Fig. 1
1The potential effects of forests on June-August (JJA) cloud cover fraction and their attribution. The potential effect is defined as the differences in cloud cover fraction between forests and nearby non-forest (ΔCloud) from MODIS and MSG satellites that detect clouds. a Potential effects of forests on cloud cover fraction based on MODIS **data** from 2002 to 2018 (overpass at 13:30 local time) and b their latitudinal patterns with cloud enhancement and inhibition effects separated. c, d Potential effects of forests on cloud cover fraction based on hourly MSG **data** from 2004 to 2013 (overpass at 14:00 local time) and e the timing of the maximum effect during a day. The numbers in panels b and d show the percentage of cloud enhancement (red) and inhibition (blue). f Attribution of cloud effects of forests to tree cover and elevation based on MODIS and MSG data. The five attribution categories include tree cover induced cloud increase (Tree+) and decrease (Tree−), orography induced cloud increase (Orography+) and decrease (Orography−), and other unexplained effects. The percentage of each attribution category is calculated based on the MODIS results.
