A State-of-the-Art Survey on Multidimensional Scaling-Based Localization Techniques <s> A. Related Surveys <s> Wireless indoor positioning systems have become very popular in recent years. These systems have been successfully used in many applications such as asset tracking and inventory management. This paper provides an overview of the existing wireless indoor positioning solutions and attempts to classify different techniques and systems. Three typical location estimation schemes of triangulation, scene analysis, and proximity are analyzed. We also discuss location fingerprinting in detail since it is used in most current system or solutions. We then examine a set of properties by which location systems are evaluated, and apply this evaluation method to survey a number of existing systems. Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented. <s> BIB001 </s> A State-of-the-Art Survey on Multidimensional Scaling-Based Localization Techniques <s> A. Related Surveys <s> This paper investigated various indoor positioning techniques and presented a comprehensive study about their advantages and disadvantages. Infrared, Ultrasonic and RF technologies are used in different indoor positioning systems. RFID positioning systems based on RSSI technology are the most recent developments. Positioning accuracy was greatly improved by using integrated RFID technologies. <s> BIB002 </s> A State-of-the-Art Survey on Multidimensional Scaling-Based Localization Techniques <s> A. Related Surveys <s> Wireless sensor network (WSN), with broad application prospects, is a novel research area. Due to the data collected by the sensor node, in the monitored area, is useful only when its location information is known, node positioning as a critical technology is the basis of applications of wireless sensor network. Multidimensional scaling has been applied to node localization successfully in recent years. In this paper, several typical MDS-based localization algorithms, such as have been introduced and analyzed. <s> BIB003 </s> A State-of-the-Art Survey on Multidimensional Scaling-Based Localization Techniques <s> A. Related Surveys <s> In order to provide location information for indoor applications and context-aware computing, a lot of research is being done since last decade for development of real-time Indoor location system. In this paper, we have investigated indoor location concepts and have focused two major technologies used in many indoor location systems i.e. RF and ultrasonic. An overview of various RF systems that use different RF properties for location estimation has been given. Ultrasonic systems have been reviewed in detail as they provide low cost fine grained location systems. A few well known ultrasonic location systems have been investigated with a comparison of the system based on performance, accuracy and limitations. <s> BIB004 </s> A State-of-the-Art Survey on Multidimensional Scaling-Based Localization Techniques <s> A. Related Surveys <s> The user location information represents a core dimension as understanding user context is a prerequisite for providing human-centered services that generally improve quality of life. In comparison with outdoor environments, sensing location information in indoor environments requires a higher precision and is a more challenging task due in part to the expected various objects (such as walls and people) that reflect and disperse signals. In this paper, we survey the related work in the field of indoor positioning by providing a comparative analysis of the state-of-the-art technologies, techniques, and algorithms. Unlike previous studies and surveys, our survey present new taxonomies, review some major recent advances, and argue on the area open problems and future potential. We believe this paper would spur further exploration by the research community of this challenging problem space. <s> BIB005 </s> A State-of-the-Art Survey on Multidimensional Scaling-Based Localization Techniques <s> A. Related Surveys <s> A growing number of sensors on smart mobile devices has led to rapid development of various mobile applications using location-based or context-aware services. Typically, outdoor localization techniques have relied on GPS or on cellular infrastructure support. While GPS gives high positioning accuracy, it can quickly deplete the battery on the device. On the other hand, base station based localization has low accuracy. In search of alternative techniques for outdoor localization, several approaches have explored the use of data gathered from other available sensors, like accelerometer, microphone, compass, and even daily patterns of usage, to identify unique signatures that can locate a device. Signatures, or fingerprints of an area, are hidden cues existing around a user's environment. However, under different operating scenarios, fingerprint-based localization techniques have variable performance in terms of accuracy, latency of detection, battery usage. The main contribution of this survey is to present a classification of existing fingerprint-based localization approaches which intelligently sense and match different clues from the environment for location identification. We describe how each fingerprinting technique works, followed by a review of the merits and demerits of the systems built based on these techniques. We conclude by identifying several improvements and application domain for fingerprinting based localization. <s> BIB006 </s> A State-of-the-Art Survey on Multidimensional Scaling-Based Localization Techniques <s> A. Related Surveys <s> The availability of a reliable and accurate indoor positioning system (IPS) for emergency responders during on-duty missions is regarded as an essential tool to improve situational awareness of both the emergency responders and the incident commander. This tool would facilitate the mission planning, coordination, and accomplishment, as well as decrease the number of on-duty deaths. Due to the absence of global positioning system signal in indoor environments, many other signals and sensors have been proposed for indoor usage. However, the challenging scenarios faced by emergency responders imply explicit restrictions and requirements on the design of an IPS, making the use of some technologies, techniques, and methods inadequate on these scenarios. This survey identifies the specific requirements of an IPS for emergency responders and provides a tutorial coverage of the localization techniques and methods, highlighting the pros and cons of their use. Then, the existing IPSs specifically developed for emergency scenarios are reviewed and compared with a focus on the design choices, requirements, and additional features. By doing so, an overview of current IPS schemes as well as their performance is given. Finally, we discuss the main issues of the existing IPSs and some future directions. <s> BIB007
A quite good number of survey articles have been presented on the subject of localization systems where the focus of each survey is either narrow or outdated by the technological advancement BIB004 BIB002 BIB001  BIB005 BIB006  BIB007 . For example, the survey in BIB004 is only focused on ultrasonic localization techniques, whereas the works presented in BIB002 BIB001  are outdated for current technologies although their goals remain unchanged. In BIB005 ,  the authors reviewed various technologies for indoor localization and assessed the performance of each indoor localization technique. However, localization is not discussed in terms of energy efficiency or any prospective application. Additionally, the authors did not explore different techniques to enhance the localization accuracy. In BIB006 a remarkable survey is presented on fingerprinting-based localization systems. Recently, in BIB007 , the authors have presented a survey on indoor positioning system mainly focusing on the emergency applications. In BIB003 the authors have presented different possible architectures for MDS based localization for WSNs. However, the paper is focused only on the different variants of MDS schemes and does not cover all the aspects of MDS based localization schemes. The aim of this survey is to present a comprehensive overview of localization systems to cover both outdoor and indoor localization systems with the main focus on the development of MDS based localization schemes from its inception to its current state for different applications.