Thermal cameras and applications: a survey <s> Fig. 2 <s> Achieve success in your physics course by making the most of what PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS has to offer you. From a host of in-text features to a range of outstanding technology resources, you'll have everything you need to understand the natural forces and principles of physics. Throughout every chapter, the authors have built in a wide range of examples, exercises, and illustrations that will help you understand the laws of physics AND succeed in your course! Available with most new copies of the text is CengageNOW for Physics. Save time, learn more, and succeed in the course with this online suite of resources that give you the choices and tools you need to study smarter and get the grade. Receive a personalized study plan based on chapter-specific diagnostic testing to help you pinpoint what you need to know NOW, and interact with a live physics tutor through the exclusive Personal Tutor with SMARTHINKING program to help you master the concepts. <s> BIB001 </s> Thermal cameras and applications: a survey <s> Fig. 2 <s> A nondestructive thermal study has been developed in the present study using the infrared thermographic technique in heating ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) applications. In these applications, evaluation of thermal patterns of large walls, barriers with their constructive elements, pipes and conduits of air conditioning and thermal systems, cables, wires, contact-breakers of electrical installations have been developed. The influence of humidity in thermal behaviour of building materials has been also studied. The results showed relationship between water evaporation and porosity due to material structure, and the work has shown the utility of this technique in detecting various non-visible defects in energetic and thermal installations. <s> BIB002 </s> Thermal cameras and applications: a survey <s> Fig. 2 <s> Fundamentals of Infrared Thermal Imaging Basic Properties of IR Imaging Systems Advanced Methods in IR Imaging Some Basic Concepts of Heat Transfer Basic Applications: Direct Visualization of Physics Phenomena IR Imaging of Buildings and Infrastructure Industrial Application: Detection of Gases Microsystems Selected Topics in Research and Industry (thermal reflections, metal industry, automobile industry, airplane and space craft industry, various industrial applications, electric applications) Miscellaneous: Selected Applications in Other Fields (medical and veterinary applications, sports, arts, surveillance and security, nature) <s> BIB003 </s> Thermal cameras and applications: a survey <s> Fig. 2 <s> Roof Leakage is the major problem faced in almost all buildings irrespective of the age of the building. Basically, roof leak is caused because of the different conditions and material used in construction. But most of the time these leakages are so small that we cannot see with bare eyes. That's why infrared cameras are used for detecting roof leaks. Based on the images captured by infrared cameras, edge map is drawn and that particular area is repaired. Because of the thermal nature of the infrared image, we cannot see edges perfectly which makes us to use approximation of an edge. This leads to the wastage of the material used in repairing the roof leaks which in turn increases the cost of repair also. This paper presents a technique of infrared image enhancement for roof leakage detection. This technique combines the benefits of homomorphic image processing and the additive wavelet transform. The idea behind this technique is to decompose the image into three sub bands in an additive fashion using an additive wavelet transform. The homomorphic processing is performed on each sub band, separately. The homomorphic processing transforms the image into illumination and reflectance components. Butterworth filter is used to enhance the reflection and illumination components in the image, separately. Finally, an inverse additive wavelet transform is performed on the homomorphic enhanced sub bands to get an infrared image with better visual details as well as edge map. <s> BIB004
The electromagnetic spectrum with sub-divided infrared spectrum Far-infrared FIR 15-1,000 Fig. BIB002 Atmospheric transmittance in part of the infrared region  Fig. BIB004 Intensity of black body radiation versus wavelength at four temperatures As can be seen in Fig. 4 , the intensity peak shifts to shorter wavelengths as the temperature increases, and the intensity increases with the temperature. For extremely hot objects, the radiation extends into the visible spectrum, e.g. as seen for a red-hot iron. The wavelength of the intensity peak is described by Wien's displacement law BIB001 :  Planck's wavelength distribution function (Eq. 1) describes the radiation from a black body. Most materials studied for practical applications are assumed to be so called grey bodies, which have a constant scale factor of the radiation between 0 and 1. This factor is called the emissivity. For instance, polished silver has a very low emissivity (0.02), while human skin has an emissivity very close to 1 [65] . Other materials, such as gases, are selective emitters, which have specific absorption and emission bands in the thermalinfrared spectrum BIB003 . The specific absorption and emission bands are due to the nature of the radiation, as described in the next section.