A survey on content-based retrieval for multimedia databases <s> Temporal Relations <s> An interval-based temporal logic is introduced, together with a computationally effective reasoning algorithm based on constraint propagation. This system is notable in offering a delicate balance between <s> BIB001 </s> A survey on content-based retrieval for multimedia databases <s> Temporal Relations <s> The presentation of Multimedia Objects requires simultaneous and/or sequential presentation of several representation types (text, graphics, images, audio and video sequences). Therefore the presentation has to he structured and the temporal relations of different actions have to be described. The temporal relations are realized by applying synchronization mechanisms. In this paper a general synchronization model for the description of presentation sequences of Multimedia Objects is introduced. This model is applied to the Open Document Architecture (ODA) Standard and ODA Extensions are defined to integrate temporal relationships into ODA. <s> BIB002 </s> A survey on content-based retrieval for multimedia databases <s> Temporal Relations <s> A video-object data model and the design and implementation of a prototype video-object database system named OVID based on the model are described. Notable features of the video-object data model are a mechanism to share common descriptional data among video-objects, called interval-inclusion based inheritance, and operations to composite video-objects. The OVID system offers a browsing/inspection tool called VideoChart, and adhoc query facility called VideoSQL, and a video-object definition tool. > <s> BIB003 </s> A survey on content-based retrieval for multimedia databases <s> Temporal Relations <s> Multimedia data often have time dependencies that must be satisfied at presentation time. To support a general-purpose multimedia information system, these timing relationships must be managed to provide utility to both the data presentation system and the multimedia author. New conceptual models for capturing these timing relationships, and managing them as part of a database are proposed. Specifically, n-ary and reverse temporal relations are introduced and defined along with their temporal constraints. These new relations are a generalization of earlier temporal models and establish the basis for conceptual database structures and temporal access control algorithms to facilitate forward, reverse, and partial-interval evaluation during multimedia object playout. The proposed relations are defined to ensure a property of monotonically increasing playout deadlines to facilitate both real-time deadline-driven playout scheduling or optimistic interval-based process playout. A translation of the conceptual models to a structure suitable for a relational database is presented. > <s> BIB004 </s> A survey on content-based retrieval for multimedia databases <s> Temporal Relations <s> A blowout preventer assembly for sealing off a well blowout within the confines of the drill stem is disclosed. The blowout preventer assembly comprises an elongated collar member which is located around and is slidable along a section of the drill pipe. Each end of the collar member has an expandable portion made of rubber or the like, which is capable of being expanded to the width of the drill pipe casing. Fixedly attached to the section of drill pipe at a location above the slidable collar member is a rigid metal collar section having around its circumference a plurality of equally-spaced wing flanges tapering down from a right angle at the top of the fixed collar to a slope at the lower end thereof. The sudden pressure surge of the blowout forces the slidable member upwardly so that the rubberized end portion thereof engages and is expanded outwardly into contact with the inner wall of the well casing by means of the sloping flange wings of the fixed collar, thus sealing off the space between the drill pipe and well casing, and in effect, stopping the surge of the blowout at that point. <s> BIB005
Recent studies related to representation and management of temporal relation assume video related applications such as VOD or video databases. There are two main approaches for representing temporal relations between multimedia objects: One is a point-based representation, and the other is an interval-based representation. The point-based representation represents the position of objects by points on timeline, whereas the interval-based representation represents the relatedness of objects by means of the intervals of their occurrences. Most of the studies that manage temporal relation between component video objects are based on the interval-based model. In OVID BIB003 , video objects are defined as a sequence of video objects represented by intervals, and a video object may consists of several sequences of continuous video frames. The modeling provides two operations, i.e., merge and overlap, for manipulating video objects. Textual annotation that denotes the contents of the video object as part of the definition of each video object is also merged/overlapped. Querying a video object in OVID enables both frame-based and interval-based specification. Gibbs et al.  takes a timed Petri net based representation of component objects. This study considers temporally sequential representation of component objects. Therefore, it cannot give a natural representation of a condition of temporally overlapped components. Meanwhile, BIB001 discussed interval-based temporal relations; before, equal, meets, overlaps, during, starts, and finishes. Little and Ghafoor BIB004 extended basic binary temporal relations discussed in BIB001 to n-ary temporal relations, and discussed reverse relations of them. Hopner BIB002 also follows Allen's definition of basic temporal relations. In his approach, a document is defined with a tree structure, where a parent node contains the definition of temporal relations. Interval-based temporal relations referred to in the above studies are close to editing/construction of a story of video frames and more perceptible to human compared with point-based representation. That is, the representation is desirable for retrieval of temporal relations of components in the area of video databases. However, intervalbased temporal relations can be translated into point-based relations or vise versa. Comparison of an interval-based query with a point-based query is discussed in BIB005 .