Multicast Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Comparative Survey and Taxonomy <s> Introduction <s> This memo specifies the extensions required of a host implementation ::: of the Internet Protocol (IP) to support multicasting. Recommended ::: procedure for IP multicasting in the Internet. This RFC obsoletes RFCs ::: 998 and 1054. [STANDARDS-TRACK] <s> BIB001 </s> Multicast Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Comparative Survey and Taxonomy <s> Introduction <s> In this paper we propose a multicast protocol for a multihop, mobile wireless network with cluster based routing and token access protocol within each cluster. The multicast protocol uses a shared tree which is dynamically updated to adjust to changes in topology and membership (i.e. dynamic joins and quits). Two options for tree maintenance have been simulated and evaluated: "hard state" (i.e. each connection must be explicitly cleared) and "soft state" (each connection is automatically timed out and must be refreshed). For the soft state policy, the performance of different choices of timeout and refresh timers is first analyzed for a range of node mobility values. Next, soft state and hard state policies are compared based on throughput, join delay, and control overhead criteria. <s> BIB002 </s> Multicast Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Comparative Survey and Taxonomy <s> Introduction <s> In this paper we present a multicast protocol which builds upon a cluster based wireless network infrastructure. First, we introduce the network infrastructure which includes several innovative features such as: minimum change cluster formation; dynamic priority token access protocol, and distributed hierarchical routing. Then, for this infrastructure we propose a multicast protocol which is inspired by the core based tree approach developed for the Internet. We show that the multicast protocol is robust to mobility, has low bandwidth overhead and latency, scales well with membership group size, and can be generalized to other wireless infrastructures. <s> BIB003 </s> Multicast Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Comparative Survey and Taxonomy <s> Introduction <s> Wireless networks provide mobile users with ubiquitous communicating capability and information access regardless of location. Conventional ground radio networks are the "last hop" extension of a wireline network, thus supporting only single hop communications within a "cell". In this dissertation we address a novel type of wireless networks called "multihop" networks. As a difference from "single hop" (i.e., cellular) networks which require fixed base stations inter-connected by a wired backbone, multihop networks have no fixed based stations nor a wired backbone. The main application for mobile wireless multihopping is rapid deployment and dynamic reconfiguration. When the wireline network is not available, as in battlefield communications and search and rescue operations, multihop wireless networks provide the only feasible means for ground communications and information access. Multihopping poses several new challenges in the design of wireless network protocols. We focus on multicasting in this thesis. ::: The multicast service is critical in applications characterized by the close collaboration of teams (e.g., rescue patrol, battalion, scientists, etc.) with audio/video conferencing requirements and sharing of text and images. Multicasting in a multihop wireless network is much more complex than in cellular wireless networks where all mobiles in a cell can be reached in a single hop. In fact, one or more multicast structures (e.g., trees) are maintained in the multihop network to efficiently deliver packets from sources to destinations in the multicast group. Multicast solutions similar to those used in mesh wireline networks such as the Internet might be considered. Yet, these solutions are not directly applicable to wireless networks because of the mobility of the users and the dynamically changing topology. In this dissertation we evaluate various popular multicast protocols via simulations and propose new protocols which are well suitable for multihop networks. ::: This dissertation mainly covers five areas: (1) Cluster-Token infrastructure and cluster routing; (2) Shared tree wireless multicast routing protocols; (3) Wireless multicast routing without Rendezvous Points; (4) On-demand wireless multicast; (5) Reliable wireless multicast. <s> BIB004 </s> Multicast Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Comparative Survey and Taxonomy <s> Introduction <s> Shared tree multicast is a well established concept used in several multicast protocols for wireline networks (e.g. core base tree, PIM sparse mode etc). In this paper, we extend the shared tree concept to wireless, mobile, multihop networks for applications ranging from ad hoc networking to disaster recovery and battlefield. The main challenge in wireless, mobile networks is the rapidly changing environment. We address this issue in our design by: (a) using "soft state"; (b) assigning different roles to nodes depending on their mobility (two level mobility model); (c) proposing an adaptive scheme which combines shared tree and source tree benefits. A detailed wireless simulation model is used to evaluate the proposed schemes and compare them with source based tree (as opposed to shared tree) multicast. The results show that shared tree protocols have low overhead and are very robust to mobility. <s> BIB005 </s> Multicast Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Comparative Survey and Taxonomy <s> Introduction <s> Tree multicast is a well established concept in wired networks. Two versions, per-source tree multicast (e.g., DVMRP) and shared tree multicast (e.g., Core Based Tree), account for the majority of the wireline implementations. In this paper, we extend the tree multicast concept to wireless, mobile, multihop networks for applications ranging from ad hoc networking to disaster recovery and battlefield. The main challenge in wireless, mobile networks is the rapidly changing environment. We address this issue in our design by: (a) using “soft state”; (b) assigning different roles to nodes depending on their mobility (2-level mobility model); (c) proposing an adaptive scheme which combines shared tree and per-source tree benefits, and (d) dynamically relocating the shared tree Rendezvous Point (RP). A detailed wireless simulation model is used to evaluate various multicast schemes. The results show that per-source trees perform better in heavy loads because of the more efficient traffic distribution; while shared trees are more robust to mobility and are more scalable to large network sizes. The adaptive tree multicast scheme, a hybrid between shared tree and per-source tree, combines the advantages of both and performs consistently well across all load and mobility scenarios. The main contributions of this study are: the use of a 2-level mobility model to improve the stability of the shared tree, the development of a hybrid, adaptive per-source and shared tree scheme, and the dynamic relocation of the RP in the shared tree. <s> BIB006 </s> Multicast Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Comparative Survey and Taxonomy <s> Introduction <s> About The Author. Preface. Acknowledgments. Quotes & Words of Wisdom. 1. Introduction to Wireless Networks. Evolution of Mobile Cellular Networks. Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Personal Communications Services (PCSs). Wireless LANs (WLANS). Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). IMT2000. IS-95, cdmaOne and cdma2000 Evolution. Organization of this Book. 2. Origins Of Ad Hoc: Packet Radio Networks. Introduction. Technical Challenges. Architecture of PRNETs. Components of Packet Radios. Routing in PRNETs. Route Calculation. Pacing Techniques. Media Access in PRNETs. Flow Acknowledgments in PRNETs. Conclusions. 3. Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. What Is an Ad Hoc Network? Heterogeneity in Mobile Devices. Wireless Sensor Networks. Traffic Profiles. Types of Ad Hoc Mobile Communications. Types of Mobile Host Movements. Challenges Facing Ad Hoc Mobile Networks. Conclusions. 4. Ad Hoc Wireless Media Access Protocols. Introduction. Problems in Ad Hoc Channel Access. Receiver-Initiated MAC Protocols. Sender-Initiated MAC Protocols. Existing Ad Hoc MAC Protocols. MARCH: Media Access with Reduced Handshake. Conclusions. 5. Overview of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols. Table-Driven Approaches. Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV). Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP). Cluster Switch Gateway Routing (CSGR). Source-Initiated On-Demand Approaches. Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV). Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA). Signal Stability Routing (SSR). Location-Aided Routing (LAR). Power-Aware Routing (PAR). Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP). Source Tree Adaptive Routing (STAR). Relative Distance Microdiversity Routing (RDMAR). Conclusions. 6. Associativity-Based Long-Lived Routing. A New Routing Paradigm. Associativity-Based Long-Lived Routing. ABR Protocol Description. Conclusions. 7. Implementation Of Ad Hoc Mobile Networks. Introduction. ABR Protocol Implementation in Linux. Experimentation and Protocol Performance. Important Deductions. Conclusions. 8. Communication Performance of Ad Hoc Networks. Introduction. Performance Parameters of Interest. Route Discovery (RD) Time. End-to-End Delay (EED) Performance. Communication Throughput Performance. Packet Loss Performance. Route Reconfiguration/Repair Time. TCP/IP-Based Applications. Conclusions. 9. Energy Conservation: Power Life Issues. Introduction. Power Management. Advances in Device Power Management. Advances in Protocol Power Management. Power Conservation by Mobile Applications. Periodic Beaconing On Battery Life. Standalone Beaconing. HF Beaconing with Neighboring Nodes. Comparison of HF Beaconing with and without Neighbors. LF Beaconing with Neighboring Nodes. Comparison of LF Beaconing with and without Neighbors. Deductions. Conclusions. 10. Ad Hoc Wireless Multicast Routing. Multicasting in Wired Networks. Multicast Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Existing Ad Hoc Multicast Routing Protocols. ABAM: Associativity-Based Ad Hoc Multicast. Comparisons of Multicast Routing Protocols. Conclusions. 11. TCP Over Ad Hoc. Introduction to TCP. Versions of TCP. Problems Facing TCP in Wireless Last-Hop. Problems Facing TCP in Wireless Ad Hoc. Approaches to TCP over Ad Hoc. Conclusion. 12. Internet & Ad Hoc Service Discovery. Resource Discovery in the Internet. Service Location Protocol (SLP) Architecture. SLPv2 Packet Format. Jini. Salutation Protocol. Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP). Service Discovery for Ad Hoc. Ad Hoc Service Location Architectures. Conclusions. 13. BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY. Bluetooth Specifications. Bluetooth Architectures. Bluetooth Protocols. Bluetooth Service Discovery. Bluetooth MAC. Bluetooth Packet Structure. Bluetooth Audio. Bluetooth Addressing. Bluetooth Limitations. Bluetooth Implementation. Conclusions. 14. WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL (WAP). The WAP Forum. The WAP Service Model. The WAP Protocol Architecture. The WWW Programming Model. The WAP Programming Model. Conclusions. 15. Ad Hoc Nomadic Mobile Applications. In the Office. While Traveling. Arriving Home. In the Car. Shopping Malls. The Modern Battlefield. Car-to-Car Mobile Communications. Mobile Collaborative Applications. Location/Context Based Mobile Services. Conclusions. 16. Conclusions and The Future. Pervasive Computing. Motorola PIANO Project. UC Berkeley Sensor Networks: Smart Dust. EPFL Terminodes/Large-Scale Networks. 802.15 PANs and 802.16 Wireless MANs. Ad Hoc Everywhere? Glossary of Terms. References. Index. <s> BIB007 </s> Multicast Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Comparative Survey and Taxonomy <s> Introduction <s> If you want to get Handbook of Internet Computing pdf eBook copy write by good Handbook of Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing Google Books. Mobile Computing General. Handbook of Algorithms for Wireless Networking and Mobile Computing by Azzedine Boukerche (Editor). Call Number: TK 5103.2. CITS4419 Mobile and Wireless Computing software projects related to wireless networks, (2) write technical reports and documentation for complex computer. <s> BIB008
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) comprise either fixed or mobile nodes connected wirelessly without the support of any fixed infrastructure or central administration. The nodes are self-organized and can be deployed "on the fly" anywhere, any time to support a particular purpose. Two nodes can communicate if they are within each other's transmission range; otherwise, intermediate nodes can serve as relays (routers) if they are out of range (multihop routing). These networks have several salient features: rapid deployment, robustness, flexibility, inherent mobility support, highly dynamic network topology (device mobility, changing properties of the wireless channel, that is, fading, multipath propagation, and partitioning and merging of ad hoc networks are possible), the limited battery power of mobile devices, limited capacity, and asymmetric/unidirectional links. MANETs are envisioned to support advanced applications such as military operations (formations of soldiers, tanks, planes), civil applications (e.g., audio and video conferencing, sport events, telematics applications (traffic)), disaster situations (e.g., emergency and rescue operations, national crises, earthquakes, fires, floods), and integration with cellular systems [1] BIB007  . Multicasting plays a crucial role in MANETs to support the above applications. It involves the transmission of a datagram to a group of zero or more hosts identified by a single destination address, and so is intended for grouporiented computing. A multicast datagram is delivered to all members of its destination host group with the same "best effort" reliability as regular unicast IP datagrams, that is, the datagram is not guaranteed to arrive intact at the destinations of all members of the group, or in the same order relative to other datagrams BIB001 . The use of multicasting within MANETs has many benefits. It can reduce the cost of communication and improve the efficiency of the wireless channel when sending multiple copies of the same data by exploiting the inherent broadcasting properties of wireless transmission. Instead of sending data via multiple unicasts, multicasting minimizes channel capacity consumption, sender and router processing, energy consumption, and delivery delay, which are considered important MANET 2 EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking factors. In addition, multicasting provides a simple yet robust communication method whereby a receiver's individual address remains unknown to the transmitter or changeable in a transparent manner by the transmitter  BIB008 . Multicasting in MANETs is much more complex than in wired networks and faces several challenges. Multicast group members move, which precludes the use of a fixed infrastructure multicast topology, wireless channel characteristics can vary over time, and there are restrictions on node energy and capacity BIB004 . The multicast protocols proposed for wired networks cannot be directly ported to MANETs due to the lack of mechanisms available for handling the frequent link breakages and route changes, or due to the differing characteristics of the two networks. Chiang et al. has proposed many mechanisms for adapting the wired multicast protocols to MANETs BIB006 BIB005 BIB002 BIB003 . Simulation results in BIB006 BIB005 BIB002 BIB003 show an increase in control packet overhead and a rapid decrease in throughput with increased node mobility. In addition, the simulation results show that these approaches indicate the need to explore alternative multicast strategies. Several multicast routing protocols for MANETs have been proposed and evaluated BIB006 BIB005 BIB002 . These protocols are based on different design principles and have different operational features when they are applied to the multicast problem. The properties favored depend on the protocol. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the main issues and challenges that multicast protocols must address for adaptation to MANETs. Section 3 gives various classifications of existing multicast routing protocols in MANETs and describes their characteristics. Section 4 explains the multicast session life cycle. The functionality of some existing multicast routing protocols is presented in Section 5. Section 6 presents various criteria for evaluating the multicast routing protocols. Section 7 summarizes and compares the multicast protocols in a qualitative manner. Finally, Section 8 concludes the paper.