Maturity models of education information systems and technologies: A systematic literature review <s> II. MATURITY MODELS IN IST MANAGEMENT <s> The concepts of process or capability maturity are increasingly being applied to many aspects of product development, both as a means of assessment and as part of a framework for improvement. This paper traces the origins of the maturity grid and reviews methods of construction and application. <s> BIB001 </s> Maturity models of education information systems and technologies: A systematic literature review <s> II. MATURITY MODELS IN IST MANAGEMENT <s> In order to ascertain and measure dedicated aspects of information systems ‘maturity', a wide range of assessment models have been developed by both, practitioners and academics over the past years. In spite of its broad proliferation, the concept has not been untroubled by criticism. Unnecessary bureaucracy, poor theoretical foundation, and the impression of a falsified certainty to achieve success are just a few examples for that. As there is still a significant lack of knowledge on how to design theoretically sound and widely accepted maturity models, it is the aim of this paper to discuss the typical phases of maturity model development and application by taking a design science research perspective. Given that both, development and application are intimately connected, different decision parameters are identified that are relevant in respect to rigour and relevance of the maturity model. <s> BIB002 </s> Maturity models of education information systems and technologies: A systematic literature review <s> II. MATURITY MODELS IN IST MANAGEMENT <s> In order to identify and explore the strength and weaknesses of particular organizational designs, a wide range of maturity models have been developed by both, practitioners and academics over the past years. However, a systematization and generalization of the procedure on how to design maturity models as well as a synthesis of design science research with the rather behavioural field of organization theory is still lacking. Trying to combine the best of both fields, a first design proposition of a situational maturity model is presented in this paper. The proposed maturity model design is illustrated with the help of an instantiation for the healthcare domain. <s> BIB003 </s> Maturity models of education information systems and technologies: A systematic literature review <s> II. MATURITY MODELS IN IST MANAGEMENT <s> Information Systems and Technologies IST in healthcare have evolved gradually, and theories about IST adoption and maturity are sufficiently established in the literature of organizational management. This paper examines the evolution of IST in healthcare. The author introduces concepts associated with maturity models, addresses the generic maturity model for IST management, and presents the main maturity models, specifically focusing on the management of IST in healthcare. Widespread and detailed maturity models are not fully available, and the opportunity to develop new maturity models that focus on IST management in healthcare still exists. <s> BIB004
The concept of MM is increasingly applied in the IS field, both as an approach needed for continuous improvement  as for its evaluation BIB001 . Since its initial conception in the early 1970s   , a multitude of different instances have been developed in science and practice. However, as organizations face constant pressures to achieve and maintain competitive advantage by inventing and reinventing new products and services, reduce costs and time to market, and at the same time improve the quality, there is a continuing need for development of new MM, since they help the decision makers to achieve these goals BIB002 . On the other hand, through the incorporation of formalism in the improvement of activities, decision makers within organizations can determine if the potential benefits are being achieved or not. The MM are available to respond to many different challenges. These models provide information for organizations to address the problems and challenges in a structured way, providing both a reference point to assess the capabilities as a roadmap for improving  . In other words, the MM offer an orientation through an evolutionary process, incorporating the procedures for improving activities BIB003 . Various MM have been proposed over time, both for the development of individuals and for the general evolution of organizations or the particular evolution of the IS management function. These models mainly differ in terms of a number of stages, variables of evolution and focus areas BIB003 BIB004  . Each of these models identifies certain characteristics that specifically define the objectives of the next stage of growth. These types of models can be applied situationally within education in order to strategically planning for IST maturation, based on the degree of alignment between the educational organization (e.g. HEI) strategy and the selected growth path, as well as associated investments and improvement activities. In the literature review carried out in this project, as well as in complementary studies, it was verified that there is no comprehensive and detailed HEI MM that assesses the maturity of IS in its various aspects. In fact, a content analysis of scientific articles, manuals, white papers, reports and websites, all with information on MM in the area of education, also revealed the inexistence of MM of dimensions or influence factors that consider the same with different weights compared to their relative importance. In view of these constraints, it was considered opportune to develop a research project that would contribute to an increase of knowledge about the MM applied to HEI, in order to spread an improvement in the practice of evaluating and promoting the maturity of their IS. Based on the description of the problem, the following research question was formulated: ► Is there a model, which consists of several maturityinfluencing factors and maturity stages, that can be applied to IST of Higher Education Institutions?