A Comprehensive IoT Attacks Survey based on a Building-blocked Reference Model <s> Control hijacking: <s> An improved process for preparing the 2-alkylamino-5-alkylpyridine and 2-amino-5-alkylpyridine amination products of 3-alkylpyridines, comprising the step of initially reacting the base directly with the sodium salt of a primary alkylamine to produce the 2-alkylamino form, wherein the alkyl group in each reactant has from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. The sodium salt is preferably preformed in situ by adding the alkylamine to a dispersion of sodium in an organic solvent heated to about 100 DEG -120 DEG C. The substituted amination preferably proceeds at a temperature of about 100 DEG -140 DEG C. in a solvent such as toluene and under an inert nitrogen atmosphere. The ratio of 2,5-:2,3- isomer products of the reaction is up to about 10:1 or more, with the effective yield of the 2,5-alkylated isomer being about 25% or more. This recovered 2-alkylamino-5-alkylpyridine product is readily dealkylated by reaction with hydrobromic or hydriodic acid with or without the presence of a pyridine hydrohalide salt to obtain the 2-amino-5-alkylpyridine product which has proven uses in herbicidal, insecticidal and pharmaceutical applications. <s> BIB001 </s> A Comprehensive IoT Attacks Survey based on a Building-blocked Reference Model <s> Control hijacking: <s> Embedded systems are the driving force for technological development in many domains such as automotive, healthcare, and industrial control in the emerging post-PC era. As more and more computational and networked devices are integrated into all aspects of our lives in a pervasive and “invisible” way, security becomes critical for the dependability of all smart or intelligent systems built upon these embedded systems. In this paper, we conduct a systematic review of the existing threats and vulnerabilities in embedded systems based on public available data. Moreover, based on the information, we derive an attack taxonomy for embedded systems. We envision that the findings in this paper provide a valuable insight of the threat landscape facing embedded systems. The knowledge can be used for a better understanding and the identification of security risks in system analysis and design. <s> BIB002 </s> A Comprehensive IoT Attacks Survey based on a Building-blocked Reference Model <s> Control hijacking: <s> Internet of Things (IoT) is the next big evolutionary step in the world of internet. The main intention behind the IoT is to enable safer living and risk mitigation on different levels of life. With the advent of IoT botnets, the view towards IoT devices has changed from enabler of enhanced living into Internet of vulnerabilities for cyber criminals. IoT botnets has exposed two different glaring issues, 1) A large number of IoT devices are accessible over public Internet. 2) Security (if considered at all) is often an afterthought in the architecture of many wide spread IoT devices. In this article, we briefly outline the anatomy of the IoT botnets and their basic mode of operations. Some of the major DDoS incidents using IoT botnets in recent times along with the corresponding exploited vulnerabilities will be discussed. We also provide remedies and recommendations to mitigate IoT related cyber risks and briefly illustrate the importance of cyber insurance in the modern connected world. <s> BIB003
The process of changing the normal flow control of the IoT object firmware by injecting a malicious code is known as a control hijacking attack BIB001 , BIB002 . Reverse Engineering The main goal of this attack is to analyze the objects' firmware to get sensitive data such as credentials BIB002 . Eavesdropping: Unlike reverse engineering attacks, which is an active attack, eavesdropping is a passive attack. Eavesdropping attack monitors the packets transmitted between objects and servers during the firmware update process. The attacker could only get sensitive data if the packets are either weakly protected or not protected at all. Furthermore, the attacker could resend the packets to establish a replay attack  . Malware: Modifying the behavior of the IoT system after infecting its firmware with a malicious code is the main purpose of such an attack. Several malware have been found in the state-of-the-art such as BASHLITE, Hydra, and Darlloz BIB003 . An overview of all IoT software attacks, their compromised security goals, and their available defense mechanisms is presented in Table X. V. CONCLUSION The appearance of IoT paradigm in the last few years has unleashed so many threats and feasible attacks against security and privacy of IoT objects and individuals. These threats lead to hamper the realization of this paradigm if they have been left without proper countermeasures. Despite unprecedented number of security attacks generated on IoT domain, there is a lack of standard method to identify and address such attacks. This paper, therefore, makes a best effort to provide a comprehensive classification of IoT attacks based on a novel building-blocked reference model, along with proposed countermeasures to mitigate them. Given IoT developers and researchers, willing to develop a secure IoT system, a chance to investigate which attacks have been fired, how they have been mitigated, which attacks still stick around was the main objective of this paper. Moreover, if manufactures and academia have proactively and sharply targeted such attacks by leveraging their mitigation techniques from the ground up starting from the objects in the physical environment until the data centers in the cloud, the broad applicability of IoT will improve significantly. Exploitation of a misconfiguration All A strong application architecture, perform scans and audits continuously  