<s>[INST] Will patients still have to take immunosuppressive drugs or blood thinners after implantation? Will there be a risk of blood clots? [/INST] No. The pores in the membranes used in the artificial kidney are smaller than the size of immune cells and antibodies. As such, the kidney cells in the bioreactor stay isolated from the patient’s immune system. We also do not expect that patients will need to take blood thinning medications like warfarin. The coatings and geometry of the device are designed to prevent formation of blood clots. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>