GO analysis of upregulated genes in the root showed that GO categories enriched at 10 days of Ti treatment are related to defense responses to biotic stresses (GO:0042742 defense to response to bacterium, GO:0071555 cell wall organization, GO:0006952 defense response, GO:0045087 innate immune response, GO:0050832 defense response to fungus, GO:1900150 regulation of defense response to fungus) and responses to osmotic stresses (GO:0009414 response to water deprivation, GO:0009651 response to salt stress) ( Figure 4B). Among the upregulated genes in roots, we found 23 genes coding for disease resistance proteins belonging to the nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) family, which are receptors involved in the detection mechanism of multiple pathogens (DeYoung and Innes, 2006). We also found the upregulation of CALMODULIN BINDING TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR 2, 3, and 5 (CAMTAs) and WRKY70 (Supplementary Table S3), which act as suppressors of the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling routes respectively; both phytohormones closely related to pathogen defense responses (Li et al., 2004;Sun et al., 2019). Together, these **data** suggest that Ti sensitizes transcriptional responses involving a large number of genes related to pathogen defense, which expression may further be increased once the pathogen is perceived. Cell wall organization is another GO category (GO:0071555) that is enriched in the transcriptional response elicited by Ti in roots. Cell wall modifications could lead to increased rigidity of the cell wall and callose deposition that reduce the ability of pathogens to penetrate the cell wall, thus, reducing the severity of pathogen attacks.