A Review of Techniques for Detection of Movement Intention Using Movement-Related Cortical Potentials <s> Recording MRCP. <s> Abstract In order to clarify the significance of the various components of the movement-related cortical potentials, scalp-recorded potential changes associated with voluntary, self-paced middle finger flexion and extension were studied by an opisthochronic averaging program in 14 normal right-handed subjects. Topographical study, based on 14 simultaneously recorded and averaged EEG channels, enabled us to identify at least 8 components; 4 pre-motion and 4 post-motion. The pre-motion components are the Bereitschaftspotential (BP) (a symmetric early negative shift), NS′(−500 to −90) (a negative slope maximal over the contralateral precentral region and culminating in N −90 ipsilaterally), P −50 (corresponding to the pre-motion positivity, PMP), and N −10 (probably corresponding to the motor potential, MP). The post-motion components include N +50 (a sharp negative post-motion activity over the contralateral frontal region), P +90 , and N +160 (presumably representing sensory functions) and P +300 (a large positivity maximal over the contralateral precentral region but widely distributed). <s> BIB001 </s> A Review of Techniques for Detection of Movement Intention Using Movement-Related Cortical Potentials <s> Recording MRCP. <s> This review concentrates on scalp-recorded direct current potentials that appear as event-related potentials (ERPs) <s> BIB002 </s> A Review of Techniques for Detection of Movement Intention Using Movement-Related Cortical Potentials <s> Recording MRCP. <s> Self-paced movements, movement to a cue and imagined movement have all been reported to be preceded by a prolonged negativity on averaged electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings. Considerable evidence supports an important contribution from the supplementary motor area (SMA) to this potential and all three types of movement have been shown to be associated with SMA activation. This study was designed to compare the premovement component of these movement-related potentials (MRPs) in a group of subjects who performed each of these three types of movement. In addition, in view of the greater SMA activation in association with proximal arm movements, we studied movements at multiple joints in the right arm. All the potentials were largest at Cz. Self-paced movements were preceded by a negativity (mean onset 1.2 s prior to electromyographic activity) with two distinct phases – an early slow increase (early BP, Bereitschaftspotential) and a later, steeper phase (NS', negative slope). Proximal movements were associated with a larger peak amplitude (mean peak amplitude for shoulder 11.6 µV, finger movement 9.0 µV at Cz, n=14) due to a bigger NS' phase. Movements to a regular cue, but not to a randomly timed cue, were also preceded by a long duration negativity, but the NS' phase began earlier and was less distinct than for self-paced movements (mean peak amplitude for shoulder movement 9.1 µV, finger 8.2 µV at Cz, n=12). Imagining the movements to a regular cue was associated with a slow negativity, with no clear NS' phase (mean peak amplitude for shoulder movement 6.5 µV, finger 6.2 µV at Cz). Our results indicate that the MRPs prior to the three types of movement have distinct characteristics, most notably for the NS' phase. The MRP associated with movement to a regular cue may be analogous to the S2-related negativity of the contingent negative variation (CNV). We discuss the findings in the light of current evidence from functional imaging as to the cortical areas activated in similar movements. <s> BIB003 </s> A Review of Techniques for Detection of Movement Intention Using Movement-Related Cortical Potentials <s> Recording MRCP. <s> The event-related potential (ERP) technique in cognitive neuroscience allows scientists to observe human brain activity that reflects specific cognitive processes. In An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique, Steve Luck offers the first comprehensive guide to the practicalities of conducting ERP experiments in cognitive neuroscience and related fields, including affective neuroscience and experimental psychopathology. The book can serve as a guide for the classroom or the laboratory and as a reference for researchers who do not conduct ERP studies themselves but need to understand and evaluate ERP experiments in the literature. It summarizes the accumulated body of ERP theory and practice, providing detailed, practical advice about how to design, conduct, and interpret ERP experiments, and presents the theoretical background needed to understand why an experiment is carried out in a particular way. Luck focuses on the most fundamental techniques, describing them as they are used in many of the world's leading ERP laboratories. These techniques reflect a long history of electrophysiological recordings and provide an excellent foundation for more advanced approaches. The book also provides advice on the key topic of how to design ERP experiments so that they will be useful in answering questions of broad scientific interest. This reflects the increasing proportion of ERP research that focuses on these broader questions rather than the "ERPology" of early studies, which concentrated primarily on ERP components and methods. Topics covered include the neural origins of ERPs, signal averaging, artifact rejection and correction, filtering, measurement and analysis, localization, and the practicalities of setting up the lab. <s> BIB004 </s> A Review of Techniques for Detection of Movement Intention Using Movement-Related Cortical Potentials <s> Recording MRCP. <s> Abstract Objective To clarify the role of the cerebral cortex in the swallowing movement, the difference between the waveforms of contingent negative variation (CNV) for the command swallowing and movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) obtained during the volitional swallowing task in humans was investigated. Methods Subjects were instructed to swallow their saliva as quickly as possible in response to a sound signal 4s after the onset of a self-paced breath holding in the command swallowing task or to swallow it while holding their breath for 4s in the volitional swallowing task. Results CNV and MRCP appeared at five recording areas 1.5 and 2.0s before the onset of the suprahyoid muscle activation determined by the electromyography (EMG) during the command swallowing and volitional swallowing tasks, respectively. The CNV amplitude during the command swallowing task was significantly higher than the MRCP amplitude during the volitional swallowing task ( p p >0.05). Conclusions These results indicated that CNV may reflect the activities of the prefrontal cortex, in addition to the supplementary motor area, suggesting that the processing of the cue to swallow activates brain areas more widely than the volitional swallowing itself. Significance It is possible to clarify the cognitive functions associated with command swallowing by analyzing CNV. <s> BIB005 </s> A Review of Techniques for Detection of Movement Intention Using Movement-Related Cortical Potentials <s> Recording MRCP. <s> The movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) is a low-frequency negative shift in the electroencephalographic recording that occurs about 2 s before voluntary movement production. The MRCP is thought to reflect the cortical processes involved in movement planning and movement preparation. In recent years, researchers have used this potential to investigate the processes involved in motor skill learning. Their findings indicate differences in the amplitude and onset times of the MRCP between experienced and novice performers, which have been attributed to long-term training in the experts. The authors discuss these findings critically and consider their implications for both future research and practice. <s> BIB006 </s> A Review of Techniques for Detection of Movement Intention Using Movement-Related Cortical Potentials <s> Recording MRCP. <s> To control the startup/shutdown of a conventional brain-computer interface (BCI) that is always running for daily use, we proposed and developed a new BCI system called a BCI master switch. We designed it with on/off switching functions by detecting the contingent negative variation (CNV) — related potentials. We chose CNV to improve the single-trial discrimination of user intentions to switch because CNV had a high signal-to-noise ratio and needed high concentration for its elicitation. We also applied a support vector machine (SVM) to improve the single-trial detection of CNV-related potentials. As the best parameters of SVM were estimated and applied, the offline evaluation's best performance achieved a CNV detection rate of 99.3% for the intention to switch and 2.1% for the intention not to switch. Remarkably, this performance was achieved from single-trial detection, imaginary response of user's intention without physical reaction, and the data from only one recording electrode. These results suggest that our proposed BCI system might work as a master switch by single-trial detection. <s> BIB007
For the study of BP in individual subjects against hand movements, it is vital to record EEG from multiple electrodes, including C1 and C2, for identifying the abrupt increase of the gradient BIB001 . The main recording locations for MRCPs are C3, Cz, and C4 BIB006 . Different studies used different number of electrodes and locations for recording CNV, for example, C3, Cz, and C4 BIB003 , Fz, Cz, Pz, C3, and C4 BIB005 , and only Oz BIB007 . The MRCP can easily be masked by activity in the higher frequency bands because its amplitude typically lies between 5 and 30 V and only occurs at frequencies of around 0-5 Hz BIB006 . Several recordings of the same trials must be taken and then averaged across these trials for meaningful extraction of the MRCP from EEG traces BIB002 . The reason behind this approach is that EEG data recorded from a single trial contains both the MRCP waveform and spontaneous, random noise BIB004 . By averaging, the background noise in each trial will be cancelled out, leaving only the MRCP when the data from multiple trials is filtered to eliminate the higher frequency activity and averaged together.