SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Separation of Powers Restoration 
Act''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

    The Congress finds the following:
            (1) As a limit on governmental power, Constitutional 
        framers vested Federal powers in three coequal branches of 
        government, each with unique and limited powers and each with a 
        coequal duty to uphold and sustain the Constitution of the 
        United States.
            (2) A Supreme Court justice stated, ``The doctrine of the 
        separation of powers was adopted by the convention of 1787 not 
        to promote efficiency but to preclude the exercise of arbitrary 
        power. The purpose was not to avoid friction, but, by means of 
        the inevitable friction incident to the distribution of the 
        governmental powers among three departments, to save the people 
        from autocracy.'' Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52, 293 
        (1926) (Brandeis, J., dissenting).
            (3) James Madison, quoting Montesquieu, stated in 
        Federalist 47, ```There can be no liberty where the legislative 
        and executive powers are united in the same person, or body of 
        magistrates.'''
            (4) Article I of the Constitution provides, ``All 
        legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress 
        of the United States.''
            (5) A congressional committee print has noted that, 
        ``[b]ecause the President has no power or authority over 
        individual citizens and their rights except where he is granted 
        such power and authority by a provision in the Constitution or 
        by statute, the President's proclamations are not legally 
        binding and are at best hortatory unless based on such grants 
        of authority.'' 85th Cong., 1st Sess., Executive Orders and 
        Proclamations: A Study of a Use of Presidential Powers (Comm. 
        Print 1957).
            (6) The Supreme Court has stated that, even if Presidents 
        have, without congressional authority, taken actions only the 
        Congress may take, ``Congress has not thereby lost its 
        exclusive constitutional authority to make laws necessary and 
        proper to carry out the powers vested by the Constitution `in 
        the Government of the United States, or any Department of 
        Officer thereof.''' (Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 
        343 U.S. 579 (1952)).
            (7) Treaties or Executive Agreements which purport to 
        assign powers not amongst those specifically granted to the 
        Federal Government by the Constitution are non-binding and 
        cannot constitute law.

SEC. 3. EFFECT OF PRESIDENTIAL ORDERS.

    (a) Limited Effect of Presidential Orders.--A Presidential order 
neither constitutes nor has the force of law and is limited in its 
application and effect to the executive branch.
    (b) Exceptions.--Subsection (a) does not apply to--
            (1) a reprieve or pardon for an offense against the United 
        States, except in cases of impeachment;
            (2) an order given to military personnel pursuant to duties 
        specifically related to actions taken as Commander in Chief of 
        the Armed Forces; or
            (3) a Presidential order citing the specific congressional 
        enactment relied upon for the authority exercised in such order 
        and--
                    (A) issued pursuant to such authority;
                    (B) commensurate with the limit imposed by the 
                plain language of such authority; and
                    (C) not issued pursuant to a ratified or unratified 
                treaty or bilateral or multilateral agreement which--
                            (i) violates the ninth or tenth amendments 
                        to the Constitution; or
                            (ii) makes a delegation of power to a 
                        foreign government or international body when 
                        no such delegating authority exists under the 
                        Constitution.

SEC. 4. REQUIREMENT OF STATEMENT OF AUTHORITY FOR PRESIDENTIAL ORDERS.

    (a) Statement of Authority.--The President shall provide for each 
Presidential order a statement of the specific statutory or 
constitutional provision which in fact grants the President the 
authority claimed for such action.
    (b) Invalidity of Nonconforming Orders.--A Presidential order which 
does not include the statement required by subsection (a) is invalid, 
to the extent such Presidential order is issued under authority granted 
by a congressional enactment. This subsection applies to Presidential 
orders in effect on or after the date that is 180 days after the date 
of enactment of this Act.

SEC. 5. STANDING TO CHALLENGE PRESIDENTIAL ORDERS WHICH IMPACT 
              SEPARATION OF POWERS INTEGRITY.

    The following persons may bring an action in an appropriate United 
States court to challenge the validity of any Presidential order which 
exceeds the power granted to the President by the relevant authorizing 
statute or the Constitution:
            (1) Congress and its members.--The Congress, the House of 
        Representatives, the Senate, any Senator, and any 
        Representative to the House of Representatives, if the 
        challenged Presidential order--
                    (A) infringes on any power of Congress;
                    (B) exceeds any power granted by a congressional 
                enactment; or
                    (C) violates section 4 because it does not state 
                the statutory authority which in fact grants the 
                President the power claimed for the action taken in 
                such Presidential order.
            (2) State and local governments.--The highest governmental 
        official of any State, commonwealth, district, territory, or 
        possession of the United States, or any political subdivision 
        thereof, or the designee of such person, if the challenged 
        Presidential order infringes on a power of such State or on a 
        power afforded to such commonwealth, district, territory, or 
        possession under any congressional enactment or relevant treaty 
        of the United States.
            (3) Aggrieved persons.--Any person aggrieved in a liberty 
        or property interest adversely affected directly by the 
        challenged Presidential order.

SEC. 6. NATIONAL EMERGENCY POWER DIVESTED TO CONGRESS.

    (a) Divestiture of Authority To Declare Emergency.--To the extent 
that any Act of Congress in effect on the date of enactment of this Act 
grants to the President or any other officer or employee of the 
executive branch the power to declare a national emergency, such power 
is hereby divested to the Congress alone.
    (b) Termination of Powers Under Existing States of Emergency.--
            (1) In general.--All powers and authorities possessed by 
        the President, any other officer or employee of the Federal 
        Government, or any executive agency (as defined in section 105 
        of title 5, United States Code) as a result of the existence of 
        any declaration of national emergency in effect on the date of 
        enactment of this Act are terminated 90 days after the date of 
        enactment of this Act. Such termination shall not affect--
                    (A) any action taken or proceeding pending that is 
                not finally concluded or determined before such date of 
                termination;
                    (B) any action or proceeding based on any act 
                committed before such date termination; or
                    (C) any rights or duties that matured or penalties 
                that were incurred prior to such date of termination.
            (2) National emergency defined.--For the purpose of this 
        subsection, the term ``national emergency'' means a general 
        declaration of emergency made by the President or any other 
        officer or employee of the executive branch.

SEC. 7. PRESIDENTIAL ORDER DEFINED.

    In this Act, the term ``Presidential order'' means--
            (1) any Executive order, Presidential proclamation, or 
        Presidential directive; and
            (2) any other Presidential or Executive action by whatever 
        name described purporting to have normative effect outside the 
        executive branch which is issued under the authority of the 
        President or any other officer or employee of the executive 
        branch.
Separation of Powers Restoration Act - States that a presidential order, with specific exceptions, neither constitutes nor has the force of law and is limited in application and effect to the executive branch.Directs the President to provide with each presidential order a statement of the specific statutory or constitutional authority for such action.Authorizes both Houses of Congress, a Senator or Representative, certain State and local officials, and certain aggrieved persons to bring an action to challenge the validity of any presidential order which exceeds the power granted to the President by the relevant authorizing statute or the Constitution.States that, to the extent that any Act of Congress grants to the President or any other executive officer or employee the power to declare a national emergency, such power is divested to Congress alone.Terminates after 90 days all powers and authorities possessed by the President or any other Federal officer or employee or executive agency as a result of the existence of a declaration of national emergency in effect on the date of enactment of this Act.
{"src": "billsum_test", "title": "To restore the separation of powers between the Congress and the President."}