3D Object Manipulation Techniques in Handheld Mobile Augmented Reality Interface: A Review <s> A. MOTIVATION <s> This paper surveys the field of augmented reality AR, in which 3D virtual objects are integrated into a 3D real environment in real time. It describes the medical, manufacturing, visualization, path planning, entertainment, and military applications that have been explored. This paper describes the characteristics of augmented reality systems, including a detailed discussion of the tradeoffs between optical and video blending approaches. Registration and sensing errors are two of the biggest problems in building effective augmented reality systems, so this paper summarizes current efforts to overcome these problems. Future directions and areas requiring further research are discussed. This survey provides a starting point for anyone interested in researching or using augmented reality. <s> BIB001 </s> 3D Object Manipulation Techniques in Handheld Mobile Augmented Reality Interface: A Review <s> A. MOTIVATION <s> Interaction for Handheld Augmented Reality (HAR) is a challenging research topic because of the small screen display and limited input options. Although 2D touch screen input is widely used, 3D gesture interaction is a suggested alternative input method. Recent 3D gesture interaction research mainly focuses on using RGB-Depth cameras to detect the spatial position and pose of fingers, using this data for virtual object manipulations in the AR scene. In this paper we review previous 3D gesture research on handheld interaction metaphors for HAR. We present their novelties as well as limitations, and discuss future research directions of 3D gesture interaction for HAR. Our results indicate that 3D gesture input on HAR is a potential interaction method for assisting a user in many tasks such as in education, urban simulation and 3D games. <s> BIB002 </s> 3D Object Manipulation Techniques in Handheld Mobile Augmented Reality Interface: A Review <s> A. MOTIVATION <s> The boom in the capabilities and features of mobile devices, like smartphones, tablets, and wearables, combined with the ubiquitous and affordable Internet access and the advances in the areas of cooperative networking, computer vision, and mobile cloud computing transformed mobile augmented reality (MAR) from science fiction to a reality. Although mobile devices are more constrained computationalwise from traditional computers, they have a multitude of sensors that can be used to the development of more sophisticated MAR applications and can be assisted from remote servers for the execution of their intensive parts. In this paper, after introducing the reader to the basics of MAR, we present a categorization of the application fields together with some representative examples. Next, we introduce the reader to the user interface and experience in MAR applications and continue with the core system components of the MAR systems. After that, we discuss advances in tracking and registration, since their functionality is crucial to any MAR application and the network connectivity of the devices that run MAR applications together with its importance to the performance of the application. We continue with the importance of data management in MAR systems and the systems performance and sustainability, and before we conclude this survey, we present existing challenging problems. <s> BIB003
For over 20 years, researchers have proposed various techniques to manipulate 3D objects either in virtual or augmented environments that provide the basement and improvement space towards 3D object manipulation in handheld mobile AR. However, to date, there has not been a comprehensive overview of interaction techniques for 3D object manipulation in handheld mobile AR and their relevant technical requirements and the attached issues. Fig. 1 shows a timeline of researches conducted related to the 3D interaction technique for 3D object manipulation in handheld mobile AR. From this timeline, it is showing the rising trend of researches related with interaction techniques for 3D object manipulation in handheld mobile AR  while there are no related survey or review papers recently in regards to the different types of interaction techniques for 3D object manipulation, while researches into interaction techniques in handheld mobile AR have increased over the years  . There have been several surveys or review papers, but their focuses are not on interaction techniques for 3D object manipulation in handheld mobile AR BIB001 -  ,  - BIB003 . Some papers have reviewed only a single interaction technique  , BIB002 . Hence, this paper reviews the field of primary interaction techniques for 3D object manipulation in handheld mobile AR which can be categorized as touch-based, midair gestures-based, and device-based interaction techniques. Specifically, it provides insights into the fundamentals of those techniques and presents an overview of their phylogeny. Finally, it discusses the differences including the strengths and limitations of each technique, as well as the common problems attached to each of them besides identifying opportunities for future research.