Many studies, however, have taken a word sense disambiguation-inspired approach to MWE identification (e.g., Birke and Sarkar, 2006; Katz and Giesbrecht, 2006; Li et al., 2010) , treating literal combinations and MWEs as different word senses, and have exploited linguistic knowledge of MWEs (e.g., Patrick and Fletcher, 2005; Uchiyama et al., 2005; Hashimoto and Kawahara, 2008; <cite>Fazly et al., 2009</cite>; Fothergill and Baldwin, 2012) .