Evolution of biomedical ontologies and mappings: Overview of recent approaches <s> Evolution of multilingual ontologies and mappings <s> Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) is a freely available dictionary of molecular entities focused on ‘small’ chemical compounds. The molecular entities in question are either natural products or synthetic products used to intervene in the processes of living organisms. Genome-encoded macromolecules (nucleic acids, proteins and peptides derived from proteins by cleavage) are not as a rule included in ChEBI. In addition to molecular entities, ChEBI contains groups (parts of molecular entities) and classes of entities. ChEBI includes an ontological classification, whereby the relationships between molecular entities or classes of entities and their parents and/or children are specified. ChEBI is available online at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/. This article reports on new features in ChEBI since the last NAR report in 2007, including substructure and similarity searching, a submission tool for authoring of ChEBI datasets by the community and a 30-fold increase in the number of chemical structures stored in ChEBI. <s> BIB001 </s> Evolution of biomedical ontologies and mappings: Overview of recent approaches <s> Evolution of multilingual ontologies and mappings <s> Since the mid-90s, several quality-controlled health gateways were developed. In France, CISMeF is the leading health gateway. It indexes Internet resources from the main institutions, using the MeSH thesaurus and the Dublin Core metadata element set. Since 2005, the CISMeF Information System (IS) includes 24 health terminologies, classifications and thesauri for indexing and information retrieval. This work aims at creating a Health Multi-Terminology Portal (HMTP) and connect it to the CISMeF Terminology Database mainly for searching concepts and terms among all the health controlled vocabularies available in French (or in English and translated in French) and browsing it dynamically. To integrate the terminologies in the CISMeF IS, three steps are necessary: (1) designing a meta-model into which each terminology can be integrated, (2) developing a process to include terminologies into the HMTP, (3) building and integrating existing and new inter-terminology mappings into the HMTP. A total of 24 terminologies are included in the HMTP, with 575,300 concepts, 852,000 synonyms, 222,800 definitions and 1,180,000 relations. Heightteen of these terminologies are not included yet in the UMLS among them, some from the World Health Organization. Since January 2010, HMTP is daily used by CISMeF librarians to index in multi-terminology mode. A health multiterminology portal is a valuable tool helping the indexing and the retrieval of resources from a quality-controlled patient safety gateway. It can also be very useful for teaching or performing audits in terminology management. <s> BIB002 </s> Evolution of biomedical ontologies and mappings: Overview of recent approaches <s> Evolution of multilingual ontologies and mappings <s> Ontology indexes and repositories are important in the realization of the Semantic Web; however, the need has clearly moved to multilingual capabilities that are hard to offer when dealing with multiple ontologies, originally in different formats and contributed by an open community. In this paper, we present a roadmap for addressing the issues of dealing with multilingual or monolingual ontologies in BioPortal, the reference ontology repository in biomedicine, currently mostly English-oriented. We propose a set of representations to support multilingualism in the portal and to enable a complete use of the functionalities and services for any kind of ontologies and data. While encouraging the community to use the best available specifications to represent multilingual content e.g., Lemon; our objective is to handle multilingualism in a proper semantically rich and consistent manner in the ontology repository. We are currently deploying and implementing these representations in a local instance of BioPortal for French ontologies. <s> BIB003
Ontology and mapping evolution also need to deal with the maintenance of multilingual ontology mappings. Contrary to other domains, many ontologies in the life sciences are widely accepted as standards to encode data in different countries and to facilitate international data exchange among health professionals. For instance, this is the case for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) to encode diagnoses in different countries. BIB001 To support international usage, ontologies have been made available in a wide variety of natural languages BIB002 and there are ongoing efforts to provide translations for mono-lingual ontologies as highlighted by the road-map to obtain a multilingual BioPortal BIB003 . This requires to properly evolve several multilingual ontology versions and the associated cross-lingual ontology mappings  or ontology translation mappings BIB003 according to changes in the reference ("original") ontology. Basically one can distinguish two cases [61]: 1. A multilingual ontology covers different natural language representations using several concept labels. 2. Two mono-(or multi-) lingual ontology representations are interconnected by a translation mapping. For case (1) a concept label change in one language has to trigger label changes for other language representations of this label. For case (2) changes in the structure of one or both of the ontologies need to trigger adaptations in the multilingual translation mapping and possibly in the respective other ontology. The multilingual ontology mapping task differs from the adaptation of merged ontologies, where changes in several source ontologies need to be migrated into one merged version.