Methodological Review: Symmetry and asymmetry analysis and its implications to computer-aided diagnosis: A review of the literature <s> Computer-aided diagnostic system <s> Two major difficulties associated with medical image processing are the diverse image formats that must be dealt with because of the differences in image sources and the number of incompatible display systems available for viewing images both before and after processing. We describe a very small set of primitives that need to be defined to utilize any raster display. When these primitives have been implemented for a particular device, then a standard set of image display programs can be compiled and images and the results of image processing can be displayed. The main purpose of this paper is to describe what a raster display looks like from the point of view of the programmer and to define the specific hardware and software data about the raster display that must be known in order to implement the small set of primitives. <s> BIB001 </s> Methodological Review: Symmetry and asymmetry analysis and its implications to computer-aided diagnosis: A review of the literature <s> Computer-aided diagnostic system <s> This paper on digital mammography image storage, retrieval, and transmission is 1 of 3 papers written as part of an intersociety effort to establish image quality standards for digital mammography. The information included in this paper is intended to support the development of an American College of Radiology (ACR) guideline on image quality for digital mammography. The topics of the other 2 papers are digital mammography image acquisition and digital mammography image display. The societies that were represented in compiling this document were the Radiological Society of North America, the ACR, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine, and the Society for Computer Applications in Radiology. These papers describe in detail what is known to improve image quality for digital mammography and make recommendations about how digital mammography should be performed to optimize the visualization of breast cancers using this imaging tool. Through the publication of these papers, the ACR is seeking input from industry, radiologists, and other interested parties on their contents so that the final ACR guideline for digital mammography will represent the consensus of the broader community interested in these topics. <s> BIB002 </s> Methodological Review: Symmetry and asymmetry analysis and its implications to computer-aided diagnosis: A review of the literature <s> Computer-aided diagnostic system <s> Over the last 50 years, diagnostic imaging has grown from a state of infancy to a high level of maturity. Many new imaging modalities have been developed. However, modern medical imaging includes not only image production but also image processing, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), image recording and storage, and image transmission, most of which are included in a picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The content of this paper includes a short review of research and development in medical imaging science and technology, which covers (a) diagnostic imaging in the 1950s, (b) the importance of image quality and diagnostic performance, (c) MTF, Wiener spectrum, NEQ and DQE, (d) ROC analysis, (e) analogue imaging systems, (f ) digital imaging systems, (g) image processing, (h) computer-aided diagnosis, (i) PACS, ( j) 3D imaging and (k) future directions. Although some of the modalities are already very sophisticated, further improvements will be made in image quality for MRI, ultrasound and molecular imaging. The infrastructure of PACS is likely to be improved further in terms of its reliability, speed and capacity. However, CAD is currently still in its infancy, and is likely to be a subject of research for a long time. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version) <s> BIB003
Subjective, empirical assessment of medical images is generally performed manually by radiologists, which is a time consuming and tedious task. The outcome is usually operator-dependent. In the era of radiologists hanging and reading films on the alternators, the inspection of the scans was prone to errors owing to visual exhaustion after long hours of reading, or to limited experience of the radiologists. Digital imaging has revolutionized the field of medical imaging and has led to the development of sophisticated computer hardware technologies (e.g., data storage, transmission BIB002 and display BIB001 ), and specialized software (e.g., registration tools  and expert systems   ) that empower physicians to better distinguish abnormalities, characterize findings, supervise interventions, and predict prognosis. The advances in the hardware, in particular, over the last decade or so, are catalyzing the development of modern computerized schemes for lesion detections in radiological images. These techniques and methods, collectively called computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), are bringing about a new era in which computers are assisting a wide spectrum of applications in medical domains. In fact, CAD has become one of the major research subjects in medical imaging and diagnostic radiology  . With respect to software, although clinicians have long sought to integrate CAD systems into routine clinical practice, a readily usable software system that can efficiently characterize lesions is still a rarity even in major research hospitals. It has seemed to be extremely difficult to perform an algorithmic image analysis on lesions, given the limitations of available intelligence systems. To empower the computerized systems, it would seem intuitive to incorporate knowledge and heuristics of disciplines such as anatomy and pathology, to help the system draw diagnostic inferences. One strategy for development of techniques for lesion detection is based on understanding the process of radiologists assessing images-such as how radiologists can discover lesions, why they may miss some abnormalities, and how they can distinguish between benign and malignant lesions BIB003 .