A Survey of Self-Awareness and Its Application in Computing Systems <s> A. Self-Expression in Psychology <s> Whereas self-expression is valued in the United States, it is not privileged with such a cultural emphasis in East Asia. Four studies demonstrate the psychological implications of this cultural difference. Studies 1 and 2 found that European Americans value self-expression more than East Asians/East Asian Americans. Studies 3 and 4 examined the roles of expression in preference judgments. In Study 3, the expression of choice led European Americans but not East Asian Americans to be more invested in what they chose. Study 4 examined the connection between the value of expression and the effect of choice expression and showed that European Americans place greater emphasis on self-expression than East Asian Americans, and this difference explained the cultural difference in Study 3. This research highlights the importance of the cultural meanings of self-expression and the moderating role of cultural beliefs on the psychological effect of self-expression. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey of Self-Awareness and Its Application in Computing Systems <s> A. Self-Expression in Psychology <s> Integrating and extending the literatures on social power and person–environment fit, 4 studies tested the hypothesis that when people’s dispositional beliefs about their capacity to influence others fit their assigned role power, they are more likely to engage in self-expression—that is, behave in line with their states and traits—thereby increasing their likelihood of being perceived by others in a manner congruent with their own self-judgments (i.e., self–other congruence). In Studies 1–3, dispositionally high- and low-power participants were randomly assigned to play a high- or low-power role in an interaction with a confederate. When participants’ dispositional and role power fit (vs. conflicted), they reported greater self-expression (Study 1). Furthermore, under dispositionalrole power fit conditions, the confederate’s ratings of participants’ emotional experiences (Study 2) and personality traits (Study 3) were more congruent with participants’ self-reported emotions and traits. Study 4’s results replicated Study 3’s results using an implicit manipulation of power and outside observers’ (rather than a confederate’s) ratings of participants. Implications for research on power and person perception are discussed. <s> BIB002
The term self-expression is less frequently and less ambiguously defined in the literature, when compared with self-awareness. Dictionary definitions offer a rather intuitive understanding of self-expression: "the expression of ones feelings, thoughts, or ideas..." according to the Oxford English Dictionary 1 , while Merriam-Webster 2 offers "the assertion of ones individual traits". The latter has been used in social psychology literature BIB001 . Similarly, the psychologists Chen et al. BIB002 define a self-expressive individual as one which behaves "in line with their states and traits." This is consistent with the dictionary definitions. Furthermore, Chen et al. BIB002 claim that the relative power of a person affects the amount of self-expression which the person engages in. Individuals in positions of social power are found to express their thoughts, feelings and attitudes more than those with relatively less power. This observation from human societies may provide a useful mechanism to be examined in computational scenarios.