Sensors to Increase the Security of Underwater Communication Cables: A Review of Underwater Monitoring Sensors <s> Side-Scan Sonar (SSS) <s> The paper deals with the application of side scan sonar (SSS) for inspection of underwater lengthy objects (cables and pipelines). The autonomous underwater vehicle using are suggested for this purposes. The problem of acoustic images processing for detection of communication lines on a sea-bottom and underwater robot control task are solved. Real cable recognition results and pipeline tracking modeling experiments are discussed. <s> BIB001 </s> Sensors to Increase the Security of Underwater Communication Cables: A Review of Underwater Monitoring Sensors <s> Side-Scan Sonar (SSS) <s> Introduction - Why Submarine Cables? Douglas Burnett, Tara Davenport, Robert Beckman PART I: BACKGROUND Chapter 1 - The Development of Submarine Cables Stewart Ash Chapter 2 - The Submarine Cable Industry: How Does it Work? Mick Green PART II: INTERNATIONAL LAW ON SUBMARINE CABLES Chapter 3 - Overview of the International Legal Regime Governing Submarine Cables Douglas Burnett, Tara Davenport, Robert Beckman PART III: CABLE OPERATIONS - LAW AND PRACTICE Chapter 4 - The Planning and Surveying of Submarine Cable Routes Graham Evans, Monique Page Chapter 5 - The Manufacture and Laying of Submarine Cables Keith Ford-Ramsden, Tara Davenport Chapter 6 - Submarine Cable Repair and Maintenance Keith Ford-Ramsden, Douglas Burnett Chapter 7 - The Relationship between Submarine Cables and the Marine Environment Lionel Carter Chapter 8 - Out-of-Service Submarine Cables Douglas Burnett PART IV: PROTECTING CABLESHIPS AND SUBMARINE CABLES Chapter 9 - Protecting Cableships Engaged in Cable Operations Mick Green, Douglas Burnett Chapter 10 - Submarine Cables and Natural Hazards Lionel Carter Chapter 11 - Protecting Submarine Cables from Competing Uses Bob Wargo, Tara Davenport Chapter 12 - Protecting Submarine Cables from Intentional Damage: The Security Gap Robert Beckman PART V: SPECIAL PURPOSE SUBMARINE CABLES Chapter 13 - Power Cables Malcolm Eccles, Joska Ferencz, Douglas Burnett Chapter 14 - Marine Scientific Research Cables Lionel Carter, Alfred H.A. Soons Chapter 15 - Military Cables J. Ashley Roach Chapter 16 - Submarine Cables and Offshore Energy Wayne Nielsen, Tara Davenport) PART VI: APPENDICES AND KEYWORD INDEX Appendix 1 - Timeline of the Submarine Cable Industry Appendix 2 - Overview of the Major Submarine System Suppliers (1850 -2012) Appendix 3 - Excerpts of Most Relevant Treaty Provisions Keyword Index <s> BIB002 </s> Sensors to Increase the Security of Underwater Communication Cables: A Review of Underwater Monitoring Sensors <s> Side-Scan Sonar (SSS) <s> This study proposes an online seafloor obstacle detection method using sonar scanlines for submarine cable construction application. It is necessary to find out the obstacles, such as natural or linear artificial reefs and out of service cables or pipelines on the seabed along the proposed corridors of cable route for future route design jobs. And sonar system is almost the popular tool for this kind of survey. The sidescan sonar (SSS) produces an image representation by the backscattering and reflection of signals to show the seabed morphology and features. A seafloor feature searching and detecting method in the article using sonar scanlines instead of sonar images is developed to reduce the computation and speed up the processing. There are three steps of the procedure. Firstly, a pre-processing step is applied to filter the data and to reduce computation time. Then, a detector is designed to detect the obstacle by a scanline and represent obstacles with different classification. Finally, every individual scanlines are located and corrected on an obstacle map for further application. An experimental result conducted on a combined seafloor with muddy, sandy and rocky seabed was demonstrated to show every individual obstacle locations and its track on the chart automatically. The proposed detecting method implement online because of it provide efficient than traditional image processing method. The map of obstacles on the proposed corridors is useful for future route design, clearance and pre-lay grapnel run jobs. The online detection not only evaluates the efficient of route survey but also saving the funding of submarine construction. <s> BIB003
The side-scan sonar (SSS) produces acoustic images by ensonifying the seabed using two side antennas of very narrow horizontal directivity. SSS records the backscattered signal at grazing angles of incidence. It is usually installed on a platform (fish) towed close to the seabed. The traditional side scan sonar cannot measure bottom relief, but only gives a rough estimate of its altitude from the echo at nadir. It is however possible to compensate this effect by adding interferometric capabilities. High-resolution SSS is commonly used for the detection of mines  . SSS is also routinely used for identifying the presence of obstacles on the seafloor to select the optimal route when deploying underwater cables BIB002 BIB003 . SSS is also used for tracking underwater cables and pipelines after their installation BIB001 . Based on the work mentioned above, SSS can be used either for monitoring the status of an underwater cable or for surveying the underwater environment (including seabed) around the cable against objects/intruders that may harm the cables. Table 7 presents the main specifications of some identified commercial SSSs.