A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Unethical Issues in Agri-food Supply Chains <s> In today's uncertain and turbulent markets, supply chain vulnerability has become an issue of significance for many companies. As supply chains become more complex as a result of global sourcing and the continued trend to “leaning‐down”, supply chain risk increases. The challenge to business today is to manage and mitigate that risk through creating more resilient supply chains. <s> BIB001 </s> A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Unethical Issues in Agri-food Supply Chains <s> The global food system is in a state of profound crisis. Decades of misguided aid, trade and production policies have resulted in an unprecedented erosion of agrobiodiversity that renders the world’s food supply vulnerable to catastrophic crop failure in the event of drought, heavy rains, and outbreaks of pests and disease. Climate change threatens to wreak additional havoc on food production by increasing the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, depressing agricultural yields, reducing the productivity of the world’s fisheries, and placing pressure on scarce water resources. Furthermore, the climate crisis and the biodiversity crisis are occurring at a time of rising global food insecurity. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization reports that the number of chronically undernourished people in the world reached a peak of 1.02 billion people in 2009 – a figure that represents one sixth of humanity. This article examines the underlying causes of the crises in the global food system, and recommends specific measures that might be adopted to address the distinct but related problems of food insecurity, loss of agrobiodiversity, and climate change. The article concludes that the root cause of the crises confronting the global food system is corporate domination of the food supply and the systemic destruction of local food systems that are healthy, ecologically sustainable, and socially just. The article argues that small-scale sustainable agriculture has the potential to address the interrelated climate, food, and agrobiodiversity crises, and suggests specific measures that the international community might take through law and regulation to promote the transition to a more just, resilient, and sustainable food system. <s> BIB002 </s> A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Unethical Issues in Agri-food Supply Chains <s> Purpose ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate effective management strategies for 14 sources of supply chain uncertainty, with a particular emphasis on uncertainties or strategies that involve ethical issues. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Design/methodology/approach ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Manufacturing strategy theory, underpinned by alignment and contingency theory, is used as the theoretical foundation. Multi-case study data are collected from 12 companies in the Indonesian food industry, including four focal manufacturers, four first-tier suppliers, and four first-tier customers (retailers). ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Findings ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Within the context of appropriately aligned management strategies to address 14 sources of uncertainty, three ethical issues are empirically identified: first, collusion amongst suppliers to ration supplies and increase prices; second, unethical influences on government policy; and third, “abuse” of power by large retailers at the expense of smaller competitors. Joint purchasing is argued to be a key strategy for combatting the first of these ethical issues. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Research limitations/implications ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The study is limited to the Indonesian food industry, and so further research is needed in other cultures/contexts. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Practical implications ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Management strategies that aim to reduce an uncertainty at its source lead to better overall supply chain performance than strategies that merely cope with uncertainty, which only have an impact on firm-level performance. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Social implications ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The ethical issues identified have implications for fair negotiations between customers and suppliers. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Originality/value ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: This study is unique in its in-depth case study-based empirical investigation of the management of multiple supply chain uncertainties; and in its discussion of ethical issues in this context. <s> BIB003
Several authors have conducted research on unethical practices that can cause supply chain uncertainty. For example, Christopher and Peck BIB001 proposed that tangible supply chain cost increase will be caused by unethical business practice, such as monitoring business transactions and expenses on lobbying governments to update policies. Gonzalez BIB002 separately examined that unethical behaviour may help the firm to acquire profits but can cause expense on the whole supply chain. After collecting data from four focal manufacturers, four first-tier suppliers and four firsttier customers in Indonesian food industry, Simangunsong et al. BIB003 observed three unethical practices that can cause supply chain uncertainty in the food supply chain. First, collusion among suppliers of the same product, which involves the timing and pricing of supplies for the purchasing organisation. Second, organisations may seek chance to impact food policies so that the competitors may have to recall their products or packaging, whereas the organisation's own product or packing remains within regulations. Finally, anti-competition behaviour has been observed among large food retailers.