Error Augmented Robotic Rehabilitation of the Upper Limb - A Review <s> Success of Error augmented Visual Feedback Trials <s> BackgroundIt is common for individuals with chronic disabilities to continue using the compensatory movement coordination due to entrenched habits, increased perception of task difficulty, or personality variables such as low self-efficacy or a fear of failure. Following our previous work using feedback distortion in a virtual rehabilitation environment to increase strength and range of motion, we address the use of visual feedback distortion environment to alter movement coordination patterns.MethodsFifty-one able-bodied subjects participated in the study. During the experiment, each subject learned to move their index finger and thumb in a particular target pattern while receiving visual feedback. Visual distortion was implemented as a magnification of the error between the thumb and/or index finger position and the desired position. The error reduction profile and the effect of distortion were analyzed by comparing the mean total absolute error and a normalized error that measured performance improvement for each subject as a proportion of the baseline error.ResultsThe results of the study showed that (1) different coordination pattern could be trained with visual feedback and have the new pattern transferred to trials without visual feedback, (2) distorting individual finger at a time allowed different error reduction profile from the controls, and (3) overall learning was not sped up by distorting individual fingers.ConclusionIt is important that robotic rehabilitation incorporates multi-limb or finger coordination tasks that are important for activities of daily life in the near future. This study marks the first investigation on multi-finger coordination tasks under visual feedback manipulation. <s> BIB001 </s> Error Augmented Robotic Rehabilitation of the Upper Limb - A Review <s> Success of Error augmented Visual Feedback Trials <s> Recent research has suggested that enhanced retraining for stroke patients using haptics (robotic forces) and graphics (visual display) to generate a practice environment that can artificially enhance error rather than reducing it, can stimulate new learning and foster accelerated recovery. We present an evaluation of early results of this novel post-stroke robotic-aided therapy trial that incorporates these ideas in a large VR system and simultaneously employs the patient, the therapist, and the technology to accomplish effective therapy. <s> BIB002
The studies that used error augmentation in visual feedback, were significantly less than the ones that made use of error augmented haptic feedback. It should be noted that in three out four studies where visual feedback distortion was used, only able bodied participants were employed as such it is difficult to draw conclusions on whether the results would transfer to the motor impaired. Nevertheless, only one study BIB001 reports positive outcome when error was augmented in the visual feedback as it allowed a new coordination pattern to transfer to the trials with no feedback distortion and reduced error. Study BIB002 ) didn't provide statistically significant results but indicates that for some of the participants', error was reduced when they were exposed to error augmented training.