La Esperanza de Chile
#PodcastDianaUribe #DianaUribefm #Chile 
¿Cómo llegó Chile a un plebiscito para elaborar una nueva constitución? Esta pregunta la responderemos en este episodio especial sobre los acontecimientos que llevaron a los chilenos a salir a las calles en el año 2019 y darse la esperanza de un futuro distinto. Es decir, la reforma a la constitución actual que fue redactada en 1980 durante la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet y estamos frente a un cambio.  

Notas del episodio

Este episodio fue traído a ustedes, en parte, gracias a Platzi. Platzi es una plataforma de aprendizaje en línea y si entran a http://www.platzi.com/dianauribe van a recibir un mes adicional gratis como parte de su suscripción por un año.
→  http://www.platzi.com/dianauribe
Las Dictaduras del Cono Sur  
→http://atlaslatinoamericano.unla.edu.ar/assets/pdf/tomo2/cap3.pdf
La tragedia de la Guerra de las Malvinas y una Dictadura que cae 
→https://www.elindependiente.com/politica/2017/06/10/malvinas-las-islas-dondenaufrago-la-dictadura-argentina/
El golpe de Estado a Salvador Allende en 11 audios 
→https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-45458820
El Neolibrelismo y los Chicago Boys en Chile
→https://www.elsaltodiario.com/america-latina/30-pesos-30-anos-chicago-boys-origen-neoliberalismo-chile
El plebiscito de 1988 en Chile – Entrevista a Genaro Arriagada de la campaña del NO
→https://www.dw.com/es/chile-la-estrategia-democr%C3%A1tica-que-derrot%C3%B3-a-pinochet/a-45760214
NO, la Película «Pablo Larraín»
→https://www.culturagenial.com/es/pelicula-no-pablo-larrain/
30 años de canción protesta 
→https://www.latercera.com/noticia/de-victor-jara-a-los-prisioneros-30-anos-de-cancion-de-protesta/
1 millón de personas en las calles de Santiago 
→https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-50190029
Resultados del Plebiscito «Una nueva constitución»
→http://www.servelelecciones.cl/
Y aquí va nuestra lista musical de este capítulo con canciones de Los prisioneros, Violeta Parra y Victor Jara
→https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8iWbOvuP2rLHtt49Z4GL87mEXbK1NWWX

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 The Union of States Good afternoon. Many people have asked me and have asked me to make a special about the result of the plebiscite in Chile for a new constitution. that makes a special explaining what that means, why that is important. And well, we will try to explain it within the immediacy of what is happening, but within what it means in the recent history of Chile and its importance for Latin America and for Chile itself. In short, it is really putting an end to the dictatorship, because that constitution that they want to overthrow is a constitution made during the dictatorship that perpetuated a power that was tied to a dictatorship, and that is what it means for many Chileans. As it is a divided country, it is not for everyone, but for a large majority, because they won by a very high margin. So we are already talking about a serious political representation in terms of the constitution and in terms of ending the dictatorship, because the result was really 78% support. So, let's go back in time to understand what happened with this plebiscite and how we got there. It turns out that there is a moment in Washington's policy with Latin America, we have told this many times when we go through this story, because it happens to us again, because in one way or another it affects the whole continent. There is a moment in which Washington decides that in Latin America the borders are not the ones that generate the greatest number of wars or conflicts, as in other regions of the world, if it happens, but there are internal enemies within the countries and they reorient the armies of the region towards the internal enemies of the countries. This is going to be known as the Doctrine of National Security and it will have its headquarters in Panama, in the School of the Americas. This happened in the middle of the Cold War. It is our version of the Cold War. The Cold War begins in Europe, through Berlin, reaches Asia through the Chinese Revolution, and it will become a geopolitical doctrine in Latin America with the triumph of the Cuban Revolution. So, it is our version of the Cold War. We were not affected by the nuclear warheads, nor by the crisis, although we did have a very serious missile crisis in 1962 in Cuba, but we were not affected by the nuclear threat, nor by the NATO planes, nor by the warheads they put in Turkey. We were not affected by that as directly as we were by the two European countries divided by the arsenal of the Cold War. We were affected by a different version. Within that circle, there was a reorganization of the policies of the armies. So, that on one hand. On the other hand, within that debate between the United States and the Soviet Union, because everything has to do with everything, the United States and the Soviet Union divided the world, each one was elected as a representative of a cart. The United States was the representative of democracy and the Soviet Union was the representative of social justice, the homeland of the workers. So, the United States intervened everywhere to bring democracy, and the Soviet Union intervened everywhere to support the revolutionary struggles. What they were doing was a game of chess to infiltrate all the conflicts through a geopolitics called the Cold War, because they were going to face each other through the other countries, through the stores. So, because if they faced each other directly with nuclear missiles, that was not funny, because the planet would be destroyed, and what a drag. So, what they are going to do is to co-opt all the conflicts and put them within the framework of the Cold War. That's why there was no talk of anything else in 48 years. And that's why when the Cold War fell, people were surprised that there were so many new things that had not been contemplated during the Cold War. That's why the Islamic revolution made no sense to anyone, because in the Cold War that was not explained. So, that affected the whole world, and the conflicts, what I'm telling you, the most particular of the conflicts, ended up being part of the Cold War, like when two parents separate and start using the fighting rooster child. Whatever the child says, one says that he is just like his father, and the other that he is just like his mother. And then, when they use the poor Chinese to make a joke out of both. With the Cold War that happened, and Latin America was no exception. So, within that, there was a series of policies of coups d'état by the United States, which, by areas of influence, corresponded to Latin America in the Yalta Conference, while the Soviet Union corresponded to Eastern Europe. So, there is a huge, gigantic macro geopolitical scenario. Within that, there is a series of dictatorships. Each of those dictatorships has a particularity. So, they started in Brazil, actually, Guatemala was the first with Arbeis, but then it started in Brazil in 1964, the coup d'état of Ayanio Cuadros. Then, Uruguay, Chile, Argentina came. Until the whole South Cone was turned into a single dictatorship, and the doctrine of national security was applied to the whole continent, but especially in the South Cone. And on the other side, there was a phenomenon of armed struggles, of guerrillas, which in the case of Chile were urban, but let's say that it was also in the whole continent. So, within that dispute of powers, there was the idea of whether the power had to be taken by the weapons, or if the power from the left could come for the democratic life. Salvador Allende tried a democratic life to reach a new type of power in Chile. Salvador Allende was a democrat, and he was a guy who believed that this could be done. And it turns out that there was a sabotage. The media, the same sources, they admitted it, then with the declassification of files, Nixon said it, it's something that they themselves have said. They destabilized the Chilean economy, they dollarized the economy, they generated deliberate supply phenomena, they chaotized the country. So, once they chaotized the country, they made a very cruel coup d'état, super cruel. Salvador Allende, from the Palacio de la Moneda, who was bombed, asking for support from the Chilean people, but the ITT had blocked the telephones, which was an impressive scandal, the ITT scandal. Well, there all the geopolitical factors of an extreme polarization and a brutal dictatorship was set up in Chile. And 5,000 people were taken to the black stadium, and that's when they killed Victor Jara, in a collective martyrdom. Well, this was a terrible thing, and the history of dictatorships has occupied a lot of time in our story in Latin America, many times. The Chilean people are a explosion, that breaks down all the barriers, the right to live in peace. So, that's where it all started. But it turns out that what Pinochet did, was from an economic point of view, he said, well, I'm going to control public order and politics, but the economy is going to be controlled by the Chicago Boys. So, a neoliberal model was imposed in Chile. And that neoliberal model had very high figures in terms of economic growth in the country. And that economic growth in the country made many people feel that it was worth it, the martyrdom, the dictatorship, the dead, and everything that had happened, for an economic growth that brought Chile out as a successful neoliberal model, was the model. Chile was the model. And it was for a long time, and that's why what happens in Chile is so important, because Chile was the model. So, half of the country thought that it was worth it, all those deaths, because of the growth and the standard of living they had. And the other half of the country thought that they had been killed by the future, by dreams, by hope, and they had been systematically killed. And it was a society that was divided for a long time, and there are still those two interpretations of history there. So, this happened like this. The dictatorship will last 15 years, and the figures kept growing and growing. Unlike Argentina, where the dictatorship, first to try to stay in power, put them in the Malvinas War, which was a disaster and a tragedy of absolutely impressive proportions, because a generation died of cold in the Malvinas, and because they stole the work of the Argentine salary that they donated to the boys on the front. The Malvinas War overthrew the dictatorship, and the dictatorship in Argentina fell in a stupendous way against its own people, for inventing a conflict brought by the hair with the very British media, which was favoring Thatcher, who was going to apply all the neoliberal measures, and they gave him the historical possibility, or papaya, as they call it, so that he could prevail in power with a war against Argentina that they put served on a tray and that she never sought, but when they served her, she did it, and that was really a fight of the torch with Guayaba, because the British army's army with the Argentine army, well, they couldn't compare on the same day. In total, the dictatorship of Argentina falls down, and the dictatorship of Argentina is disrespected by the Argentines themselves. The Chilean did not. The Chilean was still endorsed by an economic growth that they always showed as the justification of all the barbarity lived, and the thing was going to be like this, and the thing was going to be like this. So, in 1980, Pinochet made a plebiscite with which he legitimized himself to last much longer in power. Therefore, when the 1988 plebiscite is going to be made, many people think that it is the same, that it is more quantities of the same, that nothing is going to be defined there, that it is a nonsense to spend time on that, and that he will continue to prevail in power later, and other people think that he will not. And there are a number of organizations of bases, and a number of organizations that say no, this can be the opportunity to make a transition towards a democracy in Chile that is not for a bloodbath, because many people have already died. Here what there is is a historical opportunity never seen before, and if we can do it well, we will achieve democracy without having to kill ourselves again. And every time a people achieves something without killing itself, it has achieved a colossal victory just by generating a process that does not involve deaths, because people do not have to kill themselves for economic or political reasons. At some point we will understand it as humanity, I do not know how long we will take, but at some point we will understand that things do not have to be derived in terms of human lives. But many people thought about it in Chile, so they develop a very different strategy. A positive, purposeful strategy, and an advertising strategy, which is represented in a film called No, because No was the vote not to continue in power. The film starring Gael García is based on a play that is based on Chilean reality, because they really did that. So what they said was, why would people need democracy if it has economic growth, if the figures are very high? So they start saying, look, you are going to need democracy, wouldn't it be nice to be able to express your opinion without having to risk your life, your safety, your job? That would be great, right? To be able to share opinions with people and not let anything happen to them. They have 15 minutes every day to do the No campaign. And the No campaign is accompanied by all the musicians. There is a whole cultural movement around the No campaign, and it is very purposeful. In Chile, joy is already coming. So there are a lot of things, and they show you Días de Sol, Parques, a lot of things saying, this is going to add to Chile, it is not going to take away Chile. Democracy adds, it does not take away. Because the model was successful, the figures were high, so why do we need democracy? The idea that economic indicators do not require popular consultation or anything like that, at that time it was believed in Chile. Also, a moment when the foreign industry entered and broke a number of industries, the prisoners take the songs out of the industries, move the industries. And on the other hand, these economic figures from the beginning and for a long time did not include many people in the population, but they were absolute figures. Many people within Chile could not study, and many people within Chile did not have opportunities. And that is why the prisoners composed a song called El Baile de los que Sobran. Others were taught the things that attracted, others were really taught that thing called education. So, join the dance of those who are left over. So it turns out that there are a series of internal contradictions that are not seen below the big figures. That is what many people are saying. And in the no, there is the possibility of a peaceful transition. And the possibility of a peaceful transition had not been had before because this did not happen anywhere. So, even within the same opposition, there were dissidents, differences, because then there were those who said that this advertising way of jingle was not serious and trivialized the pain of the victims. And others said, but look, we have been crying for the world for so long and nothing has happened. We have not managed to change absolutely anything. Let's try something else. Let's see if this works. So, the point is that finally the campaign is going to win. The no is going to win for a great result and that no determines that Augusto Pinochet leaves power, acquired through the coup d'état, for a plebiscite and not for a counterattack, or for a takeover, or for any of those figures, all of them absolutely expensive in terms of lives and blood. So, he left. Well, before that, they had opened a trial for him because the military in the South Cone made some laws to shield themselves from all the amount of barbarism that happened against human rights in the dictatorship, because they went through all of them, from the flights of death in Argentina, through the torture, going through the generalized torture, the disappearances that were common throughout the South Cone, in Uruguay, in Paraguay, in Chile, and in Argentina and in Brazil. So, then they self-examined with some laws and those laws were, in the case of Argentina, were later challenged. In the case of Pinochet, they detained him in England when he was in London. Well, that is, all that debate was given. The debate was given on how to face those truths, how to generate memory. All that has been given. Much more in Argentina, but it has been given. So, it turns out that, well, the transition to democracy, but Pinochet tied that democracy to a series of, let's say, powers that were maintained. He was named, self-named Senator Vitalicio. In other words, he was still, in any case, protecting the Chilean democracy. It was a very restricted democracy, but it was a democracy of the drowned man and the hat man and the tape man. There are times in the history of precariousness, it is so great that what is achieved is already very, very great. Yes, so, there we have the problem. The Constitution was made during the dictatorship and was made by the dictators. So, imagine what civil rights, what democratic rights could give society a constitution made in that context, by those characters and at that time. When I started working at Radio NET, I came directly from the academy. I had never faced that experience before and suddenly, from good to first, without anesthesia, I had to enter the radio, become an international analyst, learn to manage the entire system of news media, understand it. For example, there was a day when they trained us in different skills and there was a day that was speech. So, it is assumed that one had to learn to modulate, to train the voice, to handle the speech, absolutely necessary to speak on the radio. But no, suddenly they tell me, no, but your thing is not the speech, you are not here to speak, you are here to analyze. So, each of the speakers who were the great glories of speech in Colombia, that was already too much, just being there with them, they put him to take a cable of news and read it. And they read the cable and I had to elaborate an analysis on the news that they had just read there, immediately, improvising, at once. That was absolutely scary. At 10 at night, my head still hurt and that was really what I was going to do there. Then you will say, why am I telling you this story? I am telling you this story because we have a sponsor, which is quite, quite interesting and has the spirit of these situations in which one is devoted to such a learning, from good to first. It's called Platzi. And what is Platzi? Well, it is a digital education platform where one subscribes to learn a lot of new content and skills when life puts you in a situation in which you have to learn many new things, or when you want, simply, any of the two. And there you can see, well, that can be digital marketing, digital photography, algebra, project management, a lot of things. I mean, you can imagine, many things. So what do you do? Well, you pay a subscription. And once you pay that subscription, you get to have access to those contents, but it's not like a Zoom where everyone is looking at the time and the teacher is for a certain time and some turn on the camera and others don't. This is different because the contents are there so that one can see them whenever one wants, at any time one wants. But there is a pedagogical structure behind this. This is very thought out. There are jobs, there are workshops, you can consult the teachers if you need to, and you can also consult other students who are taking the same courses. But really, the one who determines how, when and how is one, because that is the flexibility and magic of this. So, you subscribe to platzi.com slash dianaolive. You pay 12 months, but with the subscription, you actually have the right to 13 months, a free month. And this opens up incredible possibilities of training and transformation. And we thank the Platzi people very much for their idea and for supporting us on this podcast. And so we continue with our story. But well, what had to be done was to move forward. And it was done. But that meant that all governments were terribly restricted by that constitution. But they kept holding the numbers. So, while the numbers were still holding, in a world where the neoliberal scheme became universal, it became ideological and naturalized. Because from the fall of the Berlin Wall, it was thought that all the discourse that had to do with social justice had been left behind, because the numbers were the only indicator of the success of a society, let's say, for the last 30 years. And Chile was the benchmark. And Chile was the benchmark for the development of the world. And so, in that measure, well, they were going, and everything seemed to be fine. But it turns out that this model generates very big inequalities, and growing inequalities that make a good part of society not have access to that well-being, which in absolute figures was always growing. And so, they were in a very high economic growth, and they were in a democracy. What more could you want? But the truth is that this was not the case for most people, and many people were not there. So, all these credits begin, a time when they began to have some crazy credits, because you could buy a television, you bought it in December and you paid it in February, dead credit. Then they said, no, well, from here in February I get the money. Well, no, from here in February they did not get it and they were very in debt. People began to buy in supermarkets and left the carts full and took a can of tuna, because it was for them to see them buying. In other words, a fictitious spectrum begins to appear for a large part of the population that in reality, for God's sake, is not having access to everything that is seen that Chilean society produces. And that went deeper and deeper and deeper, but it was not seen. And it was not seen because the luminosity of the figures, let's say the marketing of the Chilean product, was totally successful on the continent. That is seen, notice how Chile is, notice what happens with Chile. So what is going to happen to us in 2019? That in 2019, well, in addition to all the student movements that were made to guarantee the free education in Chile, let's say everything that has been sought for the conditions to be for everyone and not for one person and another, no. So, in addition to all that, there was a situation like a pressure cooker that no one was seeing, that, let's say, social movements explode because they come, that being a long time ago, but they are only visible when they explode. But it is not that they pass from one day to the next, although they do explode from one day to the next. There has been a whole carburation before. So this situation came, we did a podcast a year ago where we interviewed Antonella, a Chilean radio journalist who was at that time totally involved in the whole narrative of what was happening and who told us her vision of Chile, which we suggest that we listen again so that we can understand all the arguments told by the Chileans, said by them with their own stories and their own story and their own accents. And it was a hit to have been able to have the opportunity to interview Antonella about the hot facts, what was happening and understand the vibration of everything that was happening at that time. So, and as I say, this is a divided society, and in the midst of being a divided society, there are people who have a totally opposite story to the one I am telling you and that you can stop your hair because it happens in divided societies, ok? I mean, this is not an absolute truth. This is a recount of the historical facts that people can share or not. But it is the way, let's say, the narrative that led us to the process of a plebiscite for a constitution has been structured. Ok? So, I clarify that because people may seem to like it and people may not. And not only that they seem to like it, and not only that they don't like it. Yes, that's not a problem. But it is the narrative that can explain geopolitically, from a large stage, why and where we are going. In short, all this was becoming very complicated and one day it happened that the price of the subway was raised. And we, who know about Floreros de Llorente, and we who know how such a small thing can generate a social outbreak, understand that that day in the morning, when the subway fare in Chile was raised 30 pesos, which means for families with more than 6 or 7 children, which means for families where everyone works every day, an important increase in the daily basket, let's say, there are people who were not affected by it, but there are people who were affected. So, President Piñera's attitude of saying that whoever does not want to pay more than dawn, because at 5 in the morning it was cheaper, at that moment it sounded humiliating, it sounded challenging and it sounded crazy. So it turns out that by 5 in the afternoon there were already 250,000 people gathered, saying that this was not possible. And it starts! The people, the people, the people where are you? The people are here, well asked, live it! Attention, brothers of Heart, CHI! CHI! N! N! CHI, CHI, CHI! L, L, L! Viva Chile! Viva! CHI, CHI, CHI! L, L, L! Viva Chile! Viva! We want this to go out into the world and that the people know that Chile has awakened! We are at war with a powerful, relentless enemy. So, when the explosions start, let's say, also because it started with the students of high school, the students of high school and the university students who organized themselves in the streets to massively evade the subway. So they started to jump the subway in large quantities and in that way they started the protest. So it says that one euro is worth 881 Chilean pesos, which is almost the value of a subway ticket in one direction. So they showed in terms of euros what that increase in subway tickets meant for the Chilean people. In a total of one week, the protests were escalating and this became very tenacious. So there was a destruction of the subway, a suspension of the service, the Chilean police began to repress the demonstrations hard. But all this is happening in the days, that is, this begins on September 14, 2019 and then on the 18th the movement is already radicalizing. And then on the 19th the military is already in the streets, the military is in the streets, that is, the army in the streets. And the army had not been in the streets since the times of the dictatorship. So this is getting more tenacious. And President Piñera's statement that they were at war against a powerful, relentless enemy that did not respect anything or anyone, did not help either. In other words, the statement also escalated the thing, because it gave a war character to what was a social demand. So that made things get more and more radicalized. Then they tried to take palliative measures, but the thing was not solved that easily. So the citizens went to the center of Plaza Italia and it was the biggest call, and that was the biggest march that Chileans have had in history. There were a million people in the streets of Santiago. We want Latin America to hear us, that this message is spread. We know that this is not happening only here. People in Chile are fighting because we want a better future. Since October 18, things have changed and we have not had any kind of response. And this was already happening, but it was no longer the students of the bachelor's degree or those of the university, but the Chilean people in the streets. And that's what we started to see in the images. And we said, but where is this coming from? But how is Chile so tidy, so well-placed, so well-stated, where they were? And look at this, how it happened. Well, it happened that people really lived on credit. That the middle class had a process of vaporization that really was not included. Living on credit means that you have nothing, because everything is on credit. At some point, you can lose everything if you have nothing. If you lose your job, you can no longer pay your debts. Anything, an increase in inflation, you can no longer pay your credits. It is a very delicate situation and it is not extraordinary. It is a very extended situation. So what was really shown was that this model had its feet on the mud. And that under these reflective figures and under all this image of mess, in reality, there were a lot of people going through needs and not everything was as beautiful as it was sold outside. That's what happened. And a little bit when they were asked, they said, no, it's that reality is very different from what is being said about how the country was successful. And that's what was put in evidence. So, the explosions begin. At first, what there was was a very large manifestation of discontent. At first, what was asked was that there was a, let's say, that all these measures that were making life so difficult for people were reviewed. It started with the subway, the way the government did not take into account what people were asking for. At first, it made things more complicated. Then, well, people started to die because there were people who died. And the thing got to a point where the government had to really start talking to people. To see what was going on, because that could not be ignored. And it could not be ignored or simply qualified. And then there is a point where the movement turns to a point of origin. It says, no, it is that it knows what is wrong. What is wrong is not only the economic situation, thinking about it well. What is wrong is not only this inequality that makes life so difficult for so many Chileans. What is wrong, do you know what it is? The constitution. And do you know why? Because it is a constitution of the dictatorship. And it is a constitution that is terribly restrictive of rights. And so what we needed was to finish the task of democracy that we had started with the no. And the task with the no for the preview of not having Pinochet. Because it was, if he stays, yes, if he does not stay, no. So the campaign of the no was that he does not stay. That is why it is called the campaign of the no. This here must be clarified a lot. So it turns out that, well, that he does not stay, cool, that he has gone. But the constitution was tied. So we need not only a series of deep social measures that make many more people be included, but we need more democracy. And the way we need more democracy is by changing the constitution. So the movement turns to a movement to create a constitution. Because they begin to analyze the Chilean situation structurally. And structurally the Chilean situation implies that politically speaking they have to discuss a new magna carta. So this already makes it a much bigger thing. Because we are already talking about what the Chileans do to the institutionality. So this is going through phases. The police suspended the use of blinders because the number of people began to go blind by the use of blinders against people in the demonstrations. Yes, even the optometrists made a sample of how many people were going blind or how many people were coming with a loss of an eye by the use of blinders by the police. So they decide not to use blinders because this, in the meantime, is happening, everything is dying, people are going blind. This is going to become very big. Then the pandemic comes and everyone is still in the front. Yes, still in the front because the world was in marches everywhere. They were from Iran, passing through Lebanon, passing through here. Well, everywhere there is a march. And suddenly everyone is still in the front as if we were playing statues. Statue! Then everyone is still in the front. Yes, everyone is closed. One, two, three. So the pandemic also became a science fiction scenario where all the processes that the people were having are stopped because everyone is scared, everyone is still and everyone is taking care of themselves. So there is a period in which this stops as if one pauses the control, as if one stops the camera. But only that. You, after you pause, then you go back and play again because you are watching the movie. The movie continues. And the movie continues as long as it has not been resolved. Then afterwards, the marches return again. Let's say, rejection of international amnesty of the OAS over what was done against the people. There were 23 dead, that Piñera had to admit that the use of force protocol by the police was not complied with. There began to be international reports. So the fact that the army had gone out to the streets without an emergency state, well, it is not a legal thing. Well, there is a lot of questioning about this. And the protest continues, and the protest continues until it is time to get serious and reach an agreement between the Chileans. So reaching an agreement between the Chileans is to modify the constitution. So to modify the constitution, that is, to derogate the constitution made in dictatorship, a plebiscite must be made with the whole country because what is decided there affects the future of the whole country. So for that, a plebiscite is going to be made. And the plebiscite has two questions, that if you reject the constitution and that if you accept a new constitution. That is a question. But the second question is, who is going to do it? Is it going to be done with a mixed body? The people who are in power at this time, plus a new group of people who together will develop the new constitution, or is a completely new group of people going to be formed to develop a new constitution? That was the second question. The first one, if you want it to be reformed, and the second, how do you want it to be reformed? With a mixed group or with a new group? That is basically. So, everything was defined there to know where it was going to go from now on, what direction it was going to take from now on. So the plebiscite was made. And it won by a very large percentage the fact that people want a new constitution to be made. But by 78%. That is a really decent percentage. That is a percentage that does not allow doubt about the opinion of the Chileans. And they want a new group to be made. So, from now on, this is very important, because this new constitution would put an end to the dictatorships in the South Cone, to one of the most painful and terrible chapters in our history of Latin America. Because this is the end of the dictatorship, as the constitution that was made during the time of the dictatorship is transformed. Because these dictatorships had a military aspect, a political aspect, a geopolitical aspect, an economic aspect, a social aspect. They were made up of a large number of elements. One of the elements was the political. So, in order to give a real transformation in the political elements, the constitution had to be changed. Changing the constitution is ending the dictatorship. It is ending the era of the doctrine of national security, it is ending the era of the imposition of military regimes in order to manage the decisions of the peoples and the states. It is ending an era in the history of the whole continent. That is why the result of this plebiscite is important for all of Latin America. And what happened in Chile is important for all of Latin America, because the problem of inequality in Chile is common to Latin America, because the things that they were brought to them happen in the rest of the continent in a different way. So, what happens there has echoes in the rest of the continent and it is a process that we have seen day by day in the streets and on television. So, when this result of the plebiscite is taken out, this does not mean that from now on a very big thing will not come. Because we, through the Seventh Plebiscite, elaborated the constitution of 1991 by a student movement that proposed that in the next elections another little paper was added in which we wanted to modify the constitution of 1886, which had been made in 1886, that is, more than a century ago, and which was a new constitution for a new country. That was the movement of the Seventh Plebiscite that led to the constitution of 1991, which recognizes us as a multicultural and pluriethnic country for the first time. So, that is a long process, because it is necessary to reach a number of agreements, because it is necessary to review a number of structural elements of a society, because it is necessary to negotiate, because it is necessary to look, because it is necessary to analyze. That is a long process. This does not mean that everything has already been fixed, it means that they made a decision that gives them the strength to start fixing the structural causes for which the demonstrations were held that day, which they decided to jump on the subway. So, there we go, we go where they said, yes, we want to, and how? With a new group? Ah, well, and when? Well, from now on we are going to do it. So, we go there. But that is why it is so important, and since Chile was the model, the demonstration, then what happens with the model is discussed in the rest of the continent and in the rest of the world, what things must be questioned about the model that generate this type of social outbursts, what happened there, if everything looked so good from afar, if everything seemed to work well and apparently it was not working so well, or if there had not been such a large protest system. There are many new people in Chile, there are many other organizations, societies, voices, women, that is, Chile is generating a new amount of opinion. During the time of the demonstrations, which coincided with the date of November 25, the World Day Against Violence Against Women, the girls of the thesis went out into the street and gave the world a new discourse on why rape could not be naturalized or considered as something that men had the right to because women wore shorts or pants or sticky gum, because they said, and the fault was not mine, nor how they were, nor how they dressed, the rapist was you. Because something tells me that our time comes, like after winter, when spring comes, our legs and our bodies take over the territory and under the corpses of this mortuary system, because I see everyone with light since I left with you, if you even erased the remnants of the domain from me, because I see everything so clear since we fought together, if it even seems that the voices that silenced me disappeared, and although sometimes my heart and head get tired with my green handkerchief, I do not lose interest, and although I have to point to anyone so that the patriarchy collapses, I will continue until feminism is customary. So there the heteropatriarchal culture began to be questioned in terms of rape being the only crime where the victim has to prove that she did not provoke it. If when you steal the wallet, they do not ask you if you are giving papaya, if it was that you had that wallet so full and in your pocket, when a person is killed, that is a murder, nobody questions if he deserved it or not, but they killed him. In rape, if there was always the argument, and there still is, that the victim somehow provoked it or not. This group of girls took the classic theses of feminism and turned them into a performance. And this performance gave the world a turn. And this performance gave the world a turn. And this performance gave the world a turn. And this performance gave the world a turn. And this performance gave the world a turn. And the way they have continued to do all these ways of asking for new social organizations, new representations, new political rights, are concretized in the plebiscite of this constitution that has just been approved and give rise to a new process of building Chilean democracy and end up with the ghost of the dictatorships in the political constitutions in Latin America from the point of view of what had been the time of the obtainment of national security and the dictatorships on the continent. That is why it is so important. And we had to go through all these different paths, from geopolitics, from the decisions that were taken in Yalta, from the School of the Americas, and from everything that has happened on the continent to understand what the Chilean decision was. And at the request of the public who told me to tell you the story, I tell you the story. And this was it. So, from the streets of Chile, the student movements, the theses singing in the streets, and from a people that makes the decision to transform its future from a new constitution in the narration of Ana Uribe. And for you, happy day, whatever day it is. I want to remind you that on the page www.dianauribe.fm you can find the notes and the playlist of the songs that we mentioned during the episode. So that you can listen to them, enjoy them, and enjoy them. This podcast was possible thanks to the team of La Casa de la Historia. Diana Suarez, Milena Beltran, Daniel Moreno Franco. It was recorded in Los Gatos Studio, edited and musicalized by Eduardo Corredor Fonseca, of Rueda Sonido. And always with the strong and powerful help of Santiago Espinosa Uribe and Laura Rojas Aponte of the podcast Cosas de Internet.
[{"start": 30.0, "end": 33.66, "text": " The Union of States"}, {"start": 46.519999999999996, "end": 48.519999999999996, "text": " Good afternoon."}, {"start": 48.519999999999996, "end": 50.519999999999996, "text": " Many people have asked me"}, {"start": 50.519999999999996, "end": 52.519999999999996, "text": " and have asked me to make a special"}, {"start": 52.519999999999996, "end": 54.519999999999996, "text": " about the result"}, {"start": 54.519999999999996, "end": 56.519999999999996, "text": " of the plebiscite in Chile"}, {"start": 56.519999999999996, "end": 58.519999999999996, "text": " for a new constitution."}, {"start": 58.52, "end": 63.86, "text": " that makes a special explaining what that means, why that is important."}, {"start": 63.86, "end": 69.12, "text": " And well, we will try to explain it within the immediacy of what is happening,"}, {"start": 69.12, "end": 75.76, "text": " but within what it means in the recent history of Chile and its importance for Latin America and for Chile itself."}, {"start": 75.76, "end": 80.24000000000001, "text": " In short, it is really putting an end to the dictatorship,"}, {"start": 80.24000000000001, "end": 84.76, "text": " because that constitution that they want to overthrow"}, {"start": 84.76, "end": 92.82000000000001, "text": " is a constitution made during the dictatorship that perpetuated a power that was tied to a dictatorship,"}, {"start": 92.82000000000001, "end": 96.16000000000001, "text": " and that is what it means for many Chileans."}, {"start": 96.16000000000001, "end": 102.4, "text": " As it is a divided country, it is not for everyone, but for a large majority, because they won by a very high margin."}, {"start": 102.4, "end": 106.52000000000001, "text": " So we are already talking about a serious political representation"}, {"start": 106.52000000000001, "end": 110.08000000000001, "text": " in terms of the constitution and in terms of ending the dictatorship,"}, {"start": 110.08000000000001, "end": 114.04, "text": " because the result was really 78% support."}, {"start": 114.04, "end": 122.68, "text": " So, let's go back in time to understand what happened with this plebiscite and how we got there."}, {"start": 122.68, "end": 128.96, "text": " It turns out that there is a moment in Washington's policy with Latin America,"}, {"start": 128.96, "end": 132.04000000000002, "text": " we have told this many times when we go through this story,"}, {"start": 132.04000000000002, "end": 137.64000000000001, "text": " because it happens to us again, because in one way or another it affects the whole continent."}, {"start": 137.64, "end": 144.67999999999998, "text": " There is a moment in which Washington decides that in Latin America the borders"}, {"start": 144.67999999999998, "end": 148.44, "text": " are not the ones that generate the greatest number of wars or conflicts,"}, {"start": 148.44, "end": 151.44, "text": " as in other regions of the world, if it happens,"}, {"start": 151.44, "end": 156.72, "text": " but there are internal enemies within the countries"}, {"start": 156.72, "end": 161.92, "text": " and they reorient the armies of the region towards the internal enemies of the countries."}, {"start": 161.92, "end": 165.16, "text": " This is going to be known as the Doctrine of National Security"}, {"start": 165.16, "end": 169.16, "text": " and it will have its headquarters in Panama, in the School of the Americas."}, {"start": 169.16, "end": 172.96, "text": " This happened in the middle of the Cold War."}, {"start": 172.96, "end": 174.76, "text": " It is our version of the Cold War."}, {"start": 174.76, "end": 178.44, "text": " The Cold War begins in Europe, through Berlin,"}, {"start": 178.44, "end": 181.07999999999998, "text": " reaches Asia through the Chinese Revolution,"}, {"start": 181.07999999999998, "end": 187.56, "text": " and it will become a geopolitical doctrine in Latin America"}, {"start": 187.56, "end": 189.96, "text": " with the triumph of the Cuban Revolution."}, {"start": 189.96, "end": 192.56, "text": " So, it is our version of the Cold War."}, {"start": 192.56, "end": 195.16, "text": " We were not affected by the nuclear warheads,"}, {"start": 195.16, "end": 201.56, "text": " nor by the crisis, although we did have a very serious missile crisis in 1962 in Cuba,"}, {"start": 201.56, "end": 204.16, "text": " but we were not affected by the nuclear threat,"}, {"start": 204.16, "end": 207.56, "text": " nor by the NATO planes, nor by the warheads they put in Turkey."}, {"start": 207.56, "end": 212.96, "text": " We were not affected by that as directly as we were by the two European countries"}, {"start": 212.96, "end": 215.76, "text": " divided by the arsenal of the Cold War."}, {"start": 215.76, "end": 217.96, "text": " We were affected by a different version."}, {"start": 217.96, "end": 222.96, "text": " Within that circle, there was a reorganization of the policies of the armies."}, {"start": 222.96, "end": 225.96, "text": " So, that on one hand."}, {"start": 225.96, "end": 231.56, "text": " On the other hand, within that debate between the United States and the Soviet Union,"}, {"start": 231.56, "end": 233.56, "text": " because everything has to do with everything,"}, {"start": 233.56, "end": 236.76000000000002, "text": " the United States and the Soviet Union divided the world,"}, {"start": 236.76000000000002, "end": 240.56, "text": " each one was elected as a representative of a cart."}, {"start": 240.56, "end": 243.96, "text": " The United States was the representative of democracy"}, {"start": 243.96, "end": 248.96, "text": " and the Soviet Union was the representative of social justice, the homeland of the workers."}, {"start": 248.96, "end": 252.76000000000002, "text": " So, the United States intervened everywhere to bring democracy,"}, {"start": 252.76000000000002, "end": 258.56, "text": " and the Soviet Union intervened everywhere to support the revolutionary struggles."}, {"start": 258.56, "end": 261.16, "text": " What they were doing was a game of chess"}, {"start": 261.16, "end": 266.36, "text": " to infiltrate all the conflicts through a geopolitics called the Cold War,"}, {"start": 266.36, "end": 270.56, "text": " because they were going to face each other through the other countries,"}, {"start": 270.56, "end": 272.36, "text": " through the stores."}, {"start": 272.36, "end": 276.36, "text": " So, because if they faced each other directly with nuclear missiles,"}, {"start": 276.36, "end": 279.36, "text": " that was not funny, because the planet would be destroyed, and what a drag."}, {"start": 279.36, "end": 284.36, "text": " So, what they are going to do is to co-opt all the conflicts"}, {"start": 284.36, "end": 286.36, "text": " and put them within the framework of the Cold War."}, {"start": 286.36, "end": 289.36, "text": " That's why there was no talk of anything else in 48 years."}, {"start": 289.36, "end": 292.36, "text": " And that's why when the Cold War fell, people were surprised"}, {"start": 292.36, "end": 297.36, "text": " that there were so many new things that had not been contemplated during the Cold War."}, {"start": 297.36, "end": 300.76, "text": " That's why the Islamic revolution made no sense to anyone,"}, {"start": 300.76, "end": 304.15999999999997, "text": " because in the Cold War that was not explained."}, {"start": 304.15999999999997, "end": 307.15999999999997, "text": " So, that affected the whole world, and the conflicts,"}, {"start": 307.15999999999997, "end": 310.15999999999997, "text": " what I'm telling you, the most particular of the conflicts,"}, {"start": 310.15999999999997, "end": 312.15999999999997, "text": " ended up being part of the Cold War,"}, {"start": 312.15999999999997, "end": 317.56, "text": " like when two parents separate and start using the fighting rooster child."}, {"start": 317.56, "end": 320.96, "text": " Whatever the child says, one says that he is just like his father,"}, {"start": 320.96, "end": 322.96, "text": " and the other that he is just like his mother."}, {"start": 322.96, "end": 327.76, "text": " And then, when they use the poor Chinese to make a joke out of both."}, {"start": 327.76, "end": 331.15999999999997, "text": " With the Cold War that happened, and Latin America was no exception."}, {"start": 331.15999999999997, "end": 335.15999999999997, "text": " So, within that, there was a series of policies of coups d'\u00e9tat"}, {"start": 335.15999999999997, "end": 339.15999999999997, "text": " by the United States, which, by areas of influence,"}, {"start": 339.15999999999997, "end": 342.15999999999997, "text": " corresponded to Latin America in the Yalta Conference,"}, {"start": 342.15999999999997, "end": 346.15999999999997, "text": " while the Soviet Union corresponded to Eastern Europe."}, {"start": 346.15999999999997, "end": 350.15999999999997, "text": " So, there is a huge, gigantic macro geopolitical scenario."}, {"start": 350.15999999999997, "end": 352.15999999999997, "text": " Within that, there is a series of dictatorships."}, {"start": 352.15999999999997, "end": 355.15999999999997, "text": " Each of those dictatorships has a particularity."}, {"start": 355.16, "end": 359.16, "text": " So, they started in Brazil, actually, Guatemala was the first with Arbeis,"}, {"start": 359.16, "end": 364.16, "text": " but then it started in Brazil in 1964, the coup d'\u00e9tat of Ayanio Cuadros."}, {"start": 364.16, "end": 368.16, "text": " Then, Uruguay, Chile, Argentina came."}, {"start": 368.16, "end": 373.16, "text": " Until the whole South Cone was turned into a single dictatorship,"}, {"start": 373.16, "end": 378.16, "text": " and the doctrine of national security was applied to the whole continent,"}, {"start": 378.16, "end": 380.16, "text": " but especially in the South Cone."}, {"start": 380.16, "end": 384.16, "text": " And on the other side, there was a phenomenon of armed struggles,"}, {"start": 384.16, "end": 388.16, "text": " of guerrillas, which in the case of Chile were urban,"}, {"start": 388.16, "end": 391.16, "text": " but let's say that it was also in the whole continent."}, {"start": 391.16, "end": 396.16, "text": " So, within that dispute of powers, there was the idea of whether"}, {"start": 396.16, "end": 398.16, "text": " the power had to be taken by the weapons,"}, {"start": 398.16, "end": 403.16, "text": " or if the power from the left could come for the democratic life."}, {"start": 403.16, "end": 409.16, "text": " Salvador Allende tried a democratic life"}, {"start": 409.16, "end": 413.16, "text": " to reach a new type of power in Chile."}, {"start": 413.16, "end": 418.16, "text": " Salvador Allende was a democrat, and he was a guy who believed that this could be done."}, {"start": 418.16, "end": 421.16, "text": " And it turns out that there was a sabotage."}, {"start": 421.16, "end": 424.16, "text": " The media, the same sources, they admitted it,"}, {"start": 424.16, "end": 428.16, "text": " then with the declassification of files, Nixon said it,"}, {"start": 428.16, "end": 431.16, "text": " it's something that they themselves have said."}, {"start": 431.16, "end": 434.16, "text": " They destabilized the Chilean economy,"}, {"start": 434.16, "end": 437.16, "text": " they dollarized the economy,"}, {"start": 437.16, "end": 441.16, "text": " they generated deliberate supply phenomena,"}, {"start": 441.16, "end": 443.16, "text": " they chaotized the country."}, {"start": 443.16, "end": 446.16, "text": " So, once they chaotized the country,"}, {"start": 446.16, "end": 451.16, "text": " they made a very cruel coup d'\u00e9tat, super cruel."}, {"start": 451.16, "end": 454.16, "text": " Salvador Allende, from the Palacio de la Moneda,"}, {"start": 454.16, "end": 458.16, "text": " who was bombed, asking for support from the Chilean people,"}, {"start": 458.16, "end": 461.16, "text": " but the ITT had blocked the telephones,"}, {"start": 461.16, "end": 465.16, "text": " which was an impressive scandal, the ITT scandal."}, {"start": 465.16, "end": 470.16, "text": " Well, there all the geopolitical factors of an extreme polarization"}, {"start": 470.16, "end": 474.16, "text": " and a brutal dictatorship was set up in Chile."}, {"start": 474.16, "end": 477.16, "text": " And 5,000 people were taken to the black stadium,"}, {"start": 477.16, "end": 482.16, "text": " and that's when they killed Victor Jara, in a collective martyrdom."}, {"start": 482.16, "end": 484.16, "text": " Well, this was a terrible thing,"}, {"start": 484.16, "end": 488.16, "text": " and the history of dictatorships has occupied a lot of time"}, {"start": 488.16, "end": 501.16, "text": " in our story in Latin America, many times."}, {"start": 518.16, "end": 521.16, "text": " The Chilean people are a explosion,"}, {"start": 521.16, "end": 525.16, "text": " that breaks down all the barriers,"}, {"start": 525.16, "end": 533.16, "text": " the right to live in peace."}, {"start": 533.16, "end": 535.16, "text": " So, that's where it all started."}, {"start": 535.16, "end": 538.16, "text": " But it turns out that what Pinochet did,"}, {"start": 538.16, "end": 540.16, "text": " was from an economic point of view,"}, {"start": 540.16, "end": 543.16, "text": " he said, well, I'm going to control public order and politics,"}, {"start": 543.16, "end": 548.16, "text": " but the economy is going to be controlled by the Chicago Boys."}, {"start": 548.16, "end": 552.16, "text": " So, a neoliberal model was imposed in Chile."}, {"start": 552.16, "end": 556.16, "text": " And that neoliberal model had very high figures"}, {"start": 556.16, "end": 559.16, "text": " in terms of economic growth in the country."}, {"start": 559.16, "end": 563.16, "text": " And that economic growth in the country made many people feel"}, {"start": 563.16, "end": 567.16, "text": " that it was worth it, the martyrdom, the dictatorship, the dead,"}, {"start": 567.16, "end": 570.16, "text": " and everything that had happened, for an economic growth"}, {"start": 570.16, "end": 574.16, "text": " that brought Chile out as a successful neoliberal model,"}, {"start": 574.16, "end": 577.16, "text": " was the model. Chile was the model."}, {"start": 577.16, "end": 581.16, "text": " And it was for a long time, and that's why what happens in Chile"}, {"start": 581.16, "end": 584.16, "text": " is so important, because Chile was the model."}, {"start": 584.16, "end": 588.16, "text": " So, half of the country thought that it was worth it,"}, {"start": 588.16, "end": 592.16, "text": " all those deaths, because of the growth and the standard of living they had."}, {"start": 592.16, "end": 596.16, "text": " And the other half of the country thought that they had been killed by the future,"}, {"start": 596.16, "end": 600.16, "text": " by dreams, by hope, and they had been systematically killed."}, {"start": 600.16, "end": 604.16, "text": " And it was a society that was divided for a long time,"}, {"start": 604.16, "end": 609.16, "text": " and there are still those two interpretations of history there."}, {"start": 609.16, "end": 614.16, "text": " So, this happened like this."}, {"start": 614.16, "end": 620.16, "text": " The dictatorship will last 15 years, and the figures kept growing and growing."}, {"start": 620.16, "end": 628.16, "text": " Unlike Argentina, where the dictatorship, first to try to stay in power,"}, {"start": 628.16, "end": 634.16, "text": " put them in the Malvinas War, which was a disaster and a tragedy"}, {"start": 634.16, "end": 640.16, "text": " of absolutely impressive proportions, because a generation died of cold"}, {"start": 640.16, "end": 645.16, "text": " in the Malvinas, and because they stole the work of the Argentine salary"}, {"start": 645.16, "end": 648.16, "text": " that they donated to the boys on the front."}, {"start": 648.16, "end": 653.16, "text": " The Malvinas War overthrew the dictatorship, and the dictatorship in Argentina"}, {"start": 653.16, "end": 657.16, "text": " fell in a stupendous way against its own people,"}, {"start": 657.16, "end": 663.16, "text": " for inventing a conflict brought by the hair with the very British media,"}, {"start": 663.16, "end": 670.16, "text": " which was favoring Thatcher, who was going to apply all the neoliberal measures,"}, {"start": 670.16, "end": 674.16, "text": " and they gave him the historical possibility, or papaya, as they call it,"}, {"start": 674.16, "end": 680.16, "text": " so that he could prevail in power with a war against Argentina"}, {"start": 680.16, "end": 684.16, "text": " that they put served on a tray and that she never sought,"}, {"start": 684.16, "end": 689.16, "text": " but when they served her, she did it, and that was really a fight of the torch"}, {"start": 689.16, "end": 693.16, "text": " with Guayaba, because the British army's army with the Argentine army,"}, {"start": 693.16, "end": 696.16, "text": " well, they couldn't compare on the same day."}, {"start": 696.16, "end": 699.16, "text": " In total, the dictatorship of Argentina falls down,"}, {"start": 699.16, "end": 704.16, "text": " and the dictatorship of Argentina is disrespected by the Argentines themselves."}, {"start": 704.16, "end": 710.16, "text": " The Chilean did not. The Chilean was still endorsed by an economic growth"}, {"start": 710.16, "end": 715.16, "text": " that they always showed as the justification of all the barbarity lived,"}, {"start": 715.16, "end": 719.16, "text": " and the thing was going to be like this, and the thing was going to be like this."}, {"start": 719.16, "end": 726.16, "text": " So, in 1980, Pinochet made a plebiscite with which he legitimized himself"}, {"start": 726.16, "end": 733.16, "text": " to last much longer in power. Therefore, when the 1988 plebiscite is going to be made,"}, {"start": 733.16, "end": 738.16, "text": " many people think that it is the same, that it is more quantities of the same,"}, {"start": 738.16, "end": 744.16, "text": " that nothing is going to be defined there, that it is a nonsense to spend time on that,"}, {"start": 744.16, "end": 750.16, "text": " and that he will continue to prevail in power later, and other people think that he will not."}, {"start": 750.16, "end": 756.16, "text": " And there are a number of organizations of bases, and a number of organizations that say no,"}, {"start": 756.16, "end": 762.16, "text": " this can be the opportunity to make a transition towards a democracy in Chile"}, {"start": 762.16, "end": 767.16, "text": " that is not for a bloodbath, because many people have already died."}, {"start": 767.16, "end": 772.16, "text": " Here what there is is a historical opportunity never seen before,"}, {"start": 772.16, "end": 780.16, "text": " and if we can do it well, we will achieve democracy without having to kill ourselves again."}, {"start": 780.16, "end": 783.16, "text": " And every time a people achieves something without killing itself,"}, {"start": 783.16, "end": 788.16, "text": " it has achieved a colossal victory just by generating a process that does not involve deaths,"}, {"start": 788.16, "end": 792.16, "text": " because people do not have to kill themselves for economic or political reasons."}, {"start": 792.16, "end": 796.16, "text": " At some point we will understand it as humanity, I do not know how long we will take,"}, {"start": 796.16, "end": 801.16, "text": " but at some point we will understand that things do not have to be derived in terms of human lives."}, {"start": 801.16, "end": 807.16, "text": " But many people thought about it in Chile, so they develop a very different strategy."}, {"start": 807.16, "end": 814.16, "text": " A positive, purposeful strategy, and an advertising strategy,"}, {"start": 814.16, "end": 824.16, "text": " which is represented in a film called No, because No was the vote not to continue in power."}, {"start": 824.16, "end": 831.16, "text": " The film starring Gael Garc\u00eda is based on a play that is based on Chilean reality,"}, {"start": 831.16, "end": 834.16, "text": " because they really did that."}, {"start": 834.16, "end": 841.16, "text": " So what they said was, why would people need democracy if it has economic growth,"}, {"start": 841.16, "end": 844.16, "text": " if the figures are very high?"}, {"start": 844.16, "end": 848.16, "text": " So they start saying, look, you are going to need democracy,"}, {"start": 848.16, "end": 854.16, "text": " wouldn't it be nice to be able to express your opinion without having to risk your life,"}, {"start": 854.16, "end": 856.16, "text": " your safety, your job?"}, {"start": 856.16, "end": 858.16, "text": " That would be great, right?"}, {"start": 858.16, "end": 862.16, "text": " To be able to share opinions with people and not let anything happen to them."}, {"start": 862.16, "end": 866.16, "text": " They have 15 minutes every day to do the No campaign."}, {"start": 870.16, "end": 874.16, "text": " And the No campaign is accompanied by all the musicians."}, {"start": 874.16, "end": 877.16, "text": " There is a whole cultural movement around the No campaign,"}, {"start": 877.16, "end": 879.16, "text": " and it is very purposeful."}, {"start": 879.16, "end": 881.16, "text": " In Chile, joy is already coming."}, {"start": 881.16, "end": 885.16, "text": " So there are a lot of things, and they show you D\u00edas de Sol, Parques,"}, {"start": 885.16, "end": 892.16, "text": " a lot of things saying, this is going to add to Chile, it is not going to take away Chile."}, {"start": 892.16, "end": 895.16, "text": " Democracy adds, it does not take away."}, {"start": 895.16, "end": 898.16, "text": " Because the model was successful, the figures were high,"}, {"start": 898.16, "end": 901.16, "text": " so why do we need democracy?"}, {"start": 901.16, "end": 907.16, "text": " The idea that economic indicators do not require popular consultation or anything like that,"}, {"start": 907.16, "end": 909.16, "text": " at that time it was believed in Chile."}, {"start": 909.16, "end": 916.16, "text": " Also, a moment when the foreign industry entered and broke a number of industries,"}, {"start": 916.16, "end": 920.16, "text": " the prisoners take the songs out of the industries, move the industries."}, {"start": 920.16, "end": 925.16, "text": " And on the other hand, these economic figures from the beginning and for a long time"}, {"start": 925.16, "end": 929.16, "text": " did not include many people in the population, but they were absolute figures."}, {"start": 929.16, "end": 935.16, "text": " Many people within Chile could not study, and many people within Chile did not have opportunities."}, {"start": 935.16, "end": 940.16, "text": " And that is why the prisoners composed a song called El Baile de los que Sobran."}, {"start": 940.16, "end": 945.16, "text": " Others were taught the things that attracted, others were really taught that thing called education."}, {"start": 945.16, "end": 949.16, "text": " So, join the dance of those who are left over."}, {"start": 949.16, "end": 957.16, "text": " So it turns out that there are a series of internal contradictions that are not seen below the big figures."}, {"start": 957.16, "end": 960.16, "text": " That is what many people are saying."}, {"start": 960.16, "end": 964.16, "text": " And in the no, there is the possibility of a peaceful transition."}, {"start": 964.16, "end": 970.16, "text": " And the possibility of a peaceful transition had not been had before because this did not happen anywhere."}, {"start": 970.16, "end": 976.16, "text": " So, even within the same opposition, there were dissidents, differences,"}, {"start": 976.16, "end": 981.16, "text": " because then there were those who said that this advertising way of jingle"}, {"start": 981.16, "end": 986.16, "text": " was not serious and trivialized the pain of the victims."}, {"start": 986.16, "end": 993.16, "text": " And others said, but look, we have been crying for the world for so long and nothing has happened."}, {"start": 993.16, "end": 996.16, "text": " We have not managed to change absolutely anything."}, {"start": 996.16, "end": 1000.16, "text": " Let's try something else. Let's see if this works."}, {"start": 1000.16, "end": 1007.16, "text": " So, the point is that finally the campaign is going to win."}, {"start": 1007.16, "end": 1016.16, "text": " The no is going to win for a great result and that no determines that Augusto Pinochet leaves power,"}, {"start": 1016.16, "end": 1025.1599999999999, "text": " acquired through the coup d'\u00e9tat, for a plebiscite and not for a counterattack,"}, {"start": 1025.1599999999999, "end": 1033.1599999999999, "text": " or for a takeover, or for any of those figures, all of them absolutely expensive in terms of lives and blood."}, {"start": 1033.16, "end": 1039.16, "text": " So, he left. Well, before that, they had opened a trial for him because the military in the South Cone"}, {"start": 1039.16, "end": 1047.16, "text": " made some laws to shield themselves from all the amount of barbarism that happened against human rights in the dictatorship,"}, {"start": 1047.16, "end": 1050.16, "text": " because they went through all of them, from the flights of death in Argentina,"}, {"start": 1050.16, "end": 1057.16, "text": " through the torture, going through the generalized torture, the disappearances that were common throughout the South Cone,"}, {"start": 1057.16, "end": 1061.16, "text": " in Uruguay, in Paraguay, in Chile, and in Argentina and in Brazil."}, {"start": 1061.16, "end": 1067.16, "text": " So, then they self-examined with some laws and those laws were, in the case of Argentina,"}, {"start": 1067.16, "end": 1074.16, "text": " were later challenged. In the case of Pinochet, they detained him in England when he was in London."}, {"start": 1074.16, "end": 1080.16, "text": " Well, that is, all that debate was given. The debate was given on how to face those truths,"}, {"start": 1080.16, "end": 1086.16, "text": " how to generate memory. All that has been given. Much more in Argentina, but it has been given."}, {"start": 1086.16, "end": 1095.16, "text": " So, it turns out that, well, the transition to democracy, but Pinochet tied that democracy"}, {"start": 1095.16, "end": 1105.16, "text": " to a series of, let's say, powers that were maintained. He was named, self-named Senator Vitalicio."}, {"start": 1105.16, "end": 1111.16, "text": " In other words, he was still, in any case, protecting the Chilean democracy."}, {"start": 1111.16, "end": 1117.16, "text": " It was a very restricted democracy, but it was a democracy of the drowned man and the hat man and the tape man."}, {"start": 1117.16, "end": 1122.16, "text": " There are times in the history of precariousness, it is so great that what is achieved is already very, very great."}, {"start": 1122.16, "end": 1132.16, "text": " Yes, so, there we have the problem. The Constitution was made during the dictatorship and was made by the dictators."}, {"start": 1132.16, "end": 1139.16, "text": " So, imagine what civil rights, what democratic rights could give society"}, {"start": 1139.16, "end": 1145.16, "text": " a constitution made in that context, by those characters and at that time."}, {"start": 1156.16, "end": 1162.16, "text": " When I started working at Radio NET, I came directly from the academy."}, {"start": 1162.16, "end": 1170.16, "text": " I had never faced that experience before and suddenly, from good to first, without anesthesia,"}, {"start": 1170.16, "end": 1183.16, "text": " I had to enter the radio, become an international analyst, learn to manage the entire system of news media, understand it."}, {"start": 1183.16, "end": 1191.16, "text": " For example, there was a day when they trained us in different skills and there was a day that was speech."}, {"start": 1191.16, "end": 1197.16, "text": " So, it is assumed that one had to learn to modulate, to train the voice, to handle the speech,"}, {"start": 1197.16, "end": 1204.16, "text": " absolutely necessary to speak on the radio. But no, suddenly they tell me, no, but your thing is not the speech,"}, {"start": 1204.16, "end": 1208.16, "text": " you are not here to speak, you are here to analyze."}, {"start": 1208.16, "end": 1213.16, "text": " So, each of the speakers who were the great glories of speech in Colombia,"}, {"start": 1213.16, "end": 1222.16, "text": " that was already too much, just being there with them, they put him to take a cable of news and read it."}, {"start": 1222.16, "end": 1229.16, "text": " And they read the cable and I had to elaborate an analysis on the news that they had just read there,"}, {"start": 1229.16, "end": 1236.16, "text": " immediately, improvising, at once. That was absolutely scary."}, {"start": 1236.16, "end": 1241.16, "text": " At 10 at night, my head still hurt and that was really what I was going to do there."}, {"start": 1241.16, "end": 1245.16, "text": " Then you will say, why am I telling you this story?"}, {"start": 1245.16, "end": 1253.16, "text": " I am telling you this story because we have a sponsor, which is quite, quite interesting"}, {"start": 1253.16, "end": 1262.16, "text": " and has the spirit of these situations in which one is devoted to such a learning, from good to first."}, {"start": 1262.16, "end": 1271.16, "text": " It's called Platzi. And what is Platzi? Well, it is a digital education platform where one subscribes"}, {"start": 1271.16, "end": 1284.16, "text": " to learn a lot of new content and skills when life puts you in a situation in which you have to learn many new things,"}, {"start": 1284.16, "end": 1290.16, "text": " or when you want, simply, any of the two. And there you can see, well, that can be digital marketing,"}, {"start": 1290.16, "end": 1295.16, "text": " digital photography, algebra, project management, a lot of things."}, {"start": 1295.16, "end": 1303.16, "text": " I mean, you can imagine, many things. So what do you do? Well, you pay a subscription."}, {"start": 1303.16, "end": 1308.16, "text": " And once you pay that subscription, you get to have access to those contents,"}, {"start": 1308.16, "end": 1317.16, "text": " but it's not like a Zoom where everyone is looking at the time and the teacher is for a certain time"}, {"start": 1317.16, "end": 1323.16, "text": " and some turn on the camera and others don't. This is different because the contents are there"}, {"start": 1323.16, "end": 1327.16, "text": " so that one can see them whenever one wants, at any time one wants."}, {"start": 1327.16, "end": 1333.16, "text": " But there is a pedagogical structure behind this. This is very thought out."}, {"start": 1333.16, "end": 1341.16, "text": " There are jobs, there are workshops, you can consult the teachers if you need to,"}, {"start": 1341.16, "end": 1348.16, "text": " and you can also consult other students who are taking the same courses."}, {"start": 1348.16, "end": 1357.16, "text": " But really, the one who determines how, when and how is one, because that is the flexibility and magic of this."}, {"start": 1357.16, "end": 1367.16, "text": " So, you subscribe to platzi.com slash dianaolive. You pay 12 months, but with the subscription,"}, {"start": 1367.16, "end": 1375.16, "text": " you actually have the right to 13 months, a free month. And this opens up incredible possibilities"}, {"start": 1375.16, "end": 1382.16, "text": " of training and transformation. And we thank the Platzi people very much for their idea"}, {"start": 1382.16, "end": 1388.16, "text": " and for supporting us on this podcast. And so we continue with our story."}, {"start": 1388.16, "end": 1396.16, "text": " But well, what had to be done was to move forward. And it was done."}, {"start": 1396.16, "end": 1403.16, "text": " But that meant that all governments were terribly restricted by that constitution."}, {"start": 1403.16, "end": 1409.16, "text": " But they kept holding the numbers. So, while the numbers were still holding,"}, {"start": 1409.16, "end": 1418.16, "text": " in a world where the neoliberal scheme became universal, it became ideological and naturalized."}, {"start": 1418.16, "end": 1423.16, "text": " Because from the fall of the Berlin Wall, it was thought that all the discourse"}, {"start": 1423.16, "end": 1430.16, "text": " that had to do with social justice had been left behind, because the numbers were the only indicator"}, {"start": 1430.16, "end": 1437.16, "text": " of the success of a society, let's say, for the last 30 years. And Chile was the benchmark."}, {"start": 1437.16, "end": 1442.16, "text": " And Chile was the benchmark for the development of the world."}, {"start": 1442.16, "end": 1447.16, "text": " And so, in that measure, well, they were going, and everything seemed to be fine."}, {"start": 1447.16, "end": 1454.16, "text": " But it turns out that this model generates very big inequalities, and growing inequalities"}, {"start": 1454.16, "end": 1459.16, "text": " that make a good part of society not have access to that well-being,"}, {"start": 1459.16, "end": 1464.16, "text": " which in absolute figures was always growing."}, {"start": 1464.16, "end": 1469.16, "text": " And so, they were in a very high economic growth, and they were in a democracy."}, {"start": 1469.16, "end": 1471.16, "text": " What more could you want?"}, {"start": 1479.16, "end": 1483.16, "text": " But the truth is that this was not the case for most people, and many people were not there."}, {"start": 1483.16, "end": 1489.16, "text": " So, all these credits begin, a time when they began to have some crazy credits,"}, {"start": 1489.16, "end": 1494.16, "text": " because you could buy a television, you bought it in December and you paid it in February,"}, {"start": 1494.16, "end": 1499.16, "text": " dead credit. Then they said, no, well, from here in February I get the money."}, {"start": 1499.16, "end": 1502.16, "text": " Well, no, from here in February they did not get it and they were very in debt."}, {"start": 1502.16, "end": 1507.16, "text": " People began to buy in supermarkets and left the carts full and took a can of tuna,"}, {"start": 1507.16, "end": 1509.16, "text": " because it was for them to see them buying."}, {"start": 1509.16, "end": 1515.16, "text": " In other words, a fictitious spectrum begins to appear for a large part of the population"}, {"start": 1515.16, "end": 1520.16, "text": " that in reality, for God's sake, is not having access to everything that is seen"}, {"start": 1520.16, "end": 1523.16, "text": " that Chilean society produces."}, {"start": 1523.16, "end": 1528.16, "text": " And that went deeper and deeper and deeper, but it was not seen."}, {"start": 1528.16, "end": 1533.16, "text": " And it was not seen because the luminosity of the figures,"}, {"start": 1533.16, "end": 1539.16, "text": " let's say the marketing of the Chilean product, was totally successful on the continent."}, {"start": 1539.16, "end": 1542.16, "text": " That is seen, notice how Chile is, notice what happens with Chile."}, {"start": 1542.16, "end": 1546.16, "text": " So what is going to happen to us in 2019?"}, {"start": 1546.16, "end": 1551.16, "text": " That in 2019, well, in addition to all the student movements that were made"}, {"start": 1551.16, "end": 1556.16, "text": " to guarantee the free education in Chile, let's say everything that has been sought"}, {"start": 1556.16, "end": 1562.16, "text": " for the conditions to be for everyone and not for one person and another, no."}, {"start": 1562.16, "end": 1568.16, "text": " So, in addition to all that, there was a situation like a pressure cooker"}, {"start": 1568.16, "end": 1573.16, "text": " that no one was seeing, that, let's say, social movements explode"}, {"start": 1573.16, "end": 1578.16, "text": " because they come, that being a long time ago, but they are only visible when they explode."}, {"start": 1578.16, "end": 1582.16, "text": " But it is not that they pass from one day to the next, although they do explode from one day to the next."}, {"start": 1582.16, "end": 1585.16, "text": " There has been a whole carburation before."}, {"start": 1585.16, "end": 1591.16, "text": " So this situation came, we did a podcast a year ago"}, {"start": 1591.16, "end": 1595.16, "text": " where we interviewed Antonella, a Chilean radio journalist"}, {"start": 1595.16, "end": 1602.16, "text": " who was at that time totally involved in the whole narrative of what was happening"}, {"start": 1602.16, "end": 1607.16, "text": " and who told us her vision of Chile, which we suggest that we listen again"}, {"start": 1607.16, "end": 1612.16, "text": " so that we can understand all the arguments told by the Chileans,"}, {"start": 1612.16, "end": 1618.16, "text": " said by them with their own stories and their own story and their own accents."}, {"start": 1618.16, "end": 1623.16, "text": " And it was a hit to have been able to have the opportunity to interview Antonella"}, {"start": 1623.16, "end": 1629.16, "text": " about the hot facts, what was happening and understand the vibration"}, {"start": 1629.16, "end": 1632.16, "text": " of everything that was happening at that time."}, {"start": 1632.16, "end": 1637.16, "text": " So, and as I say, this is a divided society, and in the midst of being a divided society,"}, {"start": 1637.16, "end": 1641.16, "text": " there are people who have a totally opposite story to the one I am telling you"}, {"start": 1641.16, "end": 1645.16, "text": " and that you can stop your hair because it happens in divided societies, ok?"}, {"start": 1645.16, "end": 1647.16, "text": " I mean, this is not an absolute truth."}, {"start": 1647.16, "end": 1652.16, "text": " This is a recount of the historical facts that people can share or not."}, {"start": 1652.16, "end": 1658.16, "text": " But it is the way, let's say, the narrative that led us to the process"}, {"start": 1658.16, "end": 1661.16, "text": " of a plebiscite for a constitution has been structured."}, {"start": 1661.16, "end": 1666.16, "text": " Ok? So, I clarify that because people may seem to like it and people may not."}, {"start": 1666.16, "end": 1669.16, "text": " And not only that they seem to like it, and not only that they don't like it."}, {"start": 1669.16, "end": 1671.16, "text": " Yes, that's not a problem."}, {"start": 1671.16, "end": 1676.16, "text": " But it is the narrative that can explain geopolitically, from a large stage,"}, {"start": 1676.16, "end": 1678.16, "text": " why and where we are going."}, {"start": 1678.16, "end": 1683.16, "text": " In short, all this was becoming very complicated and one day it happened"}, {"start": 1683.16, "end": 1687.16, "text": " that the price of the subway was raised."}, {"start": 1687.16, "end": 1694.16, "text": " And we, who know about Floreros de Llorente, and we who know how such a small thing"}, {"start": 1694.16, "end": 1701.16, "text": " can generate a social outbreak, understand that that day in the morning,"}, {"start": 1701.16, "end": 1705.16, "text": " when the subway fare in Chile was raised 30 pesos,"}, {"start": 1705.16, "end": 1709.16, "text": " which means for families with more than 6 or 7 children,"}, {"start": 1709.16, "end": 1712.16, "text": " which means for families where everyone works every day,"}, {"start": 1712.16, "end": 1716.16, "text": " an important increase in the daily basket,"}, {"start": 1716.16, "end": 1719.16, "text": " let's say, there are people who were not affected by it,"}, {"start": 1719.16, "end": 1721.16, "text": " but there are people who were affected."}, {"start": 1721.16, "end": 1728.16, "text": " So, President Pi\u00f1era's attitude of saying that whoever does not want to pay more than dawn,"}, {"start": 1728.16, "end": 1733.16, "text": " because at 5 in the morning it was cheaper, at that moment it sounded humiliating,"}, {"start": 1733.16, "end": 1736.16, "text": " it sounded challenging and it sounded crazy."}, {"start": 1736.16, "end": 1742.16, "text": " So it turns out that by 5 in the afternoon there were already 250,000 people gathered,"}, {"start": 1742.16, "end": 1746.16, "text": " saying that this was not possible. And it starts!"}, {"start": 1746.16, "end": 1750.16, "text": " The people, the people, the people where are you?"}, {"start": 1750.16, "end": 1753.16, "text": " The people are here, well asked, live it!"}, {"start": 1753.16, "end": 1756.16, "text": " Attention, brothers of Heart, CHI!"}, {"start": 1756.16, "end": 1757.16, "text": " CHI!"}, {"start": 1757.16, "end": 1758.16, "text": " N!"}, {"start": 1758.16, "end": 1759.16, "text": " N!"}, {"start": 1759.16, "end": 1760.16, "text": " CHI, CHI, CHI!"}, {"start": 1760.16, "end": 1761.16, "text": " L, L, L!"}, {"start": 1761.16, "end": 1763.16, "text": " Viva Chile!"}, {"start": 1763.16, "end": 1764.16, "text": " Viva!"}, {"start": 1764.16, "end": 1765.16, "text": " CHI, CHI, CHI!"}, {"start": 1765.16, "end": 1766.16, "text": " L, L, L!"}, {"start": 1766.16, "end": 1767.16, "text": " Viva Chile!"}, {"start": 1767.16, "end": 1768.16, "text": " Viva!"}, {"start": 1768.16, "end": 1775.16, "text": " We want this to go out into the world and that the people know that Chile has awakened!"}, {"start": 1775.16, "end": 1790.16, "text": " We are at war with a powerful, relentless enemy."}, {"start": 1792.16, "end": 1800.16, "text": " So, when the explosions start, let's say, also because it started with the students of high school,"}, {"start": 1800.16, "end": 1805.16, "text": " the students of high school and the university students who organized themselves in the streets"}, {"start": 1805.16, "end": 1809.16, "text": " to massively evade the subway."}, {"start": 1809.16, "end": 1816.16, "text": " So they started to jump the subway in large quantities and in that way they started the protest."}, {"start": 1816.16, "end": 1824.16, "text": " So it says that one euro is worth 881 Chilean pesos, which is almost the value of a subway ticket in one direction."}, {"start": 1824.16, "end": 1832.16, "text": " So they showed in terms of euros what that increase in subway tickets meant for the Chilean people."}, {"start": 1832.16, "end": 1838.16, "text": " In a total of one week, the protests were escalating and this became very tenacious."}, {"start": 1838.16, "end": 1847.16, "text": " So there was a destruction of the subway, a suspension of the service, the Chilean police began to repress the demonstrations hard."}, {"start": 1847.16, "end": 1857.16, "text": " But all this is happening in the days, that is, this begins on September 14, 2019 and then on the 18th the movement is already radicalizing."}, {"start": 1857.16, "end": 1864.16, "text": " And then on the 19th the military is already in the streets, the military is in the streets, that is, the army in the streets."}, {"start": 1864.16, "end": 1868.16, "text": " And the army had not been in the streets since the times of the dictatorship."}, {"start": 1868.16, "end": 1870.16, "text": " So this is getting more tenacious."}, {"start": 1870.16, "end": 1879.16, "text": " And President Pi\u00f1era's statement that they were at war against a powerful, relentless enemy that did not respect anything or anyone, did not help either."}, {"start": 1879.16, "end": 1887.16, "text": " In other words, the statement also escalated the thing, because it gave a war character to what was a social demand."}, {"start": 1887.16, "end": 1893.16, "text": " So that made things get more and more radicalized."}, {"start": 1893.16, "end": 1900.16, "text": " Then they tried to take palliative measures, but the thing was not solved that easily."}, {"start": 1900.16, "end": 1910.16, "text": " So the citizens went to the center of Plaza Italia and it was the biggest call, and that was the biggest march that Chileans have had in history."}, {"start": 1910.16, "end": 1925.16, "text": " There were a million people in the streets of Santiago."}, {"start": 1941.16, "end": 1944.16, "text": " We want Latin America to hear us, that this message is spread."}, {"start": 1944.16, "end": 1946.16, "text": " We know that this is not happening only here."}, {"start": 1946.16, "end": 1949.16, "text": " People in Chile are fighting because we want a better future."}, {"start": 1949.16, "end": 1954.16, "text": " Since October 18, things have changed and we have not had any kind of response."}, {"start": 1954.16, "end": 1960.16, "text": " And this was already happening, but it was no longer the students of the bachelor's degree or those of the university, but the Chilean people in the streets."}, {"start": 1960.16, "end": 1963.16, "text": " And that's what we started to see in the images."}, {"start": 1963.16, "end": 1970.16, "text": " And we said, but where is this coming from? But how is Chile so tidy, so well-placed, so well-stated, where they were?"}, {"start": 1970.16, "end": 1972.16, "text": " And look at this, how it happened."}, {"start": 1972.16, "end": 1976.16, "text": " Well, it happened that people really lived on credit."}, {"start": 1976.16, "end": 1982.16, "text": " That the middle class had a process of vaporization that really was not included."}, {"start": 1982.16, "end": 1987.16, "text": " Living on credit means that you have nothing, because everything is on credit."}, {"start": 1987.16, "end": 1993.16, "text": " At some point, you can lose everything if you have nothing."}, {"start": 1993.16, "end": 1996.16, "text": " If you lose your job, you can no longer pay your debts."}, {"start": 1996.16, "end": 2001.16, "text": " Anything, an increase in inflation, you can no longer pay your credits."}, {"start": 2001.16, "end": 2005.16, "text": " It is a very delicate situation and it is not extraordinary."}, {"start": 2005.16, "end": 2008.16, "text": " It is a very extended situation."}, {"start": 2008.16, "end": 2014.16, "text": " So what was really shown was that this model had its feet on the mud."}, {"start": 2014.16, "end": 2022.16, "text": " And that under these reflective figures and under all this image of mess,"}, {"start": 2022.16, "end": 2028.16, "text": " in reality, there were a lot of people going through needs and not everything was as beautiful as it was sold outside."}, {"start": 2028.16, "end": 2029.16, "text": " That's what happened."}, {"start": 2029.16, "end": 2037.16, "text": " And a little bit when they were asked, they said, no, it's that reality is very different from what is being said about how the country was successful."}, {"start": 2037.16, "end": 2039.16, "text": " And that's what was put in evidence."}, {"start": 2039.16, "end": 2048.16, "text": " So, the explosions begin. At first, what there was was a very large manifestation of discontent."}, {"start": 2048.16, "end": 2059.16, "text": " At first, what was asked was that there was a, let's say, that all these measures that were making life so difficult for people were reviewed."}, {"start": 2059.16, "end": 2069.16, "text": " It started with the subway, the way the government did not take into account what people were asking for."}, {"start": 2069.16, "end": 2071.16, "text": " At first, it made things more complicated."}, {"start": 2071.16, "end": 2075.16, "text": " Then, well, people started to die because there were people who died."}, {"start": 2075.16, "end": 2083.16, "text": " And the thing got to a point where the government had to really start talking to people."}, {"start": 2083.16, "end": 2087.16, "text": " To see what was going on, because that could not be ignored."}, {"start": 2087.16, "end": 2091.16, "text": " And it could not be ignored or simply qualified."}, {"start": 2091.16, "end": 2098.16, "text": " And then there is a point where the movement turns to a point of origin."}, {"start": 2098.16, "end": 2101.16, "text": " It says, no, it is that it knows what is wrong."}, {"start": 2101.16, "end": 2105.16, "text": " What is wrong is not only the economic situation, thinking about it well."}, {"start": 2105.16, "end": 2112.16, "text": " What is wrong is not only this inequality that makes life so difficult for so many Chileans."}, {"start": 2112.16, "end": 2117.16, "text": " What is wrong, do you know what it is? The constitution."}, {"start": 2117.16, "end": 2121.16, "text": " And do you know why? Because it is a constitution of the dictatorship."}, {"start": 2121.16, "end": 2125.16, "text": " And it is a constitution that is terribly restrictive of rights."}, {"start": 2125.16, "end": 2132.16, "text": " And so what we needed was to finish the task of democracy that we had started with the no."}, {"start": 2132.16, "end": 2136.16, "text": " And the task with the no for the preview of not having Pinochet."}, {"start": 2136.16, "end": 2139.16, "text": " Because it was, if he stays, yes, if he does not stay, no."}, {"start": 2139.16, "end": 2142.16, "text": " So the campaign of the no was that he does not stay."}, {"start": 2142.16, "end": 2144.16, "text": " That is why it is called the campaign of the no."}, {"start": 2144.16, "end": 2146.16, "text": " This here must be clarified a lot."}, {"start": 2146.16, "end": 2152.16, "text": " So it turns out that, well, that he does not stay, cool, that he has gone."}, {"start": 2152.16, "end": 2155.16, "text": " But the constitution was tied."}, {"start": 2155.16, "end": 2161.16, "text": " So we need not only a series of deep social measures"}, {"start": 2161.16, "end": 2167.16, "text": " that make many more people be included, but we need more democracy."}, {"start": 2167.16, "end": 2171.16, "text": " And the way we need more democracy is by changing the constitution."}, {"start": 2171.16, "end": 2176.16, "text": " So the movement turns to a movement to create a constitution."}, {"start": 2176.16, "end": 2181.16, "text": " Because they begin to analyze the Chilean situation structurally."}, {"start": 2181.16, "end": 2187.16, "text": " And structurally the Chilean situation implies that politically speaking"}, {"start": 2187.16, "end": 2191.16, "text": " they have to discuss a new magna carta."}, {"start": 2191.16, "end": 2194.16, "text": " So this already makes it a much bigger thing."}, {"start": 2194.16, "end": 2199.16, "text": " Because we are already talking about what the Chileans do to the institutionality."}, {"start": 2199.16, "end": 2202.16, "text": " So this is going through phases."}, {"start": 2202.16, "end": 2206.16, "text": " The police suspended the use of blinders because the number of people began to go blind"}, {"start": 2206.16, "end": 2211.16, "text": " by the use of blinders against people in the demonstrations."}, {"start": 2211.16, "end": 2217.16, "text": " Yes, even the optometrists made a sample of how many people were going blind"}, {"start": 2217.16, "end": 2220.16, "text": " or how many people were coming with a loss of an eye"}, {"start": 2220.16, "end": 2224.16, "text": " by the use of blinders by the police."}, {"start": 2224.16, "end": 2227.16, "text": " So they decide not to use blinders because this, in the meantime,"}, {"start": 2227.16, "end": 2232.16, "text": " is happening, everything is dying, people are going blind."}, {"start": 2232.16, "end": 2234.16, "text": " This is going to become very big."}, {"start": 2234.16, "end": 2238.16, "text": " Then the pandemic comes and everyone is still in the front."}, {"start": 2238.16, "end": 2243.16, "text": " Yes, still in the front because the world was in marches everywhere."}, {"start": 2243.16, "end": 2248.16, "text": " They were from Iran, passing through Lebanon, passing through here."}, {"start": 2248.16, "end": 2250.16, "text": " Well, everywhere there is a march."}, {"start": 2250.16, "end": 2253.16, "text": " And suddenly everyone is still in the front as if we were playing statues."}, {"start": 2253.16, "end": 2254.16, "text": " Statue!"}, {"start": 2254.16, "end": 2256.16, "text": " Then everyone is still in the front."}, {"start": 2256.16, "end": 2258.16, "text": " Yes, everyone is closed. One, two, three."}, {"start": 2258.16, "end": 2262.16, "text": " So the pandemic also became a science fiction scenario"}, {"start": 2262.16, "end": 2266.16, "text": " where all the processes that the people were having"}, {"start": 2266.16, "end": 2271.16, "text": " are stopped because everyone is scared, everyone is still"}, {"start": 2271.16, "end": 2273.16, "text": " and everyone is taking care of themselves."}, {"start": 2273.16, "end": 2279.16, "text": " So there is a period in which this stops as if one pauses the control,"}, {"start": 2279.16, "end": 2304.16, "text": " as if one stops the camera."}, {"start": 2309.16, "end": 2319.16, "text": " But only that."}, {"start": 2319.16, "end": 2323.16, "text": " You, after you pause, then you go back and play again"}, {"start": 2323.16, "end": 2325.16, "text": " because you are watching the movie."}, {"start": 2325.16, "end": 2327.16, "text": " The movie continues."}, {"start": 2327.16, "end": 2330.16, "text": " And the movie continues as long as it has not been resolved."}, {"start": 2330.16, "end": 2333.16, "text": " Then afterwards, the marches return again."}, {"start": 2333.16, "end": 2341.16, "text": " Let's say, rejection of international amnesty of the OAS over what was done against the people."}, {"start": 2341.16, "end": 2346.16, "text": " There were 23 dead, that Pi\u00f1era had to admit that the use of force protocol"}, {"start": 2346.16, "end": 2349.16, "text": " by the police was not complied with."}, {"start": 2349.16, "end": 2352.16, "text": " There began to be international reports."}, {"start": 2352.16, "end": 2356.16, "text": " So the fact that the army had gone out to the streets"}, {"start": 2356.16, "end": 2361.16, "text": " without an emergency state, well, it is not a legal thing."}, {"start": 2361.16, "end": 2364.16, "text": " Well, there is a lot of questioning about this."}, {"start": 2364.16, "end": 2368.16, "text": " And the protest continues, and the protest continues"}, {"start": 2368.16, "end": 2375.16, "text": " until it is time to get serious and reach an agreement between the Chileans."}, {"start": 2375.16, "end": 2380.16, "text": " So reaching an agreement between the Chileans is to modify the constitution."}, {"start": 2380.16, "end": 2386.16, "text": " So to modify the constitution, that is, to derogate the constitution made in dictatorship,"}, {"start": 2386.16, "end": 2391.16, "text": " a plebiscite must be made with the whole country because what is decided there"}, {"start": 2391.16, "end": 2394.16, "text": " affects the future of the whole country."}, {"start": 2394.16, "end": 2397.16, "text": " So for that, a plebiscite is going to be made."}, {"start": 2397.16, "end": 2401.16, "text": " And the plebiscite has two questions, that if you reject the constitution"}, {"start": 2401.16, "end": 2404.16, "text": " and that if you accept a new constitution."}, {"start": 2404.16, "end": 2406.16, "text": " That is a question."}, {"start": 2406.16, "end": 2410.16, "text": " But the second question is, who is going to do it?"}, {"start": 2410.16, "end": 2413.16, "text": " Is it going to be done with a mixed body?"}, {"start": 2413.16, "end": 2418.16, "text": " The people who are in power at this time, plus a new group of people"}, {"start": 2418.16, "end": 2422.16, "text": " who together will develop the new constitution,"}, {"start": 2422.16, "end": 2427.16, "text": " or is a completely new group of people going to be formed"}, {"start": 2427.16, "end": 2430.16, "text": " to develop a new constitution?"}, {"start": 2430.16, "end": 2432.16, "text": " That was the second question."}, {"start": 2432.16, "end": 2437.16, "text": " The first one, if you want it to be reformed, and the second, how do you want it to be reformed?"}, {"start": 2437.16, "end": 2440.16, "text": " With a mixed group or with a new group?"}, {"start": 2440.16, "end": 2442.16, "text": " That is basically."}, {"start": 2442.16, "end": 2447.16, "text": " So, everything was defined there to know where it was going to go from now on,"}, {"start": 2447.16, "end": 2450.16, "text": " what direction it was going to take from now on."}, {"start": 2450.16, "end": 2453.16, "text": " So the plebiscite was made."}, {"start": 2453.16, "end": 2457.16, "text": " And it won by a very large percentage"}, {"start": 2457.16, "end": 2462.16, "text": " the fact that people want a new constitution to be made."}, {"start": 2462.16, "end": 2464.16, "text": " But by 78%."}, {"start": 2464.16, "end": 2467.16, "text": " That is a really decent percentage."}, {"start": 2467.16, "end": 2475.16, "text": " That is a percentage that does not allow doubt about the opinion of the Chileans."}, {"start": 2475.16, "end": 2478.16, "text": " And they want a new group to be made."}, {"start": 2478.16, "end": 2484.16, "text": " So, from now on, this is very important,"}, {"start": 2484.16, "end": 2492.16, "text": " because this new constitution would put an end to the dictatorships in the South Cone,"}, {"start": 2492.16, "end": 2498.16, "text": " to one of the most painful and terrible chapters in our history of Latin America."}, {"start": 2498.16, "end": 2501.16, "text": " Because this is the end of the dictatorship,"}, {"start": 2501.16, "end": 2507.16, "text": " as the constitution that was made during the time of the dictatorship is transformed."}, {"start": 2507.16, "end": 2514.16, "text": " Because these dictatorships had a military aspect, a political aspect, a geopolitical aspect,"}, {"start": 2514.16, "end": 2517.16, "text": " an economic aspect, a social aspect."}, {"start": 2517.16, "end": 2522.16, "text": " They were made up of a large number of elements."}, {"start": 2522.16, "end": 2525.16, "text": " One of the elements was the political."}, {"start": 2525.16, "end": 2530.16, "text": " So, in order to give a real transformation in the political elements,"}, {"start": 2530.16, "end": 2532.16, "text": " the constitution had to be changed."}, {"start": 2532.16, "end": 2535.16, "text": " Changing the constitution is ending the dictatorship."}, {"start": 2535.16, "end": 2538.16, "text": " It is ending the era of the doctrine of national security,"}, {"start": 2538.16, "end": 2542.16, "text": " it is ending the era of the imposition of military regimes"}, {"start": 2542.16, "end": 2547.16, "text": " in order to manage the decisions of the peoples and the states."}, {"start": 2547.16, "end": 2552.16, "text": " It is ending an era in the history of the whole continent."}, {"start": 2552.16, "end": 2558.16, "text": " That is why the result of this plebiscite is important for all of Latin America."}, {"start": 2558.16, "end": 2562.16, "text": " And what happened in Chile is important for all of Latin America,"}, {"start": 2562.16, "end": 2567.16, "text": " because the problem of inequality in Chile is common to Latin America,"}, {"start": 2567.16, "end": 2573.16, "text": " because the things that they were brought to them happen in the rest of the continent in a different way."}, {"start": 2573.16, "end": 2577.16, "text": " So, what happens there has echoes in the rest of the continent"}, {"start": 2577.16, "end": 2582.16, "text": " and it is a process that we have seen day by day in the streets and on television."}, {"start": 2582.16, "end": 2586.16, "text": " So, when this result of the plebiscite is taken out,"}, {"start": 2586.16, "end": 2592.16, "text": " this does not mean that from now on a very big thing will not come."}, {"start": 2592.16, "end": 2598.16, "text": " Because we, through the Seventh Plebiscite, elaborated the constitution of 1991"}, {"start": 2598.16, "end": 2605.16, "text": " by a student movement that proposed that in the next elections another little paper was added"}, {"start": 2605.16, "end": 2610.16, "text": " in which we wanted to modify the constitution of 1886,"}, {"start": 2610.16, "end": 2615.16, "text": " which had been made in 1886, that is, more than a century ago,"}, {"start": 2615.16, "end": 2618.16, "text": " and which was a new constitution for a new country."}, {"start": 2618.16, "end": 2623.16, "text": " That was the movement of the Seventh Plebiscite that led to the constitution of 1991,"}, {"start": 2623.16, "end": 2628.16, "text": " which recognizes us as a multicultural and pluriethnic country for the first time."}, {"start": 2628.16, "end": 2635.16, "text": " So, that is a long process, because it is necessary to reach a number of agreements,"}, {"start": 2635.16, "end": 2642.16, "text": " because it is necessary to review a number of structural elements of a society,"}, {"start": 2642.16, "end": 2648.16, "text": " because it is necessary to negotiate, because it is necessary to look, because it is necessary to analyze."}, {"start": 2648.16, "end": 2650.16, "text": " That is a long process."}, {"start": 2650.16, "end": 2654.16, "text": " This does not mean that everything has already been fixed,"}, {"start": 2654.16, "end": 2661.16, "text": " it means that they made a decision that gives them the strength to start fixing the structural causes"}, {"start": 2661.16, "end": 2667.16, "text": " for which the demonstrations were held that day, which they decided to jump on the subway."}, {"start": 2667.16, "end": 2673.16, "text": " So, there we go, we go where they said, yes, we want to, and how?"}, {"start": 2673.16, "end": 2678.16, "text": " With a new group? Ah, well, and when? Well, from now on we are going to do it."}, {"start": 2678.16, "end": 2680.16, "text": " So, we go there."}, {"start": 2680.16, "end": 2687.16, "text": " But that is why it is so important, and since Chile was the model, the demonstration,"}, {"start": 2687.16, "end": 2694.16, "text": " then what happens with the model is discussed in the rest of the continent and in the rest of the world,"}, {"start": 2694.16, "end": 2701.16, "text": " what things must be questioned about the model that generate this type of social outbursts,"}, {"start": 2701.16, "end": 2707.16, "text": " what happened there, if everything looked so good from afar, if everything seemed to work well"}, {"start": 2707.16, "end": 2712.16, "text": " and apparently it was not working so well, or if there had not been such a large protest system."}, {"start": 2712.16, "end": 2719.16, "text": " There are many new people in Chile, there are many other organizations, societies, voices, women,"}, {"start": 2719.16, "end": 2725.16, "text": " that is, Chile is generating a new amount of opinion."}, {"start": 2725.16, "end": 2731.16, "text": " During the time of the demonstrations, which coincided with the date of November 25,"}, {"start": 2731.16, "end": 2737.16, "text": " the World Day Against Violence Against Women, the girls of the thesis went out into the street"}, {"start": 2737.16, "end": 2743.16, "text": " and gave the world a new discourse on why rape could not be naturalized"}, {"start": 2743.16, "end": 2752.16, "text": " or considered as something that men had the right to because women wore shorts or pants or sticky gum,"}, {"start": 2752.16, "end": 2757.16, "text": " because they said, and the fault was not mine, nor how they were, nor how they dressed, the rapist was you."}, {"start": 2757.16, "end": 2762.16, "text": " Because something tells me that our time comes, like after winter, when spring comes,"}, {"start": 2762.16, "end": 2767.16, "text": " our legs and our bodies take over the territory and under the corpses of this mortuary system,"}, {"start": 2767.16, "end": 2770.16, "text": " because I see everyone with light since I left with you,"}, {"start": 2770.16, "end": 2775.16, "text": " if you even erased the remnants of the domain from me, because I see everything so clear since we fought together,"}, {"start": 2775.16, "end": 2778.16, "text": " if it even seems that the voices that silenced me disappeared,"}, {"start": 2778.16, "end": 2782.16, "text": " and although sometimes my heart and head get tired with my green handkerchief,"}, {"start": 2782.16, "end": 2787.16, "text": " I do not lose interest, and although I have to point to anyone so that the patriarchy collapses,"}, {"start": 2787.16, "end": 2791.16, "text": " I will continue until feminism is customary."}, {"start": 2791.16, "end": 2797.16, "text": " So there the heteropatriarchal culture began to be questioned in terms of rape being the only crime"}, {"start": 2797.16, "end": 2800.16, "text": " where the victim has to prove that she did not provoke it."}, {"start": 2800.16, "end": 2804.16, "text": " If when you steal the wallet, they do not ask you if you are giving papaya,"}, {"start": 2804.16, "end": 2807.16, "text": " if it was that you had that wallet so full and in your pocket,"}, {"start": 2807.16, "end": 2813.16, "text": " when a person is killed, that is a murder, nobody questions if he deserved it or not, but they killed him."}, {"start": 2813.16, "end": 2818.16, "text": " In rape, if there was always the argument, and there still is,"}, {"start": 2818.16, "end": 2821.16, "text": " that the victim somehow provoked it or not."}, {"start": 2821.16, "end": 2829.16, "text": " This group of girls took the classic theses of feminism and turned them into a performance."}, {"start": 2829.16, "end": 2858.16, "text": " And this performance gave the world a turn."}, {"start": 2858.16, "end": 2881.16, "text": " And this performance gave the world a turn."}, {"start": 2881.16, "end": 2894.16, "text": " And this performance gave the world a turn."}, {"start": 2894.16, "end": 2918.16, "text": " And this performance gave the world a turn."}, {"start": 2918.16, "end": 2925.16, "text": " And this performance gave the world a turn."}, {"start": 2925.16, "end": 2932.16, "text": " And the way they have continued to do all these ways of asking for new social organizations,"}, {"start": 2932.16, "end": 2936.16, "text": " new representations, new political rights,"}, {"start": 2936.16, "end": 2943.16, "text": " are concretized in the plebiscite of this constitution that has just been approved"}, {"start": 2943.16, "end": 2949.16, "text": " and give rise to a new process of building Chilean democracy"}, {"start": 2949.16, "end": 2956.16, "text": " and end up with the ghost of the dictatorships in the political constitutions in Latin America"}, {"start": 2956.16, "end": 2963.16, "text": " from the point of view of what had been the time of the obtainment of national security and the dictatorships on the continent."}, {"start": 2963.16, "end": 2965.16, "text": " That is why it is so important."}, {"start": 2965.16, "end": 2970.16, "text": " And we had to go through all these different paths, from geopolitics,"}, {"start": 2970.16, "end": 2974.16, "text": " from the decisions that were taken in Yalta, from the School of the Americas,"}, {"start": 2974.16, "end": 2979.16, "text": " and from everything that has happened on the continent to understand what the Chilean decision was."}, {"start": 2979.16, "end": 2983.16, "text": " And at the request of the public who told me to tell you the story, I tell you the story."}, {"start": 2983.16, "end": 2984.16, "text": " And this was it."}, {"start": 2984.16, "end": 2992.16, "text": " So, from the streets of Chile, the student movements, the theses singing in the streets,"}, {"start": 2992.16, "end": 3002.16, "text": " and from a people that makes the decision to transform its future from a new constitution in the narration of Ana Uribe."}, {"start": 3002.16, "end": 3022.16, "text": " And for you, happy day, whatever day it is."}, {"start": 3022.16, "end": 3031.16, "text": " I want to remind you that on the page www.dianauribe.fm you can find the notes and the playlist of the songs that we mentioned during the episode."}, {"start": 3031.16, "end": 3035.16, "text": " So that you can listen to them, enjoy them, and enjoy them."}, {"start": 3035.16, "end": 3040.16, "text": " This podcast was possible thanks to the team of La Casa de la Historia."}, {"start": 3040.16, "end": 3044.16, "text": " Diana Suarez, Milena Beltran, Daniel Moreno Franco."}, {"start": 3044.16, "end": 3052.16, "text": " It was recorded in Los Gatos Studio, edited and musicalized by Eduardo Corredor Fonseca, of Rueda Sonido."}, {"start": 3052.16, "end": 3061.16, "text": " And always with the strong and powerful help of Santiago Espinosa Uribe and Laura Rojas Aponte of the podcast Cosas de Internet."}]