An Overview of Next-Generation Underwater Target Detection and Tracking: An Integrated Underwater Architecture <s> C. INTERNET OF UNDERWATER THINGS (IoUT) <s> Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. Ocean temperatures determine climate and wind patterns that affect life on land. Freshwater in lakes and rivers covers less than 1%. Its contamination seriously damages ecosystems. The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is defined as a world-wide network of smart interconnected underwater objects that enables to monitor vast unexplored water areas. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how to benefit from the IoUT to learn from, exploit and preserve the natural underwater resources. In this paper, the IoUT is introduced and its main differences with respect to the Internet of Things (IoT) are outlined. Furthermore, the proposed IoUT architecture is described. Important application scenarios that illustrate the interaction of IoUT components have been proposed. Critical challenges have been identified and addressed. <s> BIB001 </s> An Overview of Next-Generation Underwater Target Detection and Tracking: An Integrated Underwater Architecture <s> C. INTERNET OF UNDERWATER THINGS (IoUT) <s> The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is a novel class of Internet of Things (IoT), and is defined as the network of smart interconnected underwater objects. IoUT is expected to enable various practical applications, such as environmental monitoring, underwater exploration, and disaster prevention. With these applications, IoUT is regarded as one of the potential technologies toward developing smart cities. To support the concept of IoUT, Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have emerged as a promising network system. UWSNs are different from the traditional Territorial Wireless Sensor Networks (TWSNs), and have several unique properties, such as long propagation delay, narrow bandwidth, and low reliability. These unique properties would be great challenges for IoUT. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive study of IoUT, and the main contributions of this paper are threefold: (1) we introduce and classify the practical underwater applications that can highlight the importance of IoUT; (2) we point out the differences between UWSNs and traditional TWSNs, and these differences are the main challenges for IoUT; and (3) we investigate and evaluate the channel models, which are the technical core for designing reliable communication protocols on IoUT. <s> BIB002
A network of smart-interconnected nodes that helps enabling numerous unexplored underwater applications and resources is called IoUT. The smart devices in IoUT improve numerous applications in smart coastal cities including target detection and tracking. These applications include environmental monitoring, underwater exploration, disaster prevention, military and others navigation and location applications BIB002 . Due to sparse network condition in IoUT, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) can be used to establish stable connections between nodes far away from each other. IoUT is a threelayered architecture, first described in 2012 BIB001 that fulfill the demands of application users. The perception layer includes sensors, vehicles, and stations that are responsible for collecting data. The middle layer i.e., the network layer includes internet, wired/wireless networks, cloud computing platforms, and so on for transmitting information from the perception layer, and the application layer satisfies diversified demands of different users.