Natural Data Storage: A Review on sending Information from now to then via Nature <s> EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCES AND CHALLENGES <s> To store information at extremely high-density and data-rate, we propose to adapt, integrate, and extend the techniques developed by chemists and molecular biologists for the purpose of manipulating biological and other macromolecules.Copyright © 2005 by ASME <s> BIB001 </s> Natural Data Storage: A Review on sending Information from now to then via Nature <s> EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCES AND CHALLENGES <s> Given the accumulation of DNA sequence data sets at ever-faster rates, what are the key factors you should consider when using distributed and multicore computing systems for analysis? <s> BIB002
Research done so far,undoubtedly,acquaint about the potential of natural data storage devices but still to bring it into commercial applications, many issues like cost for the storage and experimental challenges and human expertise are to be perceived. Today storage device can read data at 100 MB per sec, which is a much higher than the data access rate of nature hard drive. Despite of the fact that DNA is scalable, stable and robust storage device, synthesis and sequencing process involved are time consuming and require the expertise which make DNA storage an unreachable to commoner. As development in the field of next generation sequencing techniques is accelerating at higher rate compare to the digital storage medium. It can be estimated that in near future this technology will become cheaper BIB002 . Decreasing the cost of the synthesis and adapting parallel automation  and simplified purification techniques are the aspects one has to focus. Improved error correction schemes with high storage capacity are the theoretical challenges in the field. Other limitation is size of the DNA fragments that is used to store this data. Current synthesis and sequencing techniques are limited to process certain small size of DNA sequences. So the advancement in the sequencing and synthesis techniques can aid to make the DNA storage more feasible in coming era  ]  . Taking the first step towards the construction of molecular data storage system, researchers have made a paradigm shift in DNA reading and writing techniques by proposing the technique to built a DNA storage device that has reading and writing chambers  . DNA readout experiments conducted in miniaturized chambers which can be alternative to existing technology for DNA synthesis and sequencing have been explored. They adapted the methods of DNA processing used by molecular biologist to built the data storage chip. String of macromolecule (here DNA) containing the bytes of information is created and to secure the information they are translocated to safety zones called parking spots. To read the data, they may be transferred physically to decoding stations and data can be by controlled electric-field gradients, electronic micro motor etc. BIB001 ]. Obstacles in this methods are data access and data rate that is very low (12 kbit/s) that is to be improved. For more details and system architecture reader is suggested to refer  . The other important challenge is the ease retrieval and random access. It need efficient random access and improved rewritable methods. Scaling the natural storage capacity is one of the important area of research to make molecular storage as commercial application. For the data stored in bacteria, the bacteria cultures and incubation required a lot of human expertise to avoid a chance of contamination. This rise an issue of data security. So this methodology has to deal with data security and knowledge base to handle the population of bacteria used as the medium to encode data. Moreover there are many low hanging fruits in the area of encoding and decoding algorithms to store data in bacteria. With the bliss of synthetic biology, scientist at Craig Venter Institute have synthesised artificial bacterial cell with synthetic chromosome and watermarked data into living cell of bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides which has capacity of self replication  . Novel innovation like this motivates the dream of bacterial data storage. As far as protein is concern, there is lot be explored. There is very few evidences which depicts the potential of protein as storage medium but the above mentioned work is headway for new milestones. Breakthroughs in programmable protein synthesis which may replicates the nature of computer hard drive is at far vision in the domain. Efficient algorithm which can map data to amino acids sequence is one most challenging part to make this possible. Below is the executive summary of the natural data storage and their challenges. in section Protein hard drive green-red; or both for 4-base data encoding) are used to mimic the binary storage system in computer