Forecasting Issues of Wireless Communication Networks’ Cyber Resilience for An Intelligent Transportation System: An Overview of Cyber Attacks <s> Challenges <s> Vehicular adhoc networks come out to be a promising solution for ensuring traffic and road safety on highways. However this area induces communication challenges such as topology dynamics, and connectivity losses. Today's Vanet demand a sound planning to make architectural level decisions. Integrating Vanet with emerging Software defined Networking brings ground-breaking networking innovation. Recent researches in SDN based Vanet are useful but their performance goals drops in large scale VANETs. In this research we are going to exploit SDN planes by partitioning Vanet to work in distributed manner. The proposed architecture is tested on VEINS testbed which provides interactive environment to perform road traffic simulations. Simulation results show an increase in performance gains as compared to traditional Vanet architectures. <s> BIB001 </s> Forecasting Issues of Wireless Communication Networks’ Cyber Resilience for An Intelligent Transportation System: An Overview of Cyber Attacks <s> Challenges <s> The authors use the definition of a synergetic approach to obtain the effect of combining different concepts of cyber systems. The cyber antifragility of the result of this approach is substantiated. As an example, software-defined networking (SDN) and Internet of Things (IoT) are explored. In conclusion, the SDIoT vulnerability forecast is introduced. <s> BIB002
Taking into account the above, we summarize the aforementioned problematic issues of the cyber resilience telecommunication component of intelligent transportation systems. Issue 1: Classification vs. terminology. In spite of the significant amount of publications about the threats of cyber security in VANET networks, these generally involve surveys or grouping of classical features for telecommunication networks. This means that incorrect classification features are used; they do not take into consideration specifics of vehicle wireless networks. The reason for such a situation, in our opinion, is the insufficient base preparation of modern writers in the cyber security sphere. This happens because they are keen on "best practice", which is detriment for theoretical and methodological preparation. For the same reason, a serious problem for systematization (and the subsequent successful classification) is also terminological confusion leading to the shift and mixture of the terms "vulnerability", "threat source", "damage", "attack", and "threat". On the other hand, classification of threats of cyber resilience of VANET is an uncommon task even for "classical scientists", in view of its complexity as an object of study, because it is not a just a specific segment of a wireless network, but rather a set of dissimilar devices; each threat has to be specified from a position of a possibility of its realization in relation to a concrete layer of ITS, e.g., OBU, RSU, V2V, V2I, etc. Issue 2: Space vs. time. Investigating the genesis of cyber resilience of VANET/ITS, this study has established that the main source of threats for cyber systems is the high-level (architectural) vulnerabilities of its components. These are generated by features of realization of some conceptual model, and most actively participate in synergetic effects. In view of the above, such analysis requires special conditions such as spatial taxonomy (stratification) of vulnerabilities, at least for the high, medium, and low levels. Any mechanisms for the development of vulnerabilities, even for the simplest cyber systems in time (such as evolution, revolution, coevolution, etc.), are also almost disregarded. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the VANET/ITS phenomenon as relevant. On the one hand, such an infocommunication system inherits the vulnerabilities of its parts, and on the another hand develops essentially new vulnerabilities BIB002 . Issue 3: Productivity vs. cyber security. This issue, mentioned before (see Item 3), assumes the situational exchange of productivity on the cyber security of VANET/ITS, and vice versa for the benefit of the maintenance of the required level of its cyber resilience. The mechanism of such exchange has been the focus of limited study. The attempt made in this study to use SDN technology as some regulator ("solver") transforms this issue to the plane of a problem of the optimum (rational) choice of the level of centralization of network management, even up to the realization of completely decentralized VANET BIB001 . Issue 4: Forecasting vs. "best practice". It is necessary to recognize forecasting in the field of cyber resilience research, such as priority direction, because it is aimed at the prevention of destructive consequences. At the same time, this direction is mostly "a weak link" for the aforementioned reasons. The lack of representative "best practice" prevents an opportunity to use the predictive power of classical mathematics, inevitably leading to expert estimation, and has trend to "a human factor", e.g., unreliability, limitation, engagement, etc. The authors believe that implementing the following steps, which can help to solve the problem of formulated collisions and scientific knowledge gaps (directed to solve this collisions) in the future, provides an opportunity for the creation of missing scientific, theoretical, and methodological bases for comprehensive descriptions and solutions for the issue of critical questions of assessment, forecasting, and providing cyber resilience to all kinds (and complexities) of systems. At first, the formalized establishment of the fundamental concepts, such as vulnerability and cyber threat will be needed, which will allow all facts to be accumulated methodically, and have a true cyber security (cyber resilience) research 'landscape'. Secondly, properties of the central cyber security object-vulnerability-should be deeply analyzed. We mention not only static characteristics, but also dynamic ones, because they have a higher priority. Forecasting the security of a new cyber system is basically impossible without dynamic characteristics. Thirdly, specialized mathematics is needed to comply with the rigidity of scientific judgement. Such a set of mathematical tools includes the notation of description of system state from the point of view of cyber security, and also algorithms, which connect the states according to current synergetic mechanisms. Fourthly, the problem of balance between productivity and security should be stated in terms of degrees of centralization and levels of cyber system management. Finally, the practical use of the developed scientific and methodological base will require the development of problem-oriented software solutions allowing the modeling of development processes of cyber systems to estimate their parameters and to forecast vulnerabilities.