A Review of Green IS Research and Directions for Future Studies <s> Introduction <s> Results of two studies support the hypotheses that those accepting personal responsibility for the energy crisis favor and report adopting the personal “solution” of voluntary energy conservation, and those making attributions to nonpersonal causes (OPEC, oil companies, U.S. government) are most likely to favor nonpersonal solutions. Implications are discussed. <s> BIB001 </s> A Review of Green IS Research and Directions for Future Studies <s> Introduction <s> Green IS is one of the latest manifestations in the realm of sustainable business practices. The decisions surrounding Green IS implementation strategies, policies, and tools provide compelling challenges for organizations. As practitioners have been highly interested in this topic for a while (known as Green IT), there has also been a recent growing interest in Green IS within the IS academic community. In this chapter, we conduct a systematic and comprehensive review of both the practitioner and academic literatures surrounding Green IS. Specifically, our review includes articles published in the IS academic Senior Scholar’s Basket of Journals, hybrid journals such as Communications of the ACM, IEEE Software, and MIS Quarterly Executive, and practitioner outlets such as CIO magazine and PC World. Through this review, we identify the main streams of Green IS-related studies that have been undertaken within both practice and academia, and offer a holistic picture of the current state of research/interest in Green IS. We then identify the overlaps and differences between the two sides (that is, academia and practice) in an attempt to unearth noticeable similarities/gaps between both perspectives. Finally, we not only identify the trends in Green IS research, but also provide academic scholars interested in Green IS more focused directions on the specific research questions to address with respect to Green IS. <s> BIB002
As organizations have become concerned about sustainability, many have begun to adopt sustainability strategies and technologies such as environmental management systems (EMS) to improve environmental and economic performance (Melville, 2010) . Given the size of organizations' IT investments, green information systems (IS) is gaining in relevance to support sustainability. Green IS refers to "the initiatives to utilize IT infrastructure to change organizational processes and/or practices to improve energy efficiency and reduce the environmental impacts, and to introduce environmentally healthier products and/or services" (Brooks, Wang, & Sarker, 2012, p. 19) . Practitioners have been paying attention and proposed that green IS may be a technological solution that supports sustainability (green IT) 1 . Scholars have argued that green IS was the most important strategic technology for 2008 (Thibodeau, 2007) , while McKinsey (2008) has argued it to be a way to reduce 3 percent of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide by 2020. Green IS initiatives may even reduce GHG emissions by promoting non-wasteful practices such as telecommuting and productive uses of energy. An example of green IS initiatives is IBM. On May 11, 2007, the company launched a $1 billion service initiative to build and redesign data centers with the purpose of consuming less energy. Later, as an extension of Project Big Green, IBM launched a program to allow mainframe customers to monitor their energy consumption in real time  . Business researchers have examined sustainability from marketing BIB001 , operational (Corbett & Kirsch, 2001) , and management perspectives (Gladwin, 1993; Shrivastava, 1994) . Recent IS literature has observed the importance of sustainability and tried to better understand green IS (Melville, 2010; Watson et al., 2010) , but there seems to be a lack of direction in terms of specific topics and approaches to it BIB002 . In this paper, we offer specific research directions for green IS for researchers. In order to address gaps in the literature, we assess the state of green IS studies by reviewing current research on green IS and related concepts. Given the ongoing debate in IS academia about rigor and relevance  Davenport & Markus, 1999; Lee, 1999; Lyytinen, 1999) , IS academics have attempted to follow practical topics and conduct research on issues being discussed in the practical literature. We believe that any review of the research on green IS would be incomplete without reviewing both academic and practical approaches. Note that practitioners recognized the concept of green IS much earlier than academics, and, thus, an analysis of the practical literature can help to identify gaps in the academic literature, if any, and thereby guide future researchers toward those areas. More specifically, we address two research questions: