A Systematic Literature Review on Military Software Defined Networks <s> Software Defined Satellite Network Applications <s> As the Warfighter progresses into the next generation battlefield, transformational communications become evident as an enabling technology. Satellite communications become even more vital as the battles range over greater non-contiguous spaces. While current satellite communications provide suitable beyond line-of-sight communications and the Transformational Communications Architecture (TCA) sets the stage for sound information exchange, a realizable transition must occur to ensure successful succession to this higher level. This paper addresses the need for a planned escalation to the next generation satellite communications architecture and offers near-term alternatives. Commercial satellite systems continue to enable the Warfighter to reach back to needed information resources, providing a large majority of available bandwidth. Four areas of concentration for transition include encrypted Telemetry, Tracking and Control (or Command) (TT&C), encrypted and covered data, satellite attack detection and protection, and operational mobility. Solution methodologies include directly embedding COMSEC devices in the satellites and terminals, and supplementing existing terminals with suitable equipment and software. Future satellites planned for near-term launches can be adapted to include commercial grade and higher-level secure equipment. Alternately, the expected use of programmable modems (Software Defined Radios (SDR)) enables incorporation of powerful cipher methods approaching military standards as well as waveforms suitable for on-the-move operation. Minimal equipment and software additions on the satellites can provide reasonable attack detection and protection methods in concert with the planned satellite usage. Network management suite modifications enable cohesive incorporation of these protection schemes. Such transitional ideas offer a smooth and planned transition as the TCA takes life. <s> BIB001 </s> A Systematic Literature Review on Military Software Defined Networks <s> Software Defined Satellite Network Applications <s> The past twenty years have seen exponential growth in tactical data exchange on the battlefield. The Information Exchange Requirements (IERs) of the dasianetwork enabledpsila soldier, when combined with the greater dispersion and mobility expected of land forces operations, threaten to overwhelm traditional line-of-sight (LoS) HF, VHF and UHF networks and the spectrum management systems needed to support them. Recent advances in military SHF satellite beamforming and downlink power performance enable small tactical SATCOM terminals to deliver high data rates. The commercial Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) standard contains a state-of-the-art physical layer (PHY) offering spectrally efficient waveforms as well as a control and management plane for enabling two-way SATCOM thus providing a reduced developmental cost in the procurement of a MILSATCOM solution. This paper assesses how SHF MILSATCOM, used in the past mainly for dasiareachbackpsila or strategic links, can now employ modified, commercially-developed techniques such as DVB and meshed Multi-Frequency - Time Division Multiple Access (MF-TDMA) Return Channel via Satellite (RCS) to provide a robust, cost-effective, flexible and bandwidth-efficient means of augmenting LoS tactical networks, while retaining the ubiquity, mobility and ease of deployment which are SATCOMpsilas hallmarks. It shows how SATCOM can now capitalise on the advances being made in IP networking. It also shows how these techniques can be used on Software-Defined Radio (SDR) platforms to achieve interoperability amongst heterogeneous tactical radio networks, a major step toward bearer-level transparency in the Global Information Infrastructure (GII). <s> BIB002 </s> A Systematic Literature Review on Military Software Defined Networks <s> Software Defined Satellite Network Applications <s> Space-ground integrative network is an important development direction for sustainable communication networks especially to the information system which contains the data acquiring in multiple ways including space and ground, data processing by amalgamation and so on. As a new satellite technology, ORS (Operationally Responsive Space) will provide a fast and flexible solution for emergency response such as aim tracking, dense earth-observation, communication relay and so on, which can be fast deployed or awoken and play an important role on-demand. However, most existing satellite communication follows a designated and static scheme that can't meet the dynamic networking requirements of ORS. In order to build a reliable ORS satellite network whose communication parameters can be reconfigured such as task region, work time, cooperation satellites, QoS and so on, a new satellite network architecture should be studied. Firstly, based on software defined network (SDN) technology, a networking scheme for ORS satellites was proposed in literally, named SDN-Sat Arc, which adopted a light-structure. It can also receive and process the instructions of ground center. Then ORS satellite network model was designed according to network meta-model defined by us to allow describing current ORS satellite states, and compute the necessary multi-hop route in the future. <s> BIB003 </s> A Systematic Literature Review on Military Software Defined Networks <s> Software Defined Satellite Network Applications <s> Small satellite systems enable whole new class of missions for navigation, communications, remote sensing and scientific research for both civilian and military purposes. As individual spacecraft are limited by the size, mass and power constraints, mass-produced small satellites in large constellations or clusters could be useful in many science missions such as gravity mapping, tracking of forest fires, finding water resources, etc. Constellation of satellites provide improved spatial and temporal resolution of the target. Small satellite constellations contribute innovative applications by replacing a single asset with several very capable spacecraft which opens the door to new applications. With increasing levels of autonomy, there will be a need for remote communication networks to enable communication between spacecraft. These space based networks will need to configure and maintain dynamic routes, manage intermediate nodes, and reconfigure themselves to achieve mission objectives. Hence, inter-satellite communication is a key aspect when satellites fly in formation. In this paper, we present the various researches being conducted in the small satellite community for implementing inter-satellite communications based on the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. This paper also reviews the various design parameters applicable to the first three layers of the OSI model, i.e., physical, data link and network layer. Based on the survey, we also present a comprehensive list of design parameters useful for achieving inter-satellite communications for multiple small satellite missions. Specific topics include proposed solutions for some of the challenges faced by small satellite systems, enabling operations using a network of small satellites, and some examples of small satellite missions involving formation flying aspects. <s> BIB004 </s> A Systematic Literature Review on Military Software Defined Networks <s> Software Defined Satellite Network Applications <s> Software-defined satellite network (SDSN) is a novel framework, which brings software-defined network technologies in the satellite networks. It has great potential to achieve effective and flexible management in the satellite networks. There are two burning issues to be solved for the flow table management in SDSN. First, the ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) space is limited on satellites and the flow table size should be reduced. Second, the frequent handovers will lead to an increase in the flow table size in SDSN. Due to the limited flow table space, a lot of flows will be dropped if the flow table is full during the handover. To address these issues, we first give a description of our focused flow table management problems. Then, we propose SAT-FLOW , a multi-strategy flow table management method for SDSN. SAT-FLOW considers three key points, limited TCAM space, classified traffic, and handover. SAT-FLOW contains two heuristic algorithms, named dynamic classified timeout ( DCT ) algorithm and timeout strategy-based mobility management ( TSMM ) algorithm. DCT aims to reduce the flow table size and TSMM aims to reduce the drop flows during the handover. We implement SAT-FLOW and conduct contrast experiments. The experimental results verify the good performance in terms of transmission quality, idle_timeout values distribution, a 15.27%–24.34% decrease in flow table size, an 8.2%–10.4% decrease in drop-flow rate, and a 4.92%–5.7% decrease in table misses for the high priority traffic during the handover. <s> BIB005
Future military space operations are expected to become more complex and operate further from Earth. Hence, there is a need for autonomous networks that can configure themselves with minimal human intervention. Automation through SDN principles is a promising technology for overcoming this need. A survey of satellite communication systems by Radhakrishnan et al. BIB004 states that, for the OSI layer 1, Software Defined Radio (SDR) is expected to enable radio frequency sharing jamming detection, while traditional SDN enables flexible routing based on layers 2 and 3. Two papers have been found that discuss SDR in the satellite context BIB001 BIB002 , while SDR is further discussed in Section 5.6. Operationally Responsive Space (ORS) is a satellite technology defined by the US Department of Defense. It is suggested to base the network on SDN, but only two papers concerning the military application domain and Software Defined satellite Networks have been found in the literature review. The two research challenges that are pointed out are orchestration and available resources. SDN in space differs from ground SDN, due to the distinct mobility patterns, and the fact that satellites can come out of reach due to their mobility patterns. However, their location can be predicted if they come out of reach BIB003 . Hence, an abstract network model is needed, in order to make an application that can make such predictions. Space networks have a long transport delay and limited resources that result in a flow table management problem. Hence, making small SDN flow tables is preferable, without having too many table-misses. Li et al. BIB005 suggested an algorithm to balance flow table size and table misses, but does not discuss any security implications about reducing the table size.