Cyber-physical attacks and defences in the smart grid: a survey <s> CP security of the smart grid <s> Security refers to the degree of risk in a power system's ability to survive imminent disturbances (contingencies) without interruption to customer service. It relates to robustness of the system to imminent disturbances and, hence, depends on the system operating condition as well as the contingent probability of disturbances. DSA refers to the analysis required to determine whether or not a power system can meet specified reliability and security criteria in both transient and steady-state time frames for all credible contingencies. Ensuring security in the new environment requires the use of advanced power system analysis tools capable of comprehensive security assessment with due consideration to practical operating criteria. These tools must be able to model the system appropriately, compute security limits in a fast and accurate manner, and provide meaningful displays to system operators. Online dynamics security assessment can provide the first line of defense against widespread system disturbances by quickly scanning the system for potential problems and providing operators with actionable results. With the development of emerging technologies, such as wide-area PMs and ISs, online DSA is expected to become a dominant weapon against system blackouts. <s> BIB001 </s> Cyber-physical attacks and defences in the smart grid: a survey <s> CP security of the smart grid <s> Increasing complexity of power grids, growing demand, and requirement for greater reliability, security and efficiency as well as environmental and energy sustainability concerns continue to highlight the need for a quantum leap in harnessing communication and information technologies. This leap toward a ?smarter? grid is widely referred to as ?smart grid.? A framework for cohesive integration of these technologies facilitates convergence of acutely needed standards, and implementation of necessary analytical capabilities. This paper critically reviews the reliability impacts of major smart grid resources such as renewables, demand response, and storage. We observe that an ideal mix of these resources leads to a flatter net demand that eventually accentuates reliability challenges further. A gridwide IT architectural framework is presented to meet these challenges while facilitating modern cybersecurity measures. This architecture supports a multitude of geographically and temporally coordinated hierarchical monitoring and control actions over time scales from milliseconds and up. <s> BIB002 </s> Cyber-physical attacks and defences in the smart grid: a survey <s> CP security of the smart grid <s> It is often appealing to assume that existing solutions can be directly applied to emerging engineering domains. Unfortunately, careful investigation of the unique challenges presented by new domains exposes its idiosyncrasies, thus often requiring new approaches and solutions. In this paper, we argue that the “smart” grid, replacing its incredibly successful and reliable predecessor, poses a series of new security challenges, among others, that require novel approaches to the field of cyber security. We will call this new field cyber-physical security. The tight coupling between information and communication technologies and physical systems introduces new security concerns, requiring a rethinking of the commonly used objectives and methods. Existing security approaches are either inapplicable, not viable, insufficiently scalable, incompatible, or simply inadequate to address the challenges posed by highly complex environments such as the smart grid. A concerted effort by the entire industry, the research community, and the policy makers is required to achieve the vision of a secure smart grid infrastructure. <s> BIB003 </s> Cyber-physical attacks and defences in the smart grid: a survey <s> CP security of the smart grid <s> The development of a trustworthy smart grid requires a deeper understanding of potential impacts resulting from successful cyber attacks. Estimating feasible attack impact requires an evaluation of the grid's dependency on its cyber infrastructure and its ability to tolerate potential failures. A further exploration of the cyber-physical relationships within the smart grid and a specific review of possible attack vectors is necessary to determine the adequacy of cybersecurity efforts. This paper highlights the significance of cyber infrastructure security in conjunction with power application security to prevent, mitigate, and tolerate cyber attacks. A layered approach is introduced to evaluating risk based on the security of both the physical power applications and the supporting cyber infrastructure. A classification is presented to highlight dependencies between the cyber-physical controls required to support the smart grid and the communication and computations that must be protected from cyber attack. The paper then presents current research efforts aimed at enhancing the smart grid's application and infrastructure security. Finally, current challenges are identified to facilitate future research efforts. <s> BIB004
Security challenges in the smart grid have been on the rise in both physical and cyber spaces  BIB003 . The power systems have inherent physical vulnerabilities that could result in massive blackouts from a small number of contingencies BIB001 . The integration of RES introduces non-linearity, uncertainty, time-variance to existing power systems, and the new patterns from DER are inducing significant impacts on the stability BIB002 . The cyber-integration has imposed significant security challenges, as tremendous threats arise from the attacker's ability to launch intrigue, remote, simultaneous, and/or coordinated attacks from the cyberspace. An informed attack scheme can exert disruptions and damages ranging from service interruptions, power blackouts, economic losses, to life-threatening threats, where personal, societal, and national securities may all be affected. The research on cyber-physical security of the smart grid advances on a frontier of CPS, striving at the intersection of physical security of power and energy systems and the cybersecurity of information, computation, and communication systems BIB004 . Incorporation of the strengths of physical and cybersecurity is an essential requirement for the security and resilience of this critical infrastructure. In what follows, we will briefly discuss the strengths and weaknesses of physical and cybersecurity for the smart grid and highlight the importance of CP security.