Modeling and Simulation of Systems of Systems – a Survey <s> The concept for Systems of Systems <s> A pair of powerline conductors are connected together by a jumper assembly comprising a tower structure, tension insulator strings connecting the line conductors to the tower, a jumper conductor electrically connecting the line conductors, which jumper conductor consists of rigid and/or flexible conductor members, and one or more support insulator beams secured to the tower in a manner swayable both in the horizontal and vertical directions for holding the jumper conductor from slantwise lower direction. <s> BIB001 </s> Modeling and Simulation of Systems of Systems – a Survey <s> The concept for Systems of Systems <s> While there is growing recognition of the importance of “Systems-of-systems,” there is little agreement on just what they are or on by what principles they should be constructed. This paper proposes a taxonomy of these super-systems and exhibits a basic set of architecting principles to assist in their design. While several heuristics are particularly applicable to systems-of-systems, the key insight is the central role played by communication standards. The enabling architecture of systems-of-systems is non-physical, it is set of standards that allow meaningful communication among the components. This is illustrated through existing and proposed systems. <s> BIB002 </s> Modeling and Simulation of Systems of Systems – a Survey <s> The concept for Systems of Systems <s> System of systems engineering (SoSE) continues to evolve as a potentially promising response for analysis, design, and transformation of increasingly complex systems problems. The purpose of this paper is to establish critical foundations and offer a coherent framing for further research in SoSE. To achieve this purpose the paper is organized to: (1) introduce a contemporary perspective of SoSE, focused on identifying both convergence and divergence in the literature, (2) develop five logical levels that can help to understand divergence in SoSE and sharpen future research efforts, (3) articulate several of the critical research challenges that SoSE must address to be viable, and (4) identify a preliminary set of critical topical research areas for development of a more integrated research agenda for SoSE. The paper concludes with implications for close coupling of research and practice for the accelerated development of SoSE through an integrated research agenda. <s> BIB003 </s> Modeling and Simulation of Systems of Systems – a Survey <s> The concept for Systems of Systems <s> A recent DoD mandate requires that the DoD Architecture Framework (DoDAF) be adopted to express high-level system and operational requirements and architectures. DoDAF is the basis for integrated architectures and provides broad levels of specification related to operational, system, and technical views. The combination of DoDAF operational views, which capture the requirements of the architecture, and systems views, which provide its technical attributes, forms the basis for semi-automated construction of the needed simulation models. Unfortunately, DoDAF doesn’t mandate any simulation methodology to analyze the system or perform any pre-design feasibility studies. In this paper, we describe an approach to support specification of DoDAF architectures within a development environment based on DEVS (Discrete Event System Specification). The result is an enhanced system life cycle development process that includes both development and testing in an integral manner. We introduce two new operational views (OVs) in the current DoDAF making way for modeling and simulation as a part of the design process. We illustrate the process to build these new OVs from the existing OVs and their impact on the overall DoDAF system development process. We discuss automated model generation using XML through the introduced OVs, which paves the way for OVs to become service-providing components in the web services architecture. <s> BIB004 </s> Modeling and Simulation of Systems of Systems – a Survey <s> The concept for Systems of Systems <s> Preface ix About the Editor xi Contributors xiii 1. Introduction to System of Systems 1 Mo Jamshidi 2. An Open Systems Approach to System of Systems Engineering 21 Cyrus Azani 3. Engineering of a System of Systems 44 Gary D. Wells and Andrew P. Sage 4. System of Systems Architecting 77 Cihan H. Dagli and Nil Kilicay-Ergin 5. Modeling and Simulation for Systems of Systems Engineering 101 Saurabh Mittal, Bernard P. Zeigler, Jose L. Risco Martin, Ferat Sahin, and Mo Jamshidi 6. Net Centricity and System of Systems 150 Robert J. Cloutier, Michael J. DiMario, and Hans W. Polzer 7. Emergence in System of Systems 169 Charles B. Keating 8. System of Systems Management 191 Brian Sauser, John Boardman, and Alex Gorod 9. Systems Engineering for Department of Defense Systems of Systems 218 Judith S. Dahmann 10. Boeing's SoSE Approach to e-Enabling Commercial Airlines 232 George F. Wilber 11. System of Systems Perspectives on Infrastructures 257 Wil A.H. Thissen and Paulien M. Herder 12. Advances in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Case Study in System of Systems Perspective 275 Prasanna Sridhar, Asad M. Madni, and Mo Jamshidi 13. A System of Systems View of Services 293 James M. Tien 14. System of Systems Engineering in Space Exploration 317 Steven D. Jolly and Brian K. Muirhead 15. Communication and Navigation Networks in Space System of Systems 348 Kul B. Bhasin and Jeffrey L. Hayden 16. Operation and Control of Electrical Power Systems 385 Petr Korba and Ian A. Hiskens 17. Future Transportation Fuel System of Systems 409 Michael Duffy, Bobi Garrett, Cynthia Riley, and Debra Sandor 18. Sustainable Environmental Management from a System of Systems Engineering Perspective 443 Keith W. Hipel, Amer Obeidi, Liping Fang, and D. Marc Kilgour 19. Robotic Swarms as System of Systems 482 Ferat Sahin 20. Understanding Transportation as a System of Systems Problem 520 Daniel A. DeLaurentis 21. Health Care System of Systems 542 Nilmini Wickramasinghe, Suresh Chalasani, Rajendra V. Boppana, and Asad M. Madni 22. System of Systems Engineering of GEOSS 551 Ryosuke Shibasaki and Jay S. Pearlman Author Index 573 Subject Index 576 <s> BIB005 </s> Modeling and Simulation of Systems of Systems – a Survey <s> The concept for Systems of Systems <s> Maritime Transportation System (MTS) is a critical infrastructure system that enables economic activity through transferring goods between national and international destinations. This research is an effort to define and view MTS as a System of Systems (SoS) and apply Systems Thinking to understand, engineer, analyze, and govern it in a more effective and efficient way. We define Maritime Transportation System of Systems (MTSoS) as an integration of interdependent constituent systems and apply systemic tools such as Systemigrams to study critical properties of the system such as resilience and security through understanding its systemic interrelationships more effectively. A variety of systems engineering models have been applied to MTS. However, it is necessary to form a structured approach and develop new systemic toolsets that enables the stakeholders to view interdependencies and interconnections among the constituent systems of MTSoS. <s> BIB006
The notion for System of Systems (SoS) is a new idea in Systems Engineering (SE). It arises after the endless complications of LSS. SoS is a natural extension of LSS in systems engineering. The paradigm of SoS represents a mix of independently operating and actively interacting large systems, integrated with sophisticated goal(s). SoS applications refer to Air Traffic Management Systems, Space exploration, ground support flight equipment, robotic space colonies, AGVS BIB006 , communications and Internet [3,   , scientific researches (Modeling and simulation of SoS) BIB004 , coast and border guard, modern army combat systems, etc. The investigations at SoS are mainly due to the changing aerospace and defense industries, on the large-scale system integration by solutions to complex problems. SoS consists in a mix of intensively interacting independent systems with common goals during task execution. No firmly acknowledged definition for SoS exists up to now. A non-strict postulation has been given by K e a t i n g et al. [18] : Metasystems, comprised of multiple autonomous embedded complex systems (probably LSSs) , that diverse in technology, operation, context, geographical disposition and conceptual frame (but aimed to a common general goal) [18] . The specific problems of SoS can be generalized in the following directions: • Determine appropriate list of independent LSSs for execution of particular task; • Heavily uncertain environment during SoS operation; • Operative compatibility (interoperability) has to exist between SoS components. The distinctions between SoS and LSS have been declared initially by BIB002 in March, 1998, and consist in the following general properties and characteristics: (i) Operational independence of the components in a SoS. (ii) Evolutionary development. Necessary changes in a SoS could be made. New functions are adding, existing ones removing or updating. SoS undergoes persistent evolution, in contrast to multi-step non-cyclic irreversible design of LSS. (iii) Emergent, suddenly changing and non-predictable behavior BIB005 . (iv) Geographical distribution. E i s n e r BIB001 , in 1993, denoted SoS as large geographically dispersed complexes. This property is adopted in all SoS publications. (v) Guaranteed interoperability between two or more systems and components to exchange information and operate independently by utilizing this information  . Only a SoS is able to interoperate its component systems. (vi) Complementarity. Each system should complement the other members within SoS. The multiple perspectives ensure robust approach and design BIB003 . (vii) Guaranteed integrity and On-line membership optimization. (viii) Holism. The overall entity is more informative than the sum of its parts. The comparison between LSS and SoS modeling processes shows opposite directions. The typical LSS modeling process evolves from top to bottom of the hierarchy. On the contrary, considerable difficulties arise during the SoS modeling, where the appropriate development is oriented "from bottom to top" of the system. The problems to SoS progress are set by the general consumers and promoters: • Tendency of fragmented perspectives for practical development; • Lack of rigorous investigations and extensive theoretical backgrounds; • Domination of IT and technical achievements in comparison to theoretical results; • Limitations by the adopted conception of SE, focusing on a single system; • Lack of theory or methodology for integrated systems analysis.