( a ) Mean viability of SBMA flies ( AR52Q ) reared on food containing vehicle ( EtOH ) , DHT , or DHT in addition to the AF2 modulators described by Estebanez - Perpina et al . ( 2007 ) 19 . * P = 0.03376 for 0.5 µM Meclofenamic acid , * * * P = 0.000228 for 5 µM Meclofenamic acid , * * * * P ≤ 0.0001 for 50 nM and 5 µM Tolfenamic acid , * * P = 0.006852 for 0.5 µM Tolfenamic acid , * * * P = 0.000314 for 50 nM Flufenamic acid , * * * * P ≤ 0.0001 for 5 µM Flufenamic acid , * * * * P ≤ 0.0001 for 0.5 µM Triac . ( b ) Mean viability of SBMA flies reared on food containing vehicle , DHT , or DHT in addition to the AF2 modulators described by Lack et al . ( 2011 ) 21 . * P = 0.030346 for 1 µM ZINC03445992 , * P = 0.020803 for 0.1 µM ZINC02058890 , * * P = 0.008581 for 1 µM ZINC00012342 . ( c ) Mean viability of transgenic flies expressing AR52Q ( ELAV > UAS - AR52Q ) reared on food containing vehicle or DHT and transgenic flies expressing AR52Q - K720A or AR66Q - E897 K reared on food containing DHT . * * P = 0.001136 for AR52Q - K720A. ( d ) Mean viability of SBMA flies ( ELAV > UAS - AR52Q ) reared on food containing MEPB in the absence of DHT . * P = 0.023999 for 50 µM MEPB . ( e ) Mean viability of SBMA flies ( ELAV > UAS - AR52Q ) reared on food containing DHT and bicalutamide . * * * P = 0.00081 for 0.05 µM Bicalutamide , * * * * P ≤ 0.0001 for 0.5 µM and 5 µM Bicalutamide . ( f ) Mean viability of SBMA flies ( ELAV > UAS - AR52Q ) reared on food containing DHT and ibuprofen . All data were evaluated by Chi - square analysis ; n = 50 adult flies / treatment group for all experiments . Comparisons of data shown in a , b , c , and e were made between the actual population frequencies of each treatment group and the predicted population frequency determined by the sum of all treatment groups of AR52Q flies . In d , the predicted population frequency of each treatment group was determined by the ethanol + DMSO group . In f , the predicted population frequency of each treatment group was determined by the DHT + 1 µM ibuprofen group . All graphs represent mean ± s.e.m .   ( a ) Schematic depicting the cDNA construct used to generate transgenic SBMA mice . ( b ) Fluorescence in situ hybridization of an AR121Q - specific probe ( red ) and a general marker of chromosome 17 ( green ) in chromosome spreads isolated from lungs of AR121Q mice . Representative image from two indenpendent experiments . Scale bar , 10 μm . ( c ) Western blot analysis of spinal cord and muscle expression of transgenic human AR in AR121Q mice and a previously published SBMA mouse model ( AR97Q ) . ( d ) Quantification of the levels of transgenic human AR compared with that of endogenous mouse AR in AR121Q and AR97Q mice . n = 3 mice per group , * P = 0.00396968 for mono and * P = 0.00703522 for total by unpaired multiple t - test , two - tailed . ( e - g ) Representative brain ( e ) , testis ( f ) and liver ( g ) sections from 7 - week - old NTG and AR121Q mice from one independent experiment . Sections were stained with H&E for assessment of morphology , in addition to AR ( N20 ) and ubiquitin antibodies . Scale bars represent 100 μm . ( h ) PolyQ and ubiquitin costaining in skeletal muscle of NTG and AR121Q mice . Representative images are shown from one independent experiment . ( i ) Quantification of fibers with centralized nuclei in lower and upper hindlimb muscles . n = 2 , 2 , 3 , and 3 mice for NTG , vehicle , 50 mg / kg , and 100 mg / kg MEPB treated AR121Q groups . Graphs represent mean ± s.e.m . ( j ) Representative images of testis from NTG , AR121Q and AR121Q treated with 100 mg / kg MEPB mice from one independent experiment . Scale bars represent 500 μm . All graphs represent mean ± s.e.m .   