In digital imaging applications, color was first used primarily on CRT displays. The color **data** in most images was adjusted and stored in a device-dependent format suited for providing reasonable reproduction on common CRT monitors. With the proliferation of a large number of other color devices, it is desirable to use a device-independent color specification from which identical-appearing images can be created on multiple output devices. While this has been an active area of research in the industry, a universally acceptable color specification system that guarantees device independence is yet to be defined. The use of standardized colorimetry defines colors in a device-independent space and therefore forms a first step toward achieving device independent color. However, as discussed in Sections II-D and IV-D, the use of a deviceindependent color space does not by itself guarantee an appearance match between images reproduced on different devices under different viewing conditions. Therefore, in addition to colorimetry, the use of auxillary information regarding viewing conditions and white points has been proposed for color specification. Such information would allow exploitation of vision psychophysics and gamut mapping to achieve deviceindependent color [332], [333].