A Review of Major Nursing Vocabularies and the Extent to Which They Have the Characteristics Required for Implementation in Computer-based Systems <s> Standardized Nursing Vocabularies <s> Introduces the content, benefits, rationale, history and future of The Omaha System, which facilitates community health practice, documentation and data management. This system was developed by practicing nurses in community health care settings and is based on practice and research results. This book contains over 30 Omaha System applications involving various community health programmes, such as home, public and school health, clinic, parish, jail, migrant and homeless programmes. <s> BIB001 </s> A Review of Major Nursing Vocabularies and the Extent to Which They Have the Characteristics Required for Implementation in Computer-based Systems <s> Standardized Nursing Vocabularies <s> This article is the second in a series on the Home Health Care Classification research study conducted at Georgetown University School of Nursing (see the March 1992 CARING). The purpose of the study was to develop a method to assess and classify home health Medicare patients in order to predict their need for nursing and other home care services, including their outcomes of care. To accomplish this goal, data on actual resource use that could be objectively measured were used to predict resource requirements. A third article will provide more detail on the descriptive findings, statistical analyses, and the Preliminary Classification System. <s> BIB002 </s> A Review of Major Nursing Vocabularies and the Extent to Which They Have the Characteristics Required for Implementation in Computer-based Systems <s> Standardized Nursing Vocabularies <s> The American Nurses Association (ANA) Cabinet on Nursing Practice mandated the formation of the Steering Committee on Databases to Support Clinical Nursing Practice. The Committee has established the process and the criteria by which to review and recommend nursing classification schemes based on the ANA Nursing Process Standards and elements contained in the Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS) for inclusion of nursing data elements in national databases. Four classification schemes have been recognized by the Committee for use in national databases. These classification schemes have been forwarded to the National Library of Medicine (NLM) for inclusion in the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) and to the International Council of Nurses for the development of a proposed International Classification of Nursing Practice. <s> BIB003 </s> A Review of Major Nursing Vocabularies and the Extent to Which They Have the Characteristics Required for Implementation in Computer-based Systems <s> Standardized Nursing Vocabularies <s> Society mandates that health care be both effective and affordable. Currently, data about costs of care are more readily obtainable than data about quality, especially in relation to nursing and other nonphysician aspects of patient care. Assessing effectiveness of care requires standardized data aggregated in databases for comparisons across times, conditions, and institutions. Historical and contemporary efforts to identify elements of a minimum data set and develop standards have brought progress but have not resolved all the critical issues. A project involving the University Hospital Consortium and its member institutions has produced a valid and reliable set of standard terms and codes compatible with an existing patient-level database. Future developments need to include better methods for determining resource consumption and for capturing clinical data. The time is near when databases built from clinical data will lead to knowledge that will strengthen patient care. <s> BIB004 </s> A Review of Major Nursing Vocabularies and the Extent to Which They Have the Characteristics Required for Implementation in Computer-based Systems <s> Standardized Nursing Vocabularies <s> The article discusses how the Nursing Intervention Lexicon and Taxonomy (NILT) is being used to describe patterns of care for patients receiving home care nursing. These patterns of care include intensity (frequency of interventions), focus of care (NILT category or categories with the highest percentage of interventions), and comprehensiveness of care (number of NILT intervention categories reflected). Thus with a means for quantifying care in holistic ways, nurses can now ask important questions about clinical care and its outcomes using empirical nursing data about care (i.e., categorized nursing intervention statements). Understanding how these data are expressed using nurses' natural language terms, and being able to categorize these interventions reliably, represent essential preliminary work for describing and defining data for inclusion in the automated record. <s> BIB005 </s> A Review of Major Nursing Vocabularies and the Extent to Which They Have the Characteristics Required for Implementation in Computer-based Systems <s> Standardized Nursing Vocabularies <s> Outcomes research has become increasingly important in the current health care environment and for informatics research efforts. Recent efforts in automating clinical data for use in outcomes studies has focused attention on the need to represent the processes of care in the classic structure-process-outcome models of care. This paper reports on use of the Nursing Intervention Lexicon and Taxonomy for classifying interventions to characterize two process of care variables: intervention intensity and intervention focus. Study results demonstrate that these variables are descriptive and provide promise for describing processes of nursing care for describing clinical care. <s> BIB006
Standardized nursing vocabularies have been developed to describe the nursing process, document nursing care, and facilitate the aggregation of data for comparisons at the local, regional, national, and international levels. In the United States, the American Nurses Association (ANA) established the Steering Committee on Databases to Support Clinical Nursing Practice to monitor and support the development and evolution of the use of multiple vocabularies and classification schemes within the framework of the Nursing Minimum Data Set. BIB003  Subsequently, the ANA developed criteria and a process for official ANA recognition. To date, there are five recognized nursing classifications: the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) Taxonomy 1, 10 the Omaha System, BIB001 the Home Health Care Classification (HHCC), BIB002 the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC),  and the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC).  There are also significant ongoing efforts not yet recognized by the ANA, such as the Patient Care Data Set, BIB004 the Nursing Intervention Lexicon and Taxonomy, BIB005 BIB006 and the American Organization of Operating Room Nurses data set.  At the international level, an alpha version of the In-ternational Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) has been published.  In its current version, the ICNP comprises pre-coordinated terms for nursing phenomena and a multi-axial, combinatorial approach based on atomic-level terms for nursing interventions. The evaluation literature related to the five ANA-recognized systems and the ICNP is specifically exam- Types of Taxonomic Vocabularies Ⅲ Thesauri: Vocabularies based on words, e.g., Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms. Ⅲ Classification systems: Vocabularies with the purpose of exhaustive and disjunctive partitioning of objects, e.g., International Classification of Diseases, Nursing Interventions Classification. Ⅲ Nomenclatures: Combinatorial vocabularies with structures organized around polyhierarchies or axes, e.g., SNOMED International, International Classification for Nursing Practice intervention scheme. Explicit rules for canonic representation are lacking. Ⅲ Formal terminologies: Vocabularies based on concepts (a unit of thought) rather than terms (a unit of language) that include explicit rules for sensible composition of primitive concepts into complex concepts, e.g., GALEN, SNOMED RT, Kaiser Permanente Convergent Medical Terminology. ined in this article. See Table 1 for a description of each nursing vocabulary.