60 años del viaje de Yuri Gagarin
#podcastdianauribe #dianauribefm #Yurygagarin
Seguimos en nuestra miniserie sobre el año 01 y esta vez celebramos uno de los viajes más importantes para la especie humana: la primera vez que alcanzamos el espacio. En este capítulo hablaremos de Yuri Gagarin y de las ideas y avances que permitieron que lográramos alcanzar la órbita de la tierra. Les explicaremos los sueños de Julio Verne, la conexión que existió entre la filosofía cosmista rusa y el programa espacial soviético y también de la tecnología detrás de los cohetes espaciales. Reconstruimos el contexto geopolítico en el que ocurrió la Carrera Espacial y algunos de sus principales hitos, pero especialmente queremos despertar el sentimiento de que la humanidad puede unirse para lograr metas que incluyan a todo el planeta 

Notas del episodio:
Este episodio fue traído a ustedes, en parte, gracias a Platzi. Platzi es una plataforma de aprendizaje en línea y aquí  pueden conocer más sobre ellos
→ https://platzi.com/l/DianaUribeEA/
Julio Verne y las predicciones que se han cumplido de una de las personas más visionarias de la historia 
→https://www.abc.es/ciencia/abci-increibles-predicciones-julio-verne-hecho-realidad-201810312131_noticia.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F
El cosmismo, el curioso sistema filosófico que inspiró la carrera espacial soviética 
→https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-56840099
¿Por qué utilizamos cohetes para ir al espacio? 
→https://blogs.unitec.mx/vida-universitaria/nave-espacial-para-salir-de-la-tierra-la-respuesta-la-ingenieria/
Yuri Gagarin, el primer hombre que vio la tierra desde el espacio 
→https://youtu.be/SIbh7BAtVcY
Los homenajes en los 60 años del primer vuelo espacial 
→https://es.euronews.com/2021/04/11/yuri-gagarin-un-heroe-venerado-60-anos-depues-de-su-vuelo-espacial
¿Quién ganó la carrera espacial? Una respuesta que puede sorprender a muchas personas 
→https://www.bbc.com/mundo/38028270

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 Good morning! Today we are going to celebrate the anniversary of the year 1 in the series that we have told you that we are going to be splashing throughout the semester of the year 1 and we are going to celebrate, to commemorate, to look at another trip. We are no longer going to the East, nor are we going to come from the East by the Silk Road, nor by the great seas that we had to cross on the way and return for the 20-year journey that the Marco Polo trip lasted. We are going to the last border of the world that we know to start to trace it from the beginning. We are going to give an orbit to the earth from space to see it for the first time. 1961 Yuri Gagarin, the first man of the human species to give a tour of the earth from the outside and can look at it from an orbit. That is the story that we are going to tell you today, the story of Yuri Gagarin and the look of the orbit of the earth. For this we recommend that you listen again to the three podcasts that we made in 2009 about the arrival of man to the moon, about the Soviet space race and about the different destinations, because they are very much in accordance with what we are doing now. So, once we invite you to take that triplet with this one and there you have a cool patch, imagining the destinations where the ideas can take us. Every time man, the species, women and we as a global species achieve something, partial or totally, we have had to first dream it, imagine it and then we have had to take it to an idea. And it is the ideas that are really going to make our greatest illusions come true to become projects. There is nothing that we do that is not the son of a dream and that does not have a powerful idea behind it, which in one way or another makes it feasible in time and space. So, for us to get to turn the earth from the outside in orbit, well, we have to go very far in all the looks, yes, so that we can talk about Yuri Gagarin as the Marcopolo of space. Because in the same way as Marcopolo lit our heads with dreams and longings for the wonders of China, Yuri Gagarin made us think about space for the first time as a human possibility, largely caressed, because in addition to being able to make those orbits, Kepler has to have announced the elliptical orbits and also Hypatia has to have told us that the planets follow orbital trajectories and that those orbits are not round but elliptical. And if we have to talk about Hypatia and if we have to talk about Kepler, because we have been thinking about this for a long time, since the oldest times, since the moments when it was dreamed, in which all cultures felt in one way or another fascinated by space, by the moon and by everything that was in astronomers as meters of infinity in our way of conceiving the universe and the stars. So it turns out that we are going to start this from a philosophical school that took place in Russia, which took place in the Soviet Union, but before that we are going to think about Julio Verne, because Julio Verne is the one who came up with the idea that man could go to the moon and that he could go to the moon on a rocket, because if we are going to go to the moon, in what way? Julio Verne never went to the moon, Julio Verne did not go to the center of the earth, Julio Verne met him at the bottom of the ocean, but he did think of the rocket to reach the moon, in the submarine, to be able to submerge us in the depths of the ocean and in ways to reach the center of the earth. Julio Verne was only a writer, but his dreams made us possible collective imaginations that would come true in the most unexpected ways and the man would reach the moon and there are the submarines that Captain Nemo imagined. The trip to the center of the earth is still a little bit crammed, but the rest we already have it arranged as Julio Verne imagined and it turns out that from there we are going to see this Russian movement, the Cosmism, that is, the movement that wants an understanding of the cosmos, is a philosophical and cultural Russian movement that emerged towards the end of the 19th century, as everything emerged in Russia at the end of the 19th century, remember that at the end of the 19th century Russia is flying, that is, it is the time of Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Turchenev, and it is the time of Gogol, and it is the time of Chekhov, and it is the time of Russian anarchism, and it is the time of philosophy, that is, it is a moment in which Russia is in a powerful thought, both of the cosmos, as we are going to talk about, as of the deep mysteries of the human soul that Dostoyevsky explored and Tolstoy showed us from compassion and Dostoyevsky from the darkness and the depths, all this is happening in Russia at that time, then at that time they also begin to think about the cosmos, it is a theory of natural philosophy that is adding elements, yes, of religious, ethical elements and it dealt with the origins of evolution and the future of the universe and humanity, something that we have been asking ourselves always, and that it is good to ask again in these times, as to raise the sight of this dark and heavy ethanatic cloud in which we are at this moment, this movement was deeply pacifist, contrary to what can be imagined of death, it believes that humanity can overcome and reclaim itself and in this movement it is considered that Nikolai Fyodorov, who was nicknamed the Socrates of Moscow, that is, the hardness of man, was the founder of Russian cosmic philosophy and that his philosophical ideas influenced Tolstoy in a profound way, Solviolov, Chirlovsky, Dostoevsky and Viktor Skoumim, that is, in all of them man had a very great influence. The cosmos as such focuses on very important issues, including the conquest of new lands in the cosmos, the reestablishment of life to the ancestors, death, according to Fyodorov, was a temporal phenomenon caused by the lack of knowledge of man of nature and of self-knowledge of man himself, that is, one dies because he does not catch it, nor where it is, nor where it goes. One of Fyodorov's followers did not believe in space travel as a metaphor, but said, no, that trip is interesting, let's put numbers, let's put mathematics to that, how about it? Konstantin Chirlovsky begins to translate a philosophical idea, a cosmic idea, into a mathematical approach and when translating it into a mathematical approach, that already begins to have some possible reality views, because we go from ideas to numbers and numbers to possibilities, but before we all dream of it. So Konstantin Chirlovsky is called the father of cosmonautics, because what in the United States is called astronauts, because they go to the stars, in the old Soviet Union they were called cosmonauts because they went to the cosmos, yes, that is, it is the same thing, they are the ones who are in space, but one calls them astronauts and others call them cosmonauts. This father of cosmonautics is a guy who almost completely goes deaf in childhood as a result of a scarlet disease that was very virulent and that ruined the childhood of many people. Chirlovsky did not receive a systematic education, he was not a man, let's say, involved in the academies and spent four years in the Vyagta gymnasium and spent three years of self-education, he is a self-taught type and in 1879 he passed the exam for the title of national teacher and until 1921 he taught mathematics and physics in the schools of Borovsk and Kaluga. He was a mathematician of those who were given the intrinsic understanding of the numerical mysteries of the universe and he tried to create a scientific community with aircraft and aircraft projects, the man was very soyed because we are in 1921, you understand me? And this man is already thinking about aircraft projects, the planes were barely there, they were still a fairly incipient project and he thought of aircraft and totally metallic aircraft, remember that the first ones were made of wood, he thought they would be metallic and later there would be a technology of rockets and he began to think of rocket equations to found all astronautics. Julio Verne had told us that to go to the moon we go in a rocket because you also start thinking how we go to the moon in another way, so the idea of ​​rockets we already have in literature, but then this man is going to take it to mathematics and begins to found it as a real technological possibility, then he begins to do the equations of the rockets and says that a device can accelerate itself by expelling part of its mass at high speed in the opposite direction to the acceleration obtained due to the conservation of the amount of movement, a physical law of movement and acceleration that allows rockets to enter into motion. Sierlowski leaves it raised that the exploration of outer space is possible through rockets, then this is very important because we already have how, that is, it is cool to reach space but how are we going to reach space? We cannot reach through planes, we are going to reach through rockets, that is very important because one could have imagined it in napkins, one could have imagined it in many other ways, but something that could have a clear direction from which a whole mathematical and technological scheme could be developed is the rocket and this is the man who says this is done with rockets, you know, we are going to put wheels on this. So, those ideas of this man, temporarily in our story, make it possible for the human being to put a man on an artificial satellite and that Yuri Gagarin was the first person to make that flight. So, the idea was to go around the Earth's orbit. Why, let's say, when one talks about the Moon and talks about the space race, as we were talking about in the year 9, and starts talking about the stars and all that, and today, well, the things we are discovering about Mars, with the probes that are there and all that, well, one seems like a simpleton to go around the Earth, right? I mean, it wouldn't seem as playful. But this is very important, because in order to go somewhere, you have to leave here. And to leave here, there are two instances. One is to leave the planet Earth. We had never left, okay? Never before. That we know, unless the aliens had visited us, as they say, or dream, but we humans, here the bipeds that we are in this narration, we have never left the planet Earth until Yuri Gagarin did. So, one thing is to leave the Earth, and another thing is to connect with the orbit around which the Earth is. Connecting with the orbit is what allows one to make that turn, to turn around from space to look at the Earth. That is the mission. To leave the planet, connect with the orbit, and take a look at the Earth from space. That's all. Today, it sounds simple, and after the Apollo missions, it would seem obvious. This is not. This is not at all. This is an absolutely impressive feat. So, when we are mounted in this film, we are already in the Cold War. It turns out that the Cold War is going to be a race between two superpowers, which emerged after the Second World War. After the Second World War, the United States and Soviet Union are in command of the planetary power. As a result of the war, the United States wins the war and enters the war from the attack on Pearl Harbor, which at the time we will also tell here in year 1, because that will happen in 1941. So, we will also tell you that later. But the United States is going to win that war, and it is going to win it without having lived the horror in its territory that the Europeans and the Soviets lived. The Soviets are going to win the war on their own, because it is the battles of Stalingrad and Kursk that are going to determine the ultimate defeat of the Nazi army. And that is going to be done by the Soviets. The Soviets win it with 70% of the territory destroyed, with 25 million of the 50 who died during the Second World War. They win it in the hardest conditions, but they win the Second World War and that is why they are divided between the two in the world, for the victory over the Nazis. So, from there, when the United States wins, let's say, the Second World War ends with the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb enters us in another era, in another era in which there is the real possibility of a weapon that can destroy the planet, because in addition the level of destruction of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb is unimaginable even today. And historically this has not been charged as an unimaginably terrifying crime. That has nothing natural or cool, nor is the project so fascinating, when what it produced is one of the greatest tragedies and nightmares that the species has been able to conceive in its worst days. But this puts a point at which, having an atomic bomb, the United States, the Soviet Union, begins in the project of developing an atomic bomb, they too. There we all go crazy. But the atomic bombs that the Soviets develop are very large, they cannot be thrown from planes like the Enola Gay, but they are going to be thrown in rockets. In other words, they are not going to be thrown, they have not been thrown, but let's say the structure of the launch of an atomic bomb in Soviet technology is through rockets. So, the rocketry continues to develop as an idea within the war, and here there is a point at which the space race and the arms race join us. Because both are done through rockets. So who is going to be the biggest rockets? Let's say that's where that crazy race begins and each one begins to move between the rockets, which then go from here and there the missiles will come out, but from here the space rockets that are going to take us to orbit. We are in, let's say, the duality of that race, the same as atomic energy would also generate the duality of all the energy movement capacity that the planet has and the dangers it has. In this commercial space I am going to tell you an anecdote. Imagine that I had an invitation to Brazil a long, long time ago and it was an invitation full of scales. It was to study the Gold Route of the interior Brazil and I had to go to Brazil, deep, deep, deep, and on one of those scales the plane left me and I got in trouble because I didn't understand how I got out of there for the next one and where they were waiting for me. Anyway, the situation became quite problematic. They had given me six hours of Portuguese and they had dispatched me to the interior Brazil. With that I could not communicate to be able to develop the situation in which I was involved. At tea time, when I saw that the thing was quite complicated, I said, I need someone to speak English. And they brought me someone with whom we spoke for at least an hour because we had to solve a lot of things. It was a very complex conversation. Who was taking responsibility? If it was the airline, if it was me, but also I was not going to the first destination but to the second. How did they guarantee that I would arrive directly where I was going? We had to solve many things that could not be done otherwise and it was English that saved me. Because despite how close Brazil is, the Portuguese that I knew at that time was not enough to be able to solve the situation. Today I am studying and I know much more, but at that time I did not know. It is very important to know English to travel. What they tell you to travel you have to know English, it is true. I have traveled to more than 52 countries. I have been to Jordan, I have been to Egypt, I have been to Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina, I have been to the most incredible places, in India, in Vietnam and always, invariably, whatever the destination, English is the one that gets you out of trouble. Because in the last corner of the planet someone speaks English and can help you get out of a situation if you are in a problem that needs to be solved immediately. Why do I tell you this story? Because I know that there are many people who are listening to us, who have raised the need to learn English, but have not yet been able to do so, and I want to encourage them to do so. It really is important. And this comes to an end because this episode is sponsored by Platzi. And Platzi is a learning platform where there are many things that can be learned, including English. So to be encouraged, there we leave you the link where you can enter and get into this universe that can help you travel the world. In 1957, Corell concluded a masterpiece that was the R7 rocket, the SEMYORKA, which was nine times more powerful than any other rocket launched at the time. Also at this time, satellites were being launched and satellites are going to be absolutely important in all this. So we are on that route. We are trying to achieve rockets that we can launch and after several failed attempts, there are many failures for each success in these races. When something goes well, many things have gone wrong. So after several failed attempts, the R7 was successfully tested and flew 5,600 kilometers to the Kamchatka Peninsula. The Kamchatka Peninsula is the last thing, the last thing. You take the map of the former Soviet Union and that ends in a peninsula that is already close to Japan. We know that by the RISC game, because it is the last piece there. The map ends there, in the Kamchatka Peninsula and it was the first intercontinental ballistic missile. And with it, Korolev turned the Soviet Union into a global superpower. Because what were the credentials to be a superpower in the post-war? The ability you had to develop rockets, yes, and that those rockets had the greatest possible reach. That was what put you in the range of superpower. So the only thing Korolev did, well, not the only thing he did, but basically what he did was follow the same principles of Tsirlovsky, who was the one who affirmed that technology not only gave military advantages, but also would take humanity into space. Tsirlovsky considered that taking humanity into space was a way of opening the horizons, of not staying only on one planet. He did not think so in the sense that we were going to end the planet as it is happening to us now and we have to go somewhere and we end the rest of the patches. No, but the idea was that the earth was the cradle of man and man could not spend all his life in the cradle. In other words, he had the idea of ​​a humanity capable of projecting new horizons, capable of understanding new possibilities, he had an idea of ​​the future, of humanity, of development, of new possibilities, of new horizons and we have to focus on that idea to be able to understand the importance of orbit and make the effort of imagination, because as these are dark times and people have no idea of ​​the great possibilities of the human species, there are the bets for the human species, they are quite low among humans, so we have to imagine that this is possible, yes, and that there are other possibilities and that there are other horizons and that humanity can make different and new patches and that was what this man invented and that is what is below the space race. In other words, despite the whole issue of superpowers and despite the whole issue of the armament race, below the space race there is a deep faith in humanity or if you do not know, you do not get into that roll so damn, yes, you have to be believing in the species to be able to ride in a movie of these. So the first thing to do was put a satellite out of orbit, an artificial satellite and that satellite was like a print of the Soviets, we can put a satellite and that satellite is called the first artificial satellite that someone from the human species launched outside the planet Earth to give it orbits, it was called Sputnik and Sputnik means satellite, that long-forgotten word now becomes fashionable again because that is what the vaccine against COVID is called, what do the Russians do, if you catch, that is, why, because the race against the vaccine is again another of the global competitions to see who comes out with the vaccine against COVID when we face a global epidemic and we have to talk again about us as a species and not as a number of tribes clung to each other under something called the national states, believing some that their national state is better than the next day and that it is cooler because it was born in one state instead of the other, from this perspective, you will see how silly the topic is, so it turns out that now that the species had to speak again as a species because what is happening to us is global in so many humans we use this word again that was forgotten in the old stories of the 20th century, Sputnik, the word means satellite and today it is the name of the vaccine that the Russians have, the Soviet Union no longer exists, these guys are another very different turn, they look more like the Ares than the Soviets, but that's what the vaccine is called and it was a radio transmitter covered with a metal sphere, it was no more but it orbited and that was what it had of cool and on October 4, 1957, the Sputnik was placed in orbit and began to give radio signals to the earth that was beep beep beep beep that was the Sputnik, but this was the furious madness because all this had to be built from scratch, then the Americans said that was what that beep means and they scratched their heads and put all their services to decode it but it was not but beep beep beep beep was no more But that was the mystery. And Sputnik was a masterful propaganda toy. And now, in the days of Nikita Khrushchev, who was the one who was at that time, he told Korolev to make a great space mission for the commemoration of November 7th, the anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. They celebrate it in November 1917, for the commemoration, on November 3, 1957, the Soviet Union sent another satellite. This is a pretty bitter story, you know, because they send a satellite manned by a living being. And that living being is the Laika dog. So, on the one hand, there is the fascination that the rockets, the satellites, the rockets, the satellites, but this dog was sent not to return. It was a street dog, they choose it and mount it on a satellite, and it will not return. And it will burn. That's why Mecano is such a beautiful song about Laika. And today, from the perspective of a natural correspondence with animals, it is inconceivable that one sends an animal, defenseless to space, to be devoured by the flames. But that's what happened with Laika. And at that moment, it was a gigantic propaganda act, because it was to be able to send a living being to space. Send it alive and bring it dead, because it would not return. So, the Soviet Union was already starting to place satellites in orbit, because it already had the technology to do that. So, within the paranoia of the Cold War, they began to say in the United States, if they can place satellites, from the satellites they can look at us, they can spy on us and they can reach us with rockets. So, this technological development begins to present a paranoid characteristic, because those were the times, it was a time of paranoid polarity. And then, when the United States makes the first satellite transmission in the world, in 1967, that will be the Beatles concert, our time. It will be the first time we have a satellite transmission. Today, we are absolutely used to satellites, we have them through GPS, we have them through our entire daily life. But the ball had to be invented, fill it with metal and put it to float so that the satellites exist. All that was an impressive technological development that today we take for granted. But it was absolutely impressive. Then the United States began to make adjustments to its space program so as not to let the Soviets take over the Earth. I said, no, but how are the Soviets in all of them and what are we doing? And then the Americans readjusted the space project to be in tune with the developments that the Soviet Union is having at this time, which are colossal. And in that context and at that moment, that's when Yuri Gagarin, who was the son of a peasant from a collective farm, from the Kolyaks, they were called collective farms, he is going to enter a space program, to the missions that are going to be done between April 1961 and June 1963. And there the idea of bringing a human being into space is going to be created. That is, we are going to put the satellite first and then send a satellite manned by a living being and then send a human being into space. That has never been done. And it is, it is absolutely dangerous, impressive. So they start to make several attempts, with animals, they start to see how they are going to man a mission with a human being. This is the most impressive thing. And this happens at the beginning of the 60s, with 20 cosmonauts to train them in secret, in a rural area. These programs were ultra secret. The spies were trying to find out and spy on each other, how such and such program had, because the other part of the Cold War was the spies who transmitted this ultra secret information at that time. So there was the son of a peasant who was Yuri Gagarin, Yuri Alexandrovich Gagarin, and he will have a year of training. Look, this man was trained in everything. He was trained in the physical academies, he was trained in circular movements, in all kinds of things. A group trained him and trained him and trained him. And of all the people, he was the one who was selected for one of the most important missions in history. The first space trip will take place on April 12, 1961 at 6 in the morning, Universal Time, and it leaves the Vostok 1 spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Gagarin said goodbye to Earth with a phrase that made history. Let's go! And the five engines of the first stage were changed to fuel, until the four side propellers were detached. Remember that this is detached and detached and detached, because a large amount of impulse is needed to remove the rocket from the ground, but that impulse once it leaves the ground is no longer needed, that's why they are detached, and we also explain this well in the Apollo missions. So, for the central engine to arrive, and then separate and connect it with the orbit, first we have to leave the Earth, reach space and then we have to connect with the orbit, that's what the mission is about. Attention, minute readiness, minute readiness. I'm Kedr, I understand, minute readiness, I took the starting position, so I delayed a few with the answer, over. The pilot of the Vostok spacecraft, pilot Major Gagarin Yuri Alekseevich. The mission of the Apollo mission was a success. But the mission of the Vostok spacecraft was a failure. The mission of the Apollo mission was a failure. There was a moment when we could not know if the ground controllers could not imagine, and they could not communicate at that moment to know if they had reached the orbit. Only up to 25 minutes after launch, and we also saw that with the Apollo mission, there are times when you do not know if that was achieved or not, everything can go wrong, because it has not been done before. Everything can go wrong, everything is absolutely dangerous, everything can be a disaster, everything in these space missions. Then the transmission enters again when it is entering the non-lit part of the Earth and leaves behind the Soviet Union through the Pacific Ocean. And it crosses the Magallanes Strait at dawn, and during the dawn the vast ocean of the South Atlantic. And Gagarin was the first man to see the planet Earth in all its wonder and fragility from space. And he said, I'm looking at the Earth. He said, when communicating with the control center, I see the colors of the landscape, forests, rivers, clouds, everything is so beautiful. And then he activated the automatic system of the ship to align the capsule and shoot the recoil rockets, starting the descent, while crossing the western coast of Angola, about 8,000 kilometers away from the landing point. So imagine what it is like to be looking at the Earth, looking at the forests, the rivers, the mountains, and being able to get out of the Soviet Union in one go and pass through the Magallanes Strait and go through all this, going around the planet. Then it reaches the western part of Angola. Here again we have problems because entering and leaving the atmosphere is a camel. It is very complicated, and much more if you do it the first time. So for the return to the atmosphere, there is another problem, which is perhaps the most serious problem of the flight, and that is that the ship must detach from one part of the module in order to successfully enter the appropriate orientation, because it has to enter where it is, or else it will be set on fire and will be turned into a fireball. And there are 10 minutes in which no one can do anything, and the capsule begins to rotate violently at that speed, and in space to rotate violently, is to be in an absolutely terrifying situation, because everything is moving, everything is outside. So there you don't know, there is a point in space missions where you don't know if the other one is going to return, if it is not going to return, if it is going to burn, and you can't pray from the ground because what can you do? Meanwhile, the descent is continuing, and the dark forests and mountains of Central Africa cross. And then you see the Sahara, and the Nile River, and the Middle East, and the descent continues to the southeast of the current Russian Federation, which at that time was the Soviet Union, and it begins to prepare to start the expulsion, we are already near the Black Sea. And there it detached from the capsule, already 7,000 meters above the ground, it is already attached to the seat that is ejectable, the word eject, it becomes a relatively common word, and it is when you are expelled from the ship, the plane, the car, the security measures, but you had to imagine and create something, that you could get out of a seat there, expelled, and you had to leave the module of the ship at an altitude of 7,000 meters, they are not going to sail, as the United States did, they are going to land. At that time their territory was the sixth part of the planet Earth, what was the former Soviet Union was the sixth part of the part of the Earth that we have on the blue planet, so it is easy for them to do it, then he leaves there and has his own parachute, and gets on the parachute as it was planned, that is, let's say, he leaves the Vostok capsule, gets on his parachute, that is, he is expelled, gets on the parachute and the parachute is going to return, after the mission of making the first orbit, imagine that, and he is going to fall near a small town called Smolovsk, which is 15 kilometers from the city of Engels, and there he is going to find a peasant woman called Tarajova, in a collective farm of the Kolchaks, which I told you that it was the collective farms of the Soviet system, and she was with her granddaughter Rita, who was six years old, imagine one at six years old meeting Yuri Gagarin, they were the first people to meet Yuri Gagarin, and he was wearing a strange orange suit, and a white helmet with the initials of what means the Soviet Union, which is CCCP, which you can see in all the uniforms of the football world cup, before the fall of the Soviet Union, that even when they left, it was not painted on the helmet, and they had to paint it in red so that it could be seen, because the uniform was all over and they forgot to put the patch where the helmet came from, and then suddenly she asked him, do you come from space? And he said, certainly yes, and he said, but to calm her down because she could get scared, and he says, but do not be alarmed, I am Soviet, let's say it was not martial or anything, I am Soviet, and then Yuri Gagarin returns, and this is the greatest feat, the first of the great feats, later the United States tries to get on this as soon as possible, but the Soviets continue, because after that they take the first photo of the dark side of the moon, the dark side of the moon, which they called, which would be one of the most disturbing and wonderful works of Pink Floyd, precisely for that, for the photo of the dark side of the moon, and then the first woman of the human species would go to space, Valentina Tereshkova in 1963, she would go to space, then the United States, they are, but bad, if you understand me, what do we do with this? And then they send Alan Shepard almost a month after Yuri Gagarin, but in orbit, but he does not, he only manages to leave space, he does not manage to enter orbit, that is, leaving space is one thing, entering orbit is another, and he manages to leave space but not enter orbit, then only a year later, is that they will achieve that John Glenn enters orbit, but that is a year after Yuri Gagarin did it for the first time, then the United States gets very bored with that, and you know what we are going to take? His name to the moon, that's what we're going to do, and then it's when Kennedy is going to say in this generation and in this time, we are going to take a man to the moon before this decade ends, and so begins the whole impulse of the United States as a power to take a man to the moon, that would arrive, as we had seen in these chapters of what I was talking about, on July 20, 1969, but no one would reach the moon, and all this could not happen if we had not first left the earth, and if we had not been able to make an orbit, and from space to be able to look at us for the first time, and that was what Yuri Gagarin did, such a feat, that it is still an impressive thing that we have been able to do, that we have been able to look at ourselves from space, as a species, this look must be recovered because we are finally the same species, we are on the same planet, and if we could see it from space to be able to respect it, and to be able to understand it, if only that way we could achieve it, at least the imagination that we can see ourselves from there, should serve us to be able to understand it, respect it, and love it, as we should, as everything we owe it as a planet and as life that is here, Yuri Gagarin shows us the ability we have, to be able to understand ourselves in another way, to look at other horizons, and to be able to completely change our perception of ourselves as a species, that only fact of giving us a little turn, is that it is a little turn, but look at everything that was required for that turn to be given, that was 60 years ago, then, later the space missions will continue, and later even the Americans left a statue called the fallen astronaut, which commemorates the life of the people who died in space races, all the people who lost their lives, there was also a mission Soyuz later, where everyone died and their names are there, Yuri Gagarin would die in a plane accident, really a simple plane accident for a man who had done such an impressive thing, but it is he who first put the name of human beings outside the planet Earth, today, there are in Moscow, in the outskirts, there is a gigantic statue that looks like a massinger made of titanium, the monument to Yuri Gagarin, is the way I pay tribute to him and a museum, telling the story of this feat. This statue represents all that sense of monumentality and greatness, that we have been describing throughout this chapter, and that sense of the horizon of greatness, of the cosmos, of philosophical ethical ideas, of mathematics, of humanity, of the literature of Julio Verne, of all the historical and philosophical possibility of conceiving other ways of understanding our passage through the Earth, so necessary at this moment, and that we really need a new look at the world, to approach in a completely different way to the strong current in which we are, is what makes us want to look, let's say with admiration and respect, to this anniversary of the day when a human being turned the Earth for the first time, and remember 60 years later, in the year 1, Yuri Gagarin. So, from the spaces of the cosmos, of the ideas, of the ethics, of the cosmism, of the great projections of the universe, of the capacity of the species to be able to challenge its limits and its horizons, from the dream of Julio Verne, from the ideas of an ethics and a philosophy capable of transcending our own daily lives, and the way that is expressed in our passage through the cosmos, in the narration of Ana Uribe, and for you, happy day, whatever day it is. This podcast was possible thanks to the team of La Casa de la Historia. Ana Suarez, Milena Beltran, Arturo Jiménez Viña, Daniel Moreno Franco, recorded at Los Gatos Studio, the editing and musicalization of Eduardo Corredor Fonseca, of Rueda Sonido, and always with the strong and powerful help of Santiago Espinosa Uribe and Laura Rojas Aponte of the podcast Cosas de Internet.
[{"start": 30.0, "end": 40.0, "text": " Good morning! Today we are going to celebrate the anniversary of the year 1 in the series"}, {"start": 40.0, "end": 43.6, "text": " that we have told you that we are going to be splashing throughout the semester of the"}, {"start": 43.6, "end": 52.08, "text": " year 1 and we are going to celebrate, to commemorate, to look at another trip. We are no longer going"}, {"start": 52.08, "end": 58.32, "text": " to the East, nor are we going to come from the East by the Silk Road, nor by the great"}, {"start": 58.32, "end": 64.48, "text": " seas that we had to cross on the way and return for the 20-year journey that the"}, {"start": 64.48, "end": 69.84, "text": " Marco Polo trip lasted. We are going to the last border of the world that we know to start"}, {"start": 69.84, "end": 79.76, "text": " to trace it from the beginning. We are going to give an orbit to the earth from space to"}, {"start": 79.76, "end": 90.0, "text": " see it for the first time. 1961 Yuri Gagarin, the first man of the human species to give"}, {"start": 90.0, "end": 96.64, "text": " a tour of the earth from the outside and can look at it from an orbit. That is the story"}, {"start": 96.64, "end": 101.60000000000001, "text": " that we are going to tell you today, the story of Yuri Gagarin and the look of the orbit"}, {"start": 101.60000000000001, "end": 108.48, "text": " of the earth. For this we recommend that you listen again to the three podcasts that we"}, {"start": 108.48, "end": 116.24000000000001, "text": " made in 2009 about the arrival of man to the moon, about the Soviet space race and about"}, {"start": 116.24000000000001, "end": 121.68, "text": " the different destinations, because they are very much in accordance with what we are doing"}, {"start": 121.68, "end": 127.12, "text": " now. So, once we invite you to take that triplet with this one and there you have a"}, {"start": 127.12, "end": 143.92000000000002, "text": " cool patch, imagining the destinations where the ideas can take us."}, {"start": 143.92000000000002, "end": 153.08, "text": " Every time man, the species, women and we as a global species achieve something, partial"}, {"start": 153.08, "end": 162.48000000000002, "text": " or totally, we have had to first dream it, imagine it and then we have had to take it"}, {"start": 162.48000000000002, "end": 171.4, "text": " to an idea. And it is the ideas that are really going to make our greatest illusions come"}, {"start": 171.4, "end": 177.72000000000003, "text": " true to become projects. There is nothing that we do that is not the son of a dream and that"}, {"start": 177.72, "end": 183.2, "text": " does not have a powerful idea behind it, which in one way or another makes it feasible in"}, {"start": 183.2, "end": 192.76, "text": " time and space. So, for us to get to turn the earth from the outside in orbit, well,"}, {"start": 192.76, "end": 199.44, "text": " we have to go very far in all the looks, yes, so that we can talk about Yuri Gagarin"}, {"start": 199.44, "end": 207.12, "text": " as the Marcopolo of space. Because in the same way as Marcopolo lit our heads with"}, {"start": 207.12, "end": 214.16, "text": " dreams and longings for the wonders of China, Yuri Gagarin made us think about space for"}, {"start": 214.16, "end": 220.36, "text": " the first time as a human possibility, largely caressed, because in addition to being able"}, {"start": 220.36, "end": 225.52, "text": " to make those orbits, Kepler has to have announced the elliptical orbits and also"}, {"start": 225.52, "end": 231.28, "text": " Hypatia has to have told us that the planets follow orbital trajectories and that those"}, {"start": 231.28, "end": 237.44, "text": " orbits are not round but elliptical. And if we have to talk about Hypatia and if we have to talk"}, {"start": 237.44, "end": 243.64, "text": " about Kepler, because we have been thinking about this for a long time, since the oldest times,"}, {"start": 243.64, "end": 249.92000000000002, "text": " since the moments when it was dreamed, in which all cultures felt in one way or another"}, {"start": 249.92000000000002, "end": 258.36, "text": " fascinated by space, by the moon and by everything that was in astronomers as meters of"}, {"start": 258.36, "end": 266.64, "text": " infinity in our way of conceiving the universe and the stars. So it turns out that we are going to"}, {"start": 266.64, "end": 277.52000000000004, "text": " start this from a philosophical school that took place in Russia, which took place in the Soviet Union,"}, {"start": 277.52000000000004, "end": 284.96000000000004, "text": " but before that we are going to think about Julio Verne, because Julio Verne is the one who came up with"}, {"start": 284.96, "end": 291.0, "text": " the idea that man could go to the moon and that he could go to the moon on a rocket, because if we are going to go to the moon,"}, {"start": 291.0, "end": 297.28, "text": " in what way? Julio Verne never went to the moon, Julio Verne did not go to the center of the earth,"}, {"start": 297.28, "end": 302.64, "text": " Julio Verne met him at the bottom of the ocean, but he did think of the rocket to reach the moon,"}, {"start": 302.64, "end": 309.67999999999995, "text": " in the submarine, to be able to submerge us in the depths of the ocean and in ways to reach the"}, {"start": 309.68, "end": 316.52, "text": " center of the earth. Julio Verne was only a writer, but his dreams made us possible"}, {"start": 316.52, "end": 323.52, "text": " collective imaginations that would come true in the most unexpected ways and the man would"}, {"start": 323.52, "end": 328.52, "text": " reach the moon and there are the submarines that Captain Nemo imagined. The trip to the center of the"}, {"start": 328.52, "end": 335.72, "text": " earth is still a little bit crammed, but the rest we already have it arranged as Julio Verne imagined"}, {"start": 335.72, "end": 346.32000000000005, "text": " and it turns out that from there we are going to see this Russian movement, the Cosmism, that is,"}, {"start": 346.32000000000005, "end": 354.56, "text": " the movement that wants an understanding of the cosmos, is a philosophical and cultural Russian movement"}, {"start": 354.56, "end": 360.16, "text": " that emerged towards the end of the 19th century, as everything emerged in Russia at the end of the 19th century,"}, {"start": 360.16, "end": 366.36, "text": " remember that at the end of the 19th century Russia is flying, that is, it is the time of Dostoyevsky,"}, {"start": 366.36, "end": 372.0, "text": " Tolstoy, Turchenev, and it is the time of Gogol, and it is the time of Chekhov, and it is the time of"}, {"start": 372.0, "end": 379.08000000000004, "text": " Russian anarchism, and it is the time of philosophy, that is, it is a moment in which Russia is in a"}, {"start": 379.08000000000004, "end": 387.68, "text": " powerful thought, both of the cosmos, as we are going to talk about, as of the deep mysteries of the"}, {"start": 387.68, "end": 395.08, "text": " human soul that Dostoyevsky explored and Tolstoy showed us from compassion and Dostoyevsky"}, {"start": 395.08, "end": 400.88, "text": " from the darkness and the depths, all this is happening in Russia at that time, then at that"}, {"start": 400.88, "end": 408.04, "text": " time they also begin to think about the cosmos, it is a theory of natural philosophy that is adding"}, {"start": 408.04, "end": 415.36, "text": " elements, yes, of religious, ethical elements and it dealt with the origins of evolution and the future"}, {"start": 415.36, "end": 420.8, "text": " of the universe and humanity, something that we have been asking ourselves always, and that it is good to"}, {"start": 420.8, "end": 427.08000000000004, "text": " ask again in these times, as to raise the sight of this dark and heavy"}, {"start": 427.08000000000004, "end": 433.28000000000003, "text": " ethanatic cloud in which we are at this moment, this movement was deeply pacifist,"}, {"start": 433.28000000000003, "end": 440.2, "text": " contrary to what can be imagined of death, it believes that humanity can overcome and"}, {"start": 440.2, "end": 447.76, "text": " reclaim itself and in this movement it is considered that Nikolai Fyodorov, who was nicknamed the"}, {"start": 447.76, "end": 455.32, "text": " Socrates of Moscow, that is, the hardness of man, was the founder of Russian cosmic philosophy and that"}, {"start": 455.32, "end": 463.56, "text": " his philosophical ideas influenced Tolstoy in a profound way, Solviolov, Chirlovsky,"}, {"start": 463.56, "end": 471.84, "text": " Dostoevsky and Viktor Skoumim, that is, in all of them man had a very great influence."}, {"start": 524.56, "end": 531.76, "text": " The cosmos as such focuses on very important issues, including the conquest of new"}, {"start": 531.76, "end": 538.88, "text": " lands in the cosmos, the reestablishment of life to the ancestors, death, according to Fyodorov,"}, {"start": 538.88, "end": 544.4399999999999, "text": " was a temporal phenomenon caused by the lack of knowledge of man of nature and"}, {"start": 544.4399999999999, "end": 550.16, "text": " of self-knowledge of man himself, that is, one dies because he does not catch it, nor where it is,"}, {"start": 550.16, "end": 555.8399999999999, "text": " nor where it goes. One of Fyodorov's followers did not believe in space travel as a metaphor,"}, {"start": 555.8399999999999, "end": 562.52, "text": " but said, no, that trip is interesting, let's put numbers, let's put mathematics to that,"}, {"start": 562.52, "end": 572.56, "text": " how about it? Konstantin Chirlovsky begins to translate a philosophical idea, a cosmic idea,"}, {"start": 572.56, "end": 578.12, "text": " into a mathematical approach and when translating it into a mathematical approach, that already begins to"}, {"start": 578.12, "end": 585.24, "text": " have some possible reality views, because we go from ideas to numbers and numbers to"}, {"start": 585.24, "end": 592.0, "text": " possibilities, but before we all dream of it. So Konstantin Chirlovsky is called the father"}, {"start": 592.0, "end": 599.08, "text": " of cosmonautics, because what in the United States is called astronauts, because they go to the stars,"}, {"start": 599.08, "end": 606.6800000000001, "text": " in the old Soviet Union they were called cosmonauts because they went to the cosmos, yes, that is, it is the"}, {"start": 606.68, "end": 610.64, "text": " same thing, they are the ones who are in space, but one calls them astronauts and others call them"}, {"start": 610.64, "end": 617.9599999999999, "text": " cosmonauts. This father of cosmonautics is a guy who almost completely goes deaf in"}, {"start": 617.9599999999999, "end": 625.4, "text": " childhood as a result of a scarlet disease that was very virulent and that ruined the"}, {"start": 625.4, "end": 632.12, "text": " childhood of many people. Chirlovsky did not receive a systematic education, he was not a man, let's say,"}, {"start": 632.12, "end": 638.96, "text": " involved in the academies and spent four years in the Vyagta gymnasium and spent three years of"}, {"start": 638.96, "end": 646.48, "text": " self-education, he is a self-taught type and in 1879 he passed the exam for the title of national teacher"}, {"start": 646.48, "end": 652.76, "text": " and until 1921 he taught mathematics and physics in the schools of Borovsk and Kaluga. He was a"}, {"start": 652.76, "end": 658.52, "text": " mathematician of those who were given the intrinsic understanding of the numerical mysteries of the"}, {"start": 658.52, "end": 665.12, "text": " universe and he tried to create a scientific community with aircraft and aircraft projects,"}, {"start": 665.12, "end": 672.6, "text": " the man was very soyed because we are in 1921, you understand me? And this man is already thinking about"}, {"start": 672.6, "end": 678.4, "text": " aircraft projects, the planes were barely there, they were still a fairly incipient project and"}, {"start": 678.4, "end": 683.24, "text": " he thought of aircraft and totally metallic aircraft, remember that the first ones were"}, {"start": 683.24, "end": 691.28, "text": " made of wood, he thought they would be metallic and later there would be a technology of rockets and he"}, {"start": 691.28, "end": 698.12, "text": " began to think of rocket equations to found all astronautics. Julio Verne had told us"}, {"start": 698.12, "end": 702.28, "text": " that to go to the moon we go in a rocket because you also start thinking how we go to the moon"}, {"start": 702.28, "end": 708.72, "text": " in another way, so the idea of \u200b\u200brockets we already have in literature, but then this man"}, {"start": 708.72, "end": 714.12, "text": " is going to take it to mathematics and begins to found it as a real technological possibility,"}, {"start": 714.12, "end": 722.24, "text": " then he begins to do the equations of the rockets and says that a device can accelerate itself by"}, {"start": 722.24, "end": 729.8000000000001, "text": " expelling part of its mass at high speed in the opposite direction to the acceleration obtained"}, {"start": 729.8000000000001, "end": 734.8000000000001, "text": " due to the conservation of the amount of movement, a physical law of movement and acceleration"}, {"start": 734.8, "end": 743.28, "text": " that allows rockets to enter into motion. Sierlowski leaves it raised that the exploration"}, {"start": 743.28, "end": 748.76, "text": " of outer space is possible through rockets, then this is very important because we already have"}, {"start": 748.76, "end": 755.3199999999999, "text": " how, that is, it is cool to reach space but how are we going to reach space? We cannot reach through"}, {"start": 755.3199999999999, "end": 761.28, "text": " planes, we are going to reach through rockets, that is very important because one could have imagined it"}, {"start": 761.28, "end": 768.6, "text": " in napkins, one could have imagined it in many other ways, but something that could have a"}, {"start": 768.6, "end": 775.9599999999999, "text": " clear direction from which a whole mathematical and technological scheme could be developed"}, {"start": 775.9599999999999, "end": 781.3199999999999, "text": " is the rocket and this is the man who says this is done with rockets, you know, we are going to put"}, {"start": 781.32, "end": 800.08, "text": " wheels on this."}, {"start": 830.08, "end": 848.24, "text": " So, those ideas of this man, temporarily in our story, make it possible for the human"}, {"start": 848.24, "end": 855.5400000000001, "text": " being to put a man on an artificial satellite and that Yuri Gagarin was the first person"}, {"start": 855.54, "end": 861.62, "text": " to make that flight. So, the idea was to go around the Earth's orbit."}, {"start": 861.62, "end": 867.9399999999999, "text": " Why, let's say, when one talks about the Moon and talks about the space race, as we were"}, {"start": 867.9399999999999, "end": 873.86, "text": " talking about in the year 9, and starts talking about the stars and all that, and today, well,"}, {"start": 873.86, "end": 879.5, "text": " the things we are discovering about Mars, with the probes that are there and all that,"}, {"start": 879.5, "end": 883.4399999999999, "text": " well, one seems like a simpleton to go around the Earth, right? I mean, it wouldn't seem"}, {"start": 883.44, "end": 891.6600000000001, "text": " as playful. But this is very important, because in order to go somewhere, you have to leave"}, {"start": 891.6600000000001, "end": 899.4200000000001, "text": " here. And to leave here, there are two instances. One is to leave the planet Earth. We had never"}, {"start": 899.4200000000001, "end": 907.5400000000001, "text": " left, okay? Never before. That we know, unless the aliens had visited us, as they say, or"}, {"start": 907.5400000000001, "end": 913.0600000000001, "text": " dream, but we humans, here the bipeds that we are in this narration, we have never left"}, {"start": 913.06, "end": 921.02, "text": " the planet Earth until Yuri Gagarin did. So, one thing is to leave the Earth, and another"}, {"start": 921.02, "end": 928.26, "text": " thing is to connect with the orbit around which the Earth is. Connecting with the orbit"}, {"start": 928.26, "end": 936.42, "text": " is what allows one to make that turn, to turn around from space to look at the Earth."}, {"start": 936.42, "end": 942.14, "text": " That is the mission. To leave the planet, connect with the orbit, and take a look at"}, {"start": 942.14, "end": 949.54, "text": " the Earth from space. That's all. Today, it sounds simple, and after the Apollo missions,"}, {"start": 949.54, "end": 956.18, "text": " it would seem obvious. This is not. This is not at all. This is an absolutely impressive"}, {"start": 956.18, "end": 962.58, "text": " feat. So, when we are mounted in this film, we are already in the Cold War. It turns out"}, {"start": 962.58, "end": 970.3, "text": " that the Cold War is going to be a race between two superpowers, which emerged after the Second"}, {"start": 970.3, "end": 976.38, "text": " World War. After the Second World War, the United States and Soviet Union are"}, {"start": 976.38, "end": 984.66, "text": " in command of the planetary power. As a result of the war, the United States wins the war"}, {"start": 984.66, "end": 989.9399999999999, "text": " and enters the war from the attack on Pearl Harbor, which at the time we will also tell"}, {"start": 989.9399999999999, "end": 997.6999999999999, "text": " here in year 1, because that will happen in 1941. So, we will also tell you that later."}, {"start": 997.7, "end": 1002.86, "text": " But the United States is going to win that war, and it is going to win it without having lived the horror"}, {"start": 1002.86, "end": 1007.46, "text": " in its territory that the Europeans and the Soviets lived. The Soviets are going to win"}, {"start": 1007.46, "end": 1013.74, "text": " the war on their own, because it is the battles of Stalingrad and Kursk that are going to determine"}, {"start": 1013.74, "end": 1019.3000000000001, "text": " the ultimate defeat of the Nazi army. And that is going to be done by the Soviets. The Soviets"}, {"start": 1019.3000000000001, "end": 1025.6200000000001, "text": " win it with 70% of the territory destroyed, with 25 million of the 50 who died during"}, {"start": 1025.62, "end": 1031.9399999999998, "text": " the Second World War. They win it in the hardest conditions, but they win the Second"}, {"start": 1031.9399999999998, "end": 1037.58, "text": " World War and that is why they are divided between the two in the world, for the victory"}, {"start": 1037.58, "end": 1044.4199999999998, "text": " over the Nazis. So, from there, when the United States wins, let's say, the Second"}, {"start": 1044.4199999999998, "end": 1051.54, "text": " World War ends with the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb enters us in another era, in another"}, {"start": 1051.54, "end": 1059.7, "text": " era in which there is the real possibility of a weapon that can destroy the planet,"}, {"start": 1059.7, "end": 1063.54, "text": " because in addition the level of destruction of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb is"}, {"start": 1063.54, "end": 1072.1, "text": " unimaginable even today. And historically this has not been charged as an unimaginably terrifying"}, {"start": 1072.1, "end": 1078.94, "text": " crime. That has nothing natural or cool, nor is the project so fascinating, when what"}, {"start": 1078.94, "end": 1084.42, "text": " it produced is one of the greatest tragedies and nightmares that the species has been able"}, {"start": 1084.42, "end": 1092.5800000000002, "text": " to conceive in its worst days. But this puts a point at which, having an atomic bomb, the"}, {"start": 1092.5800000000002, "end": 1099.14, "text": " United States, the Soviet Union, begins in the project of developing an atomic bomb,"}, {"start": 1099.14, "end": 1107.02, "text": " they too. There we all go crazy. But the atomic bombs that the Soviets develop are very large,"}, {"start": 1107.02, "end": 1111.46, "text": " they cannot be thrown from planes like the Enola Gay, but they are going to be thrown"}, {"start": 1111.46, "end": 1115.22, "text": " in rockets. In other words, they are not going to be thrown, they have not been thrown, but"}, {"start": 1115.22, "end": 1123.18, "text": " let's say the structure of the launch of an atomic bomb in Soviet technology is through"}, {"start": 1123.18, "end": 1132.74, "text": " rockets. So, the rocketry continues to develop as an idea within the war, and here there"}, {"start": 1132.74, "end": 1141.3, "text": " is a point at which the space race and the arms race join us. Because both are done"}, {"start": 1141.3, "end": 1148.14, "text": " through rockets. So who is going to be the biggest rockets? Let's say that's where that"}, {"start": 1148.14, "end": 1154.58, "text": " crazy race begins and each one begins to move between the rockets, which then go from here"}, {"start": 1154.58, "end": 1160.3, "text": " and there the missiles will come out, but from here the space rockets that are going to take us"}, {"start": 1160.3, "end": 1167.06, "text": " to orbit. We are in, let's say, the duality of that race, the same as atomic energy would"}, {"start": 1167.06, "end": 1172.3, "text": " also generate the duality of all the energy movement capacity that the planet has and"}, {"start": 1172.3, "end": 1173.74, "text": " the dangers it has."}, {"start": 1173.74, "end": 1191.02, "text": " In this commercial space I am going to tell you an anecdote. Imagine that I had an invitation"}, {"start": 1191.02, "end": 1196.74, "text": " to Brazil a long, long time ago and it was an invitation full of scales. It was to study"}, {"start": 1196.74, "end": 1203.3, "text": " the Gold Route of the interior Brazil and I had to go to Brazil, deep, deep, deep,"}, {"start": 1203.3, "end": 1208.78, "text": " and on one of those scales the plane left me and I got in trouble because I didn't understand"}, {"start": 1208.78, "end": 1213.26, "text": " how I got out of there for the next one and where they were waiting for me. Anyway, the"}, {"start": 1213.26, "end": 1218.54, "text": " situation became quite problematic. They had given me six hours of Portuguese and they had"}, {"start": 1218.54, "end": 1223.1399999999999, "text": " dispatched me to the interior Brazil. With that I could not communicate to be able to"}, {"start": 1223.1399999999999, "end": 1228.94, "text": " develop the situation in which I was involved. At tea time, when I saw that the thing was"}, {"start": 1228.94, "end": 1235.42, "text": " quite complicated, I said, I need someone to speak English. And they brought me someone"}, {"start": 1235.42, "end": 1240.8600000000001, "text": " with whom we spoke for at least an hour because we had to solve a lot of things. It was a"}, {"start": 1240.8600000000001, "end": 1248.22, "text": " very complex conversation. Who was taking responsibility? If it was the airline, if it was me, but also"}, {"start": 1248.22, "end": 1252.6200000000001, "text": " I was not going to the first destination but to the second. How did they guarantee that I"}, {"start": 1252.62, "end": 1259.3799999999999, "text": " would arrive directly where I was going? We had to solve many things that could not be"}, {"start": 1259.3799999999999, "end": 1267.34, "text": " done otherwise and it was English that saved me. Because despite how close Brazil is,"}, {"start": 1267.34, "end": 1271.9399999999998, "text": " the Portuguese that I knew at that time was not enough to be able to solve the situation."}, {"start": 1271.9399999999998, "end": 1278.58, "text": " Today I am studying and I know much more, but at that time I did not know. It is very important"}, {"start": 1278.58, "end": 1284.3, "text": " to know English to travel. What they tell you to travel you have to know English, it"}, {"start": 1284.3, "end": 1293.02, "text": " is true. I have traveled to more than 52 countries. I have been to Jordan, I have been to Egypt,"}, {"start": 1293.02, "end": 1298.62, "text": " I have been to Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina, I have been to the most incredible places,"}, {"start": 1298.62, "end": 1307.26, "text": " in India, in Vietnam and always, invariably, whatever the destination, English is the one"}, {"start": 1307.26, "end": 1313.22, "text": " that gets you out of trouble. Because in the last corner of the planet someone speaks English"}, {"start": 1313.22, "end": 1318.82, "text": " and can help you get out of a situation if you are in a problem that needs to be solved"}, {"start": 1318.82, "end": 1324.34, "text": " immediately. Why do I tell you this story? Because I know that there are many people who"}, {"start": 1324.34, "end": 1330.94, "text": " are listening to us, who have raised the need to learn English, but have not yet"}, {"start": 1330.94, "end": 1337.66, "text": " been able to do so, and I want to encourage them to do so. It really is important. And"}, {"start": 1337.66, "end": 1345.46, "text": " this comes to an end because this episode is sponsored by Platzi. And Platzi is a learning"}, {"start": 1345.46, "end": 1352.7, "text": " platform where there are many things that can be learned, including English. So to"}, {"start": 1352.7, "end": 1358.46, "text": " be encouraged, there we leave you the link where you can enter and get into this universe"}, {"start": 1358.46, "end": 1372.54, "text": " that can help you travel the world."}, {"start": 1372.54, "end": 1380.18, "text": " In 1957, Corell concluded a masterpiece that was the R7 rocket, the SEMYORKA, which was"}, {"start": 1380.18, "end": 1386.06, "text": " nine times more powerful than any other rocket launched at the time. Also at this time,"}, {"start": 1386.06, "end": 1391.74, "text": " satellites were being launched and satellites are going to be absolutely important in all"}, {"start": 1391.74, "end": 1400.94, "text": " this. So we are on that route. We are trying to achieve rockets that we can launch and"}, {"start": 1400.94, "end": 1407.6599999999999, "text": " after several failed attempts, there are many failures for each success in these races."}, {"start": 1407.6599999999999, "end": 1413.54, "text": " When something goes well, many things have gone wrong. So after several failed attempts,"}, {"start": 1413.54, "end": 1420.3799999999999, "text": " the R7 was successfully tested and flew 5,600 kilometers to the Kamchatka Peninsula. The"}, {"start": 1420.3799999999999, "end": 1425.3799999999999, "text": " Kamchatka Peninsula is the last thing, the last thing. You take the map of the former"}, {"start": 1425.3799999999999, "end": 1431.46, "text": " Soviet Union and that ends in a peninsula that is already close to Japan. We know that"}, {"start": 1431.46, "end": 1437.1, "text": " by the RISC game, because it is the last piece there. The map ends there, in the Kamchatka"}, {"start": 1437.1, "end": 1443.54, "text": " Peninsula and it was the first intercontinental ballistic missile. And with it, Korolev"}, {"start": 1443.54, "end": 1449.54, "text": " turned the Soviet Union into a global superpower. Because what were the credentials to be"}, {"start": 1449.54, "end": 1456.4199999999998, "text": " a superpower in the post-war? The ability you had to develop rockets, yes, and"}, {"start": 1456.4199999999998, "end": 1462.26, "text": " that those rockets had the greatest possible reach. That was what put you in the range"}, {"start": 1462.26, "end": 1468.3799999999999, "text": " of superpower. So the only thing Korolev did, well, not the only thing he did, but"}, {"start": 1468.3799999999999, "end": 1475.86, "text": " basically what he did was follow the same principles of Tsirlovsky, who was the one"}, {"start": 1475.86, "end": 1481.82, "text": " who affirmed that technology not only gave military advantages, but also would take"}, {"start": 1481.82, "end": 1487.86, "text": " humanity into space. Tsirlovsky considered that taking humanity into space was a way"}, {"start": 1487.86, "end": 1494.82, "text": " of opening the horizons, of not staying only on one planet. He did not think so in the"}, {"start": 1494.82, "end": 1498.78, "text": " sense that we were going to end the planet as it is happening to us now and we have to"}, {"start": 1498.78, "end": 1505.3799999999999, "text": " go somewhere and we end the rest of the patches. No, but the idea was that the earth was the"}, {"start": 1505.3799999999999, "end": 1510.3, "text": " cradle of man and man could not spend all his life in the cradle. In other words, he had"}, {"start": 1510.3, "end": 1516.86, "text": " the idea of \u200b\u200ba humanity capable of projecting new horizons, capable of understanding new"}, {"start": 1516.86, "end": 1524.9799999999998, "text": " possibilities, he had an idea of \u200b\u200bthe future, of humanity, of development, of new possibilities,"}, {"start": 1524.9799999999998, "end": 1531.3799999999999, "text": " of new horizons and we have to focus on that idea to be able to understand the importance"}, {"start": 1531.3799999999999, "end": 1537.9399999999998, "text": " of orbit and make the effort of imagination, because as these are dark times and people"}, {"start": 1537.9399999999998, "end": 1542.5, "text": " have no idea of \u200b\u200bthe great possibilities of the human species, there are the bets for"}, {"start": 1542.5, "end": 1547.9, "text": " the human species, they are quite low among humans, so we have to imagine that"}, {"start": 1547.9, "end": 1553.02, "text": " this is possible, yes, and that there are other possibilities and that there are other horizons"}, {"start": 1553.02, "end": 1558.46, "text": " and that humanity can make different and new patches and that was what this man invented"}, {"start": 1558.46, "end": 1563.26, "text": " and that is what is below the space race. In other words, despite the whole issue of"}, {"start": 1563.26, "end": 1570.78, "text": " superpowers and despite the whole issue of the armament race, below the space race"}, {"start": 1570.78, "end": 1574.5, "text": " there is a deep faith in humanity or if you do not know, you do not get into that roll"}, {"start": 1574.5, "end": 1580.82, "text": " so damn, yes, you have to be believing in the species to be able to ride in a movie"}, {"start": 1580.82, "end": 1588.3, "text": " of these. So the first thing to do was put a satellite out of orbit, an artificial satellite"}, {"start": 1588.3, "end": 1595.66, "text": " and that satellite was like a print of the Soviets, we can put a satellite and that satellite"}, {"start": 1595.66, "end": 1603.1000000000001, "text": " is called the first artificial satellite that someone from the human species launched"}, {"start": 1603.1000000000001, "end": 1612.18, "text": " outside the planet Earth to give it orbits, it was called Sputnik and Sputnik means satellite,"}, {"start": 1612.18, "end": 1618.38, "text": " that long-forgotten word now becomes fashionable again because that is what the vaccine against"}, {"start": 1618.38, "end": 1623.26, "text": " COVID is called, what do the Russians do, if you catch, that is, why, because the race"}, {"start": 1623.26, "end": 1628.34, "text": " against the vaccine is again another of the global competitions to see who comes out"}, {"start": 1628.34, "end": 1634.26, "text": " with the vaccine against COVID when we face a global epidemic and we have to talk"}, {"start": 1634.26, "end": 1640.24, "text": " again about us as a species and not as a number of tribes clung to each other under"}, {"start": 1640.24, "end": 1645.34, "text": " something called the national states, believing some that their national state is better than"}, {"start": 1645.34, "end": 1649.74, "text": " the next day and that it is cooler because it was born in one state instead of the other,"}, {"start": 1649.74, "end": 1656.38, "text": " from this perspective, you will see how silly the topic is, so it turns out that now that the"}, {"start": 1656.38, "end": 1661.46, "text": " species had to speak again as a species because what is happening to us is global in so many"}, {"start": 1661.46, "end": 1667.86, "text": " humans we use this word again that was forgotten in the old stories of the 20th century,"}, {"start": 1667.86, "end": 1673.02, "text": " Sputnik, the word means satellite and today it is the name of the vaccine that the Russians have,"}, {"start": 1673.02, "end": 1677.58, "text": " the Soviet Union no longer exists, these guys are another very different turn, they look more like"}, {"start": 1677.58, "end": 1683.02, "text": " the Ares than the Soviets, but that's what the vaccine is called and it was a radio transmitter"}, {"start": 1683.02, "end": 1690.22, "text": " covered with a metal sphere, it was no more but it orbited and that was what it had of cool and"}, {"start": 1690.22, "end": 1697.3, "text": " on October 4, 1957, the Sputnik was placed in orbit and began to give radio signals"}, {"start": 1697.3, "end": 1713.3, "text": " to the earth that was beep beep beep beep that was"}, {"start": 1727.78, "end": 1728.3, "text": " the Sputnik,"}, {"start": 1733.94, "end": 1738.78, "text": " but this was the furious madness because all this had to be built from scratch,"}, {"start": 1738.78, "end": 1744.74, "text": " then the Americans said that was what that beep means and they scratched their"}, {"start": 1744.74, "end": 1750.96, "text": " heads and put all their services to decode it but it was not but beep beep beep beep was no more"}, {"start": 1750.96, "end": 1753.96, "text": " But that was the mystery."}, {"start": 1753.96, "end": 1758.96, "text": " And Sputnik was a masterful propaganda toy."}, {"start": 1758.96, "end": 1763.96, "text": " And now, in the days of Nikita Khrushchev, who was the one who was at that time,"}, {"start": 1763.96, "end": 1770.96, "text": " he told Korolev to make a great space mission for the commemoration of November 7th,"}, {"start": 1770.96, "end": 1773.96, "text": " the anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917."}, {"start": 1773.96, "end": 1782.96, "text": " They celebrate it in November 1917, for the commemoration, on November 3, 1957,"}, {"start": 1782.96, "end": 1785.96, "text": " the Soviet Union sent another satellite."}, {"start": 1785.96, "end": 1790.96, "text": " This is a pretty bitter story, you know, because they send a satellite manned by a living being."}, {"start": 1790.96, "end": 1794.96, "text": " And that living being is the Laika dog."}, {"start": 1794.96, "end": 1799.96, "text": " So, on the one hand, there is the fascination that the rockets, the satellites,"}, {"start": 1799.96, "end": 1804.96, "text": " the rockets, the satellites, but this dog was sent not to return."}, {"start": 1804.96, "end": 1810.96, "text": " It was a street dog, they choose it and mount it on a satellite, and it will not return."}, {"start": 1810.96, "end": 1814.96, "text": " And it will burn. That's why Mecano is such a beautiful song about Laika."}, {"start": 1814.96, "end": 1820.96, "text": " And today, from the perspective of a natural correspondence with animals,"}, {"start": 1820.96, "end": 1827.96, "text": " it is inconceivable that one sends an animal, defenseless to space,"}, {"start": 1827.96, "end": 1831.96, "text": " to be devoured by the flames. But that's what happened with Laika."}, {"start": 1831.96, "end": 1836.96, "text": " And at that moment, it was a gigantic propaganda act,"}, {"start": 1836.96, "end": 1840.96, "text": " because it was to be able to send a living being to space."}, {"start": 1840.96, "end": 1844.96, "text": " Send it alive and bring it dead, because it would not return."}, {"start": 1844.96, "end": 1850.96, "text": " So, the Soviet Union was already starting to place satellites in orbit,"}, {"start": 1850.96, "end": 1854.96, "text": " because it already had the technology to do that."}, {"start": 1854.96, "end": 1859.96, "text": " So, within the paranoia of the Cold War, they began to say in the United States,"}, {"start": 1859.96, "end": 1865.96, "text": " if they can place satellites, from the satellites they can look at us,"}, {"start": 1865.96, "end": 1870.96, "text": " they can spy on us and they can reach us with rockets."}, {"start": 1870.96, "end": 1876.96, "text": " So, this technological development begins to present a paranoid characteristic,"}, {"start": 1876.96, "end": 1881.96, "text": " because those were the times, it was a time of paranoid polarity."}, {"start": 1881.96, "end": 1887.96, "text": " And then, when the United States makes the first satellite transmission in the world,"}, {"start": 1887.96, "end": 1892.96, "text": " in 1967, that will be the Beatles concert, our time."}, {"start": 1892.96, "end": 1896.96, "text": " It will be the first time we have a satellite transmission."}, {"start": 1896.96, "end": 1902.96, "text": " Today, we are absolutely used to satellites, we have them through GPS,"}, {"start": 1902.96, "end": 1905.96, "text": " we have them through our entire daily life."}, {"start": 1905.96, "end": 1911.96, "text": " But the ball had to be invented, fill it with metal and put it to float so that the satellites exist."}, {"start": 1911.96, "end": 1917.96, "text": " All that was an impressive technological development that today we take for granted."}, {"start": 1917.96, "end": 1920.96, "text": " But it was absolutely impressive."}, {"start": 1920.96, "end": 1925.96, "text": " Then the United States began to make adjustments to its space program"}, {"start": 1925.96, "end": 1928.96, "text": " so as not to let the Soviets take over the Earth."}, {"start": 1928.96, "end": 1933.96, "text": " I said, no, but how are the Soviets in all of them and what are we doing?"}, {"start": 1933.96, "end": 1940.96, "text": " And then the Americans readjusted the space project to be in tune"}, {"start": 1940.96, "end": 1945.96, "text": " with the developments that the Soviet Union is having at this time, which are colossal."}, {"start": 1945.96, "end": 1953.96, "text": " And in that context and at that moment, that's when Yuri Gagarin,"}, {"start": 1953.96, "end": 1958.96, "text": " who was the son of a peasant from a collective farm, from the Kolyaks,"}, {"start": 1958.96, "end": 1963.96, "text": " they were called collective farms, he is going to enter a space program,"}, {"start": 1963.96, "end": 1968.96, "text": " to the missions that are going to be done between April 1961 and June 1963."}, {"start": 1968.96, "end": 1973.96, "text": " And there the idea of bringing a human being into space is going to be created."}, {"start": 1973.96, "end": 1978.96, "text": " That is, we are going to put the satellite first and then send a satellite"}, {"start": 1978.96, "end": 1982.96, "text": " manned by a living being and then send a human being into space."}, {"start": 1982.96, "end": 1984.96, "text": " That has never been done."}, {"start": 1984.96, "end": 1988.96, "text": " And it is, it is absolutely dangerous, impressive."}, {"start": 1988.96, "end": 1991.96, "text": " So they start to make several attempts,"}, {"start": 1991.96, "end": 1996.96, "text": " with animals, they start to see how they are going to man a mission with a human being."}, {"start": 1996.96, "end": 1998.96, "text": " This is the most impressive thing."}, {"start": 1998.96, "end": 2002.96, "text": " And this happens at the beginning of the 60s,"}, {"start": 2002.96, "end": 2009.96, "text": " with 20 cosmonauts to train them in secret, in a rural area."}, {"start": 2009.96, "end": 2011.96, "text": " These programs were ultra secret."}, {"start": 2011.96, "end": 2016.96, "text": " The spies were trying to find out and spy on each other,"}, {"start": 2016.96, "end": 2020.96, "text": " how such and such program had, because the other part of the Cold War"}, {"start": 2020.96, "end": 2049.96, "text": " was the spies who transmitted this ultra secret information at that time."}, {"start": 2049.96, "end": 2053.96, "text": " So there was the son of a peasant who was Yuri Gagarin,"}, {"start": 2053.96, "end": 2058.96, "text": " Yuri Alexandrovich Gagarin, and he will have a year of training."}, {"start": 2058.96, "end": 2061.96, "text": " Look, this man was trained in everything."}, {"start": 2061.96, "end": 2066.96, "text": " He was trained in the physical academies, he was trained in circular movements,"}, {"start": 2066.96, "end": 2067.96, "text": " in all kinds of things."}, {"start": 2067.96, "end": 2071.96, "text": " A group trained him and trained him and trained him."}, {"start": 2071.96, "end": 2075.96, "text": " And of all the people, he was the one who was selected"}, {"start": 2075.96, "end": 2078.96, "text": " for one of the most important missions in history."}, {"start": 2078.96, "end": 2083.96, "text": " The first space trip will take place on April 12, 1961"}, {"start": 2083.96, "end": 2086.96, "text": " at 6 in the morning, Universal Time,"}, {"start": 2086.96, "end": 2094.96, "text": " and it leaves the Vostok 1 spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome."}, {"start": 2094.96, "end": 2099.96, "text": " Gagarin said goodbye to Earth with a phrase that made history."}, {"start": 2099.96, "end": 2101.96, "text": " Let's go!"}, {"start": 2101.96, "end": 2108.96, "text": " And the five engines of the first stage were changed to fuel,"}, {"start": 2108.96, "end": 2111.96, "text": " until the four side propellers were detached."}, {"start": 2111.96, "end": 2114.96, "text": " Remember that this is detached and detached and detached,"}, {"start": 2114.96, "end": 2122.96, "text": " because a large amount of impulse is needed to remove the rocket from the ground,"}, {"start": 2122.96, "end": 2125.96, "text": " but that impulse once it leaves the ground is no longer needed,"}, {"start": 2125.96, "end": 2130.96, "text": " that's why they are detached, and we also explain this well in the Apollo missions."}, {"start": 2130.96, "end": 2134.96, "text": " So, for the central engine to arrive,"}, {"start": 2134.96, "end": 2139.96, "text": " and then separate and connect it with the orbit,"}, {"start": 2139.96, "end": 2141.96, "text": " first we have to leave the Earth,"}, {"start": 2141.96, "end": 2144.96, "text": " reach space and then we have to connect with the orbit,"}, {"start": 2144.96, "end": 2146.96, "text": " that's what the mission is about."}, {"start": 2147.96, "end": 2151.96, "text": " Attention, minute readiness, minute readiness."}, {"start": 2151.96, "end": 2160.96, "text": " I'm Kedr, I understand, minute readiness, I took the starting position, so I delayed a few with the answer, over."}, {"start": 2160.96, "end": 2165.96, "text": " The pilot of the Vostok spacecraft,"}, {"start": 2165.96, "end": 2170.96, "text": " pilot Major Gagarin Yuri Alekseevich."}, {"start": 2170.96, "end": 2173.96, "text": " The mission of the Apollo mission was a success."}, {"start": 2173.96, "end": 2176.96, "text": " But the mission of the Vostok spacecraft was a failure."}, {"start": 2176.96, "end": 2179.96, "text": " The mission of the Apollo mission was a failure."}, {"start": 2179.96, "end": 2186.96, "text": " There was a moment when we could not know if the ground controllers could not imagine,"}, {"start": 2186.96, "end": 2190.96, "text": " and they could not communicate at that moment to know if they had reached the orbit."}, {"start": 2190.96, "end": 2195.96, "text": " Only up to 25 minutes after launch, and we also saw that with the Apollo mission,"}, {"start": 2195.96, "end": 2198.96, "text": " there are times when you do not know if that was achieved or not,"}, {"start": 2198.96, "end": 2202.96, "text": " everything can go wrong, because it has not been done before."}, {"start": 2202.96, "end": 2208.96, "text": " Everything can go wrong, everything is absolutely dangerous, everything can be a disaster,"}, {"start": 2208.96, "end": 2210.96, "text": " everything in these space missions."}, {"start": 2210.96, "end": 2217.96, "text": " Then the transmission enters again when it is entering the non-lit part of the Earth"}, {"start": 2217.96, "end": 2222.96, "text": " and leaves behind the Soviet Union through the Pacific Ocean."}, {"start": 2222.96, "end": 2230.96, "text": " And it crosses the Magallanes Strait at dawn, and during the dawn the vast ocean of the South Atlantic."}, {"start": 2230.96, "end": 2237.96, "text": " And Gagarin was the first man to see the planet Earth in all its wonder and fragility from space."}, {"start": 2237.96, "end": 2240.96, "text": " And he said, I'm looking at the Earth."}, {"start": 2240.96, "end": 2245.96, "text": " He said, when communicating with the control center, I see the colors of the landscape,"}, {"start": 2245.96, "end": 2249.96, "text": " forests, rivers, clouds, everything is so beautiful."}, {"start": 2249.96, "end": 2253.96, "text": " And then he activated the automatic system of the ship to align the capsule"}, {"start": 2253.96, "end": 2258.96, "text": " and shoot the recoil rockets, starting the descent,"}, {"start": 2258.96, "end": 2267.96, "text": " while crossing the western coast of Angola, about 8,000 kilometers away from the landing point."}, {"start": 2267.96, "end": 2273.96, "text": " So imagine what it is like to be looking at the Earth, looking at the forests, the rivers, the mountains,"}, {"start": 2273.96, "end": 2279.96, "text": " and being able to get out of the Soviet Union in one go and pass through the Magallanes Strait"}, {"start": 2279.96, "end": 2283.96, "text": " and go through all this, going around the planet."}, {"start": 2283.96, "end": 2286.96, "text": " Then it reaches the western part of Angola."}, {"start": 2286.96, "end": 2291.96, "text": " Here again we have problems because entering and leaving the atmosphere is a camel."}, {"start": 2291.96, "end": 2295.96, "text": " It is very complicated, and much more if you do it the first time."}, {"start": 2295.96, "end": 2299.96, "text": " So for the return to the atmosphere, there is another problem,"}, {"start": 2299.96, "end": 2302.96, "text": " which is perhaps the most serious problem of the flight,"}, {"start": 2302.96, "end": 2306.96, "text": " and that is that the ship must detach from one part of the module"}, {"start": 2306.96, "end": 2310.96, "text": " in order to successfully enter the appropriate orientation,"}, {"start": 2310.96, "end": 2317.96, "text": " because it has to enter where it is, or else it will be set on fire and will be turned into a fireball."}, {"start": 2317.96, "end": 2321.96, "text": " And there are 10 minutes in which no one can do anything,"}, {"start": 2321.96, "end": 2327.96, "text": " and the capsule begins to rotate violently at that speed, and in space to rotate violently,"}, {"start": 2327.96, "end": 2330.96, "text": " is to be in an absolutely terrifying situation,"}, {"start": 2330.96, "end": 2333.96, "text": " because everything is moving, everything is outside."}, {"start": 2333.96, "end": 2337.96, "text": " So there you don't know, there is a point in space missions"}, {"start": 2337.96, "end": 2342.96, "text": " where you don't know if the other one is going to return, if it is not going to return, if it is going to burn,"}, {"start": 2342.96, "end": 2346.96, "text": " and you can't pray from the ground because what can you do?"}, {"start": 2346.96, "end": 2349.96, "text": " Meanwhile, the descent is continuing,"}, {"start": 2349.96, "end": 2354.96, "text": " and the dark forests and mountains of Central Africa cross."}, {"start": 2354.96, "end": 2360.96, "text": " And then you see the Sahara, and the Nile River, and the Middle East,"}, {"start": 2360.96, "end": 2365.96, "text": " and the descent continues to the southeast of the current Russian Federation,"}, {"start": 2365.96, "end": 2368.96, "text": " which at that time was the Soviet Union,"}, {"start": 2368.96, "end": 2374.96, "text": " and it begins to prepare to start the expulsion, we are already near the Black Sea."}, {"start": 2374.96, "end": 2380.96, "text": " And there it detached from the capsule, already 7,000 meters above the ground,"}, {"start": 2380.96, "end": 2385.96, "text": " it is already attached to the seat that is ejectable, the word eject,"}, {"start": 2385.96, "end": 2393.96, "text": " it becomes a relatively common word, and it is when you are expelled from the ship,"}, {"start": 2393.96, "end": 2396.96, "text": " the plane, the car, the security measures,"}, {"start": 2396.96, "end": 2400.96, "text": " but you had to imagine and create something,"}, {"start": 2400.96, "end": 2404.96, "text": " that you could get out of a seat there, expelled,"}, {"start": 2404.96, "end": 2410.96, "text": " and you had to leave the module of the ship at an altitude of 7,000 meters,"}, {"start": 2410.96, "end": 2416.96, "text": " they are not going to sail, as the United States did, they are going to land."}, {"start": 2416.96, "end": 2422.96, "text": " At that time their territory was the sixth part of the planet Earth,"}, {"start": 2422.96, "end": 2430.96, "text": " what was the former Soviet Union was the sixth part of the part of the Earth that we have on the blue planet,"}, {"start": 2430.96, "end": 2438.96, "text": " so it is easy for them to do it, then he leaves there and has his own parachute,"}, {"start": 2438.96, "end": 2442.96, "text": " and gets on the parachute as it was planned,"}, {"start": 2442.96, "end": 2447.96, "text": " that is, let's say, he leaves the Vostok capsule,"}, {"start": 2447.96, "end": 2450.96, "text": " gets on his parachute, that is, he is expelled,"}, {"start": 2450.96, "end": 2454.96, "text": " gets on the parachute and the parachute is going to return,"}, {"start": 2454.96, "end": 2457.96, "text": " after the mission of making the first orbit,"}, {"start": 2457.96, "end": 2464.96, "text": " imagine that, and he is going to fall near a small town called Smolovsk,"}, {"start": 2464.96, "end": 2467.96, "text": " which is 15 kilometers from the city of Engels,"}, {"start": 2467.96, "end": 2472.96, "text": " and there he is going to find a peasant woman called Tarajova,"}, {"start": 2472.96, "end": 2474.96, "text": " in a collective farm of the Kolchaks,"}, {"start": 2474.96, "end": 2477.96, "text": " which I told you that it was the collective farms of the Soviet system,"}, {"start": 2477.96, "end": 2480.96, "text": " and she was with her granddaughter Rita, who was six years old,"}, {"start": 2480.96, "end": 2483.96, "text": " imagine one at six years old meeting Yuri Gagarin,"}, {"start": 2483.96, "end": 2487.96, "text": " they were the first people to meet Yuri Gagarin,"}, {"start": 2487.96, "end": 2490.96, "text": " and he was wearing a strange orange suit,"}, {"start": 2490.96, "end": 2495.96, "text": " and a white helmet with the initials of what means the Soviet Union,"}, {"start": 2495.96, "end": 2498.96, "text": " which is CCCP,"}, {"start": 2498.96, "end": 2501.96, "text": " which you can see in all the uniforms of the football world cup,"}, {"start": 2501.96, "end": 2503.96, "text": " before the fall of the Soviet Union,"}, {"start": 2503.96, "end": 2506.96, "text": " that even when they left, it was not painted on the helmet,"}, {"start": 2506.96, "end": 2509.96, "text": " and they had to paint it in red so that it could be seen,"}, {"start": 2509.96, "end": 2514.96, "text": " because the uniform was all over and they forgot to put the patch where the helmet came from,"}, {"start": 2514.96, "end": 2517.96, "text": " and then suddenly she asked him,"}, {"start": 2517.96, "end": 2519.96, "text": " do you come from space?"}, {"start": 2519.96, "end": 2521.96, "text": " And he said, certainly yes,"}, {"start": 2521.96, "end": 2524.96, "text": " and he said, but to calm her down because she could get scared,"}, {"start": 2524.96, "end": 2527.96, "text": " and he says, but do not be alarmed, I am Soviet,"}, {"start": 2527.96, "end": 2532.96, "text": " let's say it was not martial or anything, I am Soviet,"}, {"start": 2532.96, "end": 2536.96, "text": " and then Yuri Gagarin returns,"}, {"start": 2536.96, "end": 2541.96, "text": " and this is the greatest feat, the first of the great feats,"}, {"start": 2541.96, "end": 2547.96, "text": " later the United States tries to get on this as soon as possible,"}, {"start": 2547.96, "end": 2549.96, "text": " but the Soviets continue,"}, {"start": 2549.96, "end": 2554.96, "text": " because after that they take the first photo of the dark side of the moon,"}, {"start": 2554.96, "end": 2556.96, "text": " the dark side of the moon,"}, {"start": 2556.96, "end": 2561.96, "text": " which they called, which would be one of the most disturbing and wonderful works of Pink Floyd,"}, {"start": 2561.96, "end": 2564.96, "text": " precisely for that, for the photo of the dark side of the moon,"}, {"start": 2564.96, "end": 2569.96, "text": " and then the first woman of the human species would go to space,"}, {"start": 2569.96, "end": 2574.96, "text": " Valentina Tereshkova in 1963, she would go to space,"}, {"start": 2574.96, "end": 2576.96, "text": " then the United States,"}, {"start": 2576.96, "end": 2579.96, "text": " they are, but bad, if you understand me,"}, {"start": 2579.96, "end": 2581.96, "text": " what do we do with this?"}, {"start": 2581.96, "end": 2585.96, "text": " And then they send Alan Shepard almost a month after Yuri Gagarin,"}, {"start": 2585.96, "end": 2589.96, "text": " but in orbit, but he does not, he only manages to leave space,"}, {"start": 2589.96, "end": 2591.96, "text": " he does not manage to enter orbit,"}, {"start": 2591.96, "end": 2594.96, "text": " that is, leaving space is one thing, entering orbit is another,"}, {"start": 2594.96, "end": 2598.96, "text": " and he manages to leave space but not enter orbit,"}, {"start": 2598.96, "end": 2600.96, "text": " then only a year later,"}, {"start": 2600.96, "end": 2605.96, "text": " is that they will achieve that John Glenn enters orbit,"}, {"start": 2605.96, "end": 2609.96, "text": " but that is a year after Yuri Gagarin did it for the first time,"}, {"start": 2609.96, "end": 2613.96, "text": " then the United States gets very bored with that,"}, {"start": 2613.96, "end": 2615.96, "text": " and you know what we are going to take? His name to the moon,"}, {"start": 2615.96, "end": 2617.96, "text": " that's what we're going to do,"}, {"start": 2617.96, "end": 2621.96, "text": " and then it's when Kennedy is going to say in this generation and in this time,"}, {"start": 2621.96, "end": 2625.96, "text": " we are going to take a man to the moon before this decade ends,"}, {"start": 2625.96, "end": 2630.96, "text": " and so begins the whole impulse of the United States as a power"}, {"start": 2630.96, "end": 2632.96, "text": " to take a man to the moon,"}, {"start": 2632.96, "end": 2637.96, "text": " that would arrive, as we had seen in these chapters of what I was talking about,"}, {"start": 2637.96, "end": 2639.96, "text": " on July 20, 1969,"}, {"start": 2639.96, "end": 2641.96, "text": " but no one would reach the moon,"}, {"start": 2641.96, "end": 2645.96, "text": " and all this could not happen if we had not first left the earth,"}, {"start": 2645.96, "end": 2647.96, "text": " and if we had not been able to make an orbit,"}, {"start": 2647.96, "end": 2651.96, "text": " and from space to be able to look at us for the first time,"}, {"start": 2651.96, "end": 2654.96, "text": " and that was what Yuri Gagarin did,"}, {"start": 2654.96, "end": 2656.96, "text": " such a feat,"}, {"start": 2656.96, "end": 2661.96, "text": " that it is still an impressive thing that we have been able to do,"}, {"start": 2661.96, "end": 2664.96, "text": " that we have been able to look at ourselves from space,"}, {"start": 2664.96, "end": 2665.96, "text": " as a species,"}, {"start": 2665.96, "end": 2670.96, "text": " this look must be recovered because we are finally the same species,"}, {"start": 2670.96, "end": 2673.96, "text": " we are on the same planet,"}, {"start": 2673.96, "end": 2677.96, "text": " and if we could see it from space to be able to respect it,"}, {"start": 2677.96, "end": 2679.96, "text": " and to be able to understand it,"}, {"start": 2679.96, "end": 2682.96, "text": " if only that way we could achieve it,"}, {"start": 2682.96, "end": 2685.96, "text": " at least the imagination that we can see ourselves from there,"}, {"start": 2685.96, "end": 2689.96, "text": " should serve us to be able to understand it, respect it, and love it,"}, {"start": 2689.96, "end": 2691.96, "text": " as we should,"}, {"start": 2691.96, "end": 2695.96, "text": " as everything we owe it as a planet and as life that is here,"}, {"start": 2695.96, "end": 2699.96, "text": " Yuri Gagarin shows us the ability we have,"}, {"start": 2699.96, "end": 2702.96, "text": " to be able to understand ourselves in another way,"}, {"start": 2702.96, "end": 2704.96, "text": " to look at other horizons,"}, {"start": 2704.96, "end": 2709.96, "text": " and to be able to completely change our perception of ourselves as a species,"}, {"start": 2709.96, "end": 2712.96, "text": " that only fact of giving us a little turn,"}, {"start": 2712.96, "end": 2714.96, "text": " is that it is a little turn,"}, {"start": 2714.96, "end": 2718.96, "text": " but look at everything that was required for that turn to be given,"}, {"start": 2718.96, "end": 2721.96, "text": " that was 60 years ago,"}, {"start": 2721.96, "end": 2725.96, "text": " then, later the space missions will continue,"}, {"start": 2725.96, "end": 2729.96, "text": " and later even the Americans left a statue called"}, {"start": 2729.96, "end": 2734.96, "text": " the fallen astronaut, which commemorates the life of the people who died in space races,"}, {"start": 2734.96, "end": 2736.96, "text": " all the people who lost their lives,"}, {"start": 2736.96, "end": 2739.96, "text": " there was also a mission Soyuz later,"}, {"start": 2739.96, "end": 2742.96, "text": " where everyone died and their names are there,"}, {"start": 2742.96, "end": 2745.96, "text": " Yuri Gagarin would die in a plane accident,"}, {"start": 2745.96, "end": 2751.96, "text": " really a simple plane accident for a man who had done such an impressive thing,"}, {"start": 2751.96, "end": 2756.96, "text": " but it is he who first put the name of human beings"}, {"start": 2756.96, "end": 2759.96, "text": " outside the planet Earth,"}, {"start": 2759.96, "end": 2762.96, "text": " today, there are in Moscow, in the outskirts,"}, {"start": 2762.96, "end": 2769.96, "text": " there is a gigantic statue that looks like a massinger made of titanium,"}, {"start": 2769.96, "end": 2772.96, "text": " the monument to Yuri Gagarin,"}, {"start": 2772.96, "end": 2775.96, "text": " is the way I pay tribute to him and a museum,"}, {"start": 2775.96, "end": 2777.96, "text": " telling the story of this feat."}, {"start": 2777.96, "end": 2783.96, "text": " This statue represents all that sense of monumentality and greatness,"}, {"start": 2783.96, "end": 2786.96, "text": " that we have been describing throughout this chapter,"}, {"start": 2786.96, "end": 2790.96, "text": " and that sense of the horizon of greatness, of the cosmos,"}, {"start": 2790.96, "end": 2794.96, "text": " of philosophical ethical ideas, of mathematics,"}, {"start": 2794.96, "end": 2798.96, "text": " of humanity, of the literature of Julio Verne,"}, {"start": 2798.96, "end": 2802.96, "text": " of all the historical and philosophical possibility"}, {"start": 2802.96, "end": 2807.96, "text": " of conceiving other ways of understanding our passage through the Earth,"}, {"start": 2807.96, "end": 2810.96, "text": " so necessary at this moment,"}, {"start": 2810.96, "end": 2813.96, "text": " and that we really need a new look at the world,"}, {"start": 2813.96, "end": 2816.96, "text": " to approach in a completely different way"}, {"start": 2816.96, "end": 2819.96, "text": " to the strong current in which we are,"}, {"start": 2819.96, "end": 2824.96, "text": " is what makes us want to look, let's say with admiration and respect,"}, {"start": 2824.96, "end": 2827.96, "text": " to this anniversary of the day when a human being"}, {"start": 2827.96, "end": 2831.96, "text": " turned the Earth for the first time,"}, {"start": 2831.96, "end": 2835.96, "text": " and remember 60 years later, in the year 1, Yuri Gagarin."}, {"start": 2835.96, "end": 2839.96, "text": " So, from the spaces of the cosmos,"}, {"start": 2839.96, "end": 2842.96, "text": " of the ideas, of the ethics, of the cosmism,"}, {"start": 2842.96, "end": 2845.96, "text": " of the great projections of the universe,"}, {"start": 2845.96, "end": 2851.96, "text": " of the capacity of the species to be able to challenge its limits and its horizons,"}, {"start": 2851.96, "end": 2853.96, "text": " from the dream of Julio Verne,"}, {"start": 2853.96, "end": 2857.96, "text": " from the ideas of an ethics and a philosophy"}, {"start": 2857.96, "end": 2861.96, "text": " capable of transcending our own daily lives,"}, {"start": 2861.96, "end": 2866.96, "text": " and the way that is expressed in our passage through the cosmos,"}, {"start": 2866.96, "end": 2868.96, "text": " in the narration of Ana Uribe,"}, {"start": 2868.96, "end": 2871.96, "text": " and for you, happy day, whatever day it is."}, {"start": 2877.96, "end": 2882.96, "text": " This podcast was possible thanks to the team of La Casa de la Historia."}, {"start": 2882.96, "end": 2886.96, "text": " Ana Suarez, Milena Beltran, Arturo Jim\u00e9nez Vi\u00f1a,"}, {"start": 2886.96, "end": 2888.96, "text": " Daniel Moreno Franco,"}, {"start": 2888.96, "end": 2891.96, "text": " recorded at Los Gatos Studio,"}, {"start": 2891.96, "end": 2894.96, "text": " the editing and musicalization of Eduardo Corredor Fonseca,"}, {"start": 2894.96, "end": 2896.96, "text": " of Rueda Sonido,"}, {"start": 2896.96, "end": 2899.96, "text": " and always with the strong and powerful help of"}, {"start": 2899.96, "end": 2902.96, "text": " Santiago Espinosa Uribe and Laura Rojas Aponte"}, {"start": 2902.96, "end": 2920.96, "text": " of the podcast Cosas de Internet."}]