A Survey of Robot-Assisted Language Learning (RALL) <s> Skill Level <s> This study introduces the educational assistant robots that we developed for foreign language learning and explores the effectiveness of robot-assisted language learning (RALL) which is in its early stages. To achieve this purpose, a course was designed in which students have meaningful interactions with intelligent robots in an immersive environment. A total of 24 elementary students, ranging in age from ten to twelve, were enrolled in English lessons. A pre-test/post-test design was used to investigate the cognitive effects of the RALL approach on the students??? oral skills. No significant difference in the listening skill was found, but the speaking skills improved with a large effect size at the significance level of 0.01. Descriptive statistics and the pre-test/post-test design were used to investigate the affective effects of RALL approach. The result showed that RALL promoted and improved students??? satisfaction, interest, confidence, and motivation at the significance level of 0.01. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey of Robot-Assisted Language Learning (RALL) <s> Skill Level <s> Computer assisted language learning (CALL) is going to be more attractive, more interactive and more realistic by introducing humanoid robots. We propose a novel joining-in type robot assisted language learning (RALL) system using two humanoid robots, one playing a role of a teacher and the other playing a role of an advanced learner. The system has a seamless scenario of a natural dialogue flow among two robots and a learner to draw the learner into the dialogue. We designed the system to switch two modes of learning: tutoring and peer learning. As a characteristic behavior of the peer learning, we expect an “alignment” phenomenon between the robot's sample answer and the learner's utterance. That is to say, the learner learns a sentence pattern by mimicking a sample answer presented by the advanced learner robot. We created a learner corpus of over 60 participants, carried out an analysis on how much alignment occurred in the interactions. <s> BIB002
Beginners have primarily been the target in RALL. There are few recorded studies that examine how robots might benefit those with previous language experience BIB002  BIB001     . Likely, this is because technology in its current state makes interventions more feasible for beginning language learners.