The Application of Biomedical Engineering Techniques to the Diagnosis and Management of Tropical Diseases: A Review <s> Summary <s> Abstract We studied 17 consecutive patients of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever/Dengue Shock Syndrome (DHF/DSS) to assess cardiac function by radionuclide ventriculography, echocardiography and electrocardiography (ECG) during the epidemic of Dengue virus type-2 (DEN-2) in Delhi, India (1996). Case definitions laid down by the WHO were followed. Fourteen patients were seropositive for Dengue infection. In radionuclide ventriculography study, the mean left-ventricular ejection fraction was 41.69 (5.04% (range 33–49%) and 7 patients had an ejection fraction less than 40%, global hypokinesia was detected in 12 (70.59%) patients. In echocardiography, the mean ejection fraction was 47.06 (3.8%). Eight patients had Dengue Shock Syndrome and the mean ejection fraction was 39.63% (4.97% in radionuclide ventriculography, out of which 5 patients had an ejection fraction below 40%. To find out the nature of myocardial involvement, 99m Tc-pyrophosphate imaging was done in 4 patients and it was discontinued further because no myocardial necrosis was detected in those patients. Five patients had ST and T changes in the electrocardiogram, radionuclide ventriculography and echocardiography revealed no abnormalities after 3 weeks of follow up and the ejection fraction was more than 50% in all cases. Global hypokinesia also improved and ECG changes reverted back to normal within 3 weeks. Acute reversible cardiac insult may be noticed in Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever/Dengue Shock Syndrome and could be responsible for hypotension/shock seen in some of these patients. Further studies are required to establish the pathogenic mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction in patients with Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever/Dengue Shock Syndrome. <s> BIB001 </s> The Application of Biomedical Engineering Techniques to the Diagnosis and Management of Tropical Diseases: A Review <s> Summary <s> During studies of the pathogenesis of dengue shock syndrome, a condition largely confined to childhood and characterized by a systemic increase in vascular permeability, we observed that healthy controls, age-matched to children with dengue shock syndrome, gave high values of filtration capacity (K(f)), a factor describing vascular permeability. We hypothesized that K(f) might be age dependent. Calf K(f) was studied in 89 healthy Vietnamese subjects aged 5 to 77 years. The K(f) was highest in the youngest children [7. 53 (1.96-15.46) K(f)U; median (range); where the units of K(f), K(f)U=ml.min(-1).100 ml(-1).mmHg(-1)]. Values were 3- to 4-fold lower towards the end of the second decade [4.69 (1.91-7.06) K(f)U]. Young mammals are known to have a larger microvascular surface area per unit volume of skeletal muscle than adults. During development the proportion of developing vessels is greater. Moreover, the novel microvessels are known to be more permeable to water and plasma proteins than when mature. These factors may explain why children more readily develop hypovolaemic shock than adults in dengue haemorrhagic fever and other conditions characterized by increased microvascular permeability. <s> BIB002 </s> The Application of Biomedical Engineering Techniques to the Diagnosis and Management of Tropical Diseases: A Review <s> Summary <s> The scattering characteristics of the malaria byproduct hemozoin, including its scattering distribution and depolarization, are modeled using Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) and compared to those of healthy red blood cells. Scattering (or dark-field) spectroscopy and imaging are used to identify hemozoin in fresh rodent blood samples. A new detection method is proposed and demonstrated using dark-field in conjunction with cross-polarization imaging and spectroscopy. SNRs greater than 50:1 are achieved for hemozoin in fresh blood without the addition of stains or reagents. The potential of such a detection system is discussed. <s> BIB003
The summaries of biomedical engineering techniques in dengue disease are listed in Tables 2-4.  Table 2 summarizes the biomedical engineering techniques of ultrasound, echocardiography and electrocardiography (ECG), strain gauge plethysmography, laser Doppler velocimetry and bioelectrical impedance in dengue disease. Table 3 summarizes the biomedical engineering techniques in dengue clinical decision support systems. Table 4 summarizes the biomedical engineering techniques for dengue fever detection using microfluidic lab-on-a-disc (LOD), lab-on-a-chip (LOC), and paper-based platforms. No signs of pericardial effusion could be determined on physical examination of DHF patients associated with severe shock. However echocardiogram results were able to clearly show a small amount of fluid. Wali et al. BIB001 1998 Assessment of cardiac function of DHF and DSS patients Radionuclide ventriculography, echocardiography, and ECG Acute reversible cardiac insult may be noticed in DHF/DSS and could be responsible for hypotension/shock seen in some patients. Yusoff et al.  1993 Investigation of echocardiograms and ECGs in healthy and dengue patients Echocardiography and electrocardiography (ECG) ECG and echocardiographic abnormalities are common during the acute phase of DHF which can be used as early detection Gamble et al. BIB002 2000 Investigation of age-related changes in microvascular permeability in dengue patients The summary of biomedical engineering techniques in malaria disease is listed in Table 5 . Using a cavity perturbation technique, significant difference of the conductivity can be detected between malaria infected blood samples and normal healthy samples at frequencies of 2 to 3 GHz. Wilson et al. BIB003 2011 Assessment of dark-field reflection-mode and cross polarization microscopy in malaria detection Bioelectrical Hemozoin (found in malaria parasite) has a light scattering effect that doubles the contrast in cross polarized microscopy images The summary of biomedical engineering techniques in cholera disease is listed in Table 6 . Table 6 . Summary of biomedical engineering techniques in cholera disease. The summary of biomedical engineering techniques in schistosomiasis disease is listed in Table 7 . Table 7 . Cont. The summary of biomedical engineering techniques in lymphatic filariasis disease is listed in Table 8 .  The summary of the biomedical engineering technique in Ebola disease is listed in Table 9 .  The summary of the biomedical engineering technique in leprosy disease is listed in Table 10 . Table 10 . Summary of the biomedical engineering technique in leprosy disease. The summary of the biomedical engineering technique in Leishmaniasis disease is listed in Table 11 .  The summary of biomedical engineering techniques in Chagas disease is listed in Table 12 . 