A Review On Cognitive Mismatch Between Computer and Information Technology And Physicians <s> INTRODUCTION <s> Few kinds of technology have had as broad an impact on the recent affairs of humanity as have information technologies. The appearance and rapid spread in the past several years of innovations such as the Internet's World Wide Web and the emergence of computer networks connecting tens to hundreds of millions of people worldwide have occurred with startling rapidity. These global events portend substantial changes in the delivery of health care, the conduct of biomedical research, and the undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education of health professionals. This report will attempt to succinctly review the following: (1) the characteristics of modern information technologies and recent trends that are most relevant to medical education and to the world in which future practitioners, researchers, and educators will live and work; (2) the implications of these technologies for the development of educational goals (in other words, the specific information technology skills that future health professionals will need); (3) the issues associated with the use of these technologies in the process of education; and (4) implications for near-term action by University of California medical schools and academic medical centers. <s> BIB001 </s> A Review On Cognitive Mismatch Between Computer and Information Technology And Physicians <s> INTRODUCTION <s> The rapidly changing world of computer and information technology will have dramatic changes for adolescent medicine clinicians in the 21st century. This article reviews some of this evolving technology, including the electronic medical record, the Internet, and telemedicine as well as various advances in health screening, assessment, and education. The importance of integrating this technology into a total information system is stressed. The article concludes with a day in the life of an adolescent medicine clinician in the new century. <s> BIB002 </s> A Review On Cognitive Mismatch Between Computer and Information Technology And Physicians <s> INTRODUCTION <s> This paper develops the conceptual framework of barriers faced by the decision makers and management personnel of health sector. The main theme of this paper is to give a clear understanding about the adaption barriers of health technology faced by developing societies. The information about barriers would be useful for policy makers to decide about the particular technology. So that they can fulfill the defined mission of their organizations. Developing a conceptual framework is the first step in building organizational capacity. Information technology in health sector is spreading globally. Use of health information technology is offering evidence-based practice to endorse health and human prosperity. Globalization of health information system is inevitable for establishment and promotion of healthcare sector in developing societies. Present health systems in developing societies are inadequate to meet the needs of the population. Health sector of developing societies is facing a lot of barriers in establishment and promotion of health information system. These barriers include lack of infrastructure, cost, technical sophistications, lack of skilled human resources and lack of e- readiness of medical professionals. In this paper authors conducted a survey of hospitals in Pakistan to identify and categorized adaption barriers in health information technology. Existing health system should be transformed by using HIT to improve health status of population by eliminating barriers identified in this paper. <s> BIB003 </s> A Review On Cognitive Mismatch Between Computer and Information Technology And Physicians <s> INTRODUCTION <s> Background: There is a major campaign involving large expenditures of public money to increase the adoption rate of electronic health record (EHR) systems in Canada. To maximize the chances of success in this effort, physician views on EHRs must be addressed, since user perceptions are key to successful implementation of technology innovations. Objective: We propose a theoretical model comprising behavioral factors either favoring or against EHR adoption and use in Canadian medical practices, from the physicians’ point of view. EHR perceptions of physicians already using EHR systems are compared with those not using one, through the lens of this model. Methods: We conducted an online cross-sectional survey in both English and French among medical practitioners across Canada. Data were collected both from physicians using EHRs and those not using EHRs, and analyzed with structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques. Results: We collected 119 responses from EHR users and 100 from nonusers, resulting in 2 valid samples of 102 and 83 participants, respectively. The theoretical adoption model explained 55.8% of the variance in behavioral intention to continue using EHRs for physicians already using them, and 66.8% of the variance in nonuser intention to adopt such systems. Perception of ease of use was found to be the strongest motivator for EHR users (total effect .525), while perceptions of usefulness and of ease of use were the key determinants for nonusers (total effect .538 and .519, respectively) to adopt the system. Users see perceived overall risk associated with EHR adoption as a major obstacle (total effect –.371), while nonusers perceive risk only as a weak indirect demotivator. Of the 13 paths of the SEM model, 5 showed significant differences between the 2 samples (at the .05 level): general doubts about using the system (P = .02), the necessity for the system to be relevant for their job (P < .001), and the necessity for the system to be useful (P = .049) are more important for EHR nonusers than for users, while perceptions of overall obstacles to adoption (P = .03) and system ease of use (P = .042) count more for EHR users than for nonusers. Conclusions: Relatively few differences in perceptions about EHR system adoption and use exist between physicians already using such systems and those not yet using the systems. To maximize the chances of success for new EHR implementations from a behavioral point of view, general doubts about the rationale for such systems must be mitigated through improving design, stressing how EHRs are relevant to physician jobs, and providing substantiating evidence that EHRs are easier to use and more effective than nonusers might expect. [J Med Internet Res 2011;13(3):e57] <s> BIB004 </s> A Review On Cognitive Mismatch Between Computer and Information Technology And Physicians <s> INTRODUCTION <s> Objective: In the health informatics field, usability studies typically focus on evaluating a single information system and involve a rather small group of end-users. However, little is known about the usability of clinical information and communication technology (ICT) environment in which healthcare professionals work daily. This paper aims at contributing to usability research and user-oriented development of healthcare technologies with three objectives: inform researchers and practitioners about the current state of usability of clinical ICT systems, increase the understanding of usability aspects specific for clinical context, and encourage a more holistic approach on studying usability issues in health informatics field. <s> BIB005
Information technology in health sector is spreading globally BIB003 . There are major campaigns in many countries which are involved not only large expenditures but public resources as well to boost the use and adoption rate of health information systems (HIS) and technologies. Therefore for the successful usability of HIS it is critical to address physician's views and skills on the use of these technologies BIB004 . Use of health information technology is offering evidencebased practice to endorse health and human prosperity. Health information technology (HIT) consists of a set of technologies with a great diversion for transmitting and managing health care data for the use of all stakeholders of health care systems BIB005 . Therefore the development of user-centered information systems is important to get best usability and advantages of the developed systems. Development of the user centered information system is like a pendulum that has to be swung between users and developer. The success of the ICT system depends on the balance of the pendulum in the form of input and feedback from the both ends. In most of the cases of the HIS the balance of the pendulum is disturbed due to lack of information technology cognitive skills of physicians. Hence the usability of the particular healthcare information system could not be achieved at the extent of the expectations  . Health care software developers often neglect significant characteristics, tasks, user preferences, knowledge skills and usability issues from the physician point of view resulting in systems that decreases productivity or simply remain unusable for the end-users  . Users of healthcare information system are dynamic and hence their needs are, so, development of any solution, system, or technology should be accounted the needs and requirements of the end users  [7]  . Definition of the term Cognitive skills varies but American Psychological Association's (2007) define as "all forms of knowing and awareness, such as perceiving, conceiving, remembering, reasoning, judging, imagining and problem solving." BIB001 Simple definition of cognitive skills could be that these are the skills that one has learnt and ability to learn further new knowledge. Cognitive skills and cognitive ability of people had a profound effect in making a successful adoption and implementation of an information system with great usability. The information technologies have greatly influenced on medical research, education, and healthcare delivery  . Therefore, medical schools should fit into place specialists to educate both students and tutors simultaneously; hence it is necessary to make additions and alterations in medical education accordingly BIB002 .