A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Mobility Management in 5G: <s> The explosive growth of the demand for higher data rates in mobile networks have been mainly driven by the increasing use of cloud based applications by smartphones. This has led the industry to investigate new radio access technologies to be deployed as part of 5G networks, while providing mechanisms to manage user mobility and traffic in a more efficient manner. In this paper, we consider a mobility and traffic management mechanism that proposes a close interaction between the cloud data servers and the radio access network to enable efficient network operation. Such a management mechanism is enabled by utilizing the application-dependent delay tolerance properties of the cloud data, with the delay values conveyed to the radio access network and UE to manage the service requests for the cloud data. The mechanism was evaluated using LTE-Advanced heterogeneous network scenario and 5G dense-urban information society scenario from EU FP7 METIS project, and relative gains in terms of packet delays and throughput values are presented. The results indicate significant gains using the proposed management mechanism as compared to the reference case where no such enhancements are used. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Mobility Management in 5G: <s> An intelligent network infrastructure is proposed to provide best user experience in a heterogeneous environment. This infrastructure, leveraging SDN, NFV, and cloud-based technologies, which play a key role in service differentiation at a very low granularity level, supports user session continuity, through seamless per-flow handovers, while implementing dynamic policy management schemes. The framework takes advantage of dynamic flow reconfiguration capabilities to enable mobility mechanisms based on physical to virtual address encapsulation and tunnelling executed by a simple flow table entry update. Policies may be defined by networks, users, devices, and applications, including also security-related policies. The proposed virtualized network infrastructure, using dynamic information from layer 2 and 3, along with the mobility mechanisms, and the policy-based logic make intelligent, context-aware decisions on how and when to use each network access, in what combination, and in a secure manner. This approach provides user and mobile node independence, from network and access technologies, rendering changes in network availability invisible to the user rather than leading to application failures, as they do today. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Mobility Management in 5G: <s> One of the fundamental requirements of the next generation 5G networks is to support seamless mobility over an heterogeneous access network by design. The shift from host-based to content-based location-independent communication makes Information-Centric Networking (ICN) an appealing technology to provide not only mobility, but also security and storage as native properties of the network architecture. Previous work in ICN literature focused on name-based mobility management solutions and particularly on the challenges of producer mobility, which involves an interaction between forwarding and control plane. In this paper, we consider the security implications of producer mobility in ICN and we highlight the importance of securing producer to network interactions. We focus on the problem of prefix hijacking: a class of attacks that can be exploited to threaten both the security of the ICN networks and the privacy of its users. To prevent this class of attacks, we propose a fully distributed and very low-overhead protocol for name prefix attestation based on hash-chaining. First results show order of magnitudes improvement in verification latency with respect to signature verification, the leading alternative approach to thwart prefix hijacking attacks. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Mobility Management in 5G: <s> Abstract The upcoming 5G era emphasizes on a dramatic increase in the transmission rate of smartphone traffic. With more users operating at high rates, the type of data shared over the network is going to be complex and a majority of it will include video traffic. Such complex structure of traffic and heavy load over the components of the network are difficult to control. Further, the mobility of users adds up to this issue and makes it difficult to manage and operate the network without any breakdown. Thus, it important to control traffic as well as manage the mobility of users to provide efficient communication, which can support video traffic at high delivery rates. This paper proposes a novel resource-based mobility management approach for 5G networks comprising video users. A novel resource sharing paradigm, termed as “Catalytic Computing”, provides efficient management of user mobility as well as network resources. The proposed approach relies on Homogeneous discrete Markov model for user mobility patterns and a novel n-step algorithm for congestion prediction and selection of optimal routes between the serving terminals. An activation energy based handover mechanism is also presented in this paper, which reduces the handover latency in comparison with the existing solutions. The evaluation presented in the paper suggests that the proposed approach provides a minimum of 5.9 ms, maximum of 9.1 ms and an average of 6.5 ms latency during handoffs. <s> BIB004 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Mobility Management in 5G: <s> Due to the expectedly higher density of mobile devices and exhaust of radio resources, the fifth generation (5G) mobile networks introduce small cell concept in the radio access technologies, so-called Small Cell Networks (SCNs), to improve radio spectrum utilization. However, this increases the chance of handover due to smaller coverage of a micro base station, i.e., home eNodeB (HeNB) in 5G. Subsequently, the latency will increase as the costs of authenticated key exchange protocol, which ensures entity authentication and communication confidentiality for secure handover, also increase totally. Thus, this work presents a secure region-based handover scheme (ReHand) with user anonymity and fast revocation for SCNs in 5G. ReHand greatly reduces the communication costs when UEs roam between small cells within the region of a macro base station, i.e., eNB in 5G, and the computation costs due to the employment of symmetry-based cryptographic operations. Compared to the three elaborated related works, ReHand dramatically reduces the costs from 82.92% to 99.99%. Nevertheless, this work demonstrates the security of ReHand by theoretically formal proofs. <s> BIB005 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Mobility Management in 5G: <s> Distributed mobility management (DMM) requires a flattened cellular network architecture to meet ever-increasing traffic demands of mobile users. In order to get rid of centralized mobility entities, it is desirable to manage locations of mobile nodes (MNs) in a distributed but secure and fault-tolerant manner. To address such issues, in this paper, we propose a secure and fault-tolerant mechanism for DMM. The proposed mechanism utilizes a distributed hash table of access nodes for distributed location management, and a ticket-reuse approach is adopted for improving authentication performance while providing secure authentication of the MNs. We present an analytical model to calculate the processing time of a location query. We have evaluated the proposed security mechanism in terms of authentication latency and a number of authentication messages required for secure handover. Analysis results confirm that the proposed mechanism outperforms the popular existing authentication protocol, EAP-TLS, in a DMM environment. <s> BIB006 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Mobility Management in 5G: <s> Modern fog network architectures, empowered by IoT applications and 5G communications technologies, are characterized by the presence of a huge number of mobile nodes, which undergo frequent handovers, introducing a significant load on the involved network entities. Considering the distributed and flat nature of these architectures, DMM can be the only viable option for efficiently managing handovers in these scenarios. The existing DMM solutions are capable of providing smooth handovers, but lack robustness from the security point of view. Indeed, DMM depends on external mechanisms for handover security and uses a centralized device, which has obvious security and performance implications in flat architectures where hierarchical dependencies can introduce problems. We propose a new DMM schema based on the blockchain, capable of resolving hierarchical security issues without affecting the network layout, and also satisfying fully distributed security requirements with less consumption of energy. <s> BIB007
The 5G network imposes a high data rate transmission in the communication and delivery of services. The high data rates can be achieved through better traffic control and mobility management. Various technologies in-corporated handover as a key concept for mobility management. For the better communication in the 5G scenario, various researches have been conducted for mobility management with the security consideration of the communications. In the era of mobility management in 5G, Sharma et al. BIB004 presented a resource based mobility management scheme. The proposed solution is based on the catalytic computing. The authors used a Homogeneous Discrete Markov model for analyzing mobility patterns of the user and congestion control algorithm. The handover mechanism is presented on the basis of activation energy. Furthermore, for the handover schemes for the 5G networks, Sharma et al. [71] presented a secure key exchange and authentication protocol for fast handover in the 5G Xhaul networks. The proposed protocol provides security over the links for the moving terminals in the networks. The authors discussed the security of the Backhaul, fronthaul and Xhaul. You and Lee  gave a ticket based handover approach for the 5G networks. The proposed mechanisms rely on the concept of reducing messages involved in the authentication procedure with the authentication server. The user anonymity in the handover is considered by Fan et al. BIB005 in their ReHand scheme. Their scheme reduces the communication cost compared with the existing solutions. Munir et al. BIB006 presented a secure fault tolerance mechanism for 5G networks based on the concept of the distributed hash table of access nodes and ticket-reuse approach. The authors presented an analytical model for analyzing the processing time of a location query with the minimum authentication latency. To support Distributed Mobility Management (DMM), Sharma et al. BIB007 developed a Blockchain-based DMM handover scheme. Their solution focused on the resolution of hierarchical security issues without affecting the network layout. Some other solutions can be studied from Refs BIB001  BIB002 BIB003 . In short, 5G should be adopted with a reliable and scalable architecture for the mobility management to support a high data rate with the minimum delays and latency. The details of comparison between the state-of-the-art solutions for secure mobility management in 5G Networks in presented in Table 3 . 