SHA-2 Acceleration Meeting the Needs of Emerging Applications: A Comparative Survey <s> B. IoT <s> Sensor networks hold the promise of facilitating large-scale, real-time data processing in complex environments, helping to protect and monitor military, environmental, safety-critical, or domestic infrastructures and resources, Denial-of-service attacks against such networks, however, may permit real world damage to public health and safety. Without proper security mechanisms, networks will be confined to limited, controlled environments, negating much of the promise they hold. The limited ability of individual sensor nodes to thwart failure or attack makes ensuring network availability more difficult. To identify denial-of-service vulnerabilities, the authors analyzed two effective sensor network protocols that did not initially consider security. These examples demonstrate that consideration of security at design time is the best way to ensure successful network deployment. <s> BIB001 </s> SHA-2 Acceleration Meeting the Needs of Emerging Applications: A Comparative Survey <s> B. IoT <s> Radio-frequency identification devices (RFID) may emerge as one of the most pervasive computing technologies in history. On the one hand, with tags affixed to consumer items as well as letters, packets or vehicles costs in the supply chain can be greatly reduced and new applications introduced. On the other hand, unique means of identification in each tag like serial numbers enable effortless traceability of persons and goods. But data protection and privacy are worthwhile civil liberties. We introduce a simple scheme relying on one way hash-functions that greatly enhances location privacy by changing traceable identifiers on every read getting by with only a single, unreliable message exchange. Thereby the scheme is safe from many threats like eavesdropping, message interception, spoofing, and replay attacks. <s> BIB002 </s> SHA-2 Acceleration Meeting the Needs of Emerging Applications: A Comparative Survey <s> B. IoT <s> Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are being used to facilitate monitoring of patients in hospital and home environments. These systems consist of a variety of different components/sensors and many processes like clustering, routing, security, and self-organization. Routing is necessary for medical-based WSNs because it allows remote data delivery and it facilitates network scalability in large hospitals. However, routing entails several problems, mainly due to the open nature of wireless networks, and these need to be addressed. This paper looks at two of the problems that arise due to wireless routing between the nodes and access points of a medical WSN (for IoT use): black hole and selective forwarding (SF) attacks. A solution to the former can readily be provided through the use of cryptographic hashes, while the latter makes use of a neighbourhood watch and threshold-based analysis to detect and correct SF attacks. The scheme proposed here is capable of detecting a selective forwarding attack with over 96% accuracy and successfully identifying the malicious node with 83% accuracy. <s> BIB003 </s> SHA-2 Acceleration Meeting the Needs of Emerging Applications: A Comparative Survey <s> B. IoT <s> In the Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, the block-chain and, in general, Peer-to-Peer approaches could play an important role in the development of decentralized and dataintensive applications running on billion of devices, preserving the privacy of the users. Our research goal is to understand whether the blockchain and Peer-to-Peer approaches can be employed to foster a decentralized and private-by-design IoT. As a first step in our research process, we conducted a Systematic Literature Review on the blockchain to gather knowledge on the current uses of this technology and to document its current degree of integrity, anonymity and adaptability. We found 18 use cases of blockchain in the literature. Four of these use cases are explicitly designed for IoT. We also found some use cases that are designed for a private-by-design data management. We also found several issues in the integrity, anonymity and adaptability. Regarding anonymity, we found that in the blockchain only pseudonymity is guaranteed. Regarding adaptability and integrity, we discovered that the integrity of the blockchain largely depends on the high difficulty of the Proof-of-Work and on the large number of honest miners, but at the same time a difficult Proof-of-Work limits the adaptability. We documented and categorized the current uses of the blockchain, and provided a few recommendations for future work to address the above-mentioned issues. <s> BIB004 </s> SHA-2 Acceleration Meeting the Needs of Emerging Applications: A Comparative Survey <s> B. IoT <s> Motivated by the recent explosion of interest around blockchains, we examine whether they make a good fit for the Internet of Things (IoT) sector. Blockchains allow us to have a distributed peer-to-peer network where non-trusting members can interact with each other without a trusted intermediary, in a verifiable manner. We review how this mechanism works and also look into smart contracts—scripts that reside on the blockchain that allow for the automation of multi-step processes. We then move into the IoT domain, and describe how a blockchain-IoT combination: 1) facilitates the sharing of services and resources leading to the creation of a marketplace of services between devices and 2) allows us to automate in a cryptographically verifiable manner several existing, time-consuming workflows. We also point out certain issues that should be considered before the deployment of a blockchain network in an IoT setting: from transactional privacy to the expected value of the digitized assets traded on the network. Wherever applicable, we identify solutions and workarounds. Our conclusion is that the blockchain-IoT combination is powerful and can cause significant transformations across several industries, paving the way for new business models and novel, distributed applications. <s> BIB005 </s> SHA-2 Acceleration Meeting the Needs of Emerging Applications: A Comparative Survey <s> B. IoT <s> Emergence of Internet-of-Things brings a whole new class of applications and higher efficiency for existing services. Application-specific requirements, as well as connectivity and communication ability of devices have introduced new challenges for IoT applications. This paper provides an overview of IoT technologies required from an embedded design perspective and specific properties associated with IoT in embedded systems' landscape. We investigate essential technologies for development of IoT systems, existing trends, and its distinguishing properties. By discussing the key characteristics, main application domains, and major research issues in IoT, this paper provides a comprehensive IoT perspective for embedded system design. <s> BIB006 </s> SHA-2 Acceleration Meeting the Needs of Emerging Applications: A Comparative Survey <s> B. IoT <s> The Internet of Things (IoT) brings together a large variety of devices of different platforms, computational capacities and functionalities. The network heterogeneity and the ubiquity of IoT devices introduce increased demands on both security and privacy protection. Therefore, the cryptographic mechanisms must be strong enough to meet these increased requirements but, at the same time, they must be efficient enough for the implementation on constrained devices. In this paper, we present a detailed assessment of the performance of the most used cryptographic algorithms on constrained devices that often appear in IoT networks. We evaluate the performance of symmetric primitives, such as block ciphers, hash functions, random number generators, asymmetric primitives, such as digital signature schemes, and privacy-enhancing schemes on various microcontrollers, smart-cards and mobile devices. Furthermore, we provide the analysis of the usability of upcoming schemes, such as the homomorphic encryption schemes, group signatures and attribute-based schemes. <s> BIB007 </s> SHA-2 Acceleration Meeting the Needs of Emerging Applications: A Comparative Survey <s> B. IoT <s> Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) has been expanding in recent years with advancements in technologies, techniques and devices. This expansion has led to several different applications in the medical, civil, marine, military and domestic domains. Each of these domains have different requirements and challenges, with one common denominator: data security. Data security is an important aspect for any IoT network, however, in modern IoT systems simple data security may be not sufficient. This paper looks at a secure end-to-end IoT solution that allows wireless sensors/devices to connect to any PC in the world while guaranteeing data and network security. The scheme proposed in this paper can protect an IoT solution against several attacks like data breach, Denial of Service (DoS) and unauthorized access. Results obtained show that the technologies implemented, or used are superior in terms of time and energy consumption when compared to their counterparts in previously published works. <s> BIB008 </s> SHA-2 Acceleration Meeting the Needs of Emerging Applications: A Comparative Survey <s> B. IoT <s> Nowadays, the development of traditional business models become more and more mature that people use them to guide various kinds of E-business activities. Internet of things (IoT), being an innovative revolution over the Internet, becomes a new platform for E-business. However, old business models could hardly fit for the E-business on the IoT. In this article, we 1) propose an IoT E-business model, which is specially designed for the IoT E-business; 2) redesign many elements in traditional E-business models; 3) realize the transaction of smart property and paid data on the IoT with the help of P2P trade based on the Blockchain and smart contract. We also experiment our design and make a comprehensive discuss. <s> BIB009 </s> SHA-2 Acceleration Meeting the Needs of Emerging Applications: A Comparative Survey <s> B. IoT <s> Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the promising technologies that has attracted a lot of attention in both industrial and academic fields these years. It aims to integrate seamlessly both physical and digital worlds in one single ecosystem that makes up a new intelligent era of Internet. This technology offers a huge business value for organizations and provides opportunities for many existing applications such as energy, healthcare and other sectors. However, as new emergent technology, IoT suffers from several security issues which are most challenging than those from other fields regarding its complex environment and resources-constrained IoT devices. A lot of researches have been initiated in order to provide efficient security solutions in IoT, particularly to address resources constraints and scalability issues. Furthermore, some technologies related to networking and cryptocurrency fields such as Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Blockchain are revolutionizing the world of the Internet of Things thanks to their efficiency and scalability. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive top down survey of the most recent proposed security and privacy solutions in IoT. We discuss particularly the benefits that new approaches such as blockchain and Software Defined Networking can bring to the security and the privacy in IoT in terms of flexibility and scalability. Finally, we give a general classification of existing solutions and comparison based on important parameters. <s> BIB010 </s> SHA-2 Acceleration Meeting the Needs of Emerging Applications: A Comparative Survey <s> B. IoT <s> In this paper, we address the problem of confidentiality of keyframes, which are extracted from diagnostic hysteroscopy data using video summarization. We propose an image color coding method aimed at increasing the security of keyframes extracted from diagnostic hysteroscopy videos. In this regard, we use a 2-D logistic map to generate the cryptographic keys sequences, which relies on mixing and cascading the orbits of the chaotic map in order to generate the stream keys for the encryption algorithm. The encrypted images produced by our proposed algorithm exhibit randomness behavior, providing a high-level of security for the keyframes against various attacks. The experimental results and security analysis from different perspectives verify the superior security and high efficiency of our proposed encryption scheme compared to other state-of-the-art image encryption algorithms. Furthermore, the proposed method can be combined with mobile-cloud environments and can be generalized to ensure the security of cloud contents as well as important data during transmission. <s> BIB011 </s> SHA-2 Acceleration Meeting the Needs of Emerging Applications: A Comparative Survey <s> B. IoT <s> Abstract In the Internet of Things (IoT) vision, conventional devices become smart and autonomous. This vision is turning into a reality thanks to advances in technology, but there are still challenges to address, particularly in the security domain e.g., data reliability. Taking into account the predicted evolution of the IoT in the coming years, it is necessary to provide confidence in this huge incoming information source. Blockchain has emerged as a key technology that will transform the way in which we share information. Building trust in distributed environments without the need for authorities is a technological advance that has the potential to change many industries, the IoT among them. Disruptive technologies such as big data and cloud computing have been leveraged by IoT to overcome its limitations since its conception, and we think blockchain will be one of the next ones. This paper focuses on this relationship, investigates challenges in blockchain IoT applications, and surveys the most relevant work in order to analyze how blockchain could potentially improve the IoT. <s> BIB012 </s> SHA-2 Acceleration Meeting the Needs of Emerging Applications: A Comparative Survey <s> B. IoT <s> Internet of Things (IoT) systems are slowly but steadily becoming part of different aspects of our lives, with their applications ranging from smart homes, to wearable devices, to healthcare, etc. Traditional cryptographic schemes might not be suitable to be implemented on resource limited IoT devices. The decision to utilize a certain cryptographic algorithm, is mainly based on a tradeoff between security and performance, i.e. power consumption. A benchmark of these different cryptographic algorithms on IoT platforms is a must for security architects while designing their protocols and schemes. This paper presents a benchmark of the most known cryptographic algorithms on the Raspberry Pi platform, with a comparison with Arduino benchmark results provided in the literature. <s> BIB013
The Internet of Things (IoT) field requires carefully designed hardware accelerators for SHA-2 in order to meet security requirements within its manifold constraints. The IoT is based on infrastructures of low-end devices able to autonomously communicate across the Internet. It is an enabling paradigm for a number of innovative applications across different fields, each with its own security requirements BIB010 . Some cases, such as the biomedical sector  , present strict security requirements due to the involvement of sensitive data, but almost any IoT application must face the threat of external attacks BIB010 . For instance, SHA-2 has been used in different ways to secure IoT devices and infrastructures for biomedical applications. One example is given in BIB011 , where the pseudo-randomness of SHA-256 is exploited to produce a strong cryptographic key for the encryption of medical images which are to be sent over the cloud. It is worth mentioning that SHA-1 is still approved for use as PRNG [6] ; however, authors of BIB011 opt for SHA-256 in order to obtain a longer, hence more secure, key. Another application is presented in BIB008 , where the issue of black-hole routing attacks BIB001 is considered. The work includes source node authentication with an HMAC based on the SHA-256 hash function in the routing algorithm, based on the ideas presented in BIB003 , in order to prevent unauthorized nodes from sending malicious routing packets. An example of IoT application where sensitive data are not necessarily involved, but security is relevant anyway, is provided by Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems, which are increasingly used in supply chain management to intelligently track parts along the supply chains and manage inventories  . A small transponder called tag is attached to an item, storing a unique serial number for the item which can be sent to an RFID reader to track the object, or to start more complex interactions between the reader and the tag. The reading of RFID tags must be secured in order to preserve the privacy of both customers and companies  . Hence, a number of proposals for RFID access control have been put forward, mainly relying on hash functions and their one-way property. The scheme proposed in  avoids tracking by using a random number r in the tag response, which therefore consist of (r||DM (ID||r)). An improvement is proposed in BIB002 , where transaction numbers are used to avoid replay attacks, and the tag ID is updated at every successful transaction in order to prevent traceability. The tag ID is updated also in the scheme of  , where MACs are used to authenticate both the tag and the reader. In addition, since the IoT paradigm implies a peer-topeer network, and a blockchain is essentially a database distributed over a peer-to-peer network, there is an increasing interest in applying the blockchain technology to the IoT field BIB010 , BIB012 - BIB004 . IoT applications can benefit from the use of a blockchain providing integrity and nonrepudiation of communications between the nodes BIB010 , BIB012 . Furthermore, innovative IoT applications can be built taking advantage of smart contracts, which are applications run on a suitable blockchain capable of self-enforcing some business rules BIB005 , or enabling the trading of IoT services directly by the nodes of the IoT network BIB009 . IoT-related security presents unique challenges due to the characteristics of the devices involved. In fact, a paramount issue in IoT applications is the energy consumption, since devices are usually battery-backed, and the battery life often determines the very life time of the device. Furthermore, passively-powered devices like RFID tags are limited in how much electrical power they can receive from the reader. This represents an interesting positioning in the design space, as the limiting factor is not posed by the mere energy budget but, inherently, by the instantaneous power that can be supplied. In a sense, this situation resembles the power cap issue incurred by high-end processors used in server settings, albeit scaled down to the deeply embedded realm. As a consequence, to meet their energy requirements, IoT devices are often limited in their computing capabilities BIB006 . On the other hand, this conflicts with the computational requirements of cryptographic primitives, like SHA-2, which are very demanding and place a significant overhead on IoT devices  , BIB007 , BIB013 . This trade-off reaches its extreme with blockchain-based applications BIB004 , preventing normal IoT nodes from participating in the consensus protocol BIB005 . Clearly, only carefully designed application-specific accelerators can provide enough flexibility to address the conflicting constraints described above in an effective way.