First , the prevalence of individuals at high risk for having a CMD in KB is higher than rates found in other population - based studies in India , even when our data are disaggregated by age and gender to allow for more precise comparisons to the populations sampled in those studies ( Table 5 ) . By contrast , the only other population - based study that is similar to KB , with regard to the prevalence of individuals at high risk for having a CMD , is also from a slum in Mumbai ( Jain & Aras , 2007 ) . While these findings suggest that slums , and particularly non - notified slums , may suffer from a higher burden of CMDs than non - slum communities do , future population - based studies that compare a variety of non - slum and slum populations ( including both non - notified and notified settlements ) in the same urban location , as well as adjacent rural locations , would be required to more definitively understand disease burden in different environments .