A Review of Artificial Immune System Based Security Frameworks for MANET <s> Background <s> MANET is a collection of mobile, decentralized, and self organized nodes. Securing MANET is a problem which adds more challenges on the research. This is because MANET properties make it harder to be secured than the other types of static networks. This paper objective is to summarize different types of attacks over MANET, and concerns with studying sleep deprivation attack. Therefore, this paper utilizes one of the danger theory intrusion detection algorithms, namely, the dendritic cell algorithm (DCA) to detect the sleep deprivation attack over MANET. In this paper, DCA is plugged in a proposed mobile dendritic cell algorithm called MDCA which represented through a proposed MDCA architecture. <s> BIB001 </s> A Review of Artificial Immune System Based Security Frameworks for MANET <s> Background <s> Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is one of the most promising fields for research and development of wireless network. As the popularity of mobile device and wireless networks significantly increased over the past years, wireless ad-hoc networks has now become one of the most vibrant and active field of communication and networks. Due to severe challenges, the special features of MANET bring this technology great opportunistic together. This paper describes the fundamental problems of ad hoc network by giving its related research background including the concept, features, status, and vulnerabilities of MANET. This paper presents an overview and the study of the routing protocols. Also include the several challenging issues, emerging application and the future trends of MANET. <s> BIB002 </s> A Review of Artificial Immune System Based Security Frameworks for MANET <s> Background <s> Trust is an important aspect of mobile adhoc networks (MANETs). It enables entities to cope with uncertainty and uncontrollability caused by the free will of others. Trust computations and management are highly challenging issues in MANETs due to computational complexity constraints, and the independent movement of component nodes. This prevents the direct application of techniques suited for other networks. In MANETs, an untrustworthy node can wreak considerable damage and adversely affect the quality and reliability of data. Therefore, analyzing the trust level of a node has a positive influence on the confidence with which an entity conducts transactions with that node. In this work we present a detailed survey on various trust computing approaches that are geared towards MANETs. We highlight the summary and comparisons of these approaches. In addition, we analyze various works on trust dynamics including trust propagation, prediction and aggregation algorithms, the influence of network dynamics on trust dynamics and the impact of trust on security services. <s> BIB003 </s> A Review of Artificial Immune System Based Security Frameworks for MANET <s> Background <s> A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructure less network of mobile devices connected by wireless. MANETs are a kind of wireless ad hoc networks that usually has a routable networking environment on top of a Link Layer ad hoc network. In an attempt to enhance security in MANETs many researchers have suggested and implemented new improvements to the protocols and some of them have suggested new protocols. The attacks on MANET's challenge the mobile infrastructure in which nodes can join and leave easily with dynamics requests without a static path of routing. And also energy efficient routing is most important because all the nodes are battery powered. Failure of one node may affect the entire network. If a node runs out of energy the probability of network partitioning will be increased. Since every mobile node has limited power supply, energy depletion is become one of the main threats to the lifetime of the ad hoc network. The DSR protocol uses source routing rather than the hop-by-hop routing used by the majority of other protocols, which eliminates the need for frequent route advertisement and neighbor detection packets. In this paper we proposed secure DSR protocol in MANET using energy efficient intrusion detection system. The experimental results show that the effectiveness of our results is more efficient than existing works. <s> BIB004
MANET is a collection of mobile, decentralized, and self-organized nodes. Securing MANET is a challenge when every node forming the network is a potential threat that could compromise communications using a multitude of approaches. The Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)  protocol uses source routing rather than the hop-by-hop routing used by the majority of other routing protocols, which eliminates the need for frequent route advertisement and neighbor detection packets. Utilizing the concepts and principles of the Human Immune System (HIS) the development of an Artificial Immune System (AIS) for MANET provides an alternative approach to improve network security. "AIS are intelligent and adaptive systems inspired by the immune system toward real-world problem solving. AIS are adaptive systems inspired by theoretical immunology and observed immune functions, principles and models, which are applied to complex problem domains BIB001 ." A recent immunological discovery called Danger Theory now paves the way for more efficient, second generation AIS. The Dendritic Cell Algorithm (DCA)  is a biologically inspired technique, developed to detect intruders in computer networks. The DCA is based on a metaphor of naturally occurring Dendritic Cells (DCs), a type of cell which is native to the innate arm of the immune system BIB001 . DCs are responsible for the initial detection of intruders, including bacteria and parasites by responding to the damage caused by the invading entity. Natural DCs receive sensory input in the form of molecules, which can indicate if the tissue is healthy, or in distress. These cells have the ability to combine the various signals from the tissue and to produce their own output signals. The output of DCs instructs the immune system responder cells to deal with the source of the potential damage. DCs are excellent candidate cells for abstraction to network security as they are the body's own intrusion detection agents. To improve the performance of AIS algorithms a "danger project" has been commenced based mainly on the immunology Danger Theory which states that the response type of the immune system to the incoming pathogens occurs due to the existence of danger or safe signals from the body tissues affected by the pathogen, as illustrated in Figure 1 BIB001 . DCA is a danger project contribution that utilizes the DC role in HIS as forensic navigators and important anomaly detectors. DCs are defined as antigens presenting lymphocytes in the innate immunity; these lymphocytes play a key role in either stimulating or suppressing the adaptive immunity T-cells and hence controlling the immune system's response. DCA's ability to act as an anomaly detector algorithm inspires further investigation of the biological model to introduce improved DC inspired algorithms  , which could detect other types of security attacks BIB003 in a MANET. In addition, many of the MANET characteristics and properties are similar to the innate immunity abstract features; such as the openness and susceptibility of each to different types of danger attacks  . MANETs share the same basic security goals that occur in other network types. The need for confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, availability, non-repudiation and access control as illustrated in Figure 2 , which is the same as in other network types BIB004 and is generally determined by the importance and sensitivity of applications used or data transmitted. Network control, management, and security goals are harder to achieve in a MANET than in conventional networks BIB002 due to the mobile decentralized nature of the network.