A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> Sensor networks are becoming closer towards wide-spread deployment so security issues become a vital concern. Selective forwarding attack is one of the harmful attacks against sensor networks and can affect the whole sensor network communication. The variety of defense approaches against selective forwarding attack is overwhelming. In this paper we have described all the existing defensive schemes according to our best knowledge against this attack along with their drawbacks, thus providing researchers a better understanding of the attack and current solution space. This paper also classifies proposed schemes according to their nature and defense. Nature of scheme classifies into Distributed and Centralized. Defense of scheme classifies into detection and prevention. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> Wireless sensor networks are facing many challenges such as the limited resource in processing power, storage and energy. The limited energy resource is one of the main challenges facing the security in such networks. This paper aims to improve the current security mechanisms in wireless sensor networks as well as reducing power consumption. LEACH protocol provides an energy routing protocol. However, it doesn't cover the security problems. Alternatively, this paper aims to provide an improved secure and more energy efficient routing protocol called LS-LEACH (Lightweight Secure LEACH). Authentication algorithm is integrated to assure data integrity, authenticity and availability. Furthermore, this paper shows the improvement over LEACH protocol that makes it secure and how to make it more energy efficient to reduce the effect of the overhead energy consumption from the added security measures. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been a subject of extensive research and have undergone explosive growth in the last few years. WSNs utilize collaborative measures such as data gathering, aggregation, processing, and management of sensing activities for enhanced performance. In order to communicate with the sink node, node having low power may have to traverse multi-hops. This requires neighbors' nodes to be used as relays. However, if the relay nodes are compromised or malicious, they may leak confidential information to unauthorized nodes in the WSN. Moreover, in many WSN applications, the deployment of sensor nodes is carried out in an ad-hoc fashion without careful examination. In such networks it is desirable to ensure the source to sink privacy and maximize the lifetime of the network, by finding secure energy-efficient route discovery and forwarding mechanisms. Careful management is also necessary, as processing required for secure routing is distributed over multiple nodes. An important consideration in this regard is energy-aware secure routing, which is significant in ensuring smooth operation of WSNs. As, these networks deal in sensitive data and are vulnerable to attack, it is important to make them secure against various types of threats. However, resource constraints could make the design, deployment and management of large WSNs a challenging proposition. The purpose of this paper is to highlight routing based security threats, provide a detailed assessment of existing solutions and present a Trust-based Energy Efficient Secure Routing Protocol (TEESR). The paper also highlights future research directions in of secure routing in multi-hop WSNs. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> Geographical Routing Technique is a new trend in Wireless Sensor Networks in which the sensor nodes are enabled using Global Positioning Systems(GPS). This helps to easily detect the position of their neighboring nodes. The power consumption is more in the existing routing algorithms, since the nodes build the routing tables and the neighboring node IDs are determined by searching the routing table. In this paper, we have proposed Secure Geographical Routing (SGR) algorithm in which the data traffic and energy consumption is minimized using single copy data transfer. In SGR, initially one copy is transmitted to the next node using greedy approach and another copy is preserved in the sending station. If acknowledgment is not received even after timeout then the second copy is transmitted. This dynamic single copy scheme reduces the data traffic in Wireless Sensor Networks. Security algorithms are incorporated in every sensor node to prevent any malicious node attack that disturb the normal functioning of the network. Simulation result shows that the performance of the proposed algorithm is better in terms of packet delivery probability and energy consumption in comparison with existing algorithms. <s> BIB004 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Introduction <s> Lifetime optimization and security are two conflicting design issues for multi-hop wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with non-replenishable energy resources. In this paper, we first propose a novel secure and efficient Cost-Aware SEcure Routing (CASER) protocol to address these two conflicting issues through two adjustable parameters: energy balance control (EBC) and probabilistic-based random walking. We then discover that the energy consumption is severely disproportional to the uniform energy deployment for the given network topology, which greatly reduces the lifetime of the sensor networks. To solve this problem, we propose an efficient non-uniform energy deployment strategy to optimize the lifetime and message delivery ratio under the same energy resource and security requirement. We also provide a quantitative security analysis on the proposed routing protocol. Our theoretical analysis and OPNET simulation results demonstrate that the proposed CASER protocol can provide an excellent tradeoff between routing efficiency and energy balance, and can significantly extend the lifetime of the sensor networks in all scenarios. For the non-uniform energy deployment, our analysis shows that we can increase the lifetime and the total number of messages that can be delivered by more than four times under the same assumption. We also demonstrate that the proposed CASER protocol can achieve a high message delivery ratio while preventing routing traceback attacks. <s> BIB005
Wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a large number of closely deployed sensors. There are various applications of WSNs like military, environment monitoring, surveillance, health care, and industrial monitoring. In WSNs, sensor nodes have limited storage, transmission range, network bandwidth, and energy. Due to resource constraint nature of sensor nodes, incorporating security features (e.g. encryption/decryption, authentication) is a challenging task. Depending on the security features, network performance (in terms of energy, memory, communication cost) can be degraded. In wireless sensor network, it is highly possible that during the transmission of a data from source to the destination it can be eavesdropped, captured and altered BIB001 . Thus, the security of the critical infrastructure of wireless sensor network is crucial and needs to be protected. Mostly, security issues in routing protocols do not get the copious attention and keeping the security in mind does not develop many routing protocols. In numerous applications, data is very essential; for example, if we are monitoring the weather forecasting using the WSNs, a malicious user can inject false information then the authentication of such information becomes a critical concern. Various researchers have adopted cryptographic approaches to avoid such attacks on the WSNs. In this paper, we focused on secure routing protocols BIB002 , BIB004 , BIB003 , BIB005 of WSNs. There are various security needs that a secure routing protocol should contain. For example,  Sensor nodes need to collaborate with each other to avoid attacks,  Sensor nodes need to communicate securely and data should be protected,  Information sent over the network should not be altered or modified by an adversary during transmission,  Availably of nodes should be ensured, and  Identities of the sender nodes should be verified. In this research paper, we classify the secure routing protocols into different categories based on security techniques and presented the taxonomy. Also, we have provided a qualitative comparison of the recent secure routing protocols of WSNs. We found out that researchers are applying the cluster and none cluster based cryptography approaches for the secure routing in WSNs. We also examined the existing techniques on the bases of their attributes such as, environmental and security assumptions, security approaches, protocol classification and protocol type. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 briefly describes the existing literature survey. Section 3 summarizes the network layer attacks. Section 4 presents a taxonomy of secure routing protocols. In section 5, we have provided a comparison of secure routing protocols. In section 6, we have discussed future challenges and issues. Finally, section 7 concludes the paper.