A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Resource Allocation in 5G: <s> Vehicular networks are expected to accommodate a large number of data-heavy mobile devices and multiapplication services, whereas it faces a significant challenge when we need to deal with the ever-increasing demand of mobile traffic. In this paper, we present a new paradigm of fifth-generation (5G)-enabled vehicular networks to improve network capacity and system computing capability. We extend the original cloud radio access network (C-RAN) to integrate local cloud services to provide a low-cost, scalable, self-organizing, and effective solution. The new C-RAN is named enhanced C-RAN (EC-RAN). Cloudlets in EC-RAN are geographically distributed for local services. Furthermore, device-to-device (D2D) and heterogeneous networks are essential technologies in 5G systems. They can greatly improve spectrum efficiency and support large-scale live video streaming in short-distance communications. We exploit matrix game theoretical approach to operate the cloudlet resource management and allocation. A Nash equilibrium solution can be obtained by a Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) nonlinear complementarity approach. Illustrative results indicate that the proposed resource-sharing scheme with the geodistributed cloudlets can improve resource utilization and reduce system power consumption. Moreover, with the integration of a software-defined network architecture, a vehicular network can easily reach a globally optimal solution. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Resource Allocation in 5G: <s> We consider secure resource allocations for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) two-way relay wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The joint problem of subcarrier (SC) assignment, SC pairing and power allocations, is formulated under scenarios of using and not using cooperative jamming (CJ) to maximize the secrecy sum rate subject to limited power budget at the relay station (RS) and orthogonal SC allocation policies. The optimization problems are shown to be mixed integer programming and nonconvex. For the scenario without CJ, we propose an asymptotically optimal algorithm based on the dual decomposition method and a suboptimal algorithm with lower complexity. For the scenario with CJ, the resulting optimization problem is nonconvex, and we propose a heuristic algorithm based on alternating optimization. Finally, the proposed schemes are evaluated by simulations and compared with the existing schemes. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Resource Allocation in 5G: <s> In this paper, we consider the problem of resource allocation for secure communications in decode-and-forward (DF) relay-assisted orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) networks. In our setting, users want to securely communicate to the base station (BS) with the help of a set of relay stations (RSs) in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers. We assume that all channel state information (CSI) of the legitimate links and only the channel distribution information (CDI) of the eavesdropper links are available. We formulate our problem as an optimization problem whose objective is to maximize the sum secrecy rate of the system subject to individual transmit power constraint for each user and RS. As a first work which considers limited feedback schemes for secure communications in cooperative OFDMA networks, we consider the limited-rate feedback case, where in addition to transmit power and subcarrier assignments, channel quantization should be performed and boundary regions of channels should be computed. We further consider the noisy feedback channel. We solve our problem using the dual Lagrange approach and propose an iterative algorithm whose convergence is analyzed. Using simulations, we evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme in numerous situations. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Resource Allocation in 5G: <s> Given the anticipated 1000 times growth of tele-traffic, the conception of efficient spectrum management and sharing mechanisms becomes essential for 5G networks due to the scarcity of spectral resources. To meet this ambitious goal, we propose an SDN-based synergistic spectrum sharing technique, the harmonized SDN-enabled approach (HSA), which relies on distributed input reporting on spectrum availabilities in 5G heterogeneous networks. Conventional spectrum sharing mechanisms, particularly those using cognitive radio techniques, rely heavily on spectrum sensing and adaptive transmission-aided communications devices. However, this device-level spectrum sharing might lead to inaccurate sharing decisions due to the widely fluctuating signal quality observed by each device. Moreover, the network becomes vulnerable to malicious devices that report false sensing data to gain unfair access to the spectrum. These problems are further compounded by the fact that operational cellular networks have a somewhat rigid architecture relying on vendor-specific configuration interfaces, hence restricting the operators to have, at best, only indirect control of the network’s operation and resources. In addressing these challenges, we adopt a synergistic approach that integrates the distributed sensing devices, cellular base stations, and SDN controller into an intrinsically amalgamated network. To alleviate any potential controller scalability and latency concerns, HSA harmonizes the network’s operation by distributing the local decision making and network-wide policy making tasks among the base stations and the SDN controller, respectively. The article outlines the detailed network architecture and also presents an efficient resource management algorithm. <s> BIB004 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Resource Allocation in 5G: <s> Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been considered as a highly efficient communication technology in the fifth generation (5G) networks by serving multiple users concurrently through non-orthogonal sharing communication resources. NOMA can be combined with both massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and relaying technologies to further improve 5G system efficiency at the cost of increased complexity. These combinations rely on the efficient utilization of 3-D communication resources. In the first part of this paper, we investigate highly efficient 3-D resource allocation for massive MIMO-NOMA systems. Due to hardware complexity constraints and channel variation in the massive MIMO-NOMA system, efficient antenna selection and user scheduling algorithms are proposed for sum rate maximization. In the second part of this paper, a collaborative NOMA-assisted relaying (CNAR) system is proposed to serve multiple cell-edge users by 3-D resource utilization. To reduce the relaying complexity in CNAR system, a simplified-CNAR (S-CNAR) system is proposed as an alternative NOMA-enabled relaying strategy. Numerical results show that our antenna selection and user scheduling algorithms achieve similar performance to existing methods with reduced complexity. Under high target rate, CNAR obtains better performance over other transmission strategies and S-CNAR reaches similar performance by simplified relaying scheme. <s> BIB005 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Resource Allocation in 5G: <s> This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on applications of economic and pricing theory for resource management in the evolving fifth generation (5G) wireless networks. The 5G wireless networks are envisioned to overcome existing limitations of cellular networks in terms of data rate, capacity, latency, energy efficiency, spectrum efficiency, coverage, reliability, and cost per information transfer. To achieve the goals, the 5G systems will adopt emerging technologies such as massive multiple-input multiple-output, mmWave communications, and dense heterogeneous networks. However, 5G involves multiple entities and stakeholders that may have different objectives, e.g., high data rate, low latency, utility maximization, and revenue/profit maximization. This poses a number of challenges to resource management designs of 5G. While the traditional solutions may neither efficient nor applicable, economic and pricing models have been recently developed and adopted as useful tools to achieve the objectives. In this paper, we review economic and pricing approaches proposed to address resource management issues in the 5G wireless networks including user association, spectrum allocation, and interference and power management. Furthermore, we present applications of economic and pricing models for wireless caching and mobile data offloading. Finally, we highlight important challenges, open issues and future research directions of applying economic and pricing models to the 5G wireless networks. <s> BIB006
In wireless communications, resource allocation plays a significant role. The resource allocation is defined as the management of resources and increases the capacity for a better communication. The various resources like power, load, spectrum, etc, are shared according to the user requirement for an optimized connectivity. The resources in the cellular networks can be assigned locally or globally. The traditional solutions emphasized the research allocations strategies by incorporating mathematical game theory problems but do not put a compatibility with security facilities. The security among resource sharing is essential from the perspective of optimization and better use of resources. The eavesdropper or an attacker can use the resources in a falsified way and increase the network degradation rate. Therefore, the secure resource allocation in the 5G networks is a crucial challenge and should be focused for improved connectivity. Various studies have been presented in the era of secure resource allocation in 5G networks. Yu et al. BIB001 presented the optimal resource sharing scheme on the basis of the matrix game theory. The user adopts the concept of Enhanced Cloud-Radio Access Network (EC-RAN) for supporting data-heavy applications in the vehicular networks in a 5G communications environment. The authors also discussed the cloudlet resource management approach. Luong et al. BIB006 focused the economic and pricing approaches for resource management in the 5G networks. The authors use the resource management issues like user association, spectrum allocation, interference and power management to define appropriate models. Zhang et al. BIB002 emphasized the secure resource allocation for orthogonal frequency division multiple access. The mixed integer programming and nonconvex models are used for solving the optimization problems. The au-thors proposed a system model on the concept of secrecy two-way relay WSNs without cooperative Jamming. Abedi et al. BIB003 presented the limited rate feedback scheme by formulating the optimization problem. The spectrum sharing enables various unlicensed bands, including the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band, and visible light communication for the dedicated application by improving the utilization efficiency of the available spectrum. Akhtar et al. BIB004 proposed an SDN-based spectrum sharing technique. Liu et al. BIB005 discussed the 3-D resource allocation techniques. For the sum rate maximization, the authors combined the antenna selection and the user scheduling algorithms. Yang et al.  presented the random based radio resource allocation approach for D2D communications. In addition, network slicing can be a considerable solution for enhancing the capacity and flexibility of the networks in secure resource allocation and management schemes. Tremendous adoption of the 5G network with different application facilitates massive traffic and data on the networks  . The details of comparison between the state-of-theart solutions for secure resource allocation in 5G Networks in presented in Table 2 . 