Modeling and Simulation of Systems of Systems – a Survey <s> "Design, deployment, operation and transformation of metasystems, that must function as an integrated complex system to produce desirable results." <s> System of systems engineering (SoSE) continues to evolve as a potentially promising response for analysis, design, and transformation of increasingly complex systems problems. The purpose of this paper is to establish critical foundations and offer a coherent framing for further research in SoSE. To achieve this purpose the paper is organized to: (1) introduce a contemporary perspective of SoSE, focused on identifying both convergence and divergence in the literature, (2) develop five logical levels that can help to understand divergence in SoSE and sharpen future research efforts, (3) articulate several of the critical research challenges that SoSE must address to be viable, and (4) identify a preliminary set of critical topical research areas for development of a more integrated research agenda for SoSE. The paper concludes with implications for close coupling of research and practice for the accelerated development of SoSE through an integrated research agenda. <s> BIB001 </s> Modeling and Simulation of Systems of Systems – a Survey <s> "Design, deployment, operation and transformation of metasystems, that must function as an integrated complex system to produce desirable results." <s> In this paper, we present System of Systems Engineering (SOSE) as a developing multidiscipline, spanning across and drawing from a variety of disciplines to address complex situations; situations are characterised by ambiguity, high uncertainty and emergence. This paper is organised to: (1) provide an assessment of the current state of SOSE field development, (2) suggest the nature of complex issues for which traditional approaches are falling short to include the corresponding challenges facing SOSE development, (3) describe two perspectives of the SOSE response to complex situations and (4) establish an emerging paradigm for SOSE as a multidiscipline based on current research. This paper concludes with the implications for further development of research and practice for SOSE. <s> BIB002
Although there is no firmly accepted definition for SoSE up to now, actually SoSE is an integrated approach to upgrade existing systems to newer, more powerful and improved systems for command, control, communications, computer hardware intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and innovative logistic support. So, the main research areas of SoSE are organized around the following topics  : (i) Defining structure optimization, combinatorial design solving and control. (ii) Assessing, uncertain decision making in stochastic operating environment. (iv) Domain-specific modeling and simulation. Identify the areas of potential risk and additional analysis. Sets the operational development, mission rehearsal. The field of SoSE does not seem to comply precise logical organization for the different descriptions, conceptions and suggestions of what constitutes a SoS and what SoSE is [18, BIB002 . A divergence in SoSE between hard system solutions and soft system inquiry has been achieved BIB002 . It consists mainly in the following BIB001 : • General omission of what constitutes a SoS. It is currently a subject of disputes; • No strict definition of SoSE. The methods and standards are not widely ratified; • Research works continue to be fragmented and mainly application-oriented; • The relationships of SoSE to the cognitive area of SE are rather weak; • The significance of information technology (interoperability) is strongly overestimated, while underrating human, social, organizational and other policies. SoSE development is a complex task, faced by a staff of system researchers. Main characteristics of this domain are consisted in the following items: • Information systems and technologies, originally not dedicated to SoS tasks; • Various local operators with incompatible requirements and distinct objectives; • Insufficient, varying uncertain resources and potential instabilities during tasks; • Shifting conditions and necessity of holding the emerged events and effects. Thus, the stability requirements to life cycle driven approaches is unreliable; • Technology advances from the capabilities and infrastructure compatibility, necessary to support the development, integration, maintenance and progress of SoS; • Urgent demand for response actions to prevent task crisis and failures; • Increasing complexities and uncertainties, calling in question the ability of classical systematic approaches to effectively deal with SoS problems. These specifications are not reachable in the near future and are expected to become more complicated. Shift from the classical SE approaches is mandatory. This examination gives variety of perspectives and applied developments, but considers the fragmented nature of SoSE. A general problem remains the invention of a framework for creating rough structure to SoSE developments. It must provide an overview on the central design problems and their implication for progress. The SoSE area encompasses three main perspectives: military, academic and industrial. This reveals the source of fragmentation and future divergent developing. The term "SoS" has already been adopted with significant generality, but insufficient number of sources provide reliable tests for approving what can be accepted as "System of Systems". Actually, SoSE paradigm has no large succession to be distinguished from other related analysis and design areas, like SE for instance. SoSE appears to be a necessary extension and evolution of classic SE. The general distinctions between SE and SoSE refer to the following points  : • Greatly expanded SoS requirements for ranking level of strictness and rigor; • Centralized in substance (although distributed in space) control structure in LSS versus decentralized control and component disposition of SoS; • Comparing a standard stand-alone large-scale system with well-defined final states, fixed budget (resources), clearly planned schedules, technical baselines and homogenous structure, to a typical SoS with vaguely defined end states, periodical budget variations (supply, delivery) and heterogenous structure of equipment. The research on SoSE exists in a lot of tasks. Although the area lacks conceptual completion, a conclusion has to be made for its commonly accepted assumptions: • Higher level of interactions among component systems; • SoS provides services, behavior or performance, impossible to any single system; • Each subsystem operates independently to its own goals, different by that of