A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Antibiotic Resistance <s> Purpose – The authors perform a large‐scale literature review and use conceptual theory building to introduce the concept of sustainability to the field of supply chain management and demonstrate the relationships among environmental, social, and economic performance within a supply chain management context.Design/methodology/approach – Conceptual theory building is used to develop a framework and propositions representing a middle theory of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM).Findings – The authors introduce the concept of sustainability – the integration of environmental, social, and economic criteria that allow an organization to achieve long‐term economic viability – to the logistics literature, and position sustainability within the broader rubric of SSCM. They then present a framework of SSCM and develop research propositions based on resource dependence theory, transaction cost economics, population ecology, and the resource‐based view of the firm. The authors conclude by discussing manageri... <s> BIB001 </s> A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Antibiotic Resistance <s> ABSTRACT Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide health risk, but the influence of animal agriculture on the genetic context and enrichment of individual antibiotic resistance alleles remains unclear. Using quantitative PCR followed by amplicon sequencing, we quantified and sequenced 44 genes related to antibiotic resistance, mobile genetic elements, and bacterial phylogeny in microbiomes from U.S. laboratory swine and from swine farms from three Chinese regions. We identified highly abundant resistance clusters: groups of resistance and mobile genetic element alleles that cooccur. For example, the abundance of genes conferring resistance to six classes of antibiotics together with class 1 integrase and the abundance of IS 6100 -type transposons in three Chinese regions are directly correlated. These resistance cluster genes likely colocalize in microbial genomes in the farms. Resistance cluster alleles were dramatically enriched (up to 1 to 10% as abundant as 16S rRNA) and indicate that multidrug-resistant bacteria are likely the norm rather than an exception in these communities. This enrichment largely occurred independently of phylogenetic composition; thus, resistance clusters are likely present in many bacterial taxa. Furthermore, resistance clusters contain resistance genes that confer resistance to antibiotics independently of their particular use on the farms. Selection for these clusters is likely due to the use of only a subset of the broad range of chemicals to which the clusters confer resistance. The scale of animal agriculture and its wastes, the enrichment and horizontal gene transfer potential of the clusters, and the vicinity of large human populations suggest that managing this resistance reservoir is important for minimizing human risk. IMPORTANCE Agricultural antibiotic use results in clusters of cooccurring resistance genes that together confer resistance to multiple antibiotics. The use of a single antibiotic could select for an entire suite of resistance genes if they are genetically linked. No links to bacterial membership were observed for these clusters of resistance genes. These findings urge deeper understanding of colocalization of resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in resistance islands and their distribution throughout antibiotic-exposed microbiomes. As governments seek to combat the rise in antibiotic resistance, a balance is sought between ensuring proper animal health and welfare and preserving medically important antibiotics for therapeutic use. Metagenomic and genomic monitoring will be critical to determine if resistance genes can be reduced in animal microbiomes, or if these gene clusters will continue to be coselected by antibiotics not deemed medically important for human health but used for growth promotion or by medically important antibiotics used therapeutically. <s> BIB002
Antibiotic resistance is emerging as a serious problem in food production sector, while clinical uses and misuses of antibiotics intensify the crisis  . Using antibiotics in food production not only broaden the role of agri-food supply chain just as a dispersal route for resistant bacteria and resistance genes, but also as an incentive for the sharing of resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer BIB002 . Resistant bacteria not only can cause contamination during the processing food products, but also can increase transmission route between humans  . The final result of the spread of resistant bacteria through food production is that human may be directly exposed to various bacteria from farmed animals  . International food standards highlight that it is necessary to consider the selecting and disseminating of foodborne resistance in food production risk analysis. Natural disasters can affect agri-food supply chains for several growing seasons. These risks normally cause the following results: short-term food productions reduce, food price increases, infrastructure destruction that impedes the goods transportation, information diffuse, service provided. Smith et al.  conducted a case study of flooding risk in Australia's food supply chains. They find that besides the damage to crops and farmland, more serious impact is on food delivery, which means that food cannot be delivered through normal routes. In some cases, flooding increases another 1000 km compared to the usual trip. Carter and Rogers BIB001 find that conservation tillage practices will be influenced by the drought risks in the following few years.