Collaborative ontology engineering: a survey <s> Application areas <s> Knowledge-based organizations are hosts for multitudes of knowledge management (KM) episodes. Each episode is triggered by a knowledge need and culminates with the satisfaction of that need (or its abandonment). Within an episode, one or more of the organization' processors (human and/or computer-based) manipulate knowledge resources in various ways in an effort to meet the need. This paper identifies and characterizes a generic set of elemental knowledge manipulation activities that can be arranged in a variety of patterns within KM episodes. It also indicates possible knowledge flows that can occur among the activities. This descriptive framework was developed using conceptual synthesis and a Delphi methodology involving an international panel of researchers and practitioners in the KM field. The framework can serve as a common language for discourse about knowledge manipulation. For researchers, it suggests issues that deserve investigation and concepts that must be considered in explorations of KM episodes. For practitioners, the framework provides a perspective on activities that need to be considered in the design, measurement, control, coordination, and support of an organization' KM episodes. <s> BIB001 </s> Collaborative ontology engineering: a survey <s> Application areas <s> The only possibility for federally structured organizations and communities to enable consistent views on their meta-data and contents is to establish methods to gather the meta-data from the distributed peers, integrate it into a common conceptual model and finally make it accessible to humans and software systems. We present the approach taken to implement this strategy for the over 2000 affiliated organizations of the Bavarian Lutheran Church. It showcases how different Semantic Web standards, vocabularies, and methodologies can be coherently integrated into a consistent framework delivering added value to the large audience of participating peers. <s> BIB002 </s> Collaborative ontology engineering: a survey <s> Application areas <s> In the legal domain, ontologies enjoy quite some reputation as a way to model normative knowledge about laws and jurisprudence. This paper describes the methodology followed when developing the ontology used by the second version of the prototype Iuriservice, a web-based intelligent FAQ for judicial use. This modeling methodology has had two important requirements: on the one hand, the ontology needed to be extracted from a repository of professional judicial knowledge (containing nearly 800 questions regarding daily practice). Thus, the construction of ontologies of professional judicial knowledge demanded the description of this knowledge as it is perceived by the judge. On the other hand, due to the distributiveness of the environment, there was a need for controlled discussion and traceability of the arguments used in favor or against the introduction of a concept X as part of the domain ontology. This paper presents the Ontology of Professional Judicial Knowledge (OPJK), extracted manually from the selection of relevant terms from judicial practice questions and modeled according to the DILIGENT methodology. We will show that DILIGENT has proved to be a methodology that facilitates the ontology engineering in a distributed environment, although appropriate tool support needs to be developed. <s> BIB003 </s> Collaborative ontology engineering: a survey <s> Application areas <s> Creating and designing an ontology is a complex task requiring discussions between domain and ontology engineering experts as well as the users of an ontology. We present the Cicero tool, that facilitates efficient discussions and accelerates the convergence to decisions. Furthermore, by integrating it with an ontology editor, it helps to improve the documentation of an ontology. <s> BIB004 </s> Collaborative ontology engineering: a survey <s> Application areas <s> Semantic technologies are very helpful in improving existing systems for searching, managing and retrieving of resources, e.g. image search, bookmarking or expert finder systems. They enhance these systems through background knowledge stored in ontologies. However, in most cases, resources in these systems change very fast. In consequence, they require a dynamic and agile change of underlying ontologies. Also, the formality of these ontologies must fit the users needs and capabilities and must be appropriate and usable. Therefore, a continuous, collaborative and work or task integrated development of these ontologies is required. In this paper, we present how these requirements occur in real world applications and how they are solved and implemented using our Ontology Maturing Process Model. <s> BIB005
The methodology was applied in a knowledge management project in order to describe the conduct of knowledge management in organizations BIB001 . The findings of this case study confirm the usefulness of the Delphi method to guide decentralized ontology engineering; they also raise several issues related to the resource-intensive nature of collaboration, the need for additional support tool to ensure a consistent execution of the Delphi process (e.g. by facilitating the access to the information gathered from the panelists in each round), and to potential biases induced by the anchoring ontology. The methodology was evaluated at various stages of its development through case studies in domains as diverse as tourism, law BIB003 and academic research. While the findings of the case studies are positive with respect to the applicability of the overall approach to collaboratively engineer an ontology, they also emphasize the importance of software support in many phases of the engineering process. This issue has been taken up in several research projects, which produced a suite of (Web-based) ontology editors facilitating RST-like discussions and translating the results of these discussions in changes at the level of the ontology. Examples of such tools are coefficientMakna and Cicero as part of the NeOn Toolkit BIB004 . There is scant evidence of the application of HCOME/HCONE in real-world projects. As a continuation of the work, the authors proposed several years later the HCOME-3O framework, which allows for an improved management of the collaboration process using meta-ontologies (capturing administrative information, changes to various ontology versions, and the rationale therefor) and semantic wiki technology  . RapidOWL guidelines have been applied to build the ontology underlying the 'Vernetzte Kirche' (in English: Networked Church) project, which runs a series of Web-based portals on behalf of the Lutheran Church in Bavaria BIB002 . The methodology is supported by the POWL 14 software. Recently, the University of Leipzig realized its catalogue of professors using ontologies that were build following RapidOWL 15 . While the collaboration-related aspects of the methodology, including roles, policies and tasks are underspecified, Ontology Maturing excels in providing a number of detailed case studies in which the methodology was successfully applied BIB005 16 . The case studies are supported by the tool SOBOLEO  , which facilitates the collaborative editing of the ontology in a user-friendly manner and its subsequent usage in tasks such as semantic search or semantic annotation. While these case studies show the feasibility of the approach, their practical findings remain so far very generic to have significant implications for the future research and development in the ontology engineering community.