3 Problems in previous datasets for Japanese lexical simplification <cite>Kajiwara and Yamamoto (2015)</cite> followed Specia et al. (2012) to construct an evaluation dataset for Japanese lexical simplification. Namely, <cite>they</cite> split the data creation process into two steps: substitute extraction and simplification ranking. During the substitute extraction task, <cite>they</cite> collected substitutes of each target word in 10 different contexts.