Guar gum consumed at the dose used in the present study has been shown to improve cognitive performance, while maintaining blood glucose slightly above baseline. Like guar, kiwifruit alone was able to prevent blood glucose from dropping below the baseline and to significantly reduce hunger at 180 min ( Figure 6). This effect may be a consequence of differences in blood glucose combined with physical effects in the gut. Irrespective of the mechanisms involved, the results suggest that if kiwifruit contributes to maintenance of satiety, its effects on appetite are worth investigating further with the fully validated appetite scale in the context of obesity management. Similarly, assuming that satiety reflects physiological state, and given the results obtained with guar [18], the effects of kiwifruit on cognition should be explored in further research. Although the hunger results were possibly limited by experienced hunger not being a complete measure of appetite [19], it correlates with appetite. A possible limitation of the hunger **data** is that it is a subjective rating, and it was not possible to blind the subjects to the taste of kiwifruit or to the sensation of guar gum in the meals.