Satellite estimates provide changes in the combined sensible heat and ground heat fluxes (H+G) under different land cover conversions at 1°spatial resolution based on MODIS **data** (a total of 45 pairs of land conversions for "HG_IGBPdet"). The combined fluxes of H+G were estimated as the residual of surface energy components as described in ref. 4 . Due to the small contribution of G to H+G, we referred to "H+G" as "H" for simplicity in the following text and the main text. To obtain sensible heat differences between forest and non-forest (ΔH) that are compatible with ΔCloud, we extracted the dominant land cover type for unchanged forest (e.g., evergreen broadleaf) and non-forest pixels (e.g., crop) within each moving window from the ESA land cover product. The dominant land cover types for forests and non-forest were upscaled to 1°resolution with the "major" method (figure not shown for 1°, but a similar one for 0.5°is shown in Supplementary  Fig. 9). For each one-degree grid box with a dominant forest type (e.g., evergreen broadleaf) and non-forest type (e.g., crop), ΔH can be extracted from the corresponding sensible heat change value that matches the specific land conversion (e.g., evergreen broadleaf to crop) at the same grid box from the 45 pairs of land cover conversions defined within the "HG_IGBPdet" dataset.