To determine the progressing changes, the LC mapping for a region is an important task. Land-cover mapping helps us discover whether a specific sector, i.e., agriculture or urban, requires proper planning and management. Land-cover descriptions and the area occupied by each LC type for Punjab, Pakistan, are available in Table 2. Punjab, Pakistan, has 5 major rivers: Ravi, Sutlej, Jhelum, Bias, and Chenab. These rivers carry sediments that arise due to swift erosion from the Himalayan south mountains into the Indus River Delta and then into the Arabian Sea [46]. The LC type **data** of Punjab, Pakistan, that were identified from MODIS (MCD12Q1) images using IGBP classifications are shown in Figure 2 and Table 2. [43]. The rainfall in Punjab is widespread, which is generally connected to monsoon winds. The highest rainfall was received by the rain-fed (Barani) zone and the irrigated plains, marginal land, and Thal region [44]. Altogether, the climate is arid and has an annual precipitation of 100 mm in the south, 600 mm in the northwest, and 1000 mm at the northeastern boundary. The yearly primary precipitation is from the monsoon season from June till September, leading to flooding [45]. The temperature generally ranges between −2 °C and 45 °C, but it can go as high as 47 °C in the summer season, and it can as low as −5 °C during the winter season.