A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Preliminaries: Catalytic Computing <s> Abstract The recent advancements in the field of next generation mobile communication provides scope to a variety of new areas by connecting various devices through a common platform for data transfer. The addition of several applications like e-health monitoring, smart homes, surveillance etc can be managed from a remote location. It not only opens the door for new researches but also boost the requirement to secure the network from the eye of the potential attackers. In this paper, a detailed survey has been done on security issues and their possible solutions in Ultra Dense Networks for 5G wireless network architecture. With this, a detailed explanation about security issues of physical layer in Massive MIMO, Jamming, VANET and D2D have been provided with best efforts. Also, the description about the security flaws of spectrum shared, IoT devices have been explained. At the end, the architecture for security attacks in UDN has been proposed with proper thought process in the increasing order of their risk factor. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Preliminaries: Catalytic Computing <s> This paper presents a comprehensive survey of existing authentication and privacy-preserving schemes for 4G and 5G cellular networks. We start by providing an overview of existing surveys that deal with 4G and 5G communications, applications, standardization, and security. Then, we give a classification of threat models in 4G and 5G cellular networks in four categories, including, attacks against privacy, attacks against integrity, attacks against availability, and attacks against authentication. We also provide a classification of countermeasures into three types of categories, including, cryptography methods, humans factors, and intrusion detection methods. The countermeasures and informal and formal security analysis techniques used by the authentication and privacy preserving schemes are summarized in form of tables. Based on the categorization of the authentication and privacy models, we classify these schemes in seven types, including, handover authentication with privacy, mutual authentication with privacy, RFID authentication with privacy, deniable authentication with privacy, authentication with mutual anonymity, authentication and key agreement with privacy, and three-factor authentication with privacy. In addition, we provide a taxonomy and comparison of authentication and privacy-preserving schemes for 4G and 5G cellular networks in form of tables. Based on the current survey, several recommendations for further research are discussed at the end of this paper. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Preliminaries: Catalytic Computing <s> Abstract The upcoming 5G era emphasizes on a dramatic increase in the transmission rate of smartphone traffic. With more users operating at high rates, the type of data shared over the network is going to be complex and a majority of it will include video traffic. Such complex structure of traffic and heavy load over the components of the network are difficult to control. Further, the mobility of users adds up to this issue and makes it difficult to manage and operate the network without any breakdown. Thus, it important to control traffic as well as manage the mobility of users to provide efficient communication, which can support video traffic at high delivery rates. This paper proposes a novel resource-based mobility management approach for 5G networks comprising video users. A novel resource sharing paradigm, termed as “Catalytic Computing”, provides efficient management of user mobility as well as network resources. The proposed approach relies on Homogeneous discrete Markov model for user mobility patterns and a novel n-step algorithm for congestion prediction and selection of optimal routes between the serving terminals. An activation energy based handover mechanism is also presented in this paper, which reduces the handover latency in comparison with the existing solutions. The evaluation presented in the paper suggests that the proposed approach provides a minimum of 5.9 ms, maximum of 9.1 ms and an average of 6.5 ms latency during handoffs. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Preliminaries: Catalytic Computing <s> The advanced features of 5G mobile wireless network systems yield new security requirements and challenges. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the security of 5G wireless network systems compared with the traditional cellular networks. The paper starts with a review on 5G wireless networks particularities as well as on the new requirements and motivations of 5G wireless security. The potential attacks and security services are summarized with the consideration of new service requirements and new use cases in 5G wireless networks. The recent development and the existing schemes for the 5G wireless security are presented based on the corresponding security services, including authentication, availability, data confidentiality, key management, and privacy. This paper further discusses the new security features involving different technologies applied to 5G, such as heterogeneous networks, device-to-device communications, massive multiple-input multiple-output, software-defined networks, and Internet of Things. Motivated by these security research and development activities, we propose a new 5G wireless security architecture, based on which the analysis of identity management and flexible authentication is provided. As a case study, we explore a handover procedure as well as a signaling load scheme to show the advantages of the proposed security architecture. The challenges and future directions of 5G wireless security are finally summarized. <s> BIB004
Catalytic computing is obtained from the principle of catalysis. In chemistry, catalysis involves the addition of a substance or material to move forward a reaction, where the added substance or material gets used by components of the chemical reaction. In the catalysis procedure, the substance which plays a significant role in the acceleration of chemical reactions is known as catalysts. The principal of catalysis is used with a network for providing efficient resource sharing without affecting the operations of other components and without concerning its own performance. As given in BIB003 , the catalytic computing can be considered as a new paradigm to provide efficient resource sharing in wireless networks comprising users with high mobility. The authors used a Homogeneous Discrete Markov model for user mobility patterns to decide on the applicability of catalytic computing, selection of catalyst and procedures to fixate the activation energy. Furthermore, the authors present future aspect of newly coined paradigm for solving the problems like multi-network optimization problems, spectrum-sharing decision systems, scheduling problems, priority-based swarm communication, etc. The standard process of catalysis and catalytic computing paradigm are illustrated in the Fig. 4 . The catalyst in catalytic computing has the most important role to play and it operates between the entities allowing efficient management and utilization of network resources. The network cata-lysts are the supporting entities which facilitate the network activity and allow zero-downtime services to the users by acting as a decision system. The catalytic computing obeys the properties of the catalysis process and supports continuous decisions through centralized or distributed operations. Over the last few years, various surveys have been published on the security issues and the challenges of 5G networks. Chopra et al. BIB001 discussed the security issues of the physical layer in Massive-MIMO, Jamming, Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET), and D2D along with challenges and solutions for 5G ultra-dense wireless networks. The authors find the attacking regions in the ultra-dense networks. The authors also presented the types of jammers and their countermeasures. Ferrag et al. BIB002 discussed the authentication and privacy-preserving schemes in 5G. The authors presented the classification of the threat models and respective countermeasures against the attacks. Fang et al. BIB004 discussed the recent development of security solutions in 5G. The authors included a discussion on the security features with the recent technologies focusing Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet), D2D, Massive-MIMO, SDN, and IoT. The authors also paid attention to the 5G wireless security services like identity management and flexible authentications. Furthermore, the security services are also analyzed on the basis of the proposed architecture.