Telecommuting's Past and Future: A Literature Review and Research Agenda <s> Classification by orientation <s> Innovations in telecommunications technology increase the possibilities of working from the home. Implications of work-at-home arrangements for the individual's quality of working life are discussed. Included are discussions of several major aspects of the work experience relevant to quality of working life, analyses of the differences along these aspects between working at home and working at a normal workplace, and speculation about the possible consequences for the individual of the transfer of jobs from employers” premises to employees' homes. <s> BIB001 </s> Telecommuting's Past and Future: A Literature Review and Research Agenda <s> Classification by orientation <s> Every day a growing number of Americans engage in home- based work instead of commuting to a central workplace. This article examines the development of telecommuting and its effect on productivity... <s> BIB002 </s> Telecommuting's Past and Future: A Literature Review and Research Agenda <s> Classification by orientation <s> One of the most interesting changes in business practices is telecommuting, namely doing work in places other than the corporate offices. The extent of telecommuting has been on the rise during the 1990s and it is expected to rise rapidly during the next few years. A major driving force in the spread of telecommuting is the increased availability of cost-effective supportive information technologies. The tasks performed by telecommuters are expanding. While the early telecommuters performed repeated transactions (such as processing insurance claims at home), today's telecommuters can perform at home, or on the road, almost any task that they do at the office. Thus, their information needs have been changed. This paper examines the various tasks performed by telecommuters and surveys the major supporting information technologies. Special attention is given to electronic mail, accessibility to databases and networks, desk top teleconferencing, personal digital assistants (PDAs), screen sharing, workflow systems, idea generation, and distributed group decision making. Also, Lotus Notes is viewed as a major computing environment that will facilitate telecommuting. Technological developments in an integrated services digital network (ISDN), an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), wireless communication, and local area network (LAN) connectivity will have a major impact on the growth of telecommuting and so will the resolution of managerial issues such as appropriate controls and security, cost-benefit justification, training and ownership and maintenance of the necessary equipment at home. <s> BIB003 </s> Telecommuting's Past and Future: A Literature Review and Research Agenda <s> Classification by orientation <s> Abstract While there are over 7 million telecommuters in the U.S. today, there has been little empirical research and virtually no theoretical work on telecommuting. Drawing from the literatures on contingent employment, job design and social isolation, this article presents a theoretical framework for understanding how different constellations of telecommuting arrangements and job characteristics lead to different patterns of employee attitudes and behaviors. After presenting a series of propositions, the article concludes with suggestions for the empirical testing of these propositions and a discussion of the implications for management practice. <s> BIB004
The articles were classified by their orientation (Table II) into the following four categories: Descriptive. Articles that overview the practice of telecommuting, and its benefits and drawbacks. Examples of these articles are:  who emphasize the importance of communication for the success of telecommuting. They suggest the use of electronic infrastructure to facilitate the communication. BIB003 support this suggestion and surveyed the various tasks performed by telecommuters utilizing the new technological development.  sites the BPMJ 12,4 increase in productivity and the avoidance of traffic delay as major benefits of telecommuting. Conceptual. Articles that present a theoretical framework, propositions, and models for implementing telecommuting. Examples of these articles are: BIB004 propose a theoretical framework that relates different telecommuting arrangement to employees' attitude and behavior. They also offer many propositions to be tested empirically along with a proposed research agenda. BIB001 who identifies some variables to be considered in the study of developing a telecommuting program investigates quality of working life of employees and its relation to telecommuting programs. Empirical. Articles that present results from surveying and analyzing a large number of companies.  performed one of the most extensive empirical studies. They surveyed 100 firms to understand how companies were adopting virtual office programs. They found different environments for virtual office that expands from working occasionally at home to being 100 percent mobile BIB002 . Case study. Articles that analyze the implementation of telecommuting to a particular company.  presented a detailed case study that describes the success story of telecommuting program implementation. The program deployed new technologies, automated sales procedure, and their workers acquired new skills. The initial cost was high but the savings in direct cost offset it within 3 to 5 years. They contributed the success to top management support, comprehensive training and deployment of reliable IT architecture.