A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Existing Surveys and their Applicability <s> Security threats and economic loss caused by network attacks, intrusions, and vulnerabilities have motivated intensive studies on network security. Normally, data collected in a network system can reflect or can be used to detect security threats. We define these data as network security-related data. Studying and analyzing security-related data can help detect network attacks and intrusions, thus making it possible to further measure the security level of the whole network system. Obviously, the first step in detecting network attacks and intrusions is to collect security-related data. However, in the context of big data and 5G, there exist a number of challenges in collecting these security-related data. In this paper, we first briefly introduce network security-related data, including its definition and characteristics, and the applications of network data collection. We then provide the requirements and objectives for security-related data collection and present a taxonomy of data collection technologies. Moreover, we review existing collection nodes, collection tools, and collection mechanisms in terms of network data collection and analyze them based on the proposed requirements and objectives toward high quality security-related data collection. Finally, we discuss open research issues and conclude with suggestions for future research directions. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Existing Surveys and their Applicability <s> Over the last decades, numerous security and privacy issues in all three active mobile network generations have been revealed that threaten users as well as network providers. In view of the newest generation (5G) currently under development, we now have the unique opportunity to identify research directions for the next generation based on existing security and privacy issues as well as already proposed defenses. This paper aims to unify security knowledge on mobile phone networks into a comprehensive overview and to derive pressing open research questions. To achieve this systematically, we develop a methodology that categorizes known attacks by their aim, proposed defenses, underlying causes, and root causes. Further, we assess the impact and the efficacy of each attack and defense. We then apply this methodology to existing literature on attacks and defenses in all three network generations. By doing so, we identify ten causes and four root causes for attacks. Mapping the attacks to proposed defenses and suggestions for the 5G specification enables us to uncover open research questions and challenges for the development of next-generation mobile networks. The problems of unsecured pre-authentication traffic and jamming attacks exist across all three mobile generations. They should be addressed in the future, in particular to wipe out the class of downgrade attacks and, thereby, strengthen the users’ privacy. Further advances are needed in the areas of inter-operator protocols as well as secure baseband implementations. Additionally, mitigations against denial-of-service attacks by smart protocol design represent an open research question. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Existing Surveys and their Applicability <s> Physical layer security which safeguards data confidentiality based on the information-theoretic approaches has received significant research interest recently. The key idea behind physical layer security is to utilize the intrinsic randomness of the transmission channel to guarantee the security in physical layer. The evolution towards 5G wireless communications poses new challenges for physical layer security research. This paper provides a latest survey of the physical layer security research on various promising 5G technologies, including physical layer security coding, massive multiple-input multiple-output, millimeter wave communications, heterogeneous networks, non-orthogonal multiple access, full duplex technology, etc. Technical challenges which remain unresolved at the time of writing are summarized and the future trends of physical layer security in 5G and beyond are discussed. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Existing Surveys and their Applicability <s> The increasing demand in 5G wireless systems has brought significant improvement in transmission speed with lower latency, especially in ultra-dense networks. The demand of privacy and security are becoming more critical in such large scale wireless networks. Different from traditional encryption methods, in this paper, we discussed the physical layer security features in large scale social networks. The opportunities in large scale social networks are summarized in physical, link and upper layer using the cross layer optimization, traditional physical layer security will meet new problems pending to be tackled. Also, we summarized the challenges due to some ideal considerations: the detection of wire-tap users, the utilization of high dynamic range and the information exchanging in cross layer design. <s> BIB004
Lin et al. BIB001 presented the taxonomy of the network security-related data collection technologies. The authors analyzed the data collection nodes, mechanism, and tools. The authors also proposed the objective and requirements for the security-related data collections in a heterogeneous network. Furthermore, the research issues and future research challenges are considered in their survey. Rupprecht et al. BIB002 emphasized the main root cause of attacks and their defense in the mobile networks. The authors presented the challenges and research directions for the 5G security. The authors highlighted the limitations and drawbacks of existing works and security requirements for new 5G technologies. The attacks and vulnerabilities of attacks, like DoS, are considerable issues for the future mobile generations. Ahmad et al.  presented the review of the challenges, and privacy and security issues in the clouds, softwaredefined networking, and network function virtualization along with their perspective security solutions. The major contribution of the authors includes the analysis of the attack-vulnerabilities and mitigation for making a secure 5G network. The physical layer security approaches are robust and help to protect against eavesdroppers and man in the middle attacks. In addition, these provide flexibility for the secret key generation in 5G networks. Wu et al. BIB003 presented the survey on the physical layer security technologies Massive-MIMO, mmWAVE communications, heterogeneous networks, NOMA, full duplex technology, and challenges associated with these technologies. Furthermore, Gau et al. BIB004 gave a study of the physical layer security in the 5G based social networks. The authors discussed the challenges of the physical layer security in the 5G based large networks. The authors presented the solutions like security enhancement in the system layer, link layer, and cross-layer optimization. Some more kinds of studies have been presented in Ji et al.  who analyze the security requirements of 5G business applications, network architecture, the air interface, and user privacy, and in Panwar et al.  who discussed the limitations of 4G networks and the features of 5G networks. The authors discussed the challenges, technologies, and implementation issues of these networks. Le et al.  presented the technology enablers for 5G communication and security challenges of the emerging technologies. From these studies, it can be marked that the security is a significant constraint for the 5G architecture and to facilitate the reliable services on the mobile communication it is necessary to consider privacy and trust of the user. The details of comparative evaluations and roadmap of existing surveys are presented in Table 1 and Fig.5 . Table 1 . A comparative overview of the existing surveys on the security of 5G networks.