<cite>Ziering and Van der Plas (2014)</cite> propose an approach that refrains from using any human annotation. They use the fact, that languages differ in their preference for open or closed compounding (i.e., multiword vs. one-word compounds), for inducing the English bracketing of 3NCs. Although this approach achieves a solid accuracy, a crucial limitation is coverage, because restricting to six paraphrasing patterns ignores many other predictive cases. Moreover, the system needs part of speech (PoS) tags and splitting information for determining 2NCs and is therefore rather language-dependent.