A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Resilience Factors in Agri-food Supply Chains <s> On the morning of September 11th, 2001, the United States and the Western world entered into a new era ‐ one in which large scale terrorist acts are to be expected. The impacts of the new era will challenge supply chain managers to adjust relations with suppliers and customers, contend with transportation difficulties and amend inventory management strategies. This paper looks at the twin corporate challenges of (i) preparing to deal with the aftermath of terrorist attacks and (ii) operating under heightened security. The first challenge involves setting certain operational redundancies. The second means less reliable lead times and less certain demand scenarios. In addition, the paper looks at how companies should organize to meet those challenges efficiently and suggests a new public‐private partnership. While the paper is focused on the US, it has worldwide implications. <s> BIB001 </s> A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Resilience Factors in Agri-food Supply Chains <s> In today's uncertain and turbulent markets, supply chain vulnerability has become an issue of significance for many companies. As supply chains become more complex as a result of global sourcing and the continued trend to “leaning‐down”, supply chain risk increases. The challenge to business today is to manage and mitigate that risk through creating more resilient supply chains. <s> BIB002 </s> A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Resilience Factors in Agri-food Supply Chains <s> Purpose – Supply chain risk management assumes importance in the wake of organizations understanding that their risk susceptibility is dependent on other constituents of their supply chain. The purpose of this paper is to present an approach to effective supply chain risk mitigation by understanding the dynamics between various enablers that help to mitigate risk in a supply chain.Design/methodology/approach – Using interpretive structural modeling the research presents a hierarchy‐based model and the mutual relationships among the enablers of risk mitigation.Findings – The research shows that there exists a group of enablers having a high driving power and low dependence requiring maximum attention and of strategic importance while another group consists of those variables which have high dependence and are the resultant actions.Practical implications – This classification provides a useful tool to supply chain managers to differentiate between independent and dependent variables and their mutual relatio... <s> BIB003 </s> A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Resilience Factors in Agri-food Supply Chains <s> Purpose – In the emerging disciplines of risk management and supply chain management, resilience is a relatively undefined concept. The purpose of this paper is to present an integrated perspective on resilience through an extensive review of the literature in a number of disciplines including developmental psychology and ecosystems. In addition, the paper identifies and addresses some of the current theoretical gaps in the existing research.Design/methodology/approach – Supply chain resilience has been defined by a number of disciplines. An integrative literature review is conducted in an attempt to integrate existing perspectives. This review also serves as the basis for the development of a conceptual model.Findings – The key elements of supply chain resilience and the relationships among them, the links between risks and implications for supply chain management, and the methodologies for managing these key issues are poorly understood. Implications for future research advocate testing the proposed mod... <s> BIB004 </s> A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Resilience Factors in Agri-food Supply Chains <s> The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Air Force, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. ::: ::: In a world of turbulent change, resilience is a key competency since even the most carefully designed supply chain is susceptible to unforeseen events. This article presents a new Supply Chain Resilience Framework to help businesses deal with change. The conceptual framework is based on extant literature and refined through a focus group methodology. Our findings suggest that supply chain resilience can be assessed in terms of two dimensions: vulnerabilities and capabilities. The Zone of Resilience is defined as the desired balance between vulnerabilities and capabilities, where it is proposed that firms will be the most profitable in the long term. We identified seven vulnerability factors composed of 40 specific attributes and 14 capability factors from 71 attributes that facilitate the measurement of resilience. The article concludes with managerial implications and recommendations for future research. <s> BIB005 </s> A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Resilience Factors in Agri-food Supply Chains <s> Purpose – A focus on supply chains is a step towards the broader adoption and development of sustainability, since the supply chain considers the product from initial processing of raw materials to delivery to the customer. The purpose of this paper is to present an approach to effectively adapt sustainable practices in a supply chain by understanding the dynamics between various enablers that help to transform a supply chain into a truly sustainable entity.Design/methodology/approach – Using interpretive structural modeling, the paper presents a hierarchy‐based model and the mutual relationships among the enablers of sustainability in a supply chain.Findings – The paper shows that there exists a group of enablers having a high‐driving power and low‐dependence requiring maximum attention and of strategic importance while another group consists of those variables which have high dependence and are the resultant actions.Practical implications – This paper provides a useful tool to supply chain managers to d... <s> BIB006 </s> A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Resilience Factors in Agri-food Supply Chains <s> In today’s global business environment, supply chains have increased in both length and complexity. This increase in length and complexity coupled with a focus on improving efficiency, such as lean manufacturing practices, may lead to higher levels of supply chain risk where the likelihood of a disruption severely impacting supply chain performance increases. Resilient supply chains have been touted as a means to reduce the likelihood and severity of supply chain disruptions. However, there is little empirical evidence relative to the factors that contribute to or detract from supply resiliency. Using systems theory and the resource-based view of the firm as the theoretical underpinnings, this study provides an in-depth systematic investigation of supply resiliency. Adopting a theory-building approach based on a multi-industry empirical investigation, this study derives empirical generalizations linking 19 supply chain characteristics to supply resiliency. The study culminates in a framework that could be used to assess the level of resiliency in a supply base. Building on this framework, the study also provides a supply resiliency matrix that can be utilized to classify supply chains, or supply chains segments according to the level of resiliency realized. This article concludes by proposing several future research directions and issues that may be investigated in more detail. <s> BIB007 </s> A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Resilience Factors in Agri-food Supply Chains <s> Purpose – The purpose of this research is to explore the resilience domain, which is important in the field of supply chain management; it investigates the effects relational competencies have for resilience and the effect resilience, in turn, has on a supply chain ' s customer value. Design/methodology/approach – The research is empirical in nature and employs a confirmatory approach that builds on the relational view as a primary theoretical foundation. It utilizes survey data collected from manufacturing firms from three countries, which is analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings – It is found that communicative and cooperative relationships have a positive effect on resilience, while integration does not have a significant effect. It is also found that improved resilience, obtained by investing in agility and robustness, enhances a supply chain ' s customer value. Practical implications – Some findings contrast the expectations derived from theory. Particularly, practitioners can learn t... <s> BIB008 </s> A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Resilience Factors in Agri-food Supply Chains <s> Maintaining collaboration among the entire stages in the agri-food supply chain to achieve sustainability is complex. All the stakeholders involved in the activities have to prioritize their financial benefits without putting aside social development and environmental responsibilities. Some scholars have paid attention to this topic. The objective of this paper is to review current research on sustainable supply chain and collaboration model in agri-food industry. Sustainability aspects that consist of economic, environment, and social and the model of sustainable supply chain in agri-food industry are analyzed. Moreover, collaboration in sustainable agri-food supply chain management is also studied thoroughly from vertical and horizontal perspectives. The result shows that there are few studies focusing on the integrated collaboration to achieve sustainable supply chain system. Additionally, not all sustainable aspects are covered thoroughly. The scholars pays more attention to economic and environmental aspects than social aspects. Furthermore, some studies only focus on one type of collaboration in sustainable agri-food supply chain. Often, these studies do not even consider all elements in the triple bottom line. <s> BIB009 </s> A Literature Review on Risk Sources and Resilience Factors in Agri-Food Supply Chains <s> Resilience Factors in Agri-food Supply Chains <s> This paper provides a review of the literature while contributing to academic understanding of the concepts of agility and flexibility within the supply chain. The research identified 83 peer-reviewed articles through a structured review technique, which is based on a three-stage refinement process. Data reduction procedures using codification, sentence strings and a review of keywords, title, abstract and conclusion were used in the search. The papers identified focused on organizational and supply chain agility and flexibility. The acknowledged gaps in understanding and development of agility and flexibility in supply chains were identified and categorized in terms of conceptual, contextual and methodological gaps. Subsequent to the gap analysis, this paper argues that effective relationship integration with key partners is a fundamental mechanism for mitigating the problem of control dissipation, which has hindered academic understanding with respect to development and application of agile and flexible capabilities in supply chains. The findings in this paper will help academics to gain a better understanding and to develop the concepts of supply chain agility and flexibility. In addition, the findings indicate that supply chain stakeholders need to address the issue of relationship integration when undertaking, or participating in agility and flexibility development programmes, so as to maximize supply chain performance. The paper concludes by highlighting implications for managers and researchers, and proposes a number of areas for future investigation. <s> BIB010
This section will demonstrate the major enablers of supply chain resilience first (Table 3) , and then summarise the major resilience factors exist in the agri-food supply chain according to our literature review. Agility is defined as "the ability of a supply chain to rapidly respond to change by adapting its initial stable configuration" BIB008 . Pettit et al. BIB005 define supply chain collaboration as "the ability to work effectively with other entities for mutual benefits". "Risk and revenue sharing is a kind of supply chain contract which makes it possible to share risks among supply chain partners"  . "Trust is generally seen as a precondition for risk sharing" BIB001 . Francis  defined visibility as "the identity, location and status of entities transiting the supply chain, captured in timely messages about events, along with the planned and actual dates/times of these events". "Sustainability is important for maintaining a value, awareness, society, and business reputation as well as enhancing a business environment and cooperation along a supply chain" BIB006 . The adaptive capacity involved three phases, which are readiness, responsiveness and recovery  . "Knowledge and understanding of supply chain structures-both physical and informational-are important elements of supply chain resilience" BIB004 . "Traceability is the ability to trace and track food, and food ingredients through the supply chain; thus, all stages of production, processing and distribution"  . Having multiple suppliers, multiple transportation channels, flexible supply base are examples can help to increase supply chain resilience  . "Culture of risk management should extend beyond the boundaries of corporate risk and business continuity management" BIB002 . BIB010 , BIB002 [21], BIB009 ,  [43] [28], BIB003 [41], BIB001 , BIB002 [10],  [41] BIB002 , BIB007 [46],  ,  [7], BIB004 ,  ,  [7], [50]