Examples of this approach are rarer, and we briefly mention two: Enright and Kondrak (2007) use singleton words (hapax legomena) to represent documents in a bilingual collection for the task of detecting document translation pairs, and <cite>Krstovski and Smith (2011)</cite> construct a vocabulary of overlapping words to represent documents in multilingual collections. The latter approach demonstrates high precision vs. recall values on various language pairs from different languages and writing systems when detecting translation pairs on a document level such as Europarl sessions. Recently proposed approaches, such as (Klementiev et al., 2012) use monolingual corpora to estimate phrase-based SMT parameters. Unlike our paper, however, they do not demonstrate an end-toend SMT system trained without any parallel data.