A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Taxonomy of Secure Routing Protocols <s> Lifetime optimization and security are two important design issues for multi-hop wireless sensor networks with non-replenishable energy resources. In this research, we propose a novel secure and energy aware (SEAR) routing protocol to address these two issues concurrently through balanced energy consumption and probabilistic random walking. SEAR is designed with two configurable parameters, energy balance control (EBC) and security level. EBC is used to enforce energy balance and increase the lifetime. Security level is designed to determine the probabilistic distribution of the random walking that provides routing security. The security level can be defined by the message source on a message level, or on a system level. Theoretical analysis and OPNET simulation results show that the proposed SEAR can provide excellent balance between routing efficiency and energy consumption while preventing routing traceback attacks. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Taxonomy of Secure Routing Protocols <s> WSNs are multihop networks, which depend on the intermediate nodes to relay the data packet to the destination. These nodes are equipped with lesser memory, limited battery power, little computation capability, small range of communication and need a secured and efficient routing path to forward the incoming packet. In this paper, we propose a secure cluster based multipath routing protocol (SCMRP). Researchers have proposed clustered sensor networks to increase the efficiency (i.e. increase system throughput, save energy and decrease system delay by data aggregation) and multipath sensor networks to increase the resilience and reliability of the network. The SCMRP is the combination of these two sensor networks; therefore, it provides efficiency as well as reliability and the proper use of cryptographic algorithm provides sufficient security to the sensor network. SCMRP provides security against various attacks like altering the routing information, selective forwarding attack, sinkhole attack, wormhole attack, Sybil attack etc. Further, we have provided a brief analysis to various issues related to key management, orphan nodes, security and energy efficiency. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Taxonomy of Secure Routing Protocols <s> A wireless sensor network consists of several sensor nodes strewn over a large geographic area and base station. Depending upon the routing model used data collected by the sensor node are routed through several hops of the network to the base station. Before a new node becomes operational the base station verifies its authenticity for security reasons. We call this phase as secure joining of a node. The process of secure joining can be as simple as allowing a new node to join by simply verifying its MAC-ID in plain text. However, this simple secure joining is prone to many attacks and therefore, not acceptable to many organizations requiring high grade of security. On the other hand stringent process of secure joining such as multi-level verification of authentication credentials in a secure channel comes with a cost in terms of energy consumption. In this paper we propose a stringent secure joining method which uses the concept of certificate less PKI and symmetric key and goes through multi-level authentication for prevention of flooding attack. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Taxonomy of Secure Routing Protocols <s> The objective of energy efficient routing protocol is to increase the operational lifetime of the wireless sensor networks. Multipath routing protocols enhance the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks by distributing traffic among multiple paths instead of a single optimal path. Transmission of secured data is also an important research concern in the wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a secure node disjoint multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks is proposed. Here, the data packets are transmitted in a secure manner by using the digital signature crypto system. It is compared with an ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing protocol. It shows better results in terms of packet delivery fraction, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay compared to the ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing. <s> BIB004 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Taxonomy of Secure Routing Protocols <s> Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been a subject of extensive research and have undergone explosive growth in the last few years. WSNs utilize collaborative measures such as data gathering, aggregation, processing, and management of sensing activities for enhanced performance. In order to communicate with the sink node, node having low power may have to traverse multi-hops. This requires neighbors' nodes to be used as relays. However, if the relay nodes are compromised or malicious, they may leak confidential information to unauthorized nodes in the WSN. Moreover, in many WSN applications, the deployment of sensor nodes is carried out in an ad-hoc fashion without careful examination. In such networks it is desirable to ensure the source to sink privacy and maximize the lifetime of the network, by finding secure energy-efficient route discovery and forwarding mechanisms. Careful management is also necessary, as processing required for secure routing is distributed over multiple nodes. An important consideration in this regard is energy-aware secure routing, which is significant in ensuring smooth operation of WSNs. As, these networks deal in sensitive data and are vulnerable to attack, it is important to make them secure against various types of threats. However, resource constraints could make the design, deployment and management of large WSNs a challenging proposition. The purpose of this paper is to highlight routing based security threats, provide a detailed assessment of existing solutions and present a Trust-based Energy Efficient Secure Routing Protocol (TEESR). The paper also highlights future research directions in of secure routing in multi-hop WSNs. <s> BIB005 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Taxonomy of Secure Routing Protocols <s> Wireless sensor networks are facing many challenges such as the limited resource in processing power, storage and energy. The limited energy resource is one of the main challenges facing the security in such networks. This paper aims to improve the current security mechanisms in wireless sensor networks as well as reducing power consumption. LEACH protocol provides an energy routing protocol. However, it doesn't cover the security problems. Alternatively, this paper aims to provide an improved secure and more energy efficient routing protocol called LS-LEACH (Lightweight Secure LEACH). Authentication algorithm is integrated to assure data integrity, authenticity and availability. Furthermore, this paper shows the improvement over LEACH protocol that makes it secure and how to make it more energy efficient to reduce the effect of the overhead energy consumption from the added security measures. <s> BIB006 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Taxonomy of Secure Routing Protocols <s> Security of wireless sensor networks (WSN) is an important feature, as they are used in critical applications such as surveillance, monitoring, tracking and controlling etc. Secure and reliable communication is highly important in delivering critical information correctly and in-time by low-powered sensor motes (SM). Many secure WSNs protocols have been proposed but they have focused primarily on denial-of-communication at the routing or medium access control levels. Although WSNs have interesting distinctiveness (i.e., minimum set-up cost, unattended network operation), and because of the wireless medium (i.e., there are no gateways or routers to observe data flow), the security of these networks is the main issue, particularly when privacy is the main theme. Secure communication in WSNs reclines in the security of their routing protocols. However, resource bound security solutions are needed for WSNs. This paper has proposed novel security mechanism by combining features of two security architectures in WSNs, i.e., TESLA from SPINE and Bloom Filters (BF) from MiniSec. We have used TOSSIM for simulation and showed that our proposed mechanism perform better than other security schemes. <s> BIB007 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Taxonomy of Secure Routing Protocols <s> Wired network nodes have direct connection with the power source. But wireless sensor nodes depend on the on-board battery for power. Two different things can be done to increase the operational lifetime of the WSN. First one is efficient energy utilization. Second one is attachment of power generating devices. This paper proceeds with efficient energy utilization by proposing a new multipath routing protocol called tS EL(Secure Energy Efficient Load Balancing Multipath Routing Protocol with Transmission Power Adjustment). Single path routing protocols may lead to holes in the network due to improper load distribution among the nodes. Multi path routing protocols will lead to better load balancing than single path routing protocols. tSEL protocol selects node disjoint multiple paths and shares load among the paths effectively by following a new load sharing mechanism. tS EL provides security through RS A public key algorithm and MD5 hash algorithm. <s> BIB008 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Taxonomy of Secure Routing Protocols <s> In wireless sensor networks, it is crucial to design and employ energy-efficient communication protocols, since nodes are battery-powered and thus their lifetimes are limited. Such constraints combined with a great number of applications used in these networks, pose many challenges (limited energy, low security…) to the design and management of wireless sensor networks. These challenges necessitate a great attention. In this paper, we present a new version of Directed Diffusion routing protocol which provides both security and energy efficiency together in wireless sensor networks. <s> BIB009 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Taxonomy of Secure Routing Protocols <s> Lifetime optimization and security are two conflicting design issues for multi-hop wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with non-replenishable energy resources. In this paper, we first propose a novel secure and efficient Cost-Aware SEcure Routing (CASER) protocol to address these two conflicting issues through two adjustable parameters: energy balance control (EBC) and probabilistic-based random walking. We then discover that the energy consumption is severely disproportional to the uniform energy deployment for the given network topology, which greatly reduces the lifetime of the sensor networks. To solve this problem, we propose an efficient non-uniform energy deployment strategy to optimize the lifetime and message delivery ratio under the same energy resource and security requirement. We also provide a quantitative security analysis on the proposed routing protocol. Our theoretical analysis and OPNET simulation results demonstrate that the proposed CASER protocol can provide an excellent tradeoff between routing efficiency and energy balance, and can significantly extend the lifetime of the sensor networks in all scenarios. For the non-uniform energy deployment, our analysis shows that we can increase the lifetime and the total number of messages that can be delivered by more than four times under the same assumption. We also demonstrate that the proposed CASER protocol can achieve a high message delivery ratio while preventing routing traceback attacks. <s> BIB010
We divided the secure routing protocols into two different categories one is a cluster base and second is none cluster based figure 1. In the cluster bases routing, a network is divided into sub structures we call it cluster, for the coordination of sub-structure every node in network have its own cluster head. It is also used to transfer data among the nodes in the network. In none cluster base approaches there is no cluster in the network they use approaches other than this approach. Then we further subdivided these two categories into three subcategories. One is symmetric key cryptography second is asymmetric key cryptography and third is hybrid. In symmetric key cryptography it encrypt the message using same key also use the same key for decryption of the message. In asymmetric key cryptography, it encrypts the message using same key also use the same key for decryption of the message. In asymmetric key cryptography, two different keys are used. One is public key other is private key. In hybrid, both asymmetric and symmetric cryptography approaches are used. Table 2 provides a qualitative comparison of the existing secure routing protocols of WSNs. For this purpose, we have used the following parameters: 1) protocol type, 2) protocol classification, 3) security assumption, and 4) environmental assumptions According to this table, Lata et al. BIB005 , and Alshowkan et al. BIB006 have adopted the cluster based symmetric key cryptography approach for the security of routing protocols. Whereas, Tang et al. BIB010 , Tingting et al. BIB001 , and Khan BIB007 have adopted none cluster based symmetric key cryptography approach. Kumar et al. BIB002 have adopted the cluster based asymmetric cryptography approach, whereas D'Souza et al. BIB004 , Yuvaraju and K. Rani et al. BIB008 have adopted the none cluster-based asymmetric cryptographic approach. To overcome the drawbacks of symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic approaches, Belkadi et al. BIB009 , and Kalita et al. BIB003 have adopted the hybrid approach to secure the routing protocol. This comparison gives us the clear idea of different approaches for secure routing protocols and how to deal with these security issues using appropriate approach, which is efficient, secure, easy to use and less costly. In the neighbour authentication approach will avoid unnecessary packets moving in the network, For communication there will no session key, any node can authenticate the message using the public key which is in the store.