<s>[INST] How is osteoporosis diagnosed?  [/INST] The gold standard for osteoporosis diagnosis is a combination of assessing risk factors and performing a full body Bone Mineral Density (BMD) assessment of the spine, lower back, and hips, which is done as a Dual-Energy X-ray absorptiometry, or DEXA scan. The DEXA is brief and painless. It requires the patient to lay flat for a few minutes on the DEXA scanner. You will be exposed to a very small amount of radiation. The results are given as a number called a T-Score. This score will tell you whether your BMD is above or below that of a young, healthy adult. Source: OSC - ORTHO. Link: https://www.osc-ortho.com/frequently-asked-questions-about-osteoporosis/. Field: Rheumatology. Disease: Ostoeporosis </s>