A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Introduction <s> Purpose – Global sourcing can bring many benefits to organisations, but it can also expose them to a number of risks. The purpose of this study is to understand how managers assess global sourcing risks across the entire supply chain and what actions they take to mitigate those risks.Design/methodology/approach – A multiple case study approach was used, involving 15 cases in seven different industries. Each case consisted of interviews with managers directly involved in the global sourcing decision, supported by documentary evidence. A cross‐case analysis was conducted to analyse patterns across different industries.Findings – The study revealed that most companies do not have a structured supply chain risk management and mitigation system. Nevertheless they do use a number of informal approaches to cope with risk. The paper proposes that a multidisciplinary approach is required when dealing with global sourcing risks. It presents a classification of risks covering four categories: supply risk, process an... <s> BIB001 </s> A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Introduction <s> The global food system is in a state of profound crisis. Decades of misguided aid, trade and production policies have resulted in an unprecedented erosion of agrobiodiversity that renders the world’s food supply vulnerable to catastrophic crop failure in the event of drought, heavy rains, and outbreaks of pests and disease. Climate change threatens to wreak additional havoc on food production by increasing the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, depressing agricultural yields, reducing the productivity of the world’s fisheries, and placing pressure on scarce water resources. Furthermore, the climate crisis and the biodiversity crisis are occurring at a time of rising global food insecurity. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization reports that the number of chronically undernourished people in the world reached a peak of 1.02 billion people in 2009 – a figure that represents one sixth of humanity. This article examines the underlying causes of the crises in the global food system, and recommends specific measures that might be adopted to address the distinct but related problems of food insecurity, loss of agrobiodiversity, and climate change. The article concludes that the root cause of the crises confronting the global food system is corporate domination of the food supply and the systemic destruction of local food systems that are healthy, ecologically sustainable, and socially just. The article argues that small-scale sustainable agriculture has the potential to address the interrelated climate, food, and agrobiodiversity crises, and suggests specific measures that the international community might take through law and regulation to promote the transition to a more just, resilient, and sustainable food system. <s> BIB002 </s> A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Introduction <s> This article is a first step towards addressing a gap in the field of organisational resilience research by examining how small and medium enterprises (SME) manage the threat and actuality of extreme events. Pilot research found that the managerial framing of extreme events varied by a range of organisational factors. This finding informed further examination of the contextual nature of the resilience concept. To date, large organisations have been the traditional focus of empirical work and theorising in this area; yet the heterogeneous SME sector makes up approximately 99% of UK industry and routinely operates under conditions of uncertainty. In a comparative study examining UK organisational resilience, it emerged that SME participants had both a distinctive perspective and approach to resilience when compared to participants from larger organisations. This article presents a subset of data from 11 SME decision-makers. The relationship between resilience capabilities, such as flexibility and adaptation, is interrogated in relation to organisational size. The data suggest limitations of applying a one-size-fits-all organisation solution (managerial or policy) to creating resilience. This study forms the basis for survey work examining the extent to which resilience is an organisationally contingent concept in practice. <s> BIB003 </s> A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Introduction <s> Abstract In a world of growing complexity and uncertainty, the security of food supplies is threatened by many factors. These include multiple processes of global change (e.g. climate change, rapid urbanization, population ageing), unexpected shocks (e.g. natural disasters, finazncial and political crises), and unexpected responses of food systems themselves to these processes and events. In this paper, we develop a conceptual framework for food system resilience, and consider how this could be implemented through stakeholder participation to ensure food security for everyone. Resilience is conceptualized from a holistic perspective, as encompassing the complexity of whole food systems, including social, economic and biophysical processes operating at many scales. It presents the opportunity to eradicate weaknesses and build capacities in the food system while dealing with future uncertainty. <s> BIB004
In the past few decades, there has been an increasing recognition that the world's agrifood supply chains have been experiencing major challenges due to an increasing level of globalization and innovation  . The increasingly important role of global agri-food supply chains was associated with increasing level of interconnectedness among suppliers, manufacturers and distributors, which resulted in higher dependency among entities in the supply chain as well as a higher level of complexity in the supply chain BIB001 . These resulted in the fact that agri-food supply chain can be running efficiently and effectively in the stable business environment, but are highly vulnerable to risks and disruptions in unstable business environment  . Agri-food supply chains have faced much unique vulnerability resulted from various types of risks; tackling these vulnerabilities may cause the increase of supply chain complexity and result in more instability and unpredictability  , BIB002 ,  . As a result of the negative consequence of agri-food supply chain risks, researcher and academic have called for more research in this area, to design more efficient and resilient supply chains. In order to address the risk and vulnerability issues, the concept of resilience has received great attention in recent years. Sullivan-Taylor and Branicki BIB003 argued that building resilience in agri-food supply chain is an emergency in the face of the climate change, soil degradation, pest outbreaks and population growth. Macfadyen et al.  suggested ten pieces of advice to improve agri-food supply chain resilience in their food supply system such as maintain soil resources, encourage sustainable practices in livestock management and protect water resources. Although the concept of supply chain resilience has been described by many researchers, there is no consensus on defining the construct. For some researchers, resilience is a capacity to withstand/adapt to disturbances, while others think resilience as a "dynamic capacity to continue to achieve goals despite disturbance and shocks"  . Therefore, the confusion around the concept is not surprising  . For now, we rely on the definition proposed by Tendall et al BIB004 , which defined food system resilience as "capacity over time of a food system and its units at multiple levels, to provide sufficient, appropriate and accessible food to all, in the face of various and even unforeseen disturbances". In this study, in order to operate agri-food supply chain efficiently and effectively, we aim to address two key questions about agri-food supply chains: (1) What are the main risk sources in the agri-food supply chains?  What are the key resilience factors that can be designed in an agri-food supply chain? In order to answer the above questions, the remainder of this paper is organised as follows. In section 2, we present a systematic literature review methodology. In section 3, we present several figures and tables to demonstrate the characteristics of the publications. In section 4, we provide a classification of risk sources in the agri-food supply chains. In section 5, an overview of resilience factors in the agri-food supply chains will be discussed. In section 6, the main connections between resilience factors and risk sources will be discussed. Finally, conclusions are discussed in section 7.