Tools for Searching, Annotation and Analysis of Speech, Music, Film and Video A Survey <s> Introduction <s> Spoken-word audio collections cover many domains, including radio and television broadcasts, oral narratives, governmental proceedings, lectures, and telephone conversations. The collection, access, and preservation of such data is stimulated by political, economic, cultural, and educational needs. This paper outlines the major issues in the field, reviews the current state of technology, examines the rapidly changing policy issues relating to privacy and copyright, and presents issues relating to the collection and preservation of spoken audio content . <s> BIB001 </s> Tools for Searching, Annotation and Analysis of Speech, Music, Film and Video A Survey <s> Introduction <s> In recent years, there has been dramatic progress in both speech and language processing, in many cases leveraging some of the same underlying methods. This progress and the growing technical ties motivate efforts to combine speech and language technologies in spoken document processing applications. This paper outlines some of the issues involved, as well as the opportunities, presenting an overview of the special double session on this topic. <s> BIB002
Computing for researchers in the arts and humanities has typically been concerned with processing text materials. This is in part because much of the most highly valued cultural forms in the west are stored in print, and partly because computing technology for text reached a highly developed form a couple of decades ago. However, researchers are increasingly interested in non-text materials because of a massive increase in the quantity and availability of audiovisual materials and rapid developments in technology for handling such materials. This paper examines the prospects for computer-aided research with audiovisual materials, at this convergence of increased availability and emerging software tools. We restrict ourselves to digitised time-based audio and visual source material. We exclude primary material based on still images, research material that exists primarily as a visual artefact (such as the image of a musical score), and materials which are primarily symbolic encodings or notations (such as the information in a musical score), except as annotations for search. Although there are common uses and needs, we also exclude materials for teaching and materials used in a creative process (as in the performing, visual, and compositional arts). We focus on the problems and possibilities of working with primary materials such as recordings, video footage or broadcasts. These issues arise for contemporary scholars in many humanities disciplines. As far as possible, we have avoided addressing technical problems specific to single disciplines. Other recent publications have examined related issues of resources, access, and preservation   , though publications which deal also with issues of technology have generally focused only on speech (SWAG, 2003; BIB001   BIB002 . More details specific to this project can be found in our report for the Arts and Humanities Research Council  and the weblog associated with the project: http://mediadescri.be. To discuss the research process, we adopt a simple generic model of humanities research using AV materials (Figure 1) . The model views humanities research as a process of repeatedly accessing, searching, marking up (‗annotating'), transcribing, analysing, and presenting materials. The boundaries are of course not as sharp as the boxes imply -the schema is mainly intended to organise our discussion. Section 2 of the paper outlines the breadth and abundance of materials becoming available, and some of the difficulties that scholars encounter in making use of them. Section 3 summarises the major capabilities, possibilities, and lines of future development of digital technologies in humanities research with audiovisual media. Section 4, based on a series of interviews and field visits to humanities researchers in a variety of disciplines, outlines what researchers do and do not do, and what they would like to be able to do in their research.