Conducting Content Analysis of Documents in Network Research: A Review of Recent Scholarship <s> Urban Affairs Review 1 <s> History Conceptual Foundations Uses and Kinds of Inference The Logic of Content Analysis Designs Unitizing Sampling Recording Data Languages Constructs for Inference Analytical Techniques The Use of Computers Reliability Validity A Practical Guide <s> BIB001 </s> Conducting Content Analysis of Documents in Network Research: A Review of Recent Scholarship <s> Urban Affairs Review 1 <s> This article reviews and discusses the empirical literature on interorganizational networks at the network level of analysis, or what is sometimes referred to as “whole” networks. An overview of the distinction between egocentric and network-level research is first introduced. Then, a review of the modest literature on whole networks is undertaken, along with a summary table outlining the main findings based on a thorough literature search. Finally, the authors offer a discussion concerning what future directions might be taken by researchers hoping to expand this important, but understudied, topic. <s> BIB002 </s> Conducting Content Analysis of Documents in Network Research: A Review of Recent Scholarship <s> Urban Affairs Review 1 <s> Although policy and collaborative networks have been studied since the 1970s and 1980s, only recently has the management of these entities come under greater scrutiny. Studies of “network management” are designed to better understand the unique challenges of operating in a context where bureaucracy no longer provides the primary tool for “social steering.” These studies typically make three assumptions about networks, public managers, and the tasks of network management that empirical evidence from our casework in “Newstatia” suggests are suspect at best. If so, then network management theory needs to be reconsidered. The second half of this article begins this process. We have organized this article into six sections. The first defines policy and collaborative networks and discusses why analyzing them and their management independently is probably flawed. The second presents our data and justifications for believing the assumptions outlined above are oversimplifications. The third section reviews three perspectives and two partial models of network management and points out how the perspectives and models need integration. The fourth section develops a resource dependence framework for network management that can encompass the existing models and our new data on the environment in which network management occurs. The final section outlines a series of propositions that flow from our reconsideration of network management. <s> BIB003 </s> Conducting Content Analysis of Documents in Network Research: A Review of Recent Scholarship <s> Urban Affairs Review 1 <s> The raise of social networks in the last decades in various fields has called upon the need for their analysis. This phenomenon gave birth to Social Network Analysis (SNA) in the 1970s. Parallel to this quick development and the increasing need for such a methodology to analyze social networks, researchers developed a number of software for SNA. For these reasons, the authors of the present book (Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G. & Johnson, J. C.) made their practical guide about analyzing social networks available for researchers working on social media. Many details about data collection, analysis and interpretation are provided mainly by using the UCINET and NetDraw software designed for SNA. <s> BIB004
Total 18 network data that it discussed. I organized the coded data and saved them in spreadsheets for further comparisons, categorization, and analyses. I used the categories and concepts from existing network research that were already established (e.g., BIB004  BIB002 to analyze and reorganize the key topics and document types into different categories. I used Borgatti, Everett, and Johnson's (2013) book, not only because it was the most frequently cited social network analysis book in public administration, but, more important, their book discussed the types of data sources and methods of network data collection. Following Borgatti and his colleagues' categorizing of one-and two-mode network data, I also coded the network data in the 18 articles into different categories. Similarly, I examined whether the network data involved multiplex ties, whether the data were longitudinal, and whether mixed-methods were used in data collection. These were the pre-established categories used in the coding process to further understand the network data collected through content analysis of documents. I used BIB002 review article to help further examine the management and policy domains that the network data cover. I used their definition of "interorganizational networks" as another pre-established category to be differentiated from "policy networks." Interorganizational networks focus on interorganizational interactions in delivering public services to pursue public values  BIB002 , whereas policy networks examine the power relationships between policy makers and the relationships between the structural arrangements of policy networks and policy outcomes  BIB003 . Although the research foci for these two types of networks differ, the two types of networks are related to and influence each other. In addition, I used the evaluation criteria from BIB001 as the coding themes to evaluate the quality of existing content analysis in network research. The evaluation criteria included whether the articles presented information about coding units, coding themes, coding categories, and other coding rules BIB001 , which helped evaluate the reliability and validity of the content analysis.