Relevant visualization technologies for latent fingerprints on wet objects and its challenges: a review <s> Iodine fuming <s> The conditions under which latent fingerprints are deposited affect the process of development that can be used to effectively recover these marks. The conditions which can play a part include environmental conditions, the type of surface on which latents are deposited, the ability of the donor to deposit fingerprints, contact time, force of contact with the object etc. Very little previous work is available in the scientific literature addressing these conditions and therefore, an attempt has been made in this present study to assess the effect of some of these criteria and their effect on the ability of ninhydrin to develop the marks. Latent fingerprints from good and bad donors were obtained on paper with variable pressure under controlled conditions. Laboratory prepared 1% ninhydrin solution was used to visualise the prints. <s> BIB001 </s> Relevant visualization technologies for latent fingerprints on wet objects and its challenges: a review <s> Iodine fuming <s> The latent fingermarks developed with iodine fumes are not permanent due to the sublimation of iodine. In this paper a new method has been proposed to fix the latent fingermarks developed with iodine fumes. Latent fingermarks were developed on both porous as well as non-porous substrates which were subsequently fixed by treating them with brucine based reagent. The fingermarks fixed with this method were not only permanent but also without any background coloration. Adsorption of the brucine over the iodine has been found to be a possible reason for permanency of iodine developed fingermarks. This research has successfully demonstrated the first use of the brucine solution for fixing latent fingermarks on porous and as well as on non porous substrates. <s> BIB002 </s> Relevant visualization technologies for latent fingerprints on wet objects and its challenges: a review <s> Iodine fuming <s> Physical developer (PD) is a fingermark development technique that deposits silver onto fingermark ridges. It is the only technique currently in routine operational use that gives results on porous substrates that have been wet. There is a reasonable understanding of the working solution chemistry, but the chemical constituent(s) contained in fingermark residue that are specifically targeted by PD are largely unknown. A better understanding of the PD technique will permit a more informed selection of alternative or complementary detection methods, and greater usage in operational laboratories. Recent research by our group has shown that PD does not selectively target the lipids present in the residue. This research investigated the hypothesis that PD targets the eccrine constituents in fingermark residue. This was tested by comparison of PD and indanedione-zinc (Ind-Zn) treated natural fingermarks that had been deposited successively, and marks that had been deposited with a ten second interval in between depositions. Such an interval allows for the regeneration of secretions from the pores located on the ridges of the fingers. On fingermark depletions with no time interval between depositions, PD and Ind-Zn treated depletions successively (and comparatively) decreased in development intensity as the amount of residue diminished. Short time intervals in between successive depletions resulted in additional secretions from the pores intermittently occurring, the increased development of which was visualised by treatment with both PD and Ind-Zn. The changes in development intensity were seen with both techniques on the same split depletions in a series, comparably and proportionately. These results indicate that the components targeted by PD are contained in the material excreted by the friction ridge pores through its mirrored development with Ind-Zn. Repetition of the experiments on marks that only contained eccrine material showed good Ind-Zn development but poor results with PD. This indicates that there are other constituents contained in "natural" fingermarks that are required to be present for PD to be able to target constituents in the eccrine sweat. It may be that the required constituents in the natural residues are non-water soluble, and that these protect the eccrine constituents from solubilisation in the aqueous washes employed in the PD method. Further research is being undertaken to determine whether PD is targeting specific compounds in the pore secretions, or a mixture of compounds consisting of the eccrine material, epidermal lipids and sebaceous lipids typically present in latent fingermark residues. <s> BIB003 </s> Relevant visualization technologies for latent fingerprints on wet objects and its challenges: a review <s> Iodine fuming <s> Friction ridge examination is one of the bedrock disciplines in forensic science and has been employed for over 100 years. It is considered the pre-eminent method of individualization in forensic science. That status, however, has recently been upset by court challenges and high-profile misidentifications. Friction ridge examination will no doubt continue as a mainstay of forensic science, but changes in methodology and interpretation may be on the horizon. How the discipline weathers these changes depends on the willingness of the profession to critically examine their foundations, procedures, and methods. <s> BIB004 </s> Relevant visualization technologies for latent fingerprints on wet objects and its challenges: a review <s> Iodine fuming <s> Fingerprints have been used for human identification in criminal investigation for over 100 years. The detection of invisible or latent marks at crime scenes has been one of the great scientific challenges in forensic science and there have been considerable advances in this capability. The technological age and increasing power of computing has had a major influence on fingerprint identification providing the capacity to search large databases and provide rapid identification of persons of interest. This chapter discusses the important contribution of fingerprints to criminal investigation. <s> BIB005
Because of its application, iodine fuming is generally considered as a traditional chemical method. However, rather than altering the chemical constituents, it merely enhances the appearance of latent fingerprints  BIB005 . It has been reported that heated iodine crystals would bind to the lipid constituents of fingerprints and subsequently visualizing them (with a brownish hue) BIB001  BIB003  BIB005 ; however, the chemistry behind its successful visualization remains unreported. Although iodine fuming is relatively simple, fast, and non-destructive, as well as suitable for porous and non-porous surfaces  , the visualized fingerprints have been reported to be transient in nature   BIB004  BIB005 . Due to such drawback, iodine-visualized fingerprints are commonly fixed with chemical fixing agents such as 1% solution of starch in water  ) and 7,8-benzoflavone  . Recently, BIB002 formulated and introduced alkaloid brucine as the iodine-fixing reagent. The authors demonstrated successful visualization of latent fingerprints on porous and non-porous surfaces using the formulation of vapor and dipping methods, respectively. Despite many successes in visualizing latent fingerprints, studies reported that iodine vapor is toxic as well as corrosive BIB003  BIB005 , and therefore, great precaution must be exercised when using iodine fuming method.