Cyber-physical attacks and defences in the smart grid: a survey <s> Attack-resilient designs <s> A modern power grid needs to become smarter in order to provide an affordable, reliable, and sustainable supply of electricity. For these reasons, considerable activity has been carried out in the United States and Europe to formulate and promote a vision for the development of future smart power grids. However, the majority of these activities emphasized only the distribution grid and demand side leaving the big picture of the transmission grid in the context of smart grids unclear. This paper presents a unique vision for the future of smart transmission grids in which their major features are identified. In this vision, each smart transmission grid is regarded as an integrated system that functionally consists of three interactive, smart components, i.e., smart control centers, smart transmission networks, and smart substations. The features and functions of each of the three functional components, as well as the enabling technologies to achieve these features and functions, are discussed in detail in the paper. <s> BIB001 </s> Cyber-physical attacks and defences in the smart grid: a survey <s> Attack-resilient designs <s> In recent years, much of the discussion involving Bsmart grids( has implicitly involved only the distribution side, notably advanced metering. However, today's electric systems have many challenges that also involve the rest of the system. An enabling technology for improving the power system, which has emerged in recent years, is the ability to measure coherent, real-time data. In this paper, we describe major challenges facing electrical generation and transmission today that avail- ability of these measurements can help address. We overview applications using coherent, real-time measurements that are in use today or proposed by researchers. Specifically, we de- scribe, normalize, and then quantitatively compare key factors for these power applications that influence how the delivery system should be planned, implemented, and managed. These factors include whether a person or computer is in the loop and (for both inputs and outputs) latency, rate, criticality, quantity, and geographic scope. From this, we abstract the baseline communications requirements of a data delivery system supporting these applications and suggest implementation guidelines to achieve them. Finally, we overview the state of the art in the supporting computer science areas of overlay networking and distributed computing (including middleware) and analyze gaps in commercial middleware products, utility standards, and issues that limit low-level network protocols from meeting these requirements when used in isolation. <s> BIB002 </s> Cyber-physical attacks and defences in the smart grid: a survey <s> Attack-resilient designs <s> The distribution system provides major opportunities for smart grid concepts. One way to approach distribution system problems is to rethinking our distribution system to include the integration of high levels of distributed energy resources, using microgrid concepts. Basic objectives are improved reliability, promote high penetration of renewable sources, dynamic islanding, and improved generation efficiencies through the use of waste heat. Managing significant levels of distributed energy resources (DERs) with a wide and dynamic set of resources and control points can become overwhelming. The best way to manage such a system is to break the distribution system down into small clusters or microgrids, with distributed optimizing controls coordinating multimicrogrids. The Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTSs) concept views clustered generation and associated loads as a grid resource or a “microgrid.” The clustered sources and loads can operate in parallel to the grid or as an island. This grid resource can disconnect from the utility during events (i.e., faults, voltage collapses), but may also intentionally disconnect when the quality of power from the grid falls below certain standards. This paper focuses on DER-based distribution, the basics of microgrids, possibility of smart distribution systems using coupled microgrid and the current state of autonomous microgrid technology. <s> BIB003 </s> Cyber-physical attacks and defences in the smart grid: a survey <s> Attack-resilient designs <s> The “smart grid” refers to various efforts to modernize the power grid through the application of alternate sources of energy and intelligent devices. The present national interest in smart grid applications has generated many questions concerning the role of distribution engineering in the future. What features do utility engineers need in distribution system analysis tools to support the future smart grid? This paper will discuss some relevant Electric Power Research Institute research in this area that focuses on selected issues related to smart grid analysis relevant to rural utilities. The essential characteristics of distribution system analysis tools to support analysis of these issues are discussed. <s> BIB004
As it is impossible to enumerate or eliminate every potential attack threats for a perfectly secured smart grid, the concept of attack-resilience should be integrated against the permanent presence and evolution of threats. Additional security features and mechanisms against the most common attacks should be incorporated into the design of measurement and control systems. The costs of attack-resilient designs should be balanced with that of emergent situations, so that a proper trade-off between economic concerns and broader impacts can be achieved. Meanwhile, security analysis should be aware that the development and deployment of advanced and distributed intelligence are double-edged: the intelligent systems are both targets of CP attacks as well as tools to defend against them. Along with the upgrades being made in generation BIB002 , transmission BIB001 , and distribution systems BIB003 BIB004 of the smart grid, security analysis should integrate the impacts of these upgrades, enhance their resilience against potential attacks, and utilise their potentials to improve the security.