Towards searching as a learning process : A review of current perspectives and future directions <s> Supporting effective user interaction for searching as learning <s> We studied the uses of information search results by regular clients of professional intermediaries. The clients in our study engaged in three different types of searches: (1) monitoring a well-known topic or set of variables over time, (2) following an information-gathering plan suggested by a typical approach to the task at hand, and (3) exploring a topic in an undirected fashion. In most cases, a single search evolved into a series of interconnected searches, usually beginning with a high-level overview. We identified a set of common triggers and stop conditions for further search steps. We also observed a set of common operations that clients used to analyze search results. In some settings, the number of search iterations was reduced by restructuring the work done by intermediaries. We discuss the implications of the interconnected search pattern, triggers and stop conditions, common analysis techniques, and intermediary roles for the design of information access systems. <s> BIB001 </s> Towards searching as a learning process : A review of current perspectives and future directions <s> Supporting effective user interaction for searching as learning <s> A framework for interface design that provides people with flexible control over different views for an information space is presented. The agileviews framework defines overviews, previews, reviews, peripheral views, and shared views that help people make decisions about where they should focus attention during information seeking. In addition to the views themselves, control mechanisms that facilitate low-effort actions and strategies for coordinating the views are discussed. Agileviews are particularly useful when specific partitions of large information spaces such as the WWW have been identified. Examples of these views are provided from several different projects and suggestions for additional research and development are made. <s> BIB002 </s> Towards searching as a learning process : A review of current perspectives and future directions <s> Supporting effective user interaction for searching as learning <s> This book focuses on the human users of search engines and the tool they use to interact with them: the search user interface. The truly worldwide reach of the Web has brought with it a new realization among computer scientists and laypeople of the enormous importance of usability and user interface design. In the last ten years, much has become understood about what works in search interfaces from a usability perspective, and what does not. Researchers and practitioners have developed a wide range of innovative interface ideas, but only the most broadly acceptable make their way into major web search engines. This book summarizes these developments, presenting the state of the art of search interface design, both in academic research and in deployment in commercial systems. Many books describe the algorithms behind search engines and information retrieval systems, but the unique focus of this book is specifically on the user interface. It will be welcomed by industry professionals who design systems that use search interfaces as well as graduate students and academic researchers who investigate information systems. <s> BIB003 </s> Towards searching as a learning process : A review of current perspectives and future directions <s> Supporting effective user interaction for searching as learning <s> This review introduces a comprehensive model of the cognitive process and mechanisms of individual sensemaking to provide a theoretical basis for: ::: ::: empirical studies that improve our understanding of the cognitive process and mechanisms of sensemaking and integration of results of such studies; ::: education in critical thinking and sensemaking skills; ::: the design of sensemaking assistant tools that support and guide users. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The paper reviews and extends existing sensemaking models with ideas from learning and cognition. It reviews literature on sensemaking models in human-computer interaction (HCI), cognitive system engineering, organizational communication, and library and information sciences (LIS), learning theories, cognitive psychology, and task-based information seeking. The model resulting from this synthesis moves to a stronger basis for explaining sensemaking behaviors and conceptual changes. The model illustrates the iterative processes of sensemaking, extends existing models that focus on activities by integrating cognitive mechanisms and the creation of instantiated structure elements of knowledge, and different types of conceptual change to show a complete picture of the cognitive processes of sensemaking. The processes and cognitive mechanisms identified provide better foundations for knowledge creation, organization, and sharing practices and a stronger basis for design of sensemaking assistant systems and tools. <s> BIB004
One approach to take in future research is to design search interfaces to better support learning with respect to the search process  . It is well known that information objects encountered during the search process could trigger the searcher to shift their search tasks or intentions  . O'Day and Jeffries BIB001 found that search results for a goal tend to trigger new goals; they concluded that one of the main values of searching was, thus, the very process of acquiring information and accumulating learning. Therefore, new tools might be designed to facilitate learning by prompting with additional query terms or asking questions for critical thinking. Marchionini et al. BIB002 present a framework that describes a set of six different user interface views they call agileviews. Agileviews consist of the following views in which a variety of interaction with information can take place: primary views, overviews, previews, reviews, peripheral views and shared views. The primary view shows the documents that have been accessed, and the list of the search results. Here the user may not only see a ranked list of hits. According to Table 1 , the user can at this stage be involved in learning behaviour like recognizing or recalling, matching and comprehending. The overviews may facilitate different kinds of starting points for interacting and utilizing the information for the user. The overviews will also orient the user to the choices that are available and thus, start learning activities such as labelling, separating and sorting (Table 1 ). Marchionini's BIB002 previews interface shows the user what will happen if a certain choice is made. The learning behaviours that could be supported here are probing, planning, aggregating and integrating (Table 1 ). This could then be used for more informed decisions of what to do next BIB004 . Reviews allow for revisiting past choices, essentially providing search history, and this may support learning activities such as recalling, identifying, sorting, planning and revising (Table 1) . Next, peripheral views show 'background' information that eventually may become of interest. This type of information is not the current focus of attention for the user. Learning behaviour that could be supported by this activity includes contrasting and monitoring. Finally, shared views can inform and show past and current state of search process that other people are involved in  . This is a very important view that may be related to learning behaviours such as comprehending, critiquing, contrasting and discovering ( Table 1) . As mentioned above, browsing can be considered as part of the search process. Browsing strategies involve the process of following a chain of links, but also jumping between different views BIB003 . In this way browsing could be considered as a casual and undirected exploration of navigation structures (mental models and cognitive representations of information). In most cases, these navigation (browsing) structures are automatically or manually defined. Documents are then assigned to these labels/categories. Hearst BIB003 describes a set of interfaces for grouping search results and collections by flat categories, hierarchical categories and also faceted categories, which can have implication for supporting learning behaviours In agreement with Hearst BIB003 , the agileviews framework emphasizes the need to support dynamic interaction among the different types of views to support search strategies. We argue that, when designing these navigational structures as well as designing the search functionalities, support for learning behaviours should be acknowledged.