Energy-Efficiency Routing algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey <s> Energy Consumption <s> WANET (wireless ad hoc network) is expected to be deployed in a wide range of civil and military applications. The communicating nodes in these networks might be distributed randomly and are assumed to have packet-forwarding capability in order to communicate with each other over a shared and limited radio channel. Building such networks usually poses a significant technical challenge because energy supplied by batteries is likely to be a scarce resource, and in some applications energy is entirely non-renewable. There are mainly two fundamental classes of energy-aware broadcast/multicast problem in recent research: the MEB/MEM (minimum energy broadcast/multicast) problem and the MLB/MLM (maximum lifetime broadcast/multicast) problem in wireless ad hoc networks with omni-directional and directional antennas. In order to provide a better understanding of the research challenges of the energy-aware multicast routing, this article presents a systematical investigation of current state-of-the-art algorithms for these two classes of optimization problems. Taxonomy, comparison, and open research issues for each problem are also discussed, with an objective to inspire new research interests in this field. <s> BIB001 </s> Energy-Efficiency Routing algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey <s> Energy Consumption <s> Learn the fundamental concepts, major challenges, and effective solutions in wireless sensor networking This book provides a comprehensive and systematic introduction to the fundamental concepts, major challenges, and effective solutions in wireless sensor networking (WSN). Distinguished from other books, it focuses on the networking aspects of WSNs and covers the most important networking issues, including network architecture design, medium access control, routing and data dissemination, node clustering, node localization, query processing, data aggregation, transport and quality of service, time synchronization, network security, and sensor network standards. With contributions from internationally renowned researchers, Wireless Sensor Networks expertly strikes a balance between fundamental concepts and state-of-the-art technologies, providing readers with unprecedented insights into WSNs from a networking perspective. It is essential reading for a broad audience, including academic researchers, research engineers, and practitioners in industry. It is also suitable as a textbook or supplementary reading for electrical engineering, computer engineering, and computer science courses at the graduate level. <s> BIB002 </s> Energy-Efficiency Routing algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey <s> Energy Consumption <s> In the last years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained increasing attention from both the research community and actual users. As sensor nodes are generally battery-powered devices, the critical aspects to face concern how to reduce the energy consumption of nodes, so that the network lifetime can be extended to reasonable times. In this paper we first break down the energy consumption for the components of a typical sensor node, and discuss the main directions to energy conservation in WSNs. Then, we present a systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of the energy conservation schemes, which are subsequently discussed in depth. Special attention has been devoted to promising solutions which have not yet obtained a wide attention in the literature, such as techniques for energy efficient data acquisition. Finally we conclude the paper with insights for research directions about energy conservation in WSNs. <s> BIB003 </s> Energy-Efficiency Routing algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey <s> Energy Consumption <s> Nowadays, wireless sensor networks attract researchers because of their popular applications in the military, communications, intelligence and medical aspects of vitality. Wireless networks can provide solutions to a lot of major problems in the world as they are low-cost, limited energy services, and there must be mechanisms to raise the efficiency of energy consumption to ensure a long lifetime of the network. In this research, an intensive study will be presented to review the hierarchical routing protocols and their structure, and performance. However, each protocol has its extremely significant role at the moment, which opens the way for more research and development to design new protocols that are more efficient. Furthermore, this research will present the protocol's mechanisms and determine the differences among them. <s> BIB004 </s> Energy-Efficiency Routing algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey <s> Energy Consumption <s> Wireless sensor and actuator network is the extension of wireless sensor network. Wireless sensor and actuator network is made of sensor and actuator nodes. To overcome energy constraints of sensor networks, some energy-rich nodes (actuator nodes) are deployed in surveillance field. Due to energy heterogeneity of deployed nodes, sensor and actuator nodes have different responsibility. Sensor nodes gather data from surveillance field, and actuator nodes are responsible for transmission of collected data from sink. In this paper, an energy-balanced cluster-based routing protocol for wireless sensor and actuator networks is proposed. The network is divided into clusters, and the most energy-rich node among sensor nodes is selected as cluster head. Cluster head selection and actuator node selection metrics balance the energy consumption of network. Simulation results show the improvements in the performance parameters over the existing routing protocol. Simulation is carried out on network simulator (ns-2.35). <s> BIB005 </s> Energy-Efficiency Routing algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey <s> Energy Consumption <s> During the last decade, Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have attracted interest due to the excellent monitoring capabilities offered. However, WSNs present shortcomings, such as energy cost and reliability, which hinder real-world applications. As a solution, Relay Node (RN) deployment strategies could help to improve WSNs. This fact is known as the Relay Node Placement Problem (RNPP), which is an NP-hard optimization problem. This paper proposes to address two Multi-Objective (MO) formulations of the RNPP. The first one optimizes average energy cost and average sensitivity area. The second one optimizes the two previous objectives and network reliability. The authors propose to solve the two problems through a wide range of MO metaheuristics from the three main groups in the field: evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence algorithms, and trajectory algorithms. These algorithms are the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2), Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm based on Decomposition (MOEA/D), Multi-Objective Artificial Bee Colony (MO-ABC), Multi-Objective Firefly Algorithm (MO-FA), Multi-Objective Gravitational Search Algorithm (MO-GSA), and Multi-Objective Variable Neighbourhood Search Algorithm (MO-VNS). The results obtained are statistically analysed to determine if there is a robust metaheuristic to be recommended for solving the RNPP independently of the number of objectives. <s> BIB006
Many works are underway to optimise the use of energy in battery-limited sensor systems. These protocols are created by taking into account the application demands and network architecture. However, when designing WSN routing protocols some factors should be considered. The key factor is the sensor's energy efficiency, which has an effect A Wireless Sensor Network is a collection of tiny power, multifunctional and communications nods with observation and recording situations at distinct places, afterwards, convert this data to signals that can be processed, Such nodes are randomly implemented on a large or small scale, this becomes a significant field for study because these networks are used today in numerous consumer and industrial applications, for instance in healthcare, the industry, the transport system, government security and military systems, the environment and agriculture and underwater sensor systems. If the amount of sensors is big, this enables for greater monitoring with greater accuracy, but it can be very costly or even impossible to charge or replace batteries because of the challenging environment. These scattered sensor nodes are capable of collecting and transferring data back to an internal base station (BS) or other sensors, sending and receiving information drain node's energy, Therefore, the best way to improve the life of WSN is by selecting information transfer paths to minimize the complete drainage of energy along the route and to balance the load between the nodes. The BS can be either a mobile or a fixed node that connects the sensor network to a current infrastructure for communication or the Internet. Since the WSNs have become an important element of the modern infrastructure of communication for the 21st century [1] BIB002 , In order to effectively provide information to their destination, the power consumption and maximise network 4416on the network's life. The study in BIB003 focuses on energy consumption based on a typical sensor node's hardware parts. Authors classify a radio subsystem, a sensor subsystem, a power supply, and a processing subsystem as four primary elements of the sensor nodes. Authors in  BIB001 have taken into consideration in recent research the problems with energy-aware broadcast / multicast in order to classify algorithms into two classes: the maximum lifetime broadcast/multicast (MLB / MLM) problem in wireless ad-hoc networks ; and the (MLB / MEM) problem in terms of minimal energy broadcast / multicast. The primary energy-aware metrics reduce the overall energy exhaustion of all the node engaged in the multi-cast session and boost the processing time until the battery depletion of the first multi-cast node occurs. The authors of  clarify the difficulties involved in designing energyefficient WSN protocols for the Medium Access Control (MAC). Furthermore, it discusses a few WSN MAC protocols confirming their pros and cons. Three types of issues are presented in  by the authors: inner platform and operating system, communications stack protocol, network services, delivery, and implementation. A protocol for energy balance has been proposed by the authors in BIB005 and is accomplished by clustering between sensor nodes. The clustering strategy involves the remaining power of the nodes and sensor node distances into account. Authors in BIB004 , the research addressed the distinctions between many well-known protocols like Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy [LEACH], Threshold sensitive energy-efficient sensor network protocol [TEEN], Adaptive Periodic Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network Protocol (APTEEN), Hybrid, Energy-Efficient Distributed Clustering (HEED), Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS). In order to search for solid techniques to solve the issue of deployment from a realistic view, the authors suggested the Relay Node Placement Problem (RNPP) protocol BIB006 in WSNs of two multi-objective formulations, which includes energy cost and average sensitivity and network reliability.