A Systematic Literature Review on Military Software Defined Networks <s> Network Function Virtualization <s> Terrestrial networks are currently embracing new paradigms as Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV); these technologies can provide great opportunities also to broadband satellite networks architectures, bringing flexibility, scalability, customization and cost reduction. Moreover, new user-tailored services could be provided. In this paper, the use of SDN and NFV in a broadband satellite access scenario will be analyzed and some selected applications will be examied to identify possible benefits provided by these paradigms. <s> BIB001 </s> A Systematic Literature Review on Military Software Defined Networks <s> Network Function Virtualization <s> Space-ground integrative information network is an effective method to realize the global coverage of information, and the efficient use of information and communication resources. In the face of the current situation of the space information network considered for specific and military purposes, as well as the characteristics of the closed and rigid, it becomes an urgent problem that how to realize the information service of space-ground integrative and military-civilian integrative. This paper presents OpenFlow based spatial information network architecture. Firstly, the basic framework of Space-ground integrative network is introduced in detail. Secondly, the key technologies such as spatial physical resource management strategy, virtual spatial network management strategy and virtual spatial network slice management strategy, spatial application management strategy are designed in detail. This structure can realize the flexible control of the space information network, the integration of the fusion, the open programmable and the flexibility of the space information network. <s> BIB002 </s> A Systematic Literature Review on Military Software Defined Networks <s> Network Function Virtualization <s> Satellite networks have traditionally been considered for specific purposes. Recently, new satellite technologies have been pushed to the market enabling high-performance satellite access networks. On the other hand, network architectures are taking advantage of emerging technologies such as software-defined networking (SDN), network virtualization and network functions virtualization (NFV). Therefore, benefiting communications services over satellite networks from these new technologies at first, and their seamless integration with terrestrial networks at second, are of great interest and importance. In this paper, and through comprehensive use cases, the advantages of introducing network programmability and virtualization using SDN and/or NFV in satellite networks are investigated. The requirements to be fulfilled in each use case are also discussed. <s> BIB003 </s> A Systematic Literature Review on Military Software Defined Networks <s> Network Function Virtualization <s> We present the framework for a heterogeneous internetworking service architecture to provide probabilistic quality of service guarantees to short critical messages prior to transmission. The TCP/IP Internet is not suited to bear mission-critical data across administrative domain boundaries with stringent delivery requirements because Border Gateway Protocol obscures network state information. Critical messaging is useful in both military and civilian networks, and the adoption of an architecture designed for this service will greatly reduce overprovisioning costs. Leveraging software-defined network control concepts, we describe architectural modifications to the Internet to realize this service and discuss several algorithmic techniques to support its operation. <s> BIB004 </s> A Systematic Literature Review on Military Software Defined Networks <s> Network Function Virtualization <s> Airborne information networks have drawn the attention of the research community in the recent years. This growing interest can largely be attributed to new civil and military applications. Currently Airborne information networks are inherently hardware-based and rely on closed and inflexible architectural design. This imposes significant challenges into adopting new communications and networking technologies. Software Defined Networking, recognized as the next-generation networking paradigm, relies on the highly flexible, programmable, and virtualizable network architecture to improve network resource utilization, simplify network management, and promote innovation and evolution. In this paper, the concept of Software Defined Networking technology is introduced first. The features for the airborne environment and research challenges to realize the next-generation airborne information networks are discussed. Furthermore, a software-defined architecture is proposed to facilitate the development of the next-generation airborne information networks. The function of network virtualization was added, the SDN airborne information network provide differentiated services for airborne applications through employing the network virtualization technology. Aiming at the characteristics of airborne information network environment, a series of key technologies are analyzed in detail. <s> BIB005 </s> A Systematic Literature Review on Military Software Defined Networks <s> Network Function Virtualization <s> Having gained momentum from its promise of centralized control over distributed network architectures at bargain costs, software-defined Networking (SDN) is an ever-increasing topic of research. SDN offers a simplified means to dynamically control multiple simple switches via a single controller program, which contrasts with current network infrastructures where individual network operators manage network devices individually. Already, SDN has realized some extraordinary use cases outside of academia with companies, such as Google, AT&T, Microsoft, and many others. However, SDN still presents many research and operational challenges for government, industry, and campus networks. Because of these challenges, many SDN solutions have developed in an ad hoc manner that are not easily adopted by other organizations. Hence, this paper seeks to identify some of the many challenges where new and current researchers can still contribute to the advancement of SDN and further hasten its broadening adoption by network operators. <s> BIB006 </s> A Systematic Literature Review on Military Software Defined Networks <s> Network Function Virtualization <s> In the last decade, the differences in the information communication technology (ICT) infrastructures between urban and rural areas have registered a tremendous increase. ICT infrastructures could strongly help rural communities where many operations are time consuming, labor-intensive and expensive due to limited access and large distances to cover. One of the most attractive solutions, which is widely recognized as promising for filling this gap, is the use of drone fleets. In this context, this paper proposes a video monitoring platform as a service (VMPaaS) for wide rural areas not covered by Internet access. The platform is realized with a Software-Defined Network (SDN)/Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)-based flying ad-hoc network (FANET), whose target is providing a flexible and dynamic connectivity backbone, and a set of drones equipped with high-resolution cameras, each transmitting a video stream of a portion of the considered area. After describing the architecture of the proposed platform, service chains to realize the video delivery service are described, and an analytical model is defined to evaluate the computational load of the platform nodes in such a way so as to allow the network orchestrator to decide the backbone drones where running the virtual functions, and the relative resources to be allocated. Numerical analysis is carried out in a case study. <s> BIB007 </s> A Systematic Literature Review on Military Software Defined Networks <s> Network Function Virtualization <s> The existing satellite communication systems suffer from traditional design, such as slow configuration, inflexible traffic engineering, and coarse-grained Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. To address these issues, in this paper, we propose SERvICE, a Software dEfined fRamework for Integrated spaCe-tErrestrial satellite Communication, based on Software Defined Network (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV). We first introduce the three planes of SERvICE, Management Plane, Control Plane, and Forwarding Plane. The framework is designed to achieve flexible satellite network traffic engineering and fine-grained QoS guarantee. We analyze the agility of the space component of SERvICE. Then, we give a description of the implementation of the prototype with the help of the Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) and OpenFlow. We conduct two experiments to validate the feasibility of SERvICE and the functionality of the prototype. In addition, we propose two heuristic algorithms, namely the QoS-oriented Satellite Routing (QSR) algorithm and the QoS-oriented Bandwidth Allocation (QBA) algorithm, to guarantee the QoS requirement of multiple users. The algorithms are also evaluated in the prototype. The experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed algorithms in terms of file transmission delay and transmission rate. <s> BIB008
Network Function Virtualization (NFV) refers to the concept of moving network services into a cloud environment. A characteristic networking feature in NFV is Service Function Chaining (SFC) that enforces end-user data traffic to traverse data-center services also known as middleboxes. SDN is a technology that can be used to enable such routing, where the SDN controller is responsible for steering the traffic through a chain of such NFV services. Eight articles have been found to discuss NFV in a military context BIB006 BIB007 BIB008 BIB005 BIB001 BIB002 BIB003 BIB004 . An NFV and SDN survey by Cox et al. BIB006 presents both civil and military application domains by coupling NFV with SDN. Content-centric networking, on-demand virtual networks, and cloud services are examples of how NFV can contribute to make a more reliable, faster and secure network. NFV contributes to solve the multi-domain SDN controller problem by abstracting the inter-domain communication to a standardized NFV orchestration level. However, orchestration, interoperability, portability, integration, management, automation and resiliency are new research challenges that must be solved. Rametta et al. BIB007 presents an architecture of how drones can transmit video in rural areas with the support of an NFV/SDN enabled backbone. This is an example of a military application in a distributed NFV topology, where distributed Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) are used as distributed video storage and network overlay routing. By re-encoding video, the distributed NFV services can then adapt the video quality based on bandwidth constraints, while Service Function Chains (SFC) can be used in order to select the most appropriate network path. A similar overlay network application is suggested by Li et al. BIB008 , where distributed NFV services are used in order to route the network traffic based on an overlay network with SFCs instead of plain destination IP routing. Distributed QoS algorithms can then ensure QoS in the overlay network, based on bandwidth requirements and policies. Their results are also reflected through a paper of satellite SDN networks BIB001 , a survey BIB005 of NFV in military networks and an NFV-based satellite architecture of distributed NFV. All authors state that distributed NFV is a new way to distribute routing, enable security policies by overlay networks, and increase network performance. Shi et al. BIB002 also presents challenges with the management and orchestration of such typologies in the context of space-ground networks and cross-domain applications. However, all the papers suggest future work to be focused around the orchestration of the NFV services, and how to translate the security policies across the domain boundaries. It is noted that none of the reviewed papers discuss or give an example of control plane to control plane protocols of the overlay NFV networks in a military context. This corresponds to the NFV approach of using the orchestration layer for inter-domain communication. However, Carey et al. BIB004 suggests an SDN approach for an inter-domain control plane protocol, in order to increase the performance in heterogeneous military networks. They indicate that the use of API based control plane to control plane communication is enhancing the network performance compared with traditional BGP communication.