70 años del pacto del carbón y el acero
#Podcastdianauribe #dianauribefm #pactodelcarbonyelacero
Un capítulo más y un aniversario más en nuestro año 01. Esta vez hablaremos de los 70 años de un acuerdo que cambió la historia de la Europa Moderna: el Tratado de París de 1951, mejor conocido como el “Pacto del carbón y el acero”. Este tratado fue el remoto antecedente de lo que hoy en día es la Unión Europea. Les contamos el contexto que llevó a que los países de Europa Occidental buscasen lazos de unión después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, de los protagonistas del tratado, del por qué se escogieron el carbón y el acero como símbolos, además de la historias que rodean  la caída de los imperios y por supuesto, las promesas y los fracasos que han sucedido desde entonces en la búsqueda de una Europa que actúe bajo las mismas leyes y los mismos propósitos.

Notas del episodio:
Este episodio fue traído gracias a Platzi, una plataforma de aprendizaje en línea donde puedes aprender desde programación hasta inglés. Hay más de 700 cursos y aprendes en español. 
→https://platzi.com/l/diana_uribe/  
Entre la bendición y la maldición, la historia de la explotación de uno de los elementos sobre los que se construyó el mundo industrializado: el carbón 
→https://energia.jcyl.es/web/es/biblioteca/historia-carbon.html
El profundo dolor que dejó la Segunda Guerra Mundial en Europa 
→https://www.infobae.com/historias/2020/08/22/europa-1945-los-dramas-despues-de-la-gran-guerra-violaciones-venganzas-los-sobrevivientes-de-los-campos-y-mucho-dolor/
Schumann y Monet, los pioneros de la Unión Europea
→https://www.europeana.eu/es/exhibitions/70th-anniversary-of-the-schuman-declaration/the-monnet-schuman-partnership
Alsacia Lorena y la eterna lucha de los imperios por controlar su posesión
→https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio_Imperial_de_Alsacia_y_Lorena
Aquí les dejamos una breve revisión al Tratado de París, el primer gran paso en la formación de la UE
→https://www.iri.edu.ar/index.php/2021/04/04/18-de-abril-de-1951-firma-del-tratado-de-paris-que-dio-origen-a-la-comunidad-europea-del-carbon-y-del-acero-ceca/
Maastricht, el tratado con el cual oficialmente se dió origen a la Unión Europea
→https://economipedia.com/definiciones/tratado-de-maastricht.html
Los desafíos de Europa 70 años después del Pacto del carbón y el acero
→https://www.lavanguardia.com/internacional/20210418/6932754/70-anos-tratado-paris-union-europea.html


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 Good morning, today in our episode of the year 1 we are going to celebrate the 70 years of a fact that has been absolutely transcendental in contemporary geopolitics. In 1951, in the Treaty of Paris between France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, the so-called Coal and Steel Pact was signed. The Coal and Steel Pact is the origin of the European Union. We are going to tell this story because this is a story of love and pain and many scars because it is a story to heal wounds, terrible wounds. It turns out that in order to talk about this, we are going to talk about coal and steel because if not, why would such a great barbarity have to happen for this? It turns out that millions of years ago, 300 million years ago, the coal-fired forests spread and gave rise to what we know today as fossil fuel and gave the possibility of them becoming mineral coal. This is a chance of geology. Imagine that the earth is full of resources, of resources of many natural resources, of minerals, of rivers, of waters that have existed since the planet existed. And then humans come and then humans are going to put on top of these resources a relatively recent invention called the national states. And on top of those national states that are going to be on the resources forged for millennia in the history of the earth, millions of years, the borders will remain. And on the borders, the distributions of nationalist discourses will remain and that will generate a lot of wars. So these coal-fired forests, which for more than 300 million years formed, will generate a resource that is coal and steel. And that resource will make the industrial revolution possible and the industrial revolution will make the rise of Europe possible, until it becomes a series of empires that would have to dominate the planet in a total way during the 19th century, in the most important case of England. But also France and Germany would enter the era of the empires from the wealth in a region that is in the middle of the two, which is called Alsace and Lorraine. And in the middle of the region of Alsace and Lorraine there is a part called the Sarre and the Rur. And the Sarre and the Rur is where the coal and the steel are. So all this will give rise to a number of things that we cannot imagine due to the interpretation that the national states make of the resources that the earth has always had. So imagine that with the industrial revolution, Europe is at another level and, let's say, all the successes of England go behind France and Germany. And there is a moment when these European countries will feel so powerful and so endorsed by the achievements of their industrial revolution that they will give up the license to distribute the African continent, not counting the Africans, and without consulting their opinion. And they will distribute it in Berlin, at a table, with a squad and with peace in the most vulgar way. And they will generate all the conflicts that Africa still lives from this distribution, trying to distribute the resources. The Seville, as I see it, as I see it in steel, as I see it in the mineral, as I see it in the mountain, as I see it in the river. And they distributed Africa as it is, we have said that before, but we repeat it. So it turns out that these people have reached a very high level of supremacy because of this pair of resources. Why are they so important? Coal and steel have a series of historically tremendously contradictory conditions. In order to form steel, we have to combine iron, which is fragile, with coal to create a new compound that is very resistant. So you need both, coal and steel. But this coal and this steel, which made possible the development of the empires, and which made possible all these events in history, are also tremendously toxic. They also created the greenhouse effect, they also generated episodes of catastrophic pollution in England. At the same time, they created the entire culture of the miners in Scotland. And then with their elimination, it would be terrible for those peoples. But it is a fuel that we have to get out of in the modern era, because they are key in the production of the greenhouse effect, climate change and all this planetary emergency in which we are. So these fuels, which were the dynamisers of history, of its successes and its horrors for so long, today are called for an urgent change, for a new pact with the planet, because they are fossil fuels and are highly polluting and are not eternal either. So here is everything in coal and steel. There was the past, there was progress, there was war, and there is the end of an era that leads us to clean fuels and a different way of solving the energy issue of resources on a planet that is in an emergency state, among other things, thanks to the unlimited use of these fuels. So coal and steel are going to be the origin of all the weapons in the world, from the Japanese katanas to the battleships. All the weapons that today fill the world with misery are made of steel. So that's what the platform gives them, on the one hand to make empires, but on the other hand to build super mega-armaments. So this region is going to be played for successive moments in history. Germany unifies itself over three wars, which are the three rings that appear in the Angel of Berlin, over the war against Denmark, against Austria and against France. In the war against France, there it takes over the resource zone in a battle called the Battle of Sedan, and in that Battle of Sedan it humiliates the French, that ends up being signed in Versailles and ends up depriving them of those resources. So later on, France, after the First World War, is going to do something else, and that is that it is going to take away those regions from Germany and humiliate it in Versailles to get the nail out of the Battle of Sedan. And then the same thing will happen again when the Second World War comes, and then Germany is going to invade France and take away the Sassi and the Lorraine, and it is going to invade it, and all that is going to happen, France is going to be divided, and then, at the end of the war, they are going to destroy Germany and they are going to take away the regions that France has already taken away. So this is the playing. For these resources, what was the First World War, which was a war of knights, they said, because they were all cousins, they were all grandchildren of victory, they were all monarchies that were totally related to a European royalty, and these monarchies related to a European royalty, took the world beyond the glamour of the roads and the soldiers dancing in the big halls with these women tied up in jewels, to the most disgusting, senseless, absurd, terrible war that broke Europe from the inside. The First World War, which we had said was called the Great War because no one thought there could be a second one, because no one thought that something as absolutely terrible as the First World War could be justified in trenches, in mud, in mud, and in horror. More than 10 million people died. For the population of the time, this means that each of the European families has at least one or two graves. From the First World War, a generation died between the ages of 14 and 40 for absolutely nothing, because there is no justifiable cause for a horror like the one experienced in the First World War, and the post-traumatic stress, and a continent of the weak, and a blinded and terrified people in front of their own barbarity. So, in the First World War, the Europeans experience what Stefan Zweig would call the suicide of reason, the first suicide of reason, and they are terrified of their own horror. They break inside, all the empires fall, which is known as the fall of the eagles, because all the shields had eagles. That's why they say that the eagles fall, the empires break, all the new countries of Eastern Europe appear, the map is reconfigured, and a phenomenon appears that will lead us to the Second World War, and that phenomenon is fascism. It is important to explain it now that it is used with nigerian in the term. It turns out that Gabriel Danuncio, who was originally a poet, considers that Italy was, let's say, very badly off from the experience of the First World War, and that in the distribution of the new nations, neither the Trieste nor the Fiume were touched by it, which were left on the side of Dalmatia, of what would be formed Yugoslavia. So, he is going to make a nationalist proclamation, which corresponds to Italy, and he is going to create a doctrine that Mussolini is going to implement and take to power with the March on Rome in 1922, and that Hitler is going to take as the basis of what is going to be Nazism and the war project of Nazi Germany. This doctrine is based on totalitarianism, on the force of the state or the party, on the war as a motor, on the homeland and on the sense of the nationalism, on the ignorance of any form of dissent, on the seizure of the state of all the mechanisms of power and control of the state. It is totalitarian because it does not admit any diversity of powers, with absolutely no one else, it does not know all the elements of the young democracies that at that time were being forged in a Europe that had just come out of the ashes of the First World War. Fascism is a patriarchal state to the extreme, it is composed of a series of symbols, of imaginary, of seduction of the mass, of women as breeders, of soldiers of the homeland, of war as a goal and as a motor, and of death as a triumph of what is going to be, let's say, the war, the battle. All this is imaginary of fascism, which has a carefully programmed symbolic content and which captures from the mass the sense of the fascination of death and war. It is terribly fanatic and it is terribly punctual in each of its doctrines and in each of its postulates. So in fascism there are no dissidents, in fascism what there are is dead, endorsed by a superior doctrine that in the case of the Germans they mounted in the superior race and in the case of the Italians they mounted in the ancient glory of the Roman Empire, they wanted to revive the Roman Empire, that is why they invaded Ethiopia in the most unworthy conditions in the world. So now this project, which is new, is formed in the period between wars, it is going to be what Hitler is going to adapt to the German history, putting it in the theory of racial superiority and the space vital, it is going to rebuild a Germany destroyed to the ground on the basis of a war economy, which is going to generate a lot of use of tanks and armament and uniforms and which is going to create a rapid economic reactivation, ignoring the Versailles treaties and creating a war economy. This war economy is based on coal and steel, on the recovery of those provinces, which Germany after the First World War destroyed, they took away those regions, the Sarre and the Rour, which was where coal and steel were produced, they took away the armies, they put it to pay for the reconstruction of Europe, they really made it some unfeasible conditions to continue as a country. So about that, which is called the narcissistic anger, which was all that Germany suffered, is that the Nazism is mounted and recovers these two parts, Alsace and Lorraine, and puts them as a fundamental part of the war project that is going to be armed there. Then the Second World War is going to be armed, nobody wanted to get into that, but it could not be avoided, that was a historical project of Nazism. Here begins the commercial space. I want to tell you about a character that I love, I have always loved, his name is George Westinghouse. He was a man of family, and he put all his scientific genius at the service of that, he worked with alternating current for the appliances, he made all the doras, the washing machine, the toaster, etc. But he was a man who had an idea about the work that could and had to benefit also the people who made these products. He had seen many poor villages in the middle of the factories that generated large incomes. So he wanted the workers of the factory to benefit from the work that they themselves did, not only from the wage transaction, but from the benefit of the very elaboration of the product, because he believed in what he was doing. So he created a citadel around the factory, where all the workers had access to the products they made daily, and that brought them a lot of community and well-being in their daily lives, which was what they were trying to do for the rest of the country. It was a very important, interactive and solidary idea of what these jobs are for a society. There is a spirit that goes beyond the citadel around the products of Westinghouse. It is the spirit that as an employer, leader, head of company, whatever you want, you give much more than a transaction. You give a well-being, a purpose, a safe, inclusive, pleasant environment, something that gives a particular value to being in that job, in that company. And in the list of things that go beyond the salary, one that can be very important and very beautiful is the possibility of continuing to learn. All this comes into play because the sponsor of this episode is Platzi, which is an online learning platform. The idea behind Platzi is that the whole life is a learning experience, not only the stage of college or university, but the whole life is an opportunity for new learning experiences. So I am inviting those who have a team to open an organization account in Platzi so that in this way they can give each other the possibility of continuing to learn. The link to Platzi is in the notes of the episode. We thank Platzi very much for supporting us in this chapter and we continue with our story. The Second World War is coming and the Second World War breaks Europe against the world. After the Second World War, as it is so big, as it is so serious, as it is the most terrible war conflict we have ever lived, and let's touch wood so that it is the most terrible war conflict we have ever lived, and let's never live something like that again. In the Second World War, 50 million civilians died, in a large majority because the civilian population became objective during the Second World War because of the theory that the supply of the armies and the supply of the armies had to be destroyed. It was the civilian population. So this is going to be barbaric and here the horror will burst in the middle, the horror within the horror that was the Holocaust and all the persecution of the Jewish population, systematic, like a factory of death, and the Republican population and all the other people who were taken to the concentration camps, who were all dissidents, homosexuals, foreigners, communists, anarchists, socialists, all those who had a political, ethical, orientation doctrine. Everything that was different from the Nazi project ended up in the concentration camps. So Europe once again faced the horror, once again the suicide of reason, and once again they saw the face of horror. They said, well, no, it's not possible. I mean, we can't fall back into one of these things. That's where they go down the drain, because after the Second World War, Europe will lose the hegemony of the era of the empires. Then there will be decolonization, then there will be the loss of all the empires that had been acquired during the Industrial Revolution, of all their hegemony, and they are aware that they have already lost that train. The United States and the Soviet Union, with the invention of the atomic bomb, were on another level, with the victory over the Nazis, forged and made by the Soviets, because it was they who finally defeated them in Leningrad and Kursk, but it was all a set, it has to do with the Normandy landing, it has to do with the resistance of England during the first year before the Soviet Union or the United States entered the war, it has to do with everything, but the finish is made by the Soviets with their little skin. That is, their skin means 27 million dead people, which are complete states, missing from the 50 who died during the Second World War. So the Soviet Union and the United States remain as the new powers with a nuclear supremacy over the world that leads to another totally different geopolitical order, which is the one we will know as the Cold War. Then the Europeans pinch themselves and say, you know what? We are left behind, we lost it, even if we won, we lost it, and we have to do something because none of our countries is going to achieve a place in this new world separately. That is up to us all together. Well, Germany was divided, in the High Conference it was decided the total and absolute destruction of Germany, and it was totally and absolutely destroyed, there is nothing left. And Stalin's original idea was to reduce it to a pastoral state. And the United States said, well, and neither, it is a bit exaggerated, because we cannot rebuild Europe without rebuilding Germany, it is a key piece. Well, Germany will enter the Marshall Plan, Western Germany, and Eastern Germany will be like the spearhead of the entire Soviet project in Europe. So it turns out that at this moment, at first, again, the Allies were willing to exploit coal and steel at will in the German regions of the Saare and the Ruhr. Then came the Sassi and Lorena, and then Konrad Adenauer, the German chancellor who presides and leads Germany towards reconstruction, the German chancellor who apologized, knelt before Auschwitz to return the German soldiers who were arrested after the Second World War, who were detained for ten more years after the war, until they were returned, already ghosts, to a broken Germany, and already reconstructed by women at that time. Konrad Adenauer says, no, we have to do the issue again, that you exploit our resources as you want, because that is what produces wars. So we have to cut the coal there, you know, we have to make another deal. Yes, then the question that we have often asked, why did we kill ourselves for Alsace and Lorena, and what is there, coal and steel? And why don't we just distribute it, man? Let's learn something from this. The death of 70 million people is a terrible legacy for the world. They say we have gone too far. We can no longer morally stand up to the world after what we have done to the world. We have already crossed the limits of everything, as considerable as possible, because Europe was physically devastated. Europe was militarily devastated in many places. Europe was politically broken, because it was all invaded by Nazism. But Europe was morally broken. Europe lost its course. Europe looked at itself from the eyes of barbarism, when it had proclaimed itself as the civilization of the planet. The blow is brutal, and that is what the whole Frankfurt School is going to do. The critical theory of society, which is German philosophy, is to try to understand why they were taken to the level of the abysses they were taken to, because such a terrible fanatic force was able to drag them to the ravine of history. The Coal and Steel Pact is an attempt to mend that. Keep smiling through, just like you always do, till the blue skies drive the dark clouds far away. So will you please say hello to the folks that I know, tell them I won't be long. They'll be happy to know that as you saw me go, I was singing this song. We'll meet again, don't know where, don't know when, but I know we'll meet again some sunny day. The Coal and Steel Pact is an attempt to close wounds, to prevent pan-European wars, because when they drop their rifles, they end everything. They had the Hundred Years War, the Thirty Years War, the Great War of the North, the Napoleonic War. The Napoleonic Wars were on a different level, because they were all over Europe. That was pretty tenacious. But the First World War is the last of all the past, and the Second World War is their total ruin. So they say, we can't have inter-European wars again, because inter-European wars annihilate us. We must establish conditions to prevent this kind of conflict from happening again, and that we work together instead of clinging to each other, because every time we do, we all get hurt. So we're going to ensure that we can exploit our resources in fair and dignified conditions for everyone, to prevent that from being the reason for another war, because this mess with CEDAN has already reached the extreme with the Second World War. And after the horror of fascism, of all those symbols of fascism, of the signs of authority of the Roman magistrates, of the delirium of grandeur, of monumentality, which will translate into a large number of deaths, and a large number of people being subdued, fascism will scare Europe a lot, because it will produce its own womb. Fascism is coming out of the heart of Europe, and it's the fascism, let's say, the ideological framework of the Second World War. So they have to turn around and look at all that, and look at how they collect that mess of glass, and how they collect that horrible mess they created with their own systems of values. The Coal and Steel Pact tries to remedy that. That's why it's so important, because they say, we're going to agree, and we're going to do this thing right. At that moment, a series of characters meet. They say, well, how are we going to live in the Cold War with a divided Europe? Because remember that half of Europe was in the Yalta and Potsdam areas on the side of the Soviet Union, even though in those countries there were democratic governments in exile, and even though those countries, in the case of Poland, were waiting until the last minute for their autonomy to be respected, and they gave it to the Soviets, as they had distributed it before the war. Poland has the worst parts, and in the case of Hungary, they charged them for everything they didn't charge Austria. So, with a broken Europe, what do we do? Well, from the drowned man the hat, and from the hat the ribbon. This is the little piece we have. Let's make a historical project with this little piece that will lead us to heal wounds and that will lead us to try to generate another world order, another European order, that is not a murderer of ourselves, that ends up being cannibal to us. That is the origin of the European Union. The European Union is a global organization that is committed to the development of a new world order. The European Union is a global organization that is committed to the development of a new world order. So, we are going to create little by little. Right now we are not, but five cats. We are going to create a community of nations among five cats. That's where the characters begin. Robert Schuman, Minister of Foreign Affairs of France, between 1948 and 1953, he is one of the main activists of what is known as the New Europe. And the idea was that Europe will not be done at once, nor in a joint work, it will be done thanks to concrete achievements that believe, first of all, in a solidarity of fact. The grouping of the European nations requires that the secular opposition between France and Germany be overcome, so the action undertaken must affect, first of all, France and Germany. That is part of his speech. The ball was between France and Germany, so we are going to reconcile France and Germany to be able to have a united Europe. Because that was where it broke. That was the gap they had. We cannot do it with all of Germany. Germany is broken. The other Germany is part of the Soviet bloc. But the one we have, the Western one, solidarizing that axis, which was the axis of the conflict, is the origin of the New Europe. That is why Germany and France are the pillars of the European Union. That is why you are always hearing people say that Merkel and Macron and that Merkel and Macron, well, they are the hardness of the subject. That is where it all starts. Schuman also considered that the unity of Western Europe was a fundamental ingredient for the maintenance of world peace, as previously mentioned. The contribution that an organized and alive Europe can make to civilization is essential for the maintenance of peaceful relations. From the end of the Second World War, a lot of peace treaties are being made. And here we need to fix this issue, but we need to fix it for real. So for that we need Germany and France to be able to have these resources in a clear, transparent way, in a way that is equitable for them. Now, this area is under the influence of the United States, because the world will be divided between the United States and the Soviet Union. So this is an issue that the Europeans have to solve, but the Europeans who are on the side of the United States will solve it. Then the United States also has to be able to exploit coal and steel when it seems like it, right? Because, let's see, one thing the donkey thinks and another thing that they are pulling it. So they also have to be able to get a few spoons out of there, because if not, how do I live there? The main precedent is the so-called Schumann Plan. From there, at this moment in Brussels, the Schumann station has four mouths, it is gigantic. It is like, let's say, from the heart of Brussels, the Schumann station is there. The Schumann Plan creates a European community of coal and steel. It's called the SECA. And that's what will be the joint exploitation of coal throughout Europe. And that creation will be endorsed by Konrad Adenauer when he says, these resources are ours, and we have the right to be there. And we have to be there with all the transparency, or else the wars will not be able to be avoided. So, in his way of the idea, Adenauer says, yes, but as long as we are not there in equal conditions, we have not solved anything. That's why Adenauer's role is to ensure that this can also exist, because if Germany does not agree, later they will meet again and face each other again. Then another person appears, called Jean Monnet, who is a negotiator and banker, who begins to materialize the creation of the European community of coal and steel, which is the incipient institution. This will be ratified through the Paris Treaty, which will be signed in 1951. And this is proposed as the free circulation of products and free access to production sources, the permanent surveillance of the market to avoid malfunctions that would make it necessary to establish production quotas, the respect of the rules of competition and transparency in prices, the support for the modernization of the sector and the reconversion. So, these characters, Robert Schuman, Jean Monnet, Conrado Adenauer, and Porre Italia, Alcide de Gaspari, will create the European Union, which will be the origin of the European Union, and they will do it through this symbolic and real reading of coal and steel, so that from now on, what divided them, unites them, and so that they can, on the still smoking ashes of war, propose a different alternative to a Europe committing suicide and taking the world ahead, every time it cannot overcome its conflicts. This is to heal wounds. It is an economic pact, in principle, because it turns out that Europeans are very different on a political level, and if they had agreed to make a political agreement, they would not have succeeded. They are very different. But for now, this is an economic issue. Later on, it will have a political influence. For now, this is what there is. But it is the beginning of a new way of living in Europe, to avoid self-destruction and the terrible suicides that have just appeared. A film by A film by A film by A film by First, we will work on the block that is on the side of the United States and Western Europe, because that is what there is. And more or less this is maintained like this, more countries are entering little by little, that pact is strengthening, it is becoming stronger and more powerful, then the countries have to overcome their differences to enter that pact, but while Europe is divided, the European Union is only possible in one part of it, the western part, with the other part we cannot count because that is the part that is under the Soviet influence. This project is strengthening, consolidating, having more and more members, then England will enter, with many reluctances because England has always wanted to have a different approach to Europe, but it remains in Europe. So he says, well, I get on this train, at first France did not want to, but he says, well, let's see, are we going to enter or not? Let's all agree for the photo, finally we have all been allies. And then when the Berlin Wall falls, when Germany reunites, when the wires fall from Hungary and the whole iron curtain that we have counted many times here, how it fell, is totally demolished, then the dream of a united Europe is possible. And they are going to agree for the photo, because if with a divided Germany there cannot be a united Europe, then Germany is reunited, it is a decision that is fundamental to make the European Union possible. And so the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 consolidates the Union, the euro consolidates their economic reality already for entry into the 21st century, and the European Union starts as a political, historical body that has a presence on the stage of the superpowers and that has its own voice in the concert of the world. But fundamentally to continue with the policy of closing wounds and building towards a future set what was once an atrocious rivalry between powers and between countries. So the European Union has, let's say, that vision and that begins to generate the Erasmus Treaty, all the university treaties, there is already a generation of boys who are Europeans, who are no longer specifically Germans or Italians, but who are Europeans. Europe is already becoming, let's say, like a bigger country. They have all the differences in the world, they speak all the languages ​​you want, they have a number of deep historical problems, but they maintain the European Union. The European Union is going to have two very big moments of crisis. One, the financial crisis of 2008, because as this is an economic pact, and in the financial crisis of 2008, let's say, the inequality between economies, such as the German economy and the French economy, versus the Greek economy, which is going to take the worst part. The other is going to be the pandemic, because the response to the pandemic is not a unified response from Europe, but they put the borders again, where they had already removed all the borders, the very free mobility inside Europe, where they had already been doing, let's say, the whole Euro area. All that, they have different parts, the Schengen area, the different treaties, the Euro area, but they already had it, let's say, quite in consonance, but the pandemic right now has them in a quite complicated situation in terms of how they continue. The other brutal blow is Brexit. To understand the importance of Brexit within the scenario of the European Union, we did two chapters of Brexit at the beginning of this year, which I recommend you review, because there we explain step by step what Brexit means and why it is such a hard blow for the project of the European Union, precisely for that. So, at this moment, Brexit has come into effect. It is already happening in real terms. The pandemic has put borders again because they are having solutions, let's say, individual or national, to global problems, which is what is happening right now. How are they going to end up facing this crisis to continue being a European Union? How are they going to get ahead of the pandemic, of the implications of Brexit and keep the dream of closing wounds and continuing together in a historical project that, among other things, is the only one that can give them results even in modern geopolitics, because none of these states could now have the supremacy they had in the 19th century, and because trying to do so is the origin of the wars that have been fought. Here there is a very deep historical learning, which is what they try to protect and that it is important for the world that they protect it, because every time that fuse is broken, they go crazy. So, let's say, the European Union guarantees an important world peace possibility. That is still true. Right now they are going through one of the hardest moments, because the pandemic atomized in its response to all the prevention of COVID and they did not act in a block, they did not act as the historical block that they are, but each of the countries according to their own restrictions. And at this moment there is the whole principle of mobility, which was one of the foundations of the European Union, is interrupted by the issue of the pandemic. This is a scenario that no one had contemplated and that takes us all by surprise, and it also takes the European Union by surprise and each one pulls to its side. There are problems with the incipient totalitarians in Hungary and Poland. Hungary's is not incipient, Hungary's is much more like fascism than we were talking about before, but these are contrary to the European Union. In the European Union you cannot have internal totalitarians, you have to have resolved your dictatorships, as Portugal and Spain had to do to be part of the European Union. You have to have solved your internal problems. The idea was that you had to reach the European Union having healed your own internal problems so as not to transfer them to the European Union. So they have a number of problems at this time, they have a policy of subsidiarity and solidarity, and it is that they have to give each other a hand in all the different circumstances in order to continue together the dream of a united Europe. At this time, they are having a terrible time, but the whole world is having a terrible time and no one has answers that they do not have either. But in any case, the European Union continues to exist, and while the European Union continues to exist, the historical intention of closing wounds is still valid and still important. For the entire historical process of such a magnitude, for the wounds that are closed, for the idea of ​​creating a community instead of a set of countries destroying each other, for everything that meant that these empires and these colonies have wreaked so many havoc on the earth and now have concentrated on trying to find harmony together, for the historical chance of where the resources on planet earth are and the way geopolitics makes use of them that suits each historical order and the role that coal and steel had in linking geopolitics to war and tragedy and that is the origin of reconstruction and a new look at a Europe that wants to learn from its past and get out of the ashes in that year of 1951 when the war had just ended, everything hurt, everything bled and Europe was devastated, that is why in the year 1 we go to the pact of coal and steel to give rise to the dream of the European Union with all the problems it has today but the existence that it still maintains as a historical block that raises new views different from the solution of the war and destruction. So, from the suicide of reason, from closing wounds, from configuring another type of look at the world, from the learnings of history, from the agreements, from the pacts, from the possibilities of reverting the horrible realities of war through the agreements and strengthening and the dream of a different look of Schumann, de Monnet, de Adenauer and what made possible a different geopolitics for the continent that took it out of the horror of wars as a chronic destiny that seemed to never come out in the narration of a Euripides and for you, happy day, whatever day it is. This podcast was made possible by the team of La Casa de la Historia, Diana Suárez, Milena Beltrán, Arturo Jiménez Viña, Daniel Moreno Franco, recorded in Los Gatos Studio, the edition and musicalization of Eduardo Corredor Fonseca of Rueda Sonido and always with the strong and powerful help of Santiago Espinosa Uribe and Laura Rojas Aponte of the Cosas de Internet podcast.
[{"start": 30.0, "end": 50.0, "text": " Good morning, today in our episode of the year 1 we are going to celebrate the 70 years of a fact that has been absolutely transcendental in contemporary geopolitics."}, {"start": 50.0, "end": 66.0, "text": " In 1951, in the Treaty of Paris between France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, the so-called Coal and Steel Pact was signed."}, {"start": 66.0, "end": 71.0, "text": " The Coal and Steel Pact is the origin of the European Union."}, {"start": 71.0, "end": 82.0, "text": " We are going to tell this story because this is a story of love and pain and many scars because it is a story to heal wounds, terrible wounds."}, {"start": 82.0, "end": 94.0, "text": " It turns out that in order to talk about this, we are going to talk about coal and steel because if not, why would such a great barbarity have to happen for this?"}, {"start": 94.0, "end": 114.0, "text": " It turns out that millions of years ago, 300 million years ago, the coal-fired forests spread and gave rise to what we know today as fossil fuel and gave the possibility of them becoming mineral coal."}, {"start": 114.0, "end": 131.0, "text": " This is a chance of geology. Imagine that the earth is full of resources, of resources of many natural resources, of minerals, of rivers, of waters that have existed since the planet existed."}, {"start": 131.0, "end": 145.0, "text": " And then humans come and then humans are going to put on top of these resources a relatively recent invention called the national states."}, {"start": 145.0, "end": 159.0, "text": " And on top of those national states that are going to be on the resources forged for millennia in the history of the earth, millions of years, the borders will remain."}, {"start": 159.0, "end": 169.0, "text": " And on the borders, the distributions of nationalist discourses will remain and that will generate a lot of wars."}, {"start": 169.0, "end": 182.0, "text": " So these coal-fired forests, which for more than 300 million years formed, will generate a resource that is coal and steel."}, {"start": 182.0, "end": 191.0, "text": " And that resource will make the industrial revolution possible and the industrial revolution will make the rise of Europe possible,"}, {"start": 191.0, "end": 205.0, "text": " until it becomes a series of empires that would have to dominate the planet in a total way during the 19th century, in the most important case of England."}, {"start": 205.0, "end": 219.0, "text": " But also France and Germany would enter the era of the empires from the wealth in a region that is in the middle of the two, which is called Alsace and Lorraine."}, {"start": 219.0, "end": 230.0, "text": " And in the middle of the region of Alsace and Lorraine there is a part called the Sarre and the Rur. And the Sarre and the Rur is where the coal and the steel are."}, {"start": 230.0, "end": 243.0, "text": " So all this will give rise to a number of things that we cannot imagine due to the interpretation that the national states make of the resources that the earth has always had."}, {"start": 243.0, "end": 257.0, "text": " So imagine that with the industrial revolution, Europe is at another level and, let's say, all the successes of England go behind France and Germany."}, {"start": 257.0, "end": 268.0, "text": " And there is a moment when these European countries will feel so powerful and so endorsed by the achievements of their industrial revolution"}, {"start": 268.0, "end": 278.0, "text": " that they will give up the license to distribute the African continent, not counting the Africans, and without consulting their opinion."}, {"start": 278.0, "end": 287.0, "text": " And they will distribute it in Berlin, at a table, with a squad and with peace in the most vulgar way."}, {"start": 287.0, "end": 297.0, "text": " And they will generate all the conflicts that Africa still lives from this distribution, trying to distribute the resources."}, {"start": 297.0, "end": 303.0, "text": " The Seville, as I see it, as I see it in steel, as I see it in the mineral, as I see it in the mountain, as I see it in the river."}, {"start": 303.0, "end": 308.0, "text": " And they distributed Africa as it is, we have said that before, but we repeat it."}, {"start": 308.0, "end": 315.0, "text": " So it turns out that these people have reached a very high level of supremacy because of this pair of resources."}, {"start": 315.0, "end": 317.0, "text": " Why are they so important?"}, {"start": 317.0, "end": 325.0, "text": " Coal and steel have a series of historically tremendously contradictory conditions."}, {"start": 325.0, "end": 337.0, "text": " In order to form steel, we have to combine iron, which is fragile, with coal to create a new compound that is very resistant."}, {"start": 337.0, "end": 340.0, "text": " So you need both, coal and steel."}, {"start": 340.0, "end": 346.0, "text": " But this coal and this steel, which made possible the development of the empires,"}, {"start": 346.0, "end": 352.0, "text": " and which made possible all these events in history, are also tremendously toxic."}, {"start": 352.0, "end": 361.0, "text": " They also created the greenhouse effect, they also generated episodes of catastrophic pollution in England."}, {"start": 361.0, "end": 365.0, "text": " At the same time, they created the entire culture of the miners in Scotland."}, {"start": 365.0, "end": 369.0, "text": " And then with their elimination, it would be terrible for those peoples."}, {"start": 369.0, "end": 374.0, "text": " But it is a fuel that we have to get out of in the modern era,"}, {"start": 374.0, "end": 383.0, "text": " because they are key in the production of the greenhouse effect, climate change and all this planetary emergency in which we are."}, {"start": 383.0, "end": 391.0, "text": " So these fuels, which were the dynamisers of history, of its successes and its horrors for so long,"}, {"start": 391.0, "end": 397.0, "text": " today are called for an urgent change, for a new pact with the planet,"}, {"start": 397.0, "end": 402.0, "text": " because they are fossil fuels and are highly polluting and are not eternal either."}, {"start": 402.0, "end": 406.0, "text": " So here is everything in coal and steel."}, {"start": 406.0, "end": 410.0, "text": " There was the past, there was progress, there was war,"}, {"start": 410.0, "end": 415.0, "text": " and there is the end of an era that leads us to clean fuels"}, {"start": 415.0, "end": 425.0, "text": " and a different way of solving the energy issue of resources on a planet that is in an emergency state,"}, {"start": 425.0, "end": 430.0, "text": " among other things, thanks to the unlimited use of these fuels."}, {"start": 430.0, "end": 436.0, "text": " So coal and steel are going to be the origin of all the weapons in the world,"}, {"start": 436.0, "end": 441.0, "text": " from the Japanese katanas to the battleships."}, {"start": 441.0, "end": 447.0, "text": " All the weapons that today fill the world with misery are made of steel."}, {"start": 447.0, "end": 452.0, "text": " So that's what the platform gives them, on the one hand to make empires,"}, {"start": 452.0, "end": 457.0, "text": " but on the other hand to build super mega-armaments."}, {"start": 457.0, "end": 465.0, "text": " So this region is going to be played for successive moments in history."}, {"start": 465.0, "end": 471.0, "text": " Germany unifies itself over three wars, which are the three rings that appear in the Angel of Berlin,"}, {"start": 471.0, "end": 476.0, "text": " over the war against Denmark, against Austria and against France."}, {"start": 476.0, "end": 484.0, "text": " In the war against France, there it takes over the resource zone in a battle called the Battle of Sedan,"}, {"start": 484.0, "end": 487.0, "text": " and in that Battle of Sedan it humiliates the French,"}, {"start": 487.0, "end": 494.0, "text": " that ends up being signed in Versailles and ends up depriving them of those resources."}, {"start": 494.0, "end": 501.0, "text": " So later on, France, after the First World War, is going to do something else,"}, {"start": 501.0, "end": 507.0, "text": " and that is that it is going to take away those regions from Germany and humiliate it in Versailles"}, {"start": 507.0, "end": 511.0, "text": " to get the nail out of the Battle of Sedan."}, {"start": 511.0, "end": 515.0, "text": " And then the same thing will happen again when the Second World War comes,"}, {"start": 515.0, "end": 520.0, "text": " and then Germany is going to invade France and take away the Sassi and the Lorraine,"}, {"start": 520.0, "end": 524.0, "text": " and it is going to invade it, and all that is going to happen, France is going to be divided,"}, {"start": 524.0, "end": 528.0, "text": " and then, at the end of the war, they are going to destroy Germany"}, {"start": 528.0, "end": 531.0, "text": " and they are going to take away the regions that France has already taken away."}, {"start": 531.0, "end": 533.0, "text": " So this is the playing."}, {"start": 533.0, "end": 539.0, "text": " For these resources, what was the First World War, which was a war of knights,"}, {"start": 539.0, "end": 545.0, "text": " they said, because they were all cousins, they were all grandchildren of victory,"}, {"start": 545.0, "end": 551.0, "text": " they were all monarchies that were totally related to a European royalty,"}, {"start": 551.0, "end": 555.0, "text": " and these monarchies related to a European royalty,"}, {"start": 555.0, "end": 562.0, "text": " took the world beyond the glamour of the roads and the soldiers dancing in the big halls"}, {"start": 562.0, "end": 572.0, "text": " with these women tied up in jewels, to the most disgusting, senseless, absurd, terrible war"}, {"start": 572.0, "end": 575.0, "text": " that broke Europe from the inside."}, {"start": 575.0, "end": 579.0, "text": " The First World War, which we had said was called the Great War"}, {"start": 579.0, "end": 582.0, "text": " because no one thought there could be a second one,"}, {"start": 582.0, "end": 587.0, "text": " because no one thought that something as absolutely terrible as the First World War"}, {"start": 587.0, "end": 593.0, "text": " could be justified in trenches, in mud, in mud, and in horror."}, {"start": 593.0, "end": 596.0, "text": " More than 10 million people died."}, {"start": 596.0, "end": 600.0, "text": " For the population of the time, this means that each of the European families"}, {"start": 600.0, "end": 602.0, "text": " has at least one or two graves."}, {"start": 602.0, "end": 608.0, "text": " From the First World War, a generation died between the ages of 14 and 40"}, {"start": 608.0, "end": 613.0, "text": " for absolutely nothing, because there is no justifiable cause for a horror"}, {"start": 613.0, "end": 618.0, "text": " like the one experienced in the First World War, and the post-traumatic stress,"}, {"start": 618.0, "end": 643.0, "text": " and a continent of the weak, and a blinded and terrified people in front of their own barbarity."}, {"start": 678.0, "end": 693.0, "text": " So, in the First World War, the Europeans experience what Stefan Zweig would call"}, {"start": 693.0, "end": 697.0, "text": " the suicide of reason, the first suicide of reason,"}, {"start": 697.0, "end": 700.0, "text": " and they are terrified of their own horror."}, {"start": 700.0, "end": 704.0, "text": " They break inside, all the empires fall,"}, {"start": 704.0, "end": 709.0, "text": " which is known as the fall of the eagles, because all the shields had eagles."}, {"start": 709.0, "end": 712.0, "text": " That's why they say that the eagles fall, the empires break,"}, {"start": 712.0, "end": 718.0, "text": " all the new countries of Eastern Europe appear, the map is reconfigured,"}, {"start": 718.0, "end": 723.0, "text": " and a phenomenon appears that will lead us to the Second World War,"}, {"start": 723.0, "end": 725.0, "text": " and that phenomenon is fascism."}, {"start": 725.0, "end": 729.0, "text": " It is important to explain it now that it is used with nigerian in the term."}, {"start": 729.0, "end": 734.0, "text": " It turns out that Gabriel Danuncio, who was originally a poet,"}, {"start": 734.0, "end": 740.0, "text": " considers that Italy was, let's say, very badly off from the experience of the First World War,"}, {"start": 740.0, "end": 742.0, "text": " and that in the distribution of the new nations,"}, {"start": 742.0, "end": 745.0, "text": " neither the Trieste nor the Fiume were touched by it,"}, {"start": 745.0, "end": 750.0, "text": " which were left on the side of Dalmatia, of what would be formed Yugoslavia."}, {"start": 750.0, "end": 754.0, "text": " So, he is going to make a nationalist proclamation,"}, {"start": 754.0, "end": 759.0, "text": " which corresponds to Italy, and he is going to create a doctrine"}, {"start": 759.0, "end": 763.0, "text": " that Mussolini is going to implement and take to power"}, {"start": 763.0, "end": 767.0, "text": " with the March on Rome in 1922,"}, {"start": 767.0, "end": 772.0, "text": " and that Hitler is going to take as the basis of what is going to be Nazism"}, {"start": 772.0, "end": 777.0, "text": " and the war project of Nazi Germany."}, {"start": 777.0, "end": 781.0, "text": " This doctrine is based on totalitarianism,"}, {"start": 781.0, "end": 784.0, "text": " on the force of the state or the party,"}, {"start": 784.0, "end": 787.0, "text": " on the war as a motor,"}, {"start": 787.0, "end": 792.0, "text": " on the homeland and on the sense of the nationalism,"}, {"start": 792.0, "end": 796.0, "text": " on the ignorance of any form of dissent,"}, {"start": 796.0, "end": 802.0, "text": " on the seizure of the state of all the mechanisms of power and control of the state."}, {"start": 802.0, "end": 806.0, "text": " It is totalitarian because it does not admit any diversity of powers,"}, {"start": 806.0, "end": 812.0, "text": " with absolutely no one else, it does not know all the elements of the young democracies"}, {"start": 812.0, "end": 820.0, "text": " that at that time were being forged in a Europe that had just come out of the ashes of the First World War."}, {"start": 820.0, "end": 824.0, "text": " Fascism is a patriarchal state to the extreme,"}, {"start": 824.0, "end": 830.0, "text": " it is composed of a series of symbols, of imaginary, of seduction of the mass,"}, {"start": 830.0, "end": 837.0, "text": " of women as breeders, of soldiers of the homeland, of war as a goal and as a motor,"}, {"start": 837.0, "end": 844.0, "text": " and of death as a triumph of what is going to be, let's say, the war, the battle."}, {"start": 844.0, "end": 851.0, "text": " All this is imaginary of fascism, which has a carefully programmed symbolic content"}, {"start": 851.0, "end": 856.0, "text": " and which captures from the mass the sense of the fascination of death and war."}, {"start": 856.0, "end": 864.0, "text": " It is terribly fanatic and it is terribly punctual in each of its doctrines and in each of its postulates."}, {"start": 864.0, "end": 869.0, "text": " So in fascism there are no dissidents, in fascism what there are is dead,"}, {"start": 869.0, "end": 876.0, "text": " endorsed by a superior doctrine that in the case of the Germans they mounted in the superior race"}, {"start": 876.0, "end": 882.0, "text": " and in the case of the Italians they mounted in the ancient glory of the Roman Empire,"}, {"start": 882.0, "end": 888.0, "text": " they wanted to revive the Roman Empire, that is why they invaded Ethiopia in the most unworthy conditions in the world."}, {"start": 888.0, "end": 893.0, "text": " So now this project, which is new, is formed in the period between wars,"}, {"start": 893.0, "end": 900.0, "text": " it is going to be what Hitler is going to adapt to the German history,"}, {"start": 900.0, "end": 905.0, "text": " putting it in the theory of racial superiority and the space vital,"}, {"start": 905.0, "end": 914.0, "text": " it is going to rebuild a Germany destroyed to the ground on the basis of a war economy,"}, {"start": 914.0, "end": 920.0, "text": " which is going to generate a lot of use of tanks and armament and uniforms"}, {"start": 920.0, "end": 923.0, "text": " and which is going to create a rapid economic reactivation,"}, {"start": 923.0, "end": 927.0, "text": " ignoring the Versailles treaties and creating a war economy."}, {"start": 927.0, "end": 934.0, "text": " This war economy is based on coal and steel, on the recovery of those provinces,"}, {"start": 934.0, "end": 937.0, "text": " which Germany after the First World War destroyed,"}, {"start": 937.0, "end": 944.0, "text": " they took away those regions, the Sarre and the Rour, which was where coal and steel were produced,"}, {"start": 944.0, "end": 948.0, "text": " they took away the armies, they put it to pay for the reconstruction of Europe,"}, {"start": 948.0, "end": 955.0, "text": " they really made it some unfeasible conditions to continue as a country."}, {"start": 955.0, "end": 959.0, "text": " So about that, which is called the narcissistic anger,"}, {"start": 959.0, "end": 964.0, "text": " which was all that Germany suffered, is that the Nazism is mounted and recovers these two parts,"}, {"start": 964.0, "end": 971.0, "text": " Alsace and Lorraine, and puts them as a fundamental part of the war project that is going to be armed there."}, {"start": 971.0, "end": 976.0, "text": " Then the Second World War is going to be armed, nobody wanted to get into that,"}, {"start": 976.0, "end": 994.0, "text": " but it could not be avoided, that was a historical project of Nazism."}, {"start": 994.0, "end": 997.0, "text": " Here begins the commercial space."}, {"start": 997.0, "end": 1004.0, "text": " I want to tell you about a character that I love, I have always loved, his name is George Westinghouse."}, {"start": 1004.0, "end": 1009.0, "text": " He was a man of family, and he put all his scientific genius at the service of that,"}, {"start": 1009.0, "end": 1013.0, "text": " he worked with alternating current for the appliances,"}, {"start": 1013.0, "end": 1017.0, "text": " he made all the doras, the washing machine, the toaster, etc."}, {"start": 1017.0, "end": 1027.0, "text": " But he was a man who had an idea about the work that could and had to benefit"}, {"start": 1027.0, "end": 1031.0, "text": " also the people who made these products."}, {"start": 1031.0, "end": 1038.0, "text": " He had seen many poor villages in the middle of the factories that generated large incomes."}, {"start": 1038.0, "end": 1046.0, "text": " So he wanted the workers of the factory to benefit from the work that they themselves did,"}, {"start": 1046.0, "end": 1053.0, "text": " not only from the wage transaction, but from the benefit of the very elaboration of the product,"}, {"start": 1053.0, "end": 1055.0, "text": " because he believed in what he was doing."}, {"start": 1055.0, "end": 1066.0, "text": " So he created a citadel around the factory, where all the workers had access to the products they made daily,"}, {"start": 1066.0, "end": 1072.0, "text": " and that brought them a lot of community and well-being in their daily lives,"}, {"start": 1072.0, "end": 1075.0, "text": " which was what they were trying to do for the rest of the country."}, {"start": 1075.0, "end": 1083.0, "text": " It was a very important, interactive and solidary idea of what these jobs are for a society."}, {"start": 1083.0, "end": 1091.0, "text": " There is a spirit that goes beyond the citadel around the products of Westinghouse."}, {"start": 1091.0, "end": 1098.0, "text": " It is the spirit that as an employer, leader, head of company, whatever you want,"}, {"start": 1098.0, "end": 1102.0, "text": " you give much more than a transaction."}, {"start": 1102.0, "end": 1110.0, "text": " You give a well-being, a purpose, a safe, inclusive, pleasant environment,"}, {"start": 1110.0, "end": 1117.0, "text": " something that gives a particular value to being in that job, in that company."}, {"start": 1117.0, "end": 1121.0, "text": " And in the list of things that go beyond the salary,"}, {"start": 1121.0, "end": 1127.0, "text": " one that can be very important and very beautiful is the possibility of continuing to learn."}, {"start": 1127.0, "end": 1133.0, "text": " All this comes into play because the sponsor of this episode is Platzi,"}, {"start": 1133.0, "end": 1137.0, "text": " which is an online learning platform."}, {"start": 1137.0, "end": 1142.0, "text": " The idea behind Platzi is that the whole life is a learning experience,"}, {"start": 1142.0, "end": 1145.0, "text": " not only the stage of college or university,"}, {"start": 1145.0, "end": 1150.0, "text": " but the whole life is an opportunity for new learning experiences."}, {"start": 1150.0, "end": 1158.0, "text": " So I am inviting those who have a team to open an organization account in Platzi"}, {"start": 1158.0, "end": 1163.0, "text": " so that in this way they can give each other the possibility of continuing to learn."}, {"start": 1163.0, "end": 1168.0, "text": " The link to Platzi is in the notes of the episode."}, {"start": 1168.0, "end": 1173.0, "text": " We thank Platzi very much for supporting us in this chapter and we continue with our story."}, {"start": 1184.0, "end": 1191.0, "text": " The Second World War is coming and the Second World War breaks Europe against the world."}, {"start": 1191.0, "end": 1195.0, "text": " After the Second World War, as it is so big, as it is so serious,"}, {"start": 1195.0, "end": 1200.0, "text": " as it is the most terrible war conflict we have ever lived,"}, {"start": 1200.0, "end": 1204.0, "text": " and let's touch wood so that it is the most terrible war conflict we have ever lived,"}, {"start": 1204.0, "end": 1207.0, "text": " and let's never live something like that again."}, {"start": 1207.0, "end": 1212.0, "text": " In the Second World War, 50 million civilians died,"}, {"start": 1212.0, "end": 1216.0, "text": " in a large majority because the civilian population became objective"}, {"start": 1216.0, "end": 1222.0, "text": " during the Second World War because of the theory that the supply of the armies"}, {"start": 1222.0, "end": 1225.0, "text": " and the supply of the armies had to be destroyed."}, {"start": 1225.0, "end": 1226.0, "text": " It was the civilian population."}, {"start": 1226.0, "end": 1231.0, "text": " So this is going to be barbaric and here the horror will burst in the middle,"}, {"start": 1231.0, "end": 1234.0, "text": " the horror within the horror that was the Holocaust"}, {"start": 1234.0, "end": 1237.0, "text": " and all the persecution of the Jewish population,"}, {"start": 1237.0, "end": 1240.0, "text": " systematic, like a factory of death,"}, {"start": 1240.0, "end": 1244.0, "text": " and the Republican population and all the other people"}, {"start": 1244.0, "end": 1246.0, "text": " who were taken to the concentration camps,"}, {"start": 1246.0, "end": 1253.0, "text": " who were all dissidents, homosexuals, foreigners, communists, anarchists, socialists,"}, {"start": 1253.0, "end": 1258.0, "text": " all those who had a political, ethical, orientation doctrine."}, {"start": 1258.0, "end": 1264.0, "text": " Everything that was different from the Nazi project ended up in the concentration camps."}, {"start": 1264.0, "end": 1267.0, "text": " So Europe once again faced the horror,"}, {"start": 1267.0, "end": 1270.0, "text": " once again the suicide of reason,"}, {"start": 1270.0, "end": 1273.0, "text": " and once again they saw the face of horror."}, {"start": 1273.0, "end": 1275.0, "text": " They said, well, no, it's not possible."}, {"start": 1275.0, "end": 1279.0, "text": " I mean, we can't fall back into one of these things."}, {"start": 1279.0, "end": 1281.0, "text": " That's where they go down the drain,"}, {"start": 1281.0, "end": 1284.0, "text": " because after the Second World War,"}, {"start": 1284.0, "end": 1289.0, "text": " Europe will lose the hegemony of the era of the empires."}, {"start": 1289.0, "end": 1291.0, "text": " Then there will be decolonization,"}, {"start": 1291.0, "end": 1295.0, "text": " then there will be the loss of all the empires that had been acquired"}, {"start": 1295.0, "end": 1297.0, "text": " during the Industrial Revolution,"}, {"start": 1297.0, "end": 1299.0, "text": " of all their hegemony,"}, {"start": 1299.0, "end": 1304.0, "text": " and they are aware that they have already lost that train."}, {"start": 1304.0, "end": 1307.0, "text": " The United States and the Soviet Union,"}, {"start": 1307.0, "end": 1310.0, "text": " with the invention of the atomic bomb,"}, {"start": 1310.0, "end": 1312.0, "text": " were on another level,"}, {"start": 1312.0, "end": 1316.0, "text": " with the victory over the Nazis,"}, {"start": 1316.0, "end": 1318.0, "text": " forged and made by the Soviets,"}, {"start": 1318.0, "end": 1323.0, "text": " because it was they who finally defeated them in Leningrad and Kursk,"}, {"start": 1323.0, "end": 1325.0, "text": " but it was all a set,"}, {"start": 1325.0, "end": 1327.0, "text": " it has to do with the Normandy landing,"}, {"start": 1327.0, "end": 1329.0, "text": " it has to do with the resistance of England"}, {"start": 1329.0, "end": 1333.0, "text": " during the first year before the Soviet Union or the United States entered the war,"}, {"start": 1333.0, "end": 1335.0, "text": " it has to do with everything,"}, {"start": 1335.0, "end": 1339.0, "text": " but the finish is made by the Soviets with their little skin."}, {"start": 1339.0, "end": 1343.0, "text": " That is, their skin means 27 million dead people,"}, {"start": 1343.0, "end": 1345.0, "text": " which are complete states,"}, {"start": 1345.0, "end": 1349.0, "text": " missing from the 50 who died during the Second World War."}, {"start": 1349.0, "end": 1352.0, "text": " So the Soviet Union and the United States"}, {"start": 1352.0, "end": 1354.0, "text": " remain as the new powers"}, {"start": 1354.0, "end": 1357.0, "text": " with a nuclear supremacy over the world"}, {"start": 1357.0, "end": 1362.0, "text": " that leads to another totally different geopolitical order,"}, {"start": 1362.0, "end": 1365.0, "text": " which is the one we will know as the Cold War."}, {"start": 1365.0, "end": 1368.0, "text": " Then the Europeans pinch themselves and say,"}, {"start": 1368.0, "end": 1371.0, "text": " you know what? We are left behind,"}, {"start": 1371.0, "end": 1374.0, "text": " we lost it, even if we won, we lost it,"}, {"start": 1374.0, "end": 1376.0, "text": " and we have to do something"}, {"start": 1376.0, "end": 1378.0, "text": " because none of our countries"}, {"start": 1378.0, "end": 1383.0, "text": " is going to achieve a place in this new world separately."}, {"start": 1383.0, "end": 1385.0, "text": " That is up to us all together."}, {"start": 1385.0, "end": 1388.0, "text": " Well, Germany was divided,"}, {"start": 1388.0, "end": 1390.0, "text": " in the High Conference it was decided"}, {"start": 1390.0, "end": 1393.0, "text": " the total and absolute destruction of Germany,"}, {"start": 1393.0, "end": 1395.0, "text": " and it was totally and absolutely destroyed,"}, {"start": 1395.0, "end": 1397.0, "text": " there is nothing left."}, {"start": 1397.0, "end": 1401.0, "text": " And Stalin's original idea was to reduce it to a pastoral state."}, {"start": 1401.0, "end": 1403.0, "text": " And the United States said,"}, {"start": 1403.0, "end": 1405.0, "text": " well, and neither, it is a bit exaggerated,"}, {"start": 1405.0, "end": 1408.0, "text": " because we cannot rebuild Europe without rebuilding Germany,"}, {"start": 1408.0, "end": 1410.0, "text": " it is a key piece."}, {"start": 1410.0, "end": 1413.0, "text": " Well, Germany will enter the Marshall Plan, Western Germany,"}, {"start": 1413.0, "end": 1417.0, "text": " and Eastern Germany will be like the spearhead"}, {"start": 1417.0, "end": 1420.0, "text": " of the entire Soviet project in Europe."}, {"start": 1420.0, "end": 1422.0, "text": " So it turns out that at this moment,"}, {"start": 1422.0, "end": 1425.0, "text": " at first, again,"}, {"start": 1425.0, "end": 1428.0, "text": " the Allies were willing"}, {"start": 1428.0, "end": 1432.0, "text": " to exploit coal and steel at will"}, {"start": 1432.0, "end": 1436.0, "text": " in the German regions of the Saare and the Ruhr."}, {"start": 1436.0, "end": 1439.0, "text": " Then came the Sassi and Lorena, and then Konrad Adenauer,"}, {"start": 1439.0, "end": 1444.0, "text": " the German chancellor who presides and leads Germany towards reconstruction,"}, {"start": 1444.0, "end": 1447.0, "text": " the German chancellor who apologized,"}, {"start": 1447.0, "end": 1451.0, "text": " knelt before Auschwitz to return the German soldiers"}, {"start": 1451.0, "end": 1454.0, "text": " who were arrested after the Second World War,"}, {"start": 1454.0, "end": 1456.0, "text": " who were detained for ten more years after the war,"}, {"start": 1456.0, "end": 1458.0, "text": " until they were returned,"}, {"start": 1458.0, "end": 1462.0, "text": " already ghosts, to a broken Germany,"}, {"start": 1462.0, "end": 1465.0, "text": " and already reconstructed by women at that time."}, {"start": 1465.0, "end": 1467.0, "text": " Konrad Adenauer says, no,"}, {"start": 1467.0, "end": 1469.0, "text": " we have to do the issue again,"}, {"start": 1469.0, "end": 1472.0, "text": " that you exploit our resources as you want,"}, {"start": 1472.0, "end": 1474.0, "text": " because that is what produces wars."}, {"start": 1474.0, "end": 1477.0, "text": " So we have to cut the coal there, you know,"}, {"start": 1477.0, "end": 1479.0, "text": " we have to make another deal."}, {"start": 1479.0, "end": 1482.0, "text": " Yes, then the question that we have often asked,"}, {"start": 1482.0, "end": 1484.0, "text": " why did we kill ourselves for Alsace and Lorena,"}, {"start": 1484.0, "end": 1486.0, "text": " and what is there, coal and steel?"}, {"start": 1486.0, "end": 1489.0, "text": " And why don't we just distribute it, man?"}, {"start": 1489.0, "end": 1492.0, "text": " Let's learn something from this."}, {"start": 1492.0, "end": 1497.0, "text": " The death of 70 million people is a terrible legacy for the world."}, {"start": 1497.0, "end": 1501.0, "text": " They say we have gone too far."}, {"start": 1501.0, "end": 1504.0, "text": " We can no longer morally stand up to the world"}, {"start": 1504.0, "end": 1507.0, "text": " after what we have done to the world."}, {"start": 1507.0, "end": 1510.0, "text": " We have already crossed the limits of everything,"}, {"start": 1510.0, "end": 1512.0, "text": " as considerable as possible,"}, {"start": 1512.0, "end": 1517.0, "text": " because Europe was physically devastated."}, {"start": 1517.0, "end": 1522.0, "text": " Europe was militarily devastated in many places."}, {"start": 1522.0, "end": 1525.0, "text": " Europe was politically broken,"}, {"start": 1525.0, "end": 1528.0, "text": " because it was all invaded by Nazism."}, {"start": 1528.0, "end": 1532.0, "text": " But Europe was morally broken."}, {"start": 1532.0, "end": 1534.0, "text": " Europe lost its course."}, {"start": 1534.0, "end": 1537.0, "text": " Europe looked at itself from the eyes of barbarism,"}, {"start": 1537.0, "end": 1541.0, "text": " when it had proclaimed itself as the civilization of the planet."}, {"start": 1541.0, "end": 1543.0, "text": " The blow is brutal,"}, {"start": 1543.0, "end": 1546.0, "text": " and that is what the whole Frankfurt School is going to do."}, {"start": 1546.0, "end": 1549.0, "text": " The critical theory of society, which is German philosophy,"}, {"start": 1549.0, "end": 1553.0, "text": " is to try to understand why they were taken to the level of the abysses they were taken to,"}, {"start": 1553.0, "end": 1560.0, "text": " because such a terrible fanatic force was able to drag them to the ravine of history."}, {"start": 1560.0, "end": 1578.0, "text": " The Coal and Steel Pact is an attempt to mend that."}, {"start": 1590.0, "end": 1594.0, "text": " Keep smiling through,"}, {"start": 1594.0, "end": 1600.0, "text": " just like you always do,"}, {"start": 1600.0, "end": 1611.0, "text": " till the blue skies drive the dark clouds far away."}, {"start": 1611.0, "end": 1617.0, "text": " So will you please say hello"}, {"start": 1617.0, "end": 1620.0, "text": " to the folks that I know,"}, {"start": 1620.0, "end": 1626.0, "text": " tell them I won't be long."}, {"start": 1626.0, "end": 1629.0, "text": " They'll be happy to know"}, {"start": 1629.0, "end": 1632.0, "text": " that as you saw me go,"}, {"start": 1632.0, "end": 1641.0, "text": " I was singing this song."}, {"start": 1641.0, "end": 1645.0, "text": " We'll meet again,"}, {"start": 1645.0, "end": 1648.0, "text": " don't know where,"}, {"start": 1648.0, "end": 1652.0, "text": " don't know when,"}, {"start": 1652.0, "end": 1656.0, "text": " but I know we'll meet again"}, {"start": 1656.0, "end": 1662.0, "text": " some sunny day."}, {"start": 1662.0, "end": 1667.0, "text": " The Coal and Steel Pact is an attempt to close wounds,"}, {"start": 1667.0, "end": 1670.0, "text": " to prevent pan-European wars,"}, {"start": 1670.0, "end": 1673.0, "text": " because when they drop their rifles,"}, {"start": 1673.0, "end": 1676.0, "text": " they end everything."}, {"start": 1676.0, "end": 1679.0, "text": " They had the Hundred Years War, the Thirty Years War,"}, {"start": 1679.0, "end": 1683.0, "text": " the Great War of the North, the Napoleonic War."}, {"start": 1683.0, "end": 1686.0, "text": " The Napoleonic Wars were on a different level,"}, {"start": 1686.0, "end": 1688.0, "text": " because they were all over Europe."}, {"start": 1688.0, "end": 1690.0, "text": " That was pretty tenacious."}, {"start": 1690.0, "end": 1693.0, "text": " But the First World War is the last of all the past,"}, {"start": 1693.0, "end": 1698.0, "text": " and the Second World War is their total ruin."}, {"start": 1698.0, "end": 1702.0, "text": " So they say, we can't have inter-European wars again,"}, {"start": 1702.0, "end": 1706.0, "text": " because inter-European wars annihilate us."}, {"start": 1706.0, "end": 1710.0, "text": " We must establish conditions to prevent"}, {"start": 1710.0, "end": 1714.0, "text": " this kind of conflict from happening again,"}, {"start": 1714.0, "end": 1718.0, "text": " and that we work together instead of clinging to each other,"}, {"start": 1718.0, "end": 1721.0, "text": " because every time we do, we all get hurt."}, {"start": 1721.0, "end": 1725.0, "text": " So we're going to ensure that we can exploit our resources"}, {"start": 1725.0, "end": 1728.0, "text": " in fair and dignified conditions for everyone,"}, {"start": 1728.0, "end": 1732.0, "text": " to prevent that from being the reason for another war,"}, {"start": 1732.0, "end": 1734.0, "text": " because this mess with CEDAN"}, {"start": 1734.0, "end": 1738.0, "text": " has already reached the extreme with the Second World War."}, {"start": 1738.0, "end": 1740.0, "text": " And after the horror of fascism,"}, {"start": 1740.0, "end": 1742.0, "text": " of all those symbols of fascism,"}, {"start": 1742.0, "end": 1745.0, "text": " of the signs of authority of the Roman magistrates,"}, {"start": 1745.0, "end": 1747.0, "text": " of the delirium of grandeur, of monumentality,"}, {"start": 1747.0, "end": 1750.0, "text": " which will translate into a large number of deaths,"}, {"start": 1750.0, "end": 1752.0, "text": " and a large number of people being subdued,"}, {"start": 1752.0, "end": 1755.0, "text": " fascism will scare Europe a lot,"}, {"start": 1755.0, "end": 1758.0, "text": " because it will produce its own womb."}, {"start": 1758.0, "end": 1761.0, "text": " Fascism is coming out of the heart of Europe,"}, {"start": 1761.0, "end": 1763.0, "text": " and it's the fascism, let's say,"}, {"start": 1763.0, "end": 1765.0, "text": " the ideological framework of the Second World War."}, {"start": 1765.0, "end": 1768.0, "text": " So they have to turn around and look at all that,"}, {"start": 1768.0, "end": 1771.0, "text": " and look at how they collect that mess of glass,"}, {"start": 1771.0, "end": 1774.0, "text": " and how they collect that horrible mess"}, {"start": 1774.0, "end": 1777.0, "text": " they created with their own systems of values."}, {"start": 1777.0, "end": 1782.0, "text": " The Coal and Steel Pact tries to remedy that."}, {"start": 1782.0, "end": 1784.0, "text": " That's why it's so important,"}, {"start": 1784.0, "end": 1786.0, "text": " because they say, we're going to agree,"}, {"start": 1786.0, "end": 1788.0, "text": " and we're going to do this thing right."}, {"start": 1788.0, "end": 1792.0, "text": " At that moment, a series of characters meet."}, {"start": 1792.0, "end": 1794.0, "text": " They say, well, how are we going to live"}, {"start": 1794.0, "end": 1797.0, "text": " in the Cold War with a divided Europe?"}, {"start": 1797.0, "end": 1799.0, "text": " Because remember that half of Europe"}, {"start": 1799.0, "end": 1803.0, "text": " was in the Yalta and Potsdam areas"}, {"start": 1803.0, "end": 1805.0, "text": " on the side of the Soviet Union,"}, {"start": 1805.0, "end": 1807.0, "text": " even though in those countries"}, {"start": 1807.0, "end": 1809.0, "text": " there were democratic governments in exile,"}, {"start": 1809.0, "end": 1811.0, "text": " and even though those countries,"}, {"start": 1811.0, "end": 1813.0, "text": " in the case of Poland,"}, {"start": 1813.0, "end": 1815.0, "text": " were waiting until the last minute"}, {"start": 1815.0, "end": 1817.0, "text": " for their autonomy to be respected,"}, {"start": 1817.0, "end": 1819.0, "text": " and they gave it to the Soviets,"}, {"start": 1819.0, "end": 1822.0, "text": " as they had distributed it before the war."}, {"start": 1822.0, "end": 1824.0, "text": " Poland has the worst parts,"}, {"start": 1824.0, "end": 1826.0, "text": " and in the case of Hungary,"}, {"start": 1826.0, "end": 1828.0, "text": " they charged them for everything they didn't charge Austria."}, {"start": 1828.0, "end": 1831.0, "text": " So, with a broken Europe, what do we do?"}, {"start": 1831.0, "end": 1833.0, "text": " Well, from the drowned man the hat,"}, {"start": 1833.0, "end": 1835.0, "text": " and from the hat the ribbon."}, {"start": 1835.0, "end": 1837.0, "text": " This is the little piece we have."}, {"start": 1837.0, "end": 1840.0, "text": " Let's make a historical project with this little piece"}, {"start": 1840.0, "end": 1843.0, "text": " that will lead us to heal wounds"}, {"start": 1843.0, "end": 1845.0, "text": " and that will lead us to try to generate"}, {"start": 1845.0, "end": 1849.0, "text": " another world order, another European order,"}, {"start": 1849.0, "end": 1851.0, "text": " that is not a murderer of ourselves,"}, {"start": 1851.0, "end": 1853.0, "text": " that ends up being cannibal to us."}, {"start": 1853.0, "end": 1871.0, "text": " That is the origin of the European Union."}, {"start": 1883.0, "end": 1888.0, "text": " The European Union is a global organization"}, {"start": 1888.0, "end": 1893.0, "text": " that is committed to the development of a new world order."}, {"start": 1893.0, "end": 1896.0, "text": " The European Union is a global organization"}, {"start": 1896.0, "end": 1899.0, "text": " that is committed to the development of a new world order."}, {"start": 1899.0, "end": 1901.0, "text": " So, we are going to create little by little."}, {"start": 1901.0, "end": 1903.0, "text": " Right now we are not, but five cats."}, {"start": 1903.0, "end": 1905.0, "text": " We are going to create a community of nations"}, {"start": 1905.0, "end": 1907.0, "text": " among five cats."}, {"start": 1907.0, "end": 1909.0, "text": " That's where the characters begin."}, {"start": 1909.0, "end": 1911.0, "text": " Robert Schuman, Minister of Foreign Affairs of France,"}, {"start": 1911.0, "end": 1914.0, "text": " between 1948 and 1953,"}, {"start": 1914.0, "end": 1919.0, "text": " he is one of the main activists of what is known as the New Europe."}, {"start": 1919.0, "end": 1923.0, "text": " And the idea was that Europe will not be done at once,"}, {"start": 1923.0, "end": 1925.0, "text": " nor in a joint work,"}, {"start": 1925.0, "end": 1928.0, "text": " it will be done thanks to concrete achievements"}, {"start": 1928.0, "end": 1932.0, "text": " that believe, first of all, in a solidarity of fact."}, {"start": 1932.0, "end": 1934.0, "text": " The grouping of the European nations"}, {"start": 1934.0, "end": 1936.0, "text": " requires that the secular opposition"}, {"start": 1936.0, "end": 1939.0, "text": " between France and Germany be overcome,"}, {"start": 1939.0, "end": 1942.0, "text": " so the action undertaken must affect,"}, {"start": 1942.0, "end": 1946.0, "text": " first of all, France and Germany."}, {"start": 1946.0, "end": 1947.0, "text": " That is part of his speech."}, {"start": 1947.0, "end": 1949.0, "text": " The ball was between France and Germany,"}, {"start": 1949.0, "end": 1952.0, "text": " so we are going to reconcile France and Germany"}, {"start": 1952.0, "end": 1955.0, "text": " to be able to have a united Europe."}, {"start": 1955.0, "end": 1957.0, "text": " Because that was where it broke."}, {"start": 1957.0, "end": 1960.0, "text": " That was the gap they had."}, {"start": 1960.0, "end": 1962.0, "text": " We cannot do it with all of Germany."}, {"start": 1962.0, "end": 1963.0, "text": " Germany is broken."}, {"start": 1963.0, "end": 1965.0, "text": " The other Germany is part of the Soviet bloc."}, {"start": 1965.0, "end": 1967.0, "text": " But the one we have, the Western one,"}, {"start": 1967.0, "end": 1971.0, "text": " solidarizing that axis, which was the axis of the conflict,"}, {"start": 1971.0, "end": 1974.0, "text": " is the origin of the New Europe."}, {"start": 1974.0, "end": 1978.0, "text": " That is why Germany and France are the pillars of the European Union."}, {"start": 1978.0, "end": 1980.0, "text": " That is why you are always hearing people say"}, {"start": 1980.0, "end": 1982.0, "text": " that Merkel and Macron and that Merkel and Macron,"}, {"start": 1982.0, "end": 1985.0, "text": " well, they are the hardness of the subject."}, {"start": 1985.0, "end": 1986.0, "text": " That is where it all starts."}, {"start": 1986.0, "end": 1989.0, "text": " Schuman also considered that the unity of Western Europe"}, {"start": 1989.0, "end": 1993.0, "text": " was a fundamental ingredient for the maintenance of world peace,"}, {"start": 1993.0, "end": 1995.0, "text": " as previously mentioned."}, {"start": 1995.0, "end": 1998.0, "text": " The contribution that an organized and alive Europe"}, {"start": 1998.0, "end": 2001.0, "text": " can make to civilization is essential"}, {"start": 2001.0, "end": 2004.0, "text": " for the maintenance of peaceful relations."}, {"start": 2004.0, "end": 2007.0, "text": " From the end of the Second World War,"}, {"start": 2007.0, "end": 2009.0, "text": " a lot of peace treaties are being made."}, {"start": 2009.0, "end": 2012.0, "text": " And here we need to fix this issue,"}, {"start": 2012.0, "end": 2014.0, "text": " but we need to fix it for real."}, {"start": 2014.0, "end": 2017.0, "text": " So for that we need Germany and France"}, {"start": 2017.0, "end": 2022.0, "text": " to be able to have these resources in a clear, transparent way,"}, {"start": 2022.0, "end": 2026.0, "text": " in a way that is equitable for them."}, {"start": 2026.0, "end": 2031.0, "text": " Now, this area is under the influence of the United States,"}, {"start": 2031.0, "end": 2036.0, "text": " because the world will be divided between the United States and the Soviet Union."}, {"start": 2036.0, "end": 2039.0, "text": " So this is an issue that the Europeans have to solve,"}, {"start": 2039.0, "end": 2043.0, "text": " but the Europeans who are on the side of the United States will solve it."}, {"start": 2043.0, "end": 2047.0, "text": " Then the United States also has to be able to exploit coal and steel"}, {"start": 2047.0, "end": 2048.0, "text": " when it seems like it, right?"}, {"start": 2048.0, "end": 2050.0, "text": " Because, let's see, one thing the donkey thinks"}, {"start": 2050.0, "end": 2052.0, "text": " and another thing that they are pulling it."}, {"start": 2052.0, "end": 2055.0, "text": " So they also have to be able to get a few spoons out of there,"}, {"start": 2055.0, "end": 2058.0, "text": " because if not, how do I live there?"}, {"start": 2058.0, "end": 2061.0, "text": " The main precedent is the so-called Schumann Plan."}, {"start": 2061.0, "end": 2064.0, "text": " From there, at this moment in Brussels,"}, {"start": 2064.0, "end": 2068.0, "text": " the Schumann station has four mouths, it is gigantic."}, {"start": 2068.0, "end": 2072.0, "text": " It is like, let's say, from the heart of Brussels,"}, {"start": 2072.0, "end": 2074.0, "text": " the Schumann station is there."}, {"start": 2074.0, "end": 2079.0, "text": " The Schumann Plan creates a European community of coal and steel."}, {"start": 2079.0, "end": 2081.0, "text": " It's called the SECA."}, {"start": 2081.0, "end": 2088.0, "text": " And that's what will be the joint exploitation of coal throughout Europe."}, {"start": 2088.0, "end": 2093.0, "text": " And that creation will be endorsed by Konrad Adenauer"}, {"start": 2093.0, "end": 2096.0, "text": " when he says, these resources are ours,"}, {"start": 2096.0, "end": 2098.0, "text": " and we have the right to be there."}, {"start": 2098.0, "end": 2101.0, "text": " And we have to be there with all the transparency,"}, {"start": 2101.0, "end": 2103.0, "text": " or else the wars will not be able to be avoided."}, {"start": 2103.0, "end": 2106.0, "text": " So, in his way of the idea, Adenauer says, yes,"}, {"start": 2106.0, "end": 2110.0, "text": " but as long as we are not there in equal conditions,"}, {"start": 2110.0, "end": 2112.0, "text": " we have not solved anything."}, {"start": 2112.0, "end": 2116.0, "text": " That's why Adenauer's role is to ensure that this can also exist,"}, {"start": 2116.0, "end": 2118.0, "text": " because if Germany does not agree,"}, {"start": 2118.0, "end": 2122.0, "text": " later they will meet again and face each other again."}, {"start": 2122.0, "end": 2125.0, "text": " Then another person appears, called Jean Monnet,"}, {"start": 2125.0, "end": 2127.0, "text": " who is a negotiator and banker,"}, {"start": 2127.0, "end": 2133.0, "text": " who begins to materialize the creation of the European community of coal and steel,"}, {"start": 2133.0, "end": 2137.0, "text": " which is the incipient institution."}, {"start": 2137.0, "end": 2141.0, "text": " This will be ratified through the Paris Treaty,"}, {"start": 2141.0, "end": 2144.0, "text": " which will be signed in 1951."}, {"start": 2144.0, "end": 2147.0, "text": " And this is proposed as the free circulation of products"}, {"start": 2147.0, "end": 2150.0, "text": " and free access to production sources,"}, {"start": 2150.0, "end": 2153.0, "text": " the permanent surveillance of the market to avoid malfunctions"}, {"start": 2153.0, "end": 2156.0, "text": " that would make it necessary to establish production quotas,"}, {"start": 2156.0, "end": 2161.0, "text": " the respect of the rules of competition and transparency in prices,"}, {"start": 2161.0, "end": 2165.0, "text": " the support for the modernization of the sector and the reconversion."}, {"start": 2165.0, "end": 2171.0, "text": " So, these characters, Robert Schuman, Jean Monnet, Conrado Adenauer,"}, {"start": 2171.0, "end": 2174.0, "text": " and Porre Italia, Alcide de Gaspari,"}, {"start": 2174.0, "end": 2178.0, "text": " will create the European Union,"}, {"start": 2178.0, "end": 2180.0, "text": " which will be the origin of the European Union,"}, {"start": 2180.0, "end": 2186.0, "text": " and they will do it through this symbolic and real reading of coal and steel,"}, {"start": 2186.0, "end": 2191.0, "text": " so that from now on, what divided them, unites them,"}, {"start": 2191.0, "end": 2195.0, "text": " and so that they can, on the still smoking ashes of war,"}, {"start": 2195.0, "end": 2200.0, "text": " propose a different alternative to a Europe committing suicide"}, {"start": 2200.0, "end": 2203.0, "text": " and taking the world ahead,"}, {"start": 2203.0, "end": 2205.0, "text": " every time it cannot overcome its conflicts."}, {"start": 2205.0, "end": 2207.0, "text": " This is to heal wounds."}, {"start": 2207.0, "end": 2210.0, "text": " It is an economic pact, in principle,"}, {"start": 2210.0, "end": 2214.0, "text": " because it turns out that Europeans are very different on a political level,"}, {"start": 2214.0, "end": 2218.0, "text": " and if they had agreed to make a political agreement, they would not have succeeded."}, {"start": 2218.0, "end": 2220.0, "text": " They are very different."}, {"start": 2220.0, "end": 2223.0, "text": " But for now, this is an economic issue."}, {"start": 2223.0, "end": 2226.0, "text": " Later on, it will have a political influence."}, {"start": 2226.0, "end": 2229.0, "text": " For now, this is what there is."}, {"start": 2229.0, "end": 2234.0, "text": " But it is the beginning of a new way of living in Europe,"}, {"start": 2234.0, "end": 2244.0, "text": " to avoid self-destruction and the terrible suicides that have just appeared."}, {"start": 2265.0, "end": 2271.0, "text": " A film by"}, {"start": 2271.0, "end": 2277.0, "text": " A film by"}, {"start": 2277.0, "end": 2284.0, "text": " A film by"}, {"start": 2284.0, "end": 2291.0, "text": " A film by"}, {"start": 2291.0, "end": 2311.42, "text": " First, we will work on the block that is on the side of the United States and Western Europe,"}, {"start": 2311.42, "end": 2313.56, "text": " because that is what there is."}, {"start": 2313.56, "end": 2318.96, "text": " And more or less this is maintained like this, more countries are entering little by little,"}, {"start": 2318.96, "end": 2327.6, "text": " that pact is strengthening, it is becoming stronger and more powerful, then the countries"}, {"start": 2327.6, "end": 2335.14, "text": " have to overcome their differences to enter that pact, but while Europe is divided,"}, {"start": 2335.14, "end": 2340.8, "text": " the European Union is only possible in one part of it, the western part, with the other"}, {"start": 2340.8, "end": 2347.12, "text": " part we cannot count because that is the part that is under the Soviet influence."}, {"start": 2347.12, "end": 2353.88, "text": " This project is strengthening, consolidating, having more and more members, then England"}, {"start": 2353.88, "end": 2361.8399999999997, "text": " will enter, with many reluctances because England has always wanted to have a different"}, {"start": 2361.8399999999997, "end": 2366.12, "text": " approach to Europe, but it remains in Europe."}, {"start": 2366.12, "end": 2370.16, "text": " So he says, well, I get on this train, at first France did not want to, but he says,"}, {"start": 2370.16, "end": 2373.2799999999997, "text": " well, let's see, are we going to enter or not?"}, {"start": 2373.28, "end": 2377.6800000000003, "text": " Let's all agree for the photo, finally we have all been allies."}, {"start": 2377.6800000000003, "end": 2388.0800000000004, "text": " And then when the Berlin Wall falls, when Germany reunites, when the wires fall from"}, {"start": 2388.0800000000004, "end": 2395.92, "text": " Hungary and the whole iron curtain that we have counted many times here, how it fell,"}, {"start": 2395.92, "end": 2402.0400000000004, "text": " is totally demolished, then the dream of a united Europe is possible."}, {"start": 2402.04, "end": 2406.88, "text": " And they are going to agree for the photo, because if with a divided Germany there cannot be"}, {"start": 2406.88, "end": 2413.36, "text": " a united Europe, then Germany is reunited, it is a decision that is fundamental to make"}, {"start": 2413.36, "end": 2415.84, "text": " the European Union possible."}, {"start": 2415.84, "end": 2423.56, "text": " And so the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 consolidates the Union, the euro consolidates their economic"}, {"start": 2423.56, "end": 2431.08, "text": " reality already for entry into the 21st century, and the European Union starts as a political,"}, {"start": 2431.08, "end": 2437.3199999999997, "text": " historical body that has a presence on the stage of the superpowers and that has its"}, {"start": 2437.3199999999997, "end": 2440.3199999999997, "text": " own voice in the concert of the world."}, {"start": 2440.3199999999997, "end": 2446.44, "text": " But fundamentally to continue with the policy of closing wounds and building towards a future"}, {"start": 2446.44, "end": 2453.56, "text": " set what was once an atrocious rivalry between powers and between countries."}, {"start": 2453.56, "end": 2459.48, "text": " So the European Union has, let's say, that vision and that begins to generate the Erasmus"}, {"start": 2459.48, "end": 2467.64, "text": " Treaty, all the university treaties, there is already a generation of boys who are Europeans,"}, {"start": 2467.64, "end": 2473.04, "text": " who are no longer specifically Germans or Italians, but who are Europeans."}, {"start": 2473.04, "end": 2477.88, "text": " Europe is already becoming, let's say, like a bigger country."}, {"start": 2477.88, "end": 2482.48, "text": " They have all the differences in the world, they speak all the languages \u200b\u200byou want,"}, {"start": 2482.48, "end": 2488.0, "text": " they have a number of deep historical problems, but they maintain the European Union."}, {"start": 2488.0, "end": 2491.72, "text": " The European Union is going to have two very big moments of crisis."}, {"start": 2491.72, "end": 2498.0, "text": " One, the financial crisis of 2008, because as this is an economic pact, and in the financial"}, {"start": 2498.0, "end": 2505.56, "text": " crisis of 2008, let's say, the inequality between economies, such as the German economy"}, {"start": 2505.56, "end": 2510.04, "text": " and the French economy, versus the Greek economy, which is going to take the worst part."}, {"start": 2510.04, "end": 2514.4, "text": " The other is going to be the pandemic, because the response to the pandemic is not a unified"}, {"start": 2514.4, "end": 2520.28, "text": " response from Europe, but they put the borders again, where they had already removed all"}, {"start": 2520.28, "end": 2528.12, "text": " the borders, the very free mobility inside Europe, where they had already been doing,"}, {"start": 2528.12, "end": 2530.48, "text": " let's say, the whole Euro area."}, {"start": 2530.48, "end": 2536.1600000000003, "text": " All that, they have different parts, the Schengen area, the different treaties, the Euro area,"}, {"start": 2536.1600000000003, "end": 2541.7200000000003, "text": " but they already had it, let's say, quite in consonance, but the pandemic right now has them"}, {"start": 2541.72, "end": 2547.04, "text": " in a quite complicated situation in terms of how they continue."}, {"start": 2547.04, "end": 2552.08, "text": " The other brutal blow is Brexit."}, {"start": 2552.08, "end": 2558.3199999999997, "text": " To understand the importance of Brexit within the scenario of the European Union, we did"}, {"start": 2558.3199999999997, "end": 2564.2, "text": " two chapters of Brexit at the beginning of this year, which I recommend you review, because"}, {"start": 2564.2, "end": 2571.3199999999997, "text": " there we explain step by step what Brexit means and why it is such a hard blow for"}, {"start": 2571.32, "end": 2575.28, "text": " the project of the European Union, precisely for that."}, {"start": 2575.28, "end": 2579.2000000000003, "text": " So, at this moment, Brexit has come into effect."}, {"start": 2579.2000000000003, "end": 2582.84, "text": " It is already happening in real terms."}, {"start": 2582.84, "end": 2590.0800000000004, "text": " The pandemic has put borders again because they are having solutions, let's say, individual"}, {"start": 2590.0800000000004, "end": 2595.0, "text": " or national, to global problems, which is what is happening right now."}, {"start": 2595.0, "end": 2600.6800000000003, "text": " How are they going to end up facing this crisis to continue being a European Union?"}, {"start": 2600.68, "end": 2607.2, "text": " How are they going to get ahead of the pandemic, of the implications of Brexit and keep the"}, {"start": 2607.2, "end": 2613.64, "text": " dream of closing wounds and continuing together in a historical project that, among other"}, {"start": 2613.64, "end": 2618.24, "text": " things, is the only one that can give them results even in modern geopolitics, because"}, {"start": 2618.24, "end": 2625.0, "text": " none of these states could now have the supremacy they had in the 19th century, and because"}, {"start": 2625.0, "end": 2628.52, "text": " trying to do so is the origin of the wars that have been fought."}, {"start": 2628.52, "end": 2634.04, "text": " Here there is a very deep historical learning, which is what they try to protect and that"}, {"start": 2634.04, "end": 2638.28, "text": " it is important for the world that they protect it, because every time that fuse is broken,"}, {"start": 2638.28, "end": 2639.28, "text": " they go crazy."}, {"start": 2639.28, "end": 2647.0, "text": " So, let's say, the European Union guarantees an important world peace possibility."}, {"start": 2647.0, "end": 2649.28, "text": " That is still true."}, {"start": 2649.28, "end": 2654.84, "text": " Right now they are going through one of the hardest moments, because the pandemic atomized"}, {"start": 2654.84, "end": 2661.6400000000003, "text": " in its response to all the prevention of COVID and they did not act in a block, they did not"}, {"start": 2661.6400000000003, "end": 2666.88, "text": " act as the historical block that they are, but each of the countries according to their"}, {"start": 2666.88, "end": 2667.88, "text": " own restrictions."}, {"start": 2667.88, "end": 2675.04, "text": " And at this moment there is the whole principle of mobility, which was one of the foundations"}, {"start": 2675.04, "end": 2678.28, "text": " of the European Union, is interrupted by the issue of the pandemic."}, {"start": 2678.28, "end": 2683.28, "text": " This is a scenario that no one had contemplated and that takes us all by surprise, and it"}, {"start": 2683.28, "end": 2687.52, "text": " also takes the European Union by surprise and each one pulls to its side."}, {"start": 2687.52, "end": 2692.92, "text": " There are problems with the incipient totalitarians in Hungary and Poland."}, {"start": 2692.92, "end": 2696.96, "text": " Hungary's is not incipient, Hungary's is much more like fascism than we were talking"}, {"start": 2696.96, "end": 2700.84, "text": " about before, but these are contrary to the European Union."}, {"start": 2700.84, "end": 2704.6800000000003, "text": " In the European Union you cannot have internal totalitarians, you have to have resolved"}, {"start": 2704.6800000000003, "end": 2709.6400000000003, "text": " your dictatorships, as Portugal and Spain had to do to be part of the European Union."}, {"start": 2709.64, "end": 2713.6, "text": " You have to have solved your internal problems."}, {"start": 2713.6, "end": 2720.04, "text": " The idea was that you had to reach the European Union having healed your own internal problems"}, {"start": 2720.04, "end": 2723.24, "text": " so as not to transfer them to the European Union."}, {"start": 2723.24, "end": 2728.2, "text": " So they have a number of problems at this time, they have a policy of subsidiarity"}, {"start": 2728.2, "end": 2733.56, "text": " and solidarity, and it is that they have to give each other a hand in all the different"}, {"start": 2733.56, "end": 2738.24, "text": " circumstances in order to continue together the dream of a united Europe."}, {"start": 2738.24, "end": 2742.7999999999997, "text": " At this time, they are having a terrible time, but the whole world is having a terrible time"}, {"start": 2742.7999999999997, "end": 2745.8399999999997, "text": " and no one has answers that they do not have either."}, {"start": 2745.8399999999997, "end": 2750.8399999999997, "text": " But in any case, the European Union continues to exist, and while the European Union continues"}, {"start": 2750.8399999999997, "end": 2758.24, "text": " to exist, the historical intention of closing wounds is still valid and still important."}, {"start": 2758.24, "end": 2766.04, "text": " For the entire historical process of such a magnitude, for the wounds that are closed,"}, {"start": 2766.04, "end": 2774.84, "text": " for the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a community instead of a set of countries destroying each other,"}, {"start": 2774.84, "end": 2780.84, "text": " for everything that meant that these empires and these colonies have wreaked so many"}, {"start": 2780.84, "end": 2787.16, "text": " havoc on the earth and now have concentrated on trying to find harmony together,"}, {"start": 2787.16, "end": 2792.88, "text": " for the historical chance of where the resources on planet earth are and the way"}, {"start": 2792.88, "end": 2799.12, "text": " geopolitics makes use of them that suits each historical order and the role that"}, {"start": 2799.12, "end": 2806.6, "text": " coal and steel had in linking geopolitics to war and tragedy and that is the origin"}, {"start": 2806.6, "end": 2813.0, "text": " of reconstruction and a new look at a Europe that wants to learn from its past and get out"}, {"start": 2813.0, "end": 2820.1600000000003, "text": " of the ashes in that year of 1951 when the war had just ended, everything hurt, everything"}, {"start": 2820.16, "end": 2827.56, "text": " bled and Europe was devastated, that is why in the year 1 we go to the pact of coal and"}, {"start": 2827.56, "end": 2833.64, "text": " steel to give rise to the dream of the European Union with all the problems it has today but"}, {"start": 2833.64, "end": 2840.8399999999997, "text": " the existence that it still maintains as a historical block that raises new views different"}, {"start": 2840.8399999999997, "end": 2842.64, "text": " from the solution of the war and destruction."}, {"start": 2842.64, "end": 2852.0, "text": " So, from the suicide of reason, from closing wounds, from configuring another type of"}, {"start": 2852.0, "end": 2858.2799999999997, "text": " look at the world, from the learnings of history, from the agreements, from the"}, {"start": 2858.2799999999997, "end": 2864.8799999999997, "text": " pacts, from the possibilities of reverting the horrible realities of war through"}, {"start": 2864.8799999999997, "end": 2871.44, "text": " the agreements and strengthening and the dream of a different look of Schumann, de Monnet,"}, {"start": 2871.44, "end": 2878.7200000000003, "text": " de Adenauer and what made possible a different geopolitics for the continent that took it"}, {"start": 2878.7200000000003, "end": 2884.56, "text": " out of the horror of wars as a chronic destiny that seemed to never come out in the narration"}, {"start": 2884.56, "end": 2896.36, "text": " of a Euripides and for you, happy day, whatever day it is."}, {"start": 2896.36, "end": 2901.96, "text": " This podcast was made possible by the team of La Casa de la Historia, Diana Su\u00e1rez,"}, {"start": 2901.96, "end": 2909.56, "text": " Milena Beltr\u00e1n, Arturo Jim\u00e9nez Vi\u00f1a, Daniel Moreno Franco, recorded in Los Gatos Studio,"}, {"start": 2909.56, "end": 2915.1200000000003, "text": " the edition and musicalization of Eduardo Corredor Fonseca of Rueda Sonido and always with the"}, {"start": 2915.12, "end": 2927.12, "text": " strong and powerful help of Santiago Espinosa Uribe and Laura Rojas Aponte of the Cosas de Internet podcast."}]