Overcoming Adversaries in Sensor Networks: A Survey of Theoretical Models and Algorithmic Approaches for Tolerating Malicious Interference <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> This paper describes the concept of sensor networks which has been made viable by the convergence of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics. First, the sensing tasks and the potential sensor networks applications are explored, and a review of factors influencing the design of sensor networks is provided. Then, the communication architecture for sensor networks is outlined, and the algorithms and protocols developed for each layer in the literature are explored. Open research issues for the realization of sensor networks are also discussed. <s> BIB001 </s> Overcoming Adversaries in Sensor Networks: A Survey of Theoretical Models and Algorithmic Approaches for Tolerating Malicious Interference <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> We consider routing security in wireless sensor networks. Many sensor network routing protocols have been proposed, but none of them have been designed with security as a goal. We propose security goals for routing in sensor networks, show how attacks against ad-hoc and peer-to-peer networks can be adapted into powerful attacks against sensor networks, introduce two classes of novel attacks against sensor networks sinkholes and HELLO floods, and analyze the security of all the major sensor network routing protocols. We describe crippling attacks against all of them and suggest countermeasures and design considerations. This is the first such analysis of secure routing in sensor networks. <s> BIB002 </s> Overcoming Adversaries in Sensor Networks: A Survey of Theoretical Models and Algorithmic Approaches for Tolerating Malicious Interference <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> We present Telos, an ultra low power wireless sensor module ("mote") for research and experimentation. Telos is the latest in a line of motes developed by UC Berkeley to enable wireless sensor network (WSN) research. It is a new mote design built from scratch based on experiences with previous mote generations. Telos' new design consists of three major goals to enable experimentation: minimal power consumption, easy to use, and increased software and hardware robustness. We discuss how hardware components are selected and integrated in order to achieve these goals. Using a Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller, Chipcon IEEE 802.15.4-compliant radio, and USB, Telos' power profile is almost one-tenth the consumption of previous mote platforms while providing greater performance and throughput. It eliminates programming and support boards, while enabling experimentation with WSNs in both lab, testbed, and deployment settings. <s> BIB003 </s> Overcoming Adversaries in Sensor Networks: A Survey of Theoretical Models and Algorithmic Approaches for Tolerating Malicious Interference <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) use small nodes with constrained capabilities to sense, collect, and disseminate information in many types of applications. As sensor networks become wide-spread, security issues become a central concern, especially in mission-critical tasks. In this paper, we identify the threats and vulnerabilities to WSNs and summarize the defense methods based on the networking protocol layer analysis first. Then we give a holistic overview of security issues. These issues are divided into seven categories: cryptography, key management, attack detections and preventions, secure routing, secure location security, secure data fusion, and other security issues. Along the way we analyze the advantages and disadvantages of current secure schemes in each category. In addition, we also summarize the techniques and methods used in these categories, and point out the open research issues and directions in each area. <s> BIB004
I N ADDITION to traditional network security challenges, the shared communication medium of sensor networks renders them vulnerable to a variety of malicious attacks  . A determined attacker may engage in any number of activities aimed at disrupting communication such as rerouting, message injection, wormhole attacks, black hole attacks, and others (see BIB002 , BIB004 and references therein). This challenging state of affairs is further compounded by the strict energy constraints placed on the network devices themselves which are typically battery powered. Consequently, many of the standard cryptographic techniques for thwarting such attacks in the wired domain cannot be employed in sensor networks. Moreover, cryptography is ineffective against an attacker that simply jams the communication medium in order to disrupt all communications within range. Communication itself comes at a hefty price. Wireless network cards generally offer states such as off, sleep, receive and transmit. While the sleep state requires negligible power, the cost of the transmit and receive states are roughly equivalent. For example, the transmit and receive costs of the Telos motes are 38mW and 35mW, respectively, while the sleep state cost is 15μW BIB003 . Therefore, the cost of the transmit/receive state exceeds that of the sleep state by a factor greater than 2000. Similar relationships hold for the MICAz and MICA2 motes [5] ,  . For many potential applications, sensor networks will be deployed in hard-to-reach areas or along dangerous terrain (see [7] , BIB001 and references therein), and once a device has exhausted its energy supply, it is permanently inactive. Therefore, maximizing the lifetime of a device is a critical goal. Unfortunately, this goal is often at odds with the redundancy needed to overcome communication interference caused by an attacker. The research community is aware of this dilemma and, in recent years, it has been the focus of a number of efforts. In this survey paper, we take a close look at many results which focus on abstract models of adversarial interference and whose aim is typically to delineate fundamental boundaries on what is feasible algorithmically under such models. We elaborate on the scope of this work below.