DOI:10.1068/b31073 A review of rural land-use planning models <s> Analysis of land-use-allocation models <s> Abstract Geographical information systems (GIS) provide the decision-maker with a powerful set of tools for the manipulation and analysis of spatial information. The functionality of GIS is, however, limited to certain deterministic analyses in key application areas such as spatial search. The integration of multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) techniques with GIS is forwarded as providing the user with the means to evaluate various alternatives on the basis of multiple and conflicting criteria and objectives. An example application based on the search for suitable sites for the disposal of radioactive waste in the UK using the Arc/Info GIS is included. The potential use of a combined GIS-MCE approach in the development of spatial decision support systems is considered. <s> BIB001 </s> DOI:10.1068/b31073 A review of rural land-use planning models <s> Analysis of land-use-allocation models <s> Land-use planners often make complex decisions within a short period of time when they must take into account sustainable development and economic competitiveness. A set of land-use suitability maps would be very useful in this respect. Ideally, these maps should incorporate complex criteria integrating several stakeholders' points of view. To illustrate the feasibility of this approach, a land suitability map for housing was realised for a small region of Switzerland. Geographical Information System technology was used to assess the criteria requested to define the suitability of land for housing. An example dealing with the evaluation of noise levels illustrates the initial steps of this procedure. Because the required criteria are heterogeneous and measured on various scales, an outranking multicriteria analysis method called ELECTRE-TRI was used. However, using it to assess the suitability of any point in a territory was impractical due to computational limitations. Therefore, a mathematical function ... <s> BIB002 </s> DOI:10.1068/b31073 A review of rural land-use planning models <s> Analysis of land-use-allocation models <s> Research in the area of spatial decision support (SDS) and resource allocation has recently generated increased attention for integrating optimization techniques with GIS. In this paper we address the use of spatial optimization techniques for solving multi-site land-use allocation (MLUA) problems, where MLUA refers to the optimal allocation of multiple sites of different land uses to an area. We solve an MLUA problem using four different integer programs (IP), of which three are linear integer programs. The IPs are formulated for a raster-based GIS environment and are designed to minimize development costs and to maximize compactness of the allocated land use. The preference for either minimizing costs or maximizing compactness has been made operational by including a weighting factor. The IPs are evaluated on their speed and their efficacy for handling large databases. All four IPs yielded the optimal solution within a reasonable amount of time, for an area of 8 x 8 cells. The fastest model was successfully applied to a case study involving an area of 30 x 30 cells. The case study demonstrates the practical use of linear IPs for spatial decision support issues. <s> BIB003
The most significant characteristics of the land-use-allocation models selected as the most representative are summarized in table 2 (over) and are explained below: (1) Aim and results: the first application of multicriteria evaluation to regional planning were not implemented in GIS, and attempted to rank the different alternatives (regions, planning policies, etc). The integration of multicriteria evaluation techniques into GIS allowed the conversion of these rankings into land-use-allocation maps. The techniques used for this purpose vary depending on the planning aim: either defining the most suitable areas for one single land use (sectorial plan), or allocating optimally multiple land uses (comprehensive plan). Whereas the purpose of TOPSIS of compromise programming, or of the techniques implemented by BIB001 came into the first category, the ideal-point analysis  and MOLA were designed to select the optimum land-use for each spatial unit. This spatial allocation of multiple land uses can be achieved also through integer-programming models BIB003 , in which the variables take a value equal to 1 or 0, depending on whether the spatial units are allocated to a particular land use or not. However, most mathematical programming models provide only the optimum area for each land use without information on the spatial distribution of the results. In the case of the spatial simulation models studied, the result is always a land-use map. (2) Information required: multicriteria evaluation techniques demand information about the suitability evaluation criteria or the suitability score for a specific activity. When these techniques are implemented in GIS, this information is required either as evaluation-criteria maps or as suitability maps. Mathematical programming models require very diverse alphanumeric information, depending on their specific formulation. The data usually required are: yields, production and resource utilization coefficients, costs, profits, etc. Spatial simulation models may use evaluation-factor maps as input information, or, directly, suitability maps for each land use. Spatial simulation models and some multicriteria evaluation techniques need, in addition, the area destined to each land use as external data. (3) Integration with GIS: among the multicriteria evaluation techniques, it is of use to distinguish the techniques that do not use GIS, the techniques in which the function of GIS is restricted to storing information and/or displaying results, and, lastly, the techniques fully integrated in GIS. Among the latter are TOPSIS, analysis of concordance^discordance, hierarchical optimization, compromise programming, MOLA, or ideal-point analysis. The application of complex techniques based on pairwise comparisons in a raster GIS, in which each cell represents one choice alternative, is limited by the computer processing time, so that performance depends to a great extent on the size of the evaluation matrix, and, therefore, on the expanse of the application area. However, this limitation can be overcome by grouping the study  area into homogeneous areasöfor example, by the homogeneity index used by BIB002 . In most mathematical programming models, integration with GIS usually takes place in two phases: the acquisition of data from the GIS to feed the model, and the use of GIS to map the results. In the case of integer-programming models, the results correspond to land-use-allocation maps, which are usually represented in a GIS environment. The spatial simulation models described in the above section of this paper present a tight integration between GIS and the land-use-allocation model. (4) Group decisionmaking: stakeholders need tools that show the impact of design options through scenario analysis  . All the methods reviewed can generate these land-use scenarios, but the interaction of the users with the system is active or proactive in only some of them  . Public participation in the decisionmaking process can be achieved in different ways: through interactive techniques (see  that facilitate consensus building between groups with conflicting objectives, by means of varying the parameters of the model to explore the consequences of the choices of the interested parties (that is, LADSS), or by incorporating the different stakeholders into the model (that is, ABM).