperial households, each headed by a figure like the Azaj.

However, the power of the position had steadily increased during the tenure of Aggedew.

Born in Gondar, he was from an important and prestigious trading family of this former Ethiopian capital and he and his family had helped to settle and give their name to the Gondari sefer in Addis Ababa.

Remember, Addis Ababa was founded and named by Empress Taytu in 1886.

It must have seemed natural to her that a member of her entourage should succeed to this important position.

As Negadras and head of the merchants of Addis Ababa Hayle Giyorgis inherited jurisdiction over the Gonderi sefer, as well as the central market of that time the Arada (the merkato replaced the Arada as the central market when the Italians segregated the capital during their occupation of Addis Ababa from 1936 to 1941).

The power and prestige of Addis Ababa and the Negadras increased significantly in the wake of the Battle of Adwa, which brought widespread international recognition of Ethiopia and permanent diplomatic and commercial representatives established in the new capital.

The Negadras was increasingly delegated to keep a day to day eye on all the foreigners, commercial and diplomatic resident in the Addis.

He also played an increasingly important part in the giving of monopolies to Ethiopians and foreigners, always a lucrative and often a corrupting source of power.

Thus soon after the turn of the century he was de facto Minister of Commerce and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

It would be some years before he was actually given these foreign and imported titles.

Furthermore, Menilek was already using Hayle Giyorgis to control the far-flung commerce of his empire through a network of Negadras spread throughout the major towns of his expanding empire.

Each was to report to the Addis Ababa Negadras, Hayle Giyorgis who would control and administer them on behalf of the Emperor.

The first of which we have proof was the Negadras of Addis Alem, the short lived replacement capital of Ethiopia, founded in about 1900.

Eventually, most of the Negadras of Ethiopia like, Gondar, Harar, Jimma, Gambela etc. would come under Hayle Giyorgis's control, but that is beyond our story here, which is to focus on the history of the capital of Ethiopia and its early mayor.

It was probably at this time that Hayla Giyorgis began a series of political marriage alliances when Empress Taytu gave him her niece Yetemegnu in marriage.

Her previous husband had been the Shum Tembien.

For a man with no aristocratic pedigree, this was a major step up into the higher reaches of the Ethiopian court.

The Italians also recognized his upward mobility when he was given a sizeable bribe, 600 Lire, according to an anonymous 1902 memo in the Italian archives.

During the first six year of the new century Hayle Giyorgis's political and economic influence grew steadily.

He raised the revenues of the Addis Ababa customs to about 210,000 Maria Theresa Dollars (when the annual income of an ordinary Ethiopian soldier was only a few Maria Theresa dollars a year).

In 1906 three major events would further Hayle Giyorgis's career.

First and most important, the major figure of the imperial household, Menilek's right hand man, who had supervised many aspects of Addis Ababa for the Emperor, Azaj Gezaw, fell from favor.

He was almost certainly Hayle Giyorgis's major competitor for power in the capital and the Negadras and his assistants took over many of the functions of Gezaw.

We can almost certainly date Hayle Giyorgis's day to day involvement in the city's growth and administration, outside the purely economic sphere of the Negadras, from this date.

Secondly, he was made balemwal or favorite by the Emperor, to show his increasingly close link to the imperial couple.

Finally, also in 1906, Ras Mekonnen, the father of the future Hayle Sellassie, died.

There were spontaneous riots in Harar and in Addis Ababa; Hayla Giyorgis reestablished order and moved to create a more efficient police force.

The crisis allowed the Emperor and his chief Negadras to take over more and more of the influence and wealth of Mekonnen's center of power, Harar, and finally make Addis Ababa the dominant economic center of the empire.

British archival sources, based on the analysis of their diplomatic representative in Addis Ababa, now described Hayle Giyorgis as: "the richest man in ready money in Abyssinia" and Addis Ababa's annual customs revenue topping 700,000 Maria Theresa Dollars.

They also called him the "principle merchant, civil magistrate, chief of the customs and... head of the police" of Addis Ababa.

Hayle Giyorgis had arrived as one of the major movers and shakers of Ethiopia, but there was a significant difference between him and the other major powers at court.

Their power rested on land and influence at court by marriage and birth.

Hayle Giyorgis's power rested on money and influence.

He was the first major figure on the Ethiopian political scene whose power was not based essentially on control of land.

His power signals the rise of capitalism in Ethiopia, or if you prefer the coming of significant change and modernization.

Land would, of course, continue to be the major index of wealth in Ethiopia, but from now on wealth in terms of cash, liquidity would play an increasingly important role.

Negadras Hayle Giyorgis can be seen as a symbol of this new important class.

The first time foreigners in their diplomatic reports to Europe recognized Hayle Giyorgis as a major player in Ethiopia and Addis Ababa came when Menilek announced his new cabinet in 1907.

The Negadras was listed as Minister of Commerce and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

As we have seen he already performed the functions implied by these new foreign titles, but Menilek saw that an appointed a western style cabinet, at least in name, would help persuade the west that Ethiopia was serious about building a modern state.

This did not however, prevent the British and Italians from objecting strenuously to his appointment, calling him "corrupt" and an "intriguer".

It helps to realize that these two powers saw the Negadras as being too close to the Germans and not sufficiently pliant to their wishes.

Intrigue is often in the eye of the beholder.

Negadras Hayle Giyorgis was now reaching the first highpoint of his career.

Although he was appointed to take over parts of Wellega that had formerly been under the control of Dejazmach Joti, he remained largely in the capital and took over more and more responsibilities from the ailing Menilek.

In Addis Ababa he directed the reform of the Addis Ababa police force, reformed the registration and making of deeds for land in Addis Ababa and heard more and more judicial appeals of commercial cases.

He brought in experienced foreigners to help in the reform of the city and used them in advisory positions.

Of greatest significance were the reforms in the land tenure in the city.

Police and security in the capital were constantly being changed but something basic and most important happened in so far as property in the capital was concerned.

It seems clear that during this period the buying and selling of city lots was first introduced and later during his tenure become more and more common.

This was the first time in Ethiopian history that this was allowed on a significant scale.

Previously, Menilek and his predecessors had simply allowed nobility and merchants the use of sefers or plots of land for unspecified periods of time.

The Emperor carefully kept the right to revoke their rights over the land in his own hands.

Foreigners and Ethiopian capitalists complained vociferously that they should be able to legally own land in perpetuity, otherwise no one would have the incentive to invest significant amounts of money to build permanent structures.

Menilek eventually agreed, once it was clear that the Addis Ababa site was permanent and would not be moved again.

While Hayle Giyorgis had been steadily gaining power in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, over the last few years his relationship with Empress Taytu had been growing increasingly tense.

As the Emperor grew increasingly ill and was unable to carry on the day to day activities of governing, members of the court competed to fill the vacuum and to expand their own powers.

By 1909 Hayle Giyorgis began to clash more and more with the Empress, first she forced him to give up the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and then she gave most of his power over money in Addis Ababa to the new Minister of Finance.

On December 24th, 1909 Taytu removed him from power and had him chained.

But Taytu went further and insisted that her niece divorce him.

However, the next day, according to a contemporary Ethiopian source, Hakim Warqeneh: "there was a great demonstration and joy at the release of Haile Gorgis.

All the merchants ... became guarantee for him."

Hayle Giyogris was not a figure many in the capital loved, but he was someone on whom many depended for their livelihood and so thousands gathered at the palace to offer their support.

Taytu had all his "shady" financial dealings investigated by her Minister of Finance.

It was several months before the Ministry of Commerce was restored to him and that only after Taytu herself was forced out of power by Ras Tessema Nado, one of Menilek's most famous generals and the man he selected to act as Regent on behalf of his grandson Lej Iyasu.

It was a national power struggle that determined who would rule the capital.

Hayle Giyorgis, ever the pragmatist, single mindedly pursued power.

In March 1910 he was reappointed Minister of Commerce by Tessema.

By now he now must have become a member of the Council of State made up of the dozen or so most powerful individuals in Ethiopia.

Hayle Giyorgis again used marriage to further consolidate his position.

This time he managed to win the hand of a natural daughter of Ras Tessema improving his prospects in the changed court of the new Regent.

He spent 100,000 Maria Theresa dollars on the marriage festivities.

Tessema slowly replaced the Empress's other appointments to those who would be loyal to him.

He could depend on Hayle Giyorgis to be adamantly opposed to Taytu, after the way she had treated him.

However, Hayle Giyorgis had moved too cynically and quickly.

Within six months Ras Tessema had a stroke and died and the Negadras focused his attention on the heir to the throne, Lej Iyasu Mikael (still a teenager) and his father Ras Mikael.

In 1911 Hayle Giyorgis continued to rebuild his national power base and grew closer to Lej Iyasu.

He was reappointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and became controller of the Jibuti to Dire Dawa railway for the first time.

Increasingly he began to be identified as one of the two or three most powerful men in Ethiopia after Iyasu and Iyasu's father Ras Mikael.

Mikael made only occasional visits to the capital and Lej Iyasu detested day to day administration and increasingly left it to others.

Hayle Giyorgis was never shy when in came to filling a power vacuum and steadily gained influence from 1911 to 1916.

In Addis Ababa he carried out only one reform project in this period, the reorganization of the police force.

Veterans from colonial Italian military or paramilitary units that had recruited from among Eritreans and had fought with the Italians during the Italian takeover of Tripoli and Cyrenaica (what is today Libya), were recruited for a new Addis Ababa police force.

The Addis Ababa nickname for the unpopular police was Tribolis.

Internationally 1914 was of great importance with the beginning of World War I, but had little immediate effect on Addis Ababa and Ethiopia.

The long term implications were to be serious because Iyasu and Hayle Giyorgis were increasingly closely linked to the German side in the war and, as we shall see, this had major implications for their long term survival in power.

Meanwhile, Hayle Giyorgis managed to carry out a third marriage coup.

In 1914 he dumped his previous wife, a relative of the now dead Ras Tessema, and married the daughter of Negus Michael and half sister of Lej Iyasu, Weyzero Sehin (she was also the mother of Empress Menen).

This was the most important of all his marriage alliances.

Within two weeks he was raised to the status of Betweded (Beloved) by Iyasu, made President of the ruling Council of State and given the rich province of Sidamo.

From 1914 to 1916 he took over the day to day running of the Ethiopian empire to a greater extent than any other single individual.

Lej Iyasu delegated most all irksome administrative duties to his supervision.

Hayle Giyorgis had now reached the pinnacle of his power.

At this time he focused a good deal of his energies on the capital.

He reorganized the municipality appointing an advisory council of foreigners made up of his old cronies who had advised him over the years.

They included Baldassare, Chefneux, Michel, Mayer and Sourvis.

For the first time Addis Ababa would have its problems tackled in an organized manner.

However, few of the changes were long lasting.

He had monopolies imposed on gasoline and salt in order to pay for the planned improvements of the capital.

He also increased the efficiency of the administration of municipal taxes and customs in Addis Ababa.

This inevitably led to immediate and vociferous complaints from its merchants.

Hayle Giyorgis's position of preeminence remained unchanged from 1915 until the coup of September 1916 when Ras Tefferi, the future Hayle Sellassie came to power.

This, perhaps, is not the place to go into the details of that complicated event.

Suffice it to say that Hayle Giyorgis was seen to hesitate and prevaricate during the crisis.

After Iyasu was overthrown and Negus Michael defeated at the Battle of Segele (in October of 1916), Hayle Giyorgis, also in October 1916, had his troops taken away.

In July 1917 Teferi put him in chains and stripped him of all his important offices.

The Negadras barricaded himself in his house in the Arada and Teferi was forced to surround his home with troops and physically remove him from power.

This was Teferi's first trial of strength after having been appointed heir to the throne.

It was bloodless and eminently successful.

Some would say that the future Hayle Sellassie inherited far more than he was willing to admit from the first mayor of Addis Ababa, in his methods and manner of ruling, especially when it came to money and the role of Negadras.

During the last seven years of his life, Hayla Giyorgis supported several intrigues attempting, unsuccessfully, to return to power between 1917 and 1924.

However, these last years never again saw him wield significant power either nationally or in Addis Ababa as he had from 1900 to 1917.

Negadras Hayle Giyorgis was the major figure to guide Addis Ababa through its first two decades in the twentieth century.

In so far as it had an organized government and functioning municipality, the credit should go in these early years to this one man.

His most important achievements were to organize the first municipality, set up efficient taxation systems, institute a new land tenure system, based on the buying and selling of land and finally the organization of the cities first real police system.

He was controversial and autocratic, manipulating marriage and money to increase his own power and prestige, but also had a reputation for fairness.

It can be taken as a given that Ethiopia's and Addis Ababa's history will always be complex, but also that personalities tend to play a large part in its history.

Hayla Giyorgis clearly was one of the most important individuals in the overall sweep of Addis Ababa's development.

© Copyright SELEDA Ethiopia, November 2000.

"Bitwoded" Haile Giyorgis Wolde Mikael was a senior Ethiopia government official who, holding the office of "Negadras" or chief of merchants, by 1906 supervised foreign businesses and diplomatic missions in the capital, Addis Ababa, as well as the responsibility of granting concessions and contracts to foreign enterprises, making the post the "de facto" Mayor of Addis Ababa, as well as its Chief of police, the Minister of Commerce and Minister of Foreign Affairs. These functions were separated by the formation of the first cabinet in 1907, with Haile Giyorgis appointed to those posts "de jure".


He learned editing from producer and director Shaukat Hussain Rizvi.

(meta data) TITLE: Ravindra Dave birth centenary: Find out all about the director who made films in Hindi and Gujarati

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# Tribute: Director Ravindra Dave, who was 'Ravinbhai' in Hindi films and 'Bapa' for Gujarati cinema

## A tribute to the multi-faceted filmmaker on his birth centenary.

Nagina (1951), directed by Ravindra Dave.

This year marks the birth centenary of an eclectic filmmaker whose name is not as celebrated as others.

He directed 30 movies, worked as a producer, production manager, editor and screenplay writer, and introduced many brilliant artists to Hindi and Gujarati cinema.

Dave's Hindi films between the early 1950s and the late '60s include Nagina (1951), Agra Road (1957), Post Box 999 (1958), Satta Bazaar (1959), Dulha Dulhan (1964) and Raaz (1967).

His films had numerous hits songs, and were largely popular with audiences.

His contributions extend to Gujarati cinema, which he revived with the blockbuster Jesal Toral in 1971.

Dave was born in Karachi in undivided India on April 16, 1919.

One of his early mentors was his maternal uncle and popular film producer Dalsukh Pancholi.

Dave started his career at the age of 14 as a production manager for Punjabi films under Pancholi at his studio in Lahore (before Independence and the Partition in 1947, films were also being made in Lahore).

Apart from training under Pancholi, Dave picked up vital editing skills from Shaukat Hussain Rizvi, the producer and husband of singer Noor Jehan who was one of the pioneers of Pakistani cinema after 1947.

Dave was only 23 when Pancholi entrusted him with Poonji in 1943.

Directed along with Vishnu R Pancholi, the box office hit revolves around three sisters who want to prevent their old father from marrying again.

"A film that entertained and yet made a substantial contribution to the screen art of the country," the Film India magazine noted in its December 1943 issue.

"The picture is directed by two new comers and considering that they were new to the game, they could be said to have done very well."

Dave went solo for his second film, the suspense thriller Dhamki (1945).

Inspired by the film noir style and featuring dark alleys and dim lighting, Dhamki was "not as popular and appreciated by audiences seeking ingredients of his early popular 'Poonji', but for discerning cinemagoer it was a more integrated and competently made crime thriller", film chronicler VP Sathe noted.

Dave later moved to Mumbai, and tackled social dramas, light comedies, mythologicals and patriotic films.

He specialised in murder mysteries and suspense thrillers.

Among the few Adults-only films of its time was Nagina (1951), starring Nutan and Nasir Khan.

Nutan was only 15 years old at the time, and wasn't allowed into the theatre for the premiere.

Nagina gave Nutan her first big break and introduced playback singer CH Atma through composers Shankar-Jaikishan.

The film inspired the name of Dave's production company, which he set up in 1956.

The titles he made for Nagina Films include Satta Bazaar (1959), starring Balraj Sahni and Meena Kumari, and Dulha Dulhan (1964), pairing together Raj Kapoor and Sadhana for the first time.

His thrillers include Motimahal (1952), Char Minar (1956), Agra Road (1957) – this film was Vijay Anand's acting debut – and Post Box 999 (1958).

Starring Sunil Dutt and Shakila, Post Box 999 was inspired by the Hollywood film Call Northside 777 (1948).

The thriller Raaz (1967) was to have been the debut of Rajesh Khanna and Babita.

However, the production was delayed, and Khanna made his debut with Aakhri Khat in 1966 and Babita in Dus Lakh the same year.

Paas Baitho Tabiyat, Punar Milan (Punar Milan (1964).

Dave worked with many leading composers, including Ghulam Haider, Husnlal-Bhagatram, Shankar-Jaikishan, C Ramchandra, Chitragupta, OP Nayyar, SD Burman, Roshan, Kalyanji-Anandji and Ravi.

Dave also gave Manna Dey his first break as a composer with the 1953 production Naina, starring Geeta Bali and Abhi Bhattacharya.

Dave was launching newcomers even with his final Hindi film, Road to Sikkim (1969).

It starred Anju Mahendru and Dev Kumar, and was the debut of music composer Vijaysinghraje Patwardhan (the father of Maine Pyar Kiya actress Bhagyashree).

In the 1970s, Dave switched to Gujarati films purely by chance.

He set out to remake Nagina with Leena Chandavarkar and Sanjay Khan, but the project didn't take off.

To keep his production crew employed, Dave turned his attention to his mother tongue, Gujarati.

In 1971, he directed Jesal Toral, based on the legend of the dacoit who is reformed by love.

The blockbuster launched the careers of Upendra Trivedi and Ramesh Mehta, and is credited with reviving the Gujarati film industry.

Ravindra Dave's Jesal Toral (1971) celebrates its 25-week run.

Dave went on to collaborate with Upendra Trivedi in 16 films.

In all, Dave directed 26 movies in Gujarati.

Avinash Vyas was the music composer for 20 of these films.

Ravindra Dave was fondly known as "Ravinbhai" in the Hindi film industry.

The Gujarati film fraternity called him "Bapa".

Dave's innings in Gujarati cinema included the blockbusters Raja Bharathari (1973), Hothal Padmani (1974), Kunvarbai nu Mameru (1974), Shetal Ne Kanthe (1975), Malavpati Munj (1976), Bhadar Tara Vehta Pani (1976), Son Kansari (1977) and Patali Parmar (1978).

In Gujarati cinema, Ravindra Dave was his own competitor.

His last released Gujarati film was Malo Nagde (1985), starring Upendra Trivedi, Aruna Irani and Mulraj Rajda.

In a souvenir published for Dave's sixtieth birthday, actor Upendra Trivedi wrote, "As Columbus in the search of discovering India unknowingly discovered the land of America, Ravindra Dave decided to make one Gujarati film to make his staff occupied immediately for work as his entire production unit was dangling with date problems of stars of his Hindi film remake titled as 'Nagina.'"

Dave introduced technical innovations to Gujarati cinema, including shooting Jesal Toral in colour, Trivedi added.

Other factors that propelled Dave's Gujarati films towards success were lucid narrations, efficient editing, and cost-effective production values.

Nearly all members of Dave's extended family were recruited for his productions.

His wife, Jashumatiben, kept the home front free of problems.

Pratap Dave, Ravindra Dave's cousin, was his cinematographer Post Box 999 onwards.

His younger brother, Kantilal Dave, produced Jesal Toral.

Kantilal's son, Bharat, turned producer with Sant Surdas.

Another brother, Ramesh Dave, handled the production.

Among the kin who made the Ravindra Dave production a family affair were Kumar Dave, Narendra Dave, Arvind Dave, Dinesh Raval, Balwant Dave and Ramnik Acharya.

Although Dave was a prolific filmmaker, he made the time to indulge his passions.

He loved driving, and owned vintage cars, which he worked on himself.

His fleet included cars of the Austin, Chevrolet, Hudson, Plymouth, Buick, Ambassador and Fiat makes.

He once gifted the actress Sadhana a yellow-coloured station wagon.

Dave also had an interest in carpentry – he would make chairs for domestic use – and was an amateur painter and sculptor too.

O Neend Na Mujhko Aaye, Post Box 999 (1958).

After reviving Gujarat cinema, Dave hoped to return to Hindi films in the '80s.

He set out to make a crime thriller titled Mera Pati Mera Qatil.

Dave's long-time assistant director Shridutt Vyas said in an interview, "He had narrated the script to actor-producer Rakesh Roshan.

This was not just a film, but his dream project.

This was his swansong, where he wanted to prove his mettle.

Unfortunately, due to his critical health and financial problems, the film didn't make it to the production stage."

Ravindra Dave died at the age of 73 on July 21, 1992, in Mumbai, leaving behind a rich legacy in Hindi and Gujarati cinema that continues to be celebrated.

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Ravindra Dave was born on 16 April 1919 in Karachi, British India (modern day Pakistan) in a Brahmin family. His family belonged to Halvad (modern day Gujarat, India). At the age of 14, he joined his uncle Dalsukh M. Pancholi in Lahore as a production manager for his Punjabi films.


Michelle Malkin, writing for "The Daily Signal", suggests that it is a form of virtue signalling.

(meta data) TITLE: The Dangers of 'Believe Women'

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## Podcast: Allie Beth Stuckey on Millennial Misconceptions, #MeToo, and Advice for Conservatives

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## Cosby, Kavanaugh, and the Necessity of Evidence

## There's No Reason to Delay the Kavanaugh Vote Any Further

## The Left's Long Attempt to Derail Kavanaugh Vote by Any Means Necessary

## We Hear You: After 35 Years, Christine Blasey Ford Accuses Brett Kavanaugh

## We Hear You: Bad Apples at the IRS, State's Security Breach Under Hillary, and Other Runaway Agencies

## We Hear You: What the Thoughts of County Fairgoers Say About America Today

## We Hear You: Illegal Immigration, Gun Rights, Lower Taxes, and Free Speech

## The Daily Signal Podcast: The Effect of the Ford Hearing

## The Daily Signal Podcast: Heather Mac Donald Explains 'The Diversity Delusion' in Our Educational System

## How Trump Rescued Our Economy From Obama's 'New Normal'

## How Congress Can Make Tax Cuts Permanent Without Worsening the Debt

## Tax Reform Spurs a Doubling of This Texan's Business

Supreme Court nominee Judge Brett Kavanaugh speaks during a Senate Judiciary Committee confirmation hearing on Capitol Hill, Sept. 4, 2018.

Michelle Malkin is a columnist for The Daily Signal, senior editor at Conservative Review, a best-selling author, and Fox News contributor.

I have a message for virtue-signaling men who've rushed to embrace #MeToo operatives hurling uncorroborated sexual assault allegations into the chaotic court of public opinion.

Your blanket "Believe Women" bloviations are moral and intellectual abominations that insult every human being of sound mind and soul.

A certain class of never Trump-harumphers are leading the charge on behalf of Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh's memory-addled partisan accuser Christine Blasey Ford—who cannot recall the year she was allegedly traumatized, where it happened, who threw the party that paralyzed her for nearly four decades, how many were in attendance during her claimed assault, how she got there, or how she left.

Bush campaign hack-turned-ABC News analyst Matthew Dowd doesn't need any data to analyze.

"Enough with the 'he said, she said'" storyline," he declared this week.

"If this is 'he said, she said,' then let's believe the she in these scenarios.

She has nothing to gain, and everything to lose.

For 250 years we have believed the he in these scenarios.

Clinton/Kerry flack Peter Daou echoed the unthinking sentiment: "To everyone on the right who says I'm being selective, I BELIEVE WOMEN whether the accused is a Republican or Democrat.

And yes, that includes all the names you're throwing at me.

My default in these situations is to BELIEVE WOMEN."

Ivy League poobah Simon Hedlin asserted: "Accusers go public not because of any supposed benefits but despite the immense costs."

He argued: "When somebody is credibly accused of sexual misconduct, the default should be to believe the accuser."

The costly toll of "believing women," instead of believing evidence, can be seen in the hundreds and hundreds of cases recorded by the University of Michigan Law School's National Registry of Exonerations involving innocent men falsely accused of rape and rape/murders.

One of those men whose plight I've reported on for CRTV and my syndicated column, former Fort Worth police officer Brian Franklin, spent 21 years in prison of a life sentence after he was convicted of sexually assaulting a 13-year-old girl in 1995 who had committed perjury on the stand.

Franklin vigilantly maintained his innocence, studied law in the prison library, and won a reversal of his conviction in 2016.

The jury took less than two hours to acquit him.

He recently submitted a 200-page application for a pardon for innocence and cannot do what he wants to do—return to law enforcement—unless the members of the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles (along with Texas constitutional conservatives who pay lip service to truth, justice, and due process) do the right thing.

In Philadelphia, Anthony Wright also served more than two decades behind bars like Franklin.

He was convicted in 1993 for a brutal rape and murder of an elderly woman.

It was a female prosecutor, Bridget Kirn, who "failed to alert the Court or the jury to what she personally knew was the falsity of [police detectives'] testimony, or otherwise honor her ethical duty to correct it," according to Wright's lawyers with the Innocence Project.

They have filed a lawsuit directly aimed at the prosecutor this week to hold her accountable for her criminal falsehoods.

And just this week, Oregonian Joshua Horner, serving a 50-year sentence for sexual abuse of a young girl, was exonerated after a dog that the accuser had claimed he shot dead was found alive.

There had been no DNA, no corroborating witnesses, and no other forensic evidence—just the word of girl whose contradictions and memory problems were explained away as "post-traumatic stress" while an innocent man nearly drowned.

The idea that all women and girls must be telling the truth at all times about sexual assault allegations because they "have nothing to gain" is perilously detached from reality.

Retired NYPD special victim squad detective John Savino, forensic scientist and criminal profiler of the Forensic Criminology Institute Brent Turvey, and forensic psychologist Aurelio Coronado Mares detail the myriad "prosocial" and "antisocial" lies people tell in their textbook "False Allegations: Investigative and Forensic Issues in Fraudulent Reports of Crime."

"Prosocial deceptions" involve specific motives beneficial to both the deceiver and the deceived, including the incentives to "preserve the dignity of others," to gain "financial benefit" for another; to protect a relationship; "ego-boosting or image protection (of others)"; and "protecting others from harm or consequence.

"Antisocial" lies involve selfish motives to "further a personal agenda at some cost to others," including "self-deception and rationalization to protect or boost self-esteem"; "enhance status or perception in the eyes of others"; "garner sympathy"; "avoid social stigma"; "conceal inadequacy, error, and culpability"; "avoid consequence"; and for "personal and/or material gain."

Let me repeat the themes of my work in this area for the past two years to counter the "Believe Women" baloney:

The role of the press should be verification, not validation.

It's not victim-blaming to get to the bottom of the truth.

Join the millions of people who benefit from The Daily Signal's fair, accurate, trustworthy reporting with direct access to:

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"Believe women" is an American political slogan arising out of the Me Too movement. It refers to the perceived necessity of accepting women's allegations of sexual harassment or sexual assault at face value. Sady Doyle, writing for "Elle", argues that the phrase means "don’t assume women as a gender are especially deceptive or vindictive, and recognize that false allegations are less common than real ones."
 The phrase grew in popularity in response to the Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination. On September 28, 2018, the dating app Bumble took out a full page advertisement in the "New York Times" saying simply, "Believe women".
 The slogan has been criticised for encouraging a presumption of guilt.