A review on heat and mass integration techniques for energy and material minimization during CO2 capture <s> Brief overview of process integration as an optimal process development strategy <s> Process integration is a holistic approach to process design and operation which emphasizes the unity of the process. Process integration design tools have been developed over the past two decades to achieve process improvement, productivity enhancement, conservation in mass and energy resources, and reductions in the operating and capital costs of chemical processes. The primary applications of these integrated tools have focused on resource conservation, pollution prevention and energy management. Specifically, the past two decades have seen the development and/or application of process integration design tools for heat exchange networks (HENs), wastewater reduction and water conservation networks, mass exchange networks (MENs), heat- and energy-induced separation networks (HISENs and EISENs), waste interception networks (WINs) and heat- and energy-induced waste minimization networks (HIWAMINs and EIWAMINs), to name a few. This paper provides an overview of some of these developments and outlines major driving forces and hurdles. The fundamental aspects of this approach along with their incorporation in an overall design methodology will be discussed. The paper also highlights several recent applications of process integration to industrial processes.  2003 Society of Chemical Industry <s> BIB001 </s> A review on heat and mass integration techniques for energy and material minimization during CO2 capture <s> Brief overview of process integration as an optimal process development strategy <s> Aqueous ammonia absorbent (10 wt %) was modified with four kinds of additives (1 wt %) including amine and hydroxyl groups, i.e., 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propandiol (AMPD), 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propandiol (AEPD), and tri(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (THAM), for CO2 capture. The loss of ammonia by vaporization was reduced by additives, whereas the removal efficiency of CO2 was slightly improved. These results were attributed to the interactions between ammonia and additives or absorbents and CO2 via hydrogen bonding, as verified by FT-IR spectra and computational calculation. Molecular structures as well as binding energies were obtained from the geometries of (ammonia + additives) and (ammonia + additives + CO2) at the optimized state. These experimental and theoretical findings demonstrate that additives including amine and hydroxyl group are suitable for modifying aqueous ammonia absorbent for CO2 removal. <s> BIB002 </s> A review on heat and mass integration techniques for energy and material minimization during CO2 capture <s> Brief overview of process integration as an optimal process development strategy <s> This paper addresses the design and techno-economic analysis of an integrated system for the production of biodiesel from algal oil produced via the sequestration of carbon dioxide from the flue gas of a power plant. The proposed system provides an efficient way to the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and yields algae as a potential alternative to edible oils currently used for biodiesel production. Algae can be processed into algal oil by various pathways. The algal oil can then be used to produce biodiesel. A flowsheet of the integrated system is synthesized. Then, process simulation using ASPEN Plus is carried out to model a two-stage alkali catalyzed transesterification reaction for converting microalgal oil of Chlorella species to biodiesel. Cost estimation is carried out with the aid of ICARUS software. Further economic analysis is performed to determine profitability of the algal oil to biodiesel process. The results suggest that, for the algal oil to biodiesel process analyzed in this study, factors such as choosing the right algal species, using the appropriate pathway for converting algae to algal oil, selling the resulting biodiesel and glycerol at a favorable market selling prices, and attaining high levels of process integration can collectively render algal oil to be a competitive alternative to food-based plant oils. <s> BIB003 </s> A review on heat and mass integration techniques for energy and material minimization during CO2 capture <s> Brief overview of process integration as an optimal process development strategy <s> Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a means for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion in power generation and industrial processes. It involves the capture of CO2 for subsequent storage in various geological formations. The selection and matching of the power plants and storage sites are often an issue of optimisation due to various constraints, i.e., time of availability, injection rate, and storage capacity limits. In this work, a novel graphical targeting tool based on pinch analysis is proposed to address the planning problem of the storage of captured CO2 from power generating plants into corresponding reservoirs. The main consideration for the problem is the time of availability of the latter, since reservoirs need to be developed prior to CO2 storage. The time limitation is addressed by the graphical technique where time is taken as the governing element in solving the problem. Hypothetical examples are used to elucidate the proposed approach. <s> BIB004 </s> A review on heat and mass integration techniques for energy and material minimization during CO2 capture <s> Brief overview of process integration as an optimal process development strategy <s> This paper studied the CO2 emission scenarios of Guangdong province in 2020 and divided the CO2 emission increment and reductions into various departments and driving factors. Based on the Extended Snapshot model, two CO2 emission scenarios, Business as Usual (BaU) and Counter Measure (CM) scenario were constructed. CM scenario was completed by using reduction technical measures to achieve the reduction emission goal. The results showed that the amount of CO2 emission is less 189 million tonne in 2020 CM scenario than BaU scenario. By decomposing the emission reduction measures in CM scenario, it showed that the main means to reduce CO2 emissions were the industrial structure adjustment, the advanced energy efficiency and the power sector structure adjustment, and the emission reduction contribution rates were 36.85%, 34.55% and 21.74%, respectively. The analysis results could be recommended to the government to make the low-carbon development policy and path. <s> BIB005 </s> A review on heat and mass integration techniques for energy and material minimization during CO2 capture <s> Brief overview of process integration as an optimal process development strategy <s> Abstract Heat recovery plays an important role in energy saving in the supply chain of steel products. Almost all high temperature outputs in the steel industry have their thermal energy exchanged to preheat inputs to the process. Despite the widespread development of heat recovery technologies within process stages (process heat recovery), larger savings may be obtained by using a wider integrated network of heat exchange across various processes along the supply chain (integrated heat recovery). Previous pinch analyses have been applied to optimise integrated heat recovery systems in steel plants, although a comparison between standard process heat recovery and integrated heat recovery has not yet been explored. In this paper, the potential for additional energy savings achieved by using integrated heat recovery is estimated for a typical integrated steel plant, using pinch analysis. Overall, process heat recovery saves approximately 1.8 GJ per tonne of hot rolled steel (GJ/t hrs), integrated heat recovery with conventional heat exchange could save 2.5 GJ/t hrs, and an alternative heat exchange that also recovers energy from hot steel could save 3.0 GJ/t hrs. In developing these networks, general heat recovery strategies are identified that may be applied more widely to all primary steel production to enhance heat recovery. Limited additional savings may be obtained from the integration of the steel supply chain with other industries. <s> BIB006
Process integration has been widely embraced as an integral part of process intensification which can be used in describing specific system-oriented activities related to process design with applications exclusively focused on resource conservation, pollution prevention and energy management BIB002 BIB001 . Synthesis, analysis and optimization are the three basic components in any effective process integration methodology. Process integration has a significant effect on many chemical industries through heat exchanger network optimization. The application of process integration in CO 2 capture systems makes it possible to identify the optimal process development strategy for the capture networks as well as identifying the most cost-effective way to complete the CO 2 capture process BIB003 BIB005 BIB006 . Amongst the available process integration methodologies, pinch analysis is currently the most commonly used. This could be attributed to the simple nature of its underlying concepts and the spectacular results it has presented in numerous studies in the past. Hence, it forms a major point of discussion in this review. Although pinch analysis has been reported for various energy and resource saving studies in the past, its application in energy and material minimization studies with respect to CO 2 capture system is still new and cannot be traced to any current report in open literature. For example, Kemp [29] reported the application of pinch analysis for the efficient use and minimization in a dryer where a direct reduction of dryer heat duty was discussed. Despite the huge success of the pinch technique reported by the author for energy minimization, the principles have not In scenarios where CO 2 -producing plants are co-located within an industrial development zone or geographical area, it is imperative to design an optimal network for energy reduction and efficient resource usage using process network integration as this will offer immense opportunities for energy and resource sharing amongst the plants. Ooi et al. BIB004 reported an investigation on general CCS planning using pinch analysis technique where a novel graphical targeting tool was proposed to address the problem associated with storing captured CO 2 from power-generating plants into reservoirs. The limitation here is that the study was constrained to just CO 2 storage without looking critically into simultaneous energy and material minimization during the capture process. In another study, Wan-Alwi et al.  discussed an extended pinch analysis concept to determine the minimum electricity target for systems with hybrid renewable energy sources using power pinch analysis. The authors mainly emphasized the application of pinch analysis with respect to energy usage during power generation in power plants without a direct extension of the concepts in CO 2 capture systems which are unique. Such uniqueness lies in the fact that energy enhances mass transfer, both in absorption and regeneration, in CO 2 capture processes. Extending the power pinch analysis to CO 2 capture networks will be highly beneficial since it integrates hybrid energy sources. However, the power pinch concept will need to be modified to accommodate separation processes which are found in CO 2 capture systems. Graphical pinch location methods to determine the amount of material consumed in industrial processes is presented in Figs. 6 and 7. These figures, which are called the composite curves in pinch technology, are analogues of each other. Figure 6 is for MENS, while Fig. 7 is for HENS. If the pinch technology method is applied in CCS networks, Fig. 6 would involve targeting the minimum flows of CO 2 absorbents and regenerants, while Fig. 7 would involve setting targets for the amount of energy required to achieve optimum absorbent/regeneration temperatures, as well as other energy needs of the overall integrated network. Table 1 presents a list of strategies that have been used for energy and material minimization in CO 2 capture systems. The table also shows whether the methodology is applicable for simultaneous heat and mass exchange. Information in Table 1 shows that application of heat and mass integration techniques in CO 2 capture systems can minimize both energy and material simultaneously. According to the literature reports reviewed so far, it is evident that researchers have made significant efforts to develop new strategies for energy minimization in many industrial applications on one hand. On the other hand, methodologies for material usage minimization have also been developed. However, most of the suggested strategies do not involve a concurrent minimization of both energy and mass. This review suggests that energy consumption and material usage can be minimized simultaneously during industrial processes like CO 2 capture using a combined heat and mass integration approach.