A THEORETICAL OVERVIEW OF ROAD HUMP EFFECTS ON TRAFFIC SPEED IN RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENTS <s> METHODOLOGY <s> This paper will describe how speed humps have gained acceptance as a traffic calming device by North American and international jurisdictions. However, design and application varies widely between jurisdictions, and speed humps often meet resistance from residents and road users. For this reason, the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) published a Recommended Practice for the design and application of speed humps in 1997. The recommended practice is now being updated to provide state-of-the-practice guidelines for speed humps and speed tables. To update the ITE speed humps recommended practice, the experiences of agencies implementing speed humps were obtained through an extensive literature review. The literature review was supplemented with an online survey targeting North American and international jurisdictions. This paper provides an overview of the recommended framework for an agency to follow to implement speed humps or speed tables in their jurisdiction. This framework is based on the experience documented by dozens of agencies. The framework includes: (1) developing and follow a formal public consultation process; (2) determining the needs of the street or neighborhood; (3) constructing and maintaining speed humps; and (4) monitoring and evaluating speed hump effectiveness. <s> BIB001 </s> A THEORETICAL OVERVIEW OF ROAD HUMP EFFECTS ON TRAFFIC SPEED IN RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENTS <s> METHODOLOGY <s> In the inhabited zones where a large number of pedestrians and other vulnerable road users are expected, like school zones, it is necessary to decrease the speed to such a level that the risk of vulnerability is the lowest possible. One of the commonly accepted and often implemented speed decrease measures is vertical raising of the road pavement (speed bumps, speed humps, etc.). This work shows the influence of speed bumps of different heights (3, 5 and 7 cm) to the decrease of vehicle speed. Speed measurements had been done before speed bumps were installed, 1 day and 1 month after the installation. Applying ANOVA analysis and post hoc analysis, using Tukey-Kramer's multiple comparison test, a comparison was made of mean, 50th percentile and 85th percentile speed, before and after speed bumps setting. It has been shown that there is a significant speed decrease on the places where speed bumps were set, compared to the period before setting. Based on the research results, it was suggested that on the locations where vulnerable road users are extremely endangered, speed bumps 5 and 7 cm high should be set, whereas at less endangered locations speed bumps 3 cm high could be set. Also, it has been shown that the effects of speed bumps on speed decrease are enduring, because there has not been any significant deviation in vehicle speeds neither 1 day nor 1 month after speed bumps setting. <s> BIB002
Being a literature review, the method employed is a desk study identifying the relevant literature and any research gaps that the ongoing research can improve upon. The hump design and spacing were selected as the variables explaining the road hump effects on traffic speed. This is due to BIB001 and  concluding that the hump spacing is a good variable to explain the maximum speed selection of drivers, thus affecting the effectiveness of a road hump in controlling vehicle speeds. BIB001 and BIB002 also listed the hump profile as another factor affecting the effectiveness of a road hump, with the explanation that an incorrect hump profile would potentially cause passenger discomfort and reduce the effectiveness of a hump in encouraging drivers to slow down. In addition,  proved that hump width was also a factor by finding that the device operating speed is also affected by hump width to road width ratios. Thus the criteria for selecting the case studies were that they were based on road hump design and spacing, and that the speeds were found to be reduced within the 35km/h limit. The reason for the criteria is that 35km/h is the general speed limit along a traffic-calmed residential road in Malaysian urban areas  