We now introduce the method of <cite>Conneau et al. (2018)</cite> . 4 <cite>The approach</cite> builds on existing work on learning a mapping between monolingual word embeddings (Mikolov et al., 2013b; Xing et al., 2015) and consists of the following steps: 1) Monolingual word embeddings: An off-the-shelf word embedding algorithm (Bojanowski et al., 2017 ) is used to learn source and target language spaces X and Y .