Designing persuasive health materials using processing fluency: a literature review <s> Background <s> Nurses are frequently called upon to develop and evaluate printed education materials (PEMs) in their role as patient educators. This article describes the use of the Evaluating Printed Education Materials (EPEM) model as a prescriptive guide and quality standard for developing new PEMs or critiquing existing ones. Outlined in the five phases of the model are a series of nursing, learning, and instructional design principles that are intended to increase the relevance, readability, and comprehensibility of PEMs for the patients and families who use them. The patient-centered focus of the model makes it applicable across nursing specialty areas and care settings. Examples of how the model can be used in the care of orthopaedic patients are presented. <s> BIB001 </s> Designing persuasive health materials using processing fluency: a literature review <s> Background <s> Literacy has recently emerged as a key item on the research agenda in medicine and public health. Researchers and practitioners are grappling with evidence that the reading ability of the average adult falls well below the reading level of educational materials, directives, forms, and informed-consent documents commonly used in the health field. The threats to effective communication and efficacious care have spurred interest in exploring strategies for more effective communication. In addition, increased attention to literacy may be driven by legal concerns for adequate protection of human subjects and ethical concerns for patient autonomy in informed-consent procedures. Methodological strides made since 1992, particularly in the form of new tools for rapid literacy measurement, have enabled a number of researchers to explore links between the literacy level of patients and health outcomes that will have critical policy implications. These investigations can best be undertaken through collaborative efforts between educators who understand the learning process and health professionals who understand the protocols used in health care and public health education. Findings will serve to enrich policy and practice. <s> BIB002 </s> Designing persuasive health materials using processing fluency: a literature review <s> Background <s> I. FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES 1. Persuasion in the Rhetorical Tradition - J. Michael Hogan 2. The Effects of Message Features: Content, Structure and Style - Lijiang Shen and Elizabeth Bigsby 3. Media Influence as Persuasion - Lance Holbert and John M. Tchernev 4. Outcomes of Persuasion: Behavioral, Cognitive, and Social - Nancy Rhodes and David R. Ewoldsen 5. On Being Persuaded: Some Basic Distinctions - Gerald R. Miller II. THEORIES, PERSPECTIVES, AND TRADITIONS 6. Discrepancy Models of Belief Change - Edward L. Fink and Deborah A. Cai 7. Functional Attitude Theory - Christopher Carpenter, Franklin J. Boster, and Kyle R. Andrews 8. Reasoned Action Theory: Persuasion as Belief-Based Behavior Change - Marco Yzer 9. The Elaboration Likelihood Model - Daniel J. O'Keefe 10. Affect and Persuasion - James Price Dillard and Kiwan Seo 11. Reactance Theory and Persuasion - Brian L. Quick, Lijiang Shen, and James Price Dillard 12. Fear Appeals - Paul A. Mongeau 13. Narrative Persuasion - Rick Busselle and Helena Bilandzic 14. Inoculation Theory - Joshua Compton 15. Supportive and Persuasive Communication: Theoretical Intersections - Graham D. Bodie III. CONTEXTS, SETTINGS, AND APPLICATIONS 16. Political Persuasion - Richard M. Perloff 17. Persuasive Strategies in Health Campaigns - Charles K. Atkin and Charles T. Salmon 18. The Siren's Call: Mass Media and Drug Prevention - William D. Crano, Jason T. Siegel, and Eusebio M. Alvaro 19. Persuasion in the Marketplace: How Theories of Persuasion Apply to Marketing and Advertising - L.J. Shrum, Min Liu, Mark Nespoli, and Tina M. Lowrey 20. Persuasion in the Legal Setting - John C. Reinard 21. Persuading in the Small Group Context - Franklin J. Boster 22. When Presumed Influence Turns Real: An Indirect Route of Media Influence - Ye Sun 23. How Does Technology Persuade?: Theoretical Mechanisms for Persuasive Technologies - S. Shyam Sundar, Jeeyun Oh, Hyunjin Kang, and Akshaya Sreenivsan <s> BIB003
Health information is an important understanding resource for the general public: it enables them to engage in the management of their health condition and improve their well-being. In particular, written health information has a number of advantages, such as reusability, portability, and flexibility of delivery BIB001 ; this information has a positive impact on the effectiveness of patient education  . However, a significant concern is that users may not obtain optimal benefits from health information because of their limited health literacy, i.e., the ability to comprehend the information and use it to make appropriate decisions about their health and health care  . Such resources as patient educational materials and public health information are often written at a readability level that is too high for most intended recipients BIB002 . In such cases, more information may cause target subjects to feel confused and powerless rather than empowered. Furthermore, health information needs to prioritize uninterested, resistant users as targets BIB003 . Accordingly, written health materials have to be readable and generate favorable evaluations of the message. The study of processing fluency (PF) has become increasingly popular over the past decade. PF is defined as the inferred subjective ease with which new external information can be processed  . Studies have shown that fluently processed stimuli generate positive judgments (e.g., liking, confidence). For example, Song and when the instructions were difficult to read. Accordingly, researchers have considered PF in terms of readability as a generator of positive judgments. Sharing the implications of PF among health-care professionals would appear to be beneficial in producing effective health materials. Hitherto, however, no study has reviewed PF publications with respect to their potential application in writing health information. The present review aimed to explore the implications for designing effective health materials from the perspective of PF. We conducted a systematic literature review to answer a research question: what instantiations of PF are applicable to the design of health materials? We suggested practical implications for designing health materials based on the results.