The MODIS and MSG cloud cover **data** provide a combined measure of cloud cover fraction, but they do not separate different cloud types. By utilizing Sentinel-5P cloud **data** and a cloud classification scheme 30 , we are able to estimate cloud effects of forests with respect to different cloud types (see Methods). We find that globally, cloud effects are dominated by convective clouds in 45.01% of grid boxes, largely contributed by shallow convective stratocumulus clouds (39.10%) ( Supplementary Fig. 7). Regionally, the convection dominance becomes more prominent, contributing to 70.43% of cloud effects in the Amazon region.