A Survey of auditory display in image-guided interventions <s> Methods of auditory display for image-guided interventions <s> Current medical visualization technology intended for positional guidance in surgical applications may only ever have limited utility in the operating room due to the preexisting visual requirements of surgical practice. Additionally, visual systems impose limits as a result of their high latency, poor image resolution, problems with stereopsis and physical strain upon the user. Audio technology is relatively unexamined in the broad range of available methodologies for medical devices. The potential to translate surgical instrument position into audio feedback presents a novel solution to the human factors and engineering problems faced by visual display technology because audio technology employs a rich and as yet unburdened sensory modality. We describe an experimental system we have developed for investigating this new interface design approach using commercially available hardware. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey of auditory display in image-guided interventions <s> Methods of auditory display for image-guided interventions <s> This paper presents a general model for sonification of large spatial data sets (e.g. seismic data, medical data) based on ideas from ecological acoustics. The model incorporates not only what we hear (the sounds), but also how we listen (the interaction). Metaphorically speaking the interpreter is walking along paths in areas of the data set, listening to locally and globally defined sound objects. The time aspects of sonification are given special attention, introducing the notion of temporalization. Some features of a preliminary Windows NT implementation are summarized. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey of auditory display in image-guided interventions <s> Methods of auditory display for image-guided interventions <s> Spatialized sound technology is under consideration for use in future U. S. Navy watchstation systems as a technique to manage attention. In this study, we looked at whether spatialized sound would reduce head movements. The subjects used a simulated watchstation that had three displays, one forward and one on each side. A dual task paradigm was used that included a continuous tracking task in one window and an intermittent task in another window. These two windows were presented adjacent to each other in the center display or opposite each other on the side displays. Subjects performed the dual task with and without sound. Head turns were recorded manually and were found to be significantly fewer in number when sound was present. Further, when sound was present, subjects used its cessation as an indication of a successfully entered response. This aural feedback reduced head movements that would normally be made to confirm the successful data entry. Together with other results on reaction time and accuracy, these results provide persuasive support for the use of spatialized sound to direct attention. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey of auditory display in image-guided interventions <s> Methods of auditory display for image-guided interventions <s> This article deals with the process of sonification design for guidance tasks. It presents several studies that aim at overcoming two major problems of sonification: the aesthetics of sound design and the lack of a general method. On the basis of these studies, it proposes some guidelines for the generalization of the sonification process. First, it introduces the need to disassociate data and display dimensions; then, it proposes a method to classify and evaluate sound strategies; finally, it introduces a method for the customization of the sound design. The whole process is based on the identification and the manipulation of particular sound morphologies. <s> BIB004
An auditory display is one that uses sound rather than a screen to communicate information  . These use data from some source that is typically mapped to changing parameters of a sound generator which generates acoustic output. Auditory displays are quite common in everyday life, with applications including speech, radios, music, alarm clocks, bells, telephone ringtones, microwave buzzers, sirens, and horns  . Historically, scientific auditory display has been sparsely employed, for example, to bring seismometer recordings into audible range for analysis  ; the first International Conference on Auditory Display was held in 1992  . Using auditory display for guidance tasks in related fields has been described for applications such as obstacle avoidance and route finding for blind pedestrians, encouraging athletes toward more efficient movements, or aiding patients during rehabilitation BIB004 . In the case of image-guided interventions, the data source is typically distance information delivered by the navigation system. In addition to ameliorating the shortcomings in traditional image-guided interventions described above, Wegner and Karron BIB001  describe multiple benefits of auditory display for interventional use, including the omnidirectionality of audio allowing for information display without line-of-sight, the relatively open auditory perceptual channel, reduced computational demands of audio synthesis, and the ability of humans to perceive parallel streams of audio. Further general benefits of auditory display including improving ergonomics, for instance, by reducing the number of head and neck movements to switch between viewing various displays BIB003 or to promote rapid detection of events in high-stress environments  . Auditory display has been shown to be fairly easy to learn  , and even engaging or fun to use BIB002 . Although there are multiple methods of auditory display available to the sound designer, the reviewed literature includes three primary auditory display methods: alerts, auditory icons, and parameter mapping.