Joint entity and relation extraction: Joint models (Li and Ji, 2014; Miwa and Sasaki, 2014) that are based on manually extracted features have been proposed for performing both the named entity recognition (NER) and relation extraction subtasks at once. These methods rely on the availability of NLP tools (e.g., POS taggers) or manually designed features leading to additional complexity. <cite>Gupta et al. (2016)</cite> propose the use of various manually extracted features along with RNNs.