Why e-Service Development is Different: A Literature Review <s> High Degree of Outsourcing <s> In the last fifteen years, academic research on information systems (IS) outsourcing has evolved rapidly. Indeed the field of outsourcing research has grown so fast that there has been scant opportunity for the research community to take a collective breath, and complete a global assessment of research activities to date. This paper seeks to address this need by exploring and synthesizing the academic literature on IS outsourcing. It offers a roadmap of the IS outsourcing literature, highlighting what has been done so far, how the work fits together under a common umbrella, and what the future directions might be. In order to adequately address the immense diversity of research on IS outsourcing and outsourcing in general, we develop a conceptual framework that helps us to categorize the literature. In particular, we look at the research objectives, methods used and theoretical foundations of the papers. In identifying the major research objectives, we view outsourcing as an organizational decision process and adapt Simon's stage model of decision making. This allows us to identify five major sourcing issues, from which at least one is covered by each academic article. These are the questions of why to outsource, what to outsource, which decision process to take, how to implement the sourcing decision, and what is the outcome of the sourcing decision. In analyzing the literature, we identify and structure the main explanatory factors and theoretical relationships within each of these sourcing stages. Based on our discussion of the research objectives, theoretical foundations and research approaches taken in the literature, we show how the various research streams hang together and we come up with a number of implications for research. Moreover, we identify a number of emerging sourcing issues. We believe that research on these "new" phenomena such as offshore outsourcing, application service providing and business process outsourcing would benefit from 'standing on the shoulders' of what has already been accomplished in the field of IS outsourcing. <s> BIB001 </s> Why e-Service Development is Different: A Literature Review <s> High Degree of Outsourcing <s> This document defines the Web Services Architecture. The architecture identifies the functional components, defines the relationships among those components, and establishes a set of constraints upon each to effect the desired properties of the overall architecture. <s> BIB002 </s> Why e-Service Development is Different: A Literature Review <s> High Degree of Outsourcing <s> A system includes a delivery catheter and a separately-packaged implantable medical device assembly. The assembly includes a relatively compact implantable medical device, a support shaft, a tether, and a snare mandrel. The tether, which extends in the support shaft, has a distal portion coupled to the device, at a distal end of the support shaft, and a proximal portion protruding from a proximal end of the support shaft, for engagement by a hook of the snare mandrel. An operator may use the engaged snare mandrel to pull the support shaft into a lumen of an inner shaft of the catheter so that the coupled device comes into engagement with a flared end of the catheter inner shaft. Then, after locking the proximal portion of the tether within the catheter, the operator may advance a receptacle of the catheter over the device. <s> BIB003
Outsourcing is a standard concept that is being considered through make or buy decisions both in manufacturing and in services BIB001 . In electronic services, outsourcing plays a particularly important role. First, since service provisioning occurs in the back office and electronic services can easily be delivered from remote locations, there is no need to collocate service production with the service consumption  . Traditional services do not enjoy this opportunity, e.g., through the need of attractive locations (think of a downtown café). Second, the high degree of technical standardization achieved through various Web-service standards BIB002 and efforts to standardize Service Oriented Architectures (Beisiegel et al., 2005) , this high degree of outsourcing is accompanied by the necessary technical framework to make outsourcing of individual service components feasible. This is additionally fostered through the increased availability of high-speed networks. The technical standardization allows for the easy integration of other providers' components and services. This can result in a network of actors that combine several service components to create composite service offerings (e.g., travel services integrating flight, hotel, local transportation, and other reservation services). Once these services are integrated through the development of appropriate interfaces, infinite re-use of existing components with no further integration or assembly costs is possible. However, this can result in complex value networks with different actors working together in a federated service environment. This leads to complex value constellation in distributed networks which are harder to manage with the increased number of involved actors BIB003 .