Designing persuasive health materials using processing fluency: a literature review <s> Make recipients imagine health behavior: imagery fluency <s> A series of studies w as conducted to determ ine the viability of a scenario pro-cedure as a com pliance technique. In four experim ents, subjects w ho, throughthe use of a structured scenario, w ere led to im agine them selves experiencingcertain events cam e to believe m ore strongl y that the events w ould befall them .T his prom otive effect of the scenario procedure on probability or likelihood es-tim ates occurred fo r both positive events (e.g., w in n in g a contest) an d negativ eevents (e.g., being arrested fo r a crim e) and occurred in both laboratory andfield contexts. F urtherm ore, and crucial to its relevance for com pliance, thescenario procedur e w as show n to influence not bnly probability judgm ents butalso behavior. H om eow ners w ho im agined them selves utilizing a cable televisionservice w ere subsequently m ore likely to subscribe to such a service w hen re-quested to do so w eeks later. Finally, it w as determ ined that the effec t of struc-tured scenarios on com pliance is no t du e to additional in fo rm atio n provided bythe scenario. Instead, an interpretation based on the availability heuristic isfavored. <s> BIB001 </s> Designing persuasive health materials using processing fluency: a literature review <s> Make recipients imagine health behavior: imagery fluency <s> Existing research and widespread commercial usage suggest that appeals urging consumers to imagine the product experience have powerful effects on product preferences. Three studies examined the mediating role of imagery accessibility and demonstrated that the difficulty of imagery generation can reverse the generally observed positive effects of imagery appeals. When participants were low in imagery abilities or when the product was not presented in a vivid way, imagery appeals were not only ineffective but even had a negative effect on product preferences. Providing evidence for its subjective nature, this imagery fluency effect was more likely for individuals attuned to their internal experiences. <s> BIB002 </s> Designing persuasive health materials using processing fluency: a literature review <s> Make recipients imagine health behavior: imagery fluency <s> This research examines the impact of media depictions of success (or failure) on consumers’ desire for luxury brands. In a pilot study and three additional studies, we demonstrate that reading a story about a similar/successful other, such as a business major from the same university, increases consumers’ expectations about their own future wealth, which in turn increases their desire for luxury brands. However, reading about a dissimilar successful other, such as a biology major, lowers consumers’ preferences for luxury brands. Furthermore, we examine the role of ease of imagining oneself in the narrative as a mediator of the relation between direction of comparison, similarity, and brand preference. <s> BIB003 </s> Designing persuasive health materials using processing fluency: a literature review <s> Make recipients imagine health behavior: imagery fluency <s> Dual coding theory (DCT) explains human behavior and experience in terms of dynamic associative processes that operate on a rich network of modality-specific verbal and nonverbal (or imagery) representations. We first describe the underlying premises of the theory and then show how the basic DCT mechanisms can be used to model diverse educational phenomena. The research demonstrates that concreteness, imagery, and verbal associative processes play major roles in various educational domains: the representation and comprehension of knowledge, learning and memory of school material, effective instruction, individual differences, achievement motivation and test anxiety, and the learning of motor skills. DCT also has important implications for the science and practice of educational psychology — specifically, for educational research and teacher education. We show not only that DCT provides a unified explanation for diverse topics in education, but also that its mechanistic framework accommodates theories cast in terms of strategies and other high-level psychological processes. Although much additional research needs to be done, the concrete models that DCT offers for the behavior and experience of students, teachers, and educational psychologists further our understanding of educational phenomena and strengthen related pedagogical practices. <s> BIB004
As shown in the "Results" section, self-generated images of future behavior and events influences subsequent judgments and behavior BIB002 BIB003 BIB001 . One of the purported reasons for the imagery fluency effect is that it makes images of relevant behavior subsequently more available in memory and consequently makes them appear more probable   . Image generation and memorability are prompted by concrete descriptions BIB004 . As Shoemaker et al.  recommend, health behavior described in health materials should be broken down into manageable, explicit steps and portrayed concretely. In this way, recipients can easily imagine the behavior, which will help them do likewise.