A Comprehensive IoT Attacks Survey based on a Building-blocked Reference Model <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> OBJECTIVES ::: To give a brief, introductory overview of current developments and trends in miniaturized medical sensors which will be informative to non-specialists in the field. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: Summary of the different types of wearable and implantable sensors with examples of current state-of-the-art devices and systems used in medical applications. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: After more than a decade of intensive research and development around the world, miniaturized medical sensors are becoming commercially available, allowing increasingly rapid collection of large-scale medical data and its wireless transmission to health care centers. However, most sensor systems are not yet in routine use and still restricted to specialized sites, undergoing validation trials, mostly within research laboratories. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS ::: Challenges to routine adoption of medical sensor systems often arise from a combination of lack of awareness of the technology among many medical practitioners, technological limitations of the device systems (artifacts and noise resulting from problems in garment fit or device implantation), and open issues of evaluation and validation for the very broad scope of conditions in home-care and ambient environments over which medical sensors need to operate for routine, reliable, practical use. <s> BIB001 </s> A Comprehensive IoT Attacks Survey based on a Building-blocked Reference Model <s> I. INTRODUCTION <s> Over the next decade, most devices connected to the Internet will not be used by people in the familiar way that personal computers, tablets and smart phones are. Billions of interconnected devices will be monitoring the environment, transportation systems, factories, farms, forests, utilities, soil and weather conditions, oceans and resources. Many of these sensors and actuators will be networked into autonomous sets, with much of the information being exchanged machine-to-machine directly and without human involvement. Machine-to-machine communications are typically terse. Most sensors and actuators will report or act upon small pieces of information - chirps. Burdening these devices with current network protocol stacks is inefficient, unnecessary and unduly increases their cost of ownership. This must change. The architecture of the Internet of Things must evolve now by incorporating simpler protocols toward at the edges of the network, or remain forever inefficient. Rethinking the Internet of Things describes reasons why we must rethink current approaches to the Internet of Things. Appropriate architectures that will coexist with existing networking protocols are described in detail. An architecture comprised of integrator functions, propagator nodes, and end devices, along with their interactions, is explored. What youll learn Discusses the difference between the "normal" Internet and the Internet of Things. Describes a new architecture and its components in the "chirp" context. Explains the shortcomings of IP for IoT. Describes the anatomy of the IoT. Describes how to build a suitable network to maximize the amazing potential of the IoT. Who this book is for Thought leaders, executives, architectural, standards and development leaders in the evolving IoT industry. Corporations and organizations whose commercial products could be adapted simply to be functioning devices on the IOT while saving billions of dollars in unnecessary costs or proprietary designs. Those who wish to capitalize on technology change and those interested in the Internet, its capabilities and the need to improve it. <s> BIB002
Flooding a huge number of the physical objects into the Internet at an unprecedented scale is a consequence of the Internet of Things (IoT) BIB002 , BIB001 . These physical objects include, but not limited to, temperature sensors, smart phones, air conditioning, medical equipment, light bulbs, smart grid, thermostats, and TVs. Being communicated directly without human intervention, physical objects are enabled not only to monitor their environments, but also to execute shared tasks and coordinate their decisions autonomously  . The importance of IoT systems in different aspects of our lives has been elucidating in many research studies  ,  associated with fetching a networked intelligence to the physical objects world-wide, allowing them to sense and collect environmental data. Furthermore, human lives seriously depend on transportation facilities traveling us every day, civil infrastructure systems such as electric power and water, and critical healthcare infrastructure systems, all of them have created a proper environment a round us. Being tightly coupled with human beings and their environment, a single vulnerability in such systems could lead to harmful consequences, ranging from loss of privacy, physical damage, financial losses, and the possibility of endangering humans' lives  . To this end, IoT security is the biggest concern, for citizens, consumers, organizations, and governments wanting to protect their objects from being hacked or compromised, and must be addressed with caution  . Protecting IoT objects necessitates a general security framework -which is a challenging task indeed -covering all IoT assets and their corresponding possible attacks in more details. Therefore, it is absolutely essential to identify all attacks against security or privacy of IoT assets, which is the first step towards developing such framework. Having said that, IoT ecosystem, without doubt, is very complex and confusing, especially when it comes to precisely defining its main assets. Literature, however, has shown several IoT threat models based on IoT assets, none of which has introduced a comprehensive IoT attack model along with compromised security goals for such a highly intricate system  . This paper has investigated all possible IoT security attacks and countermeasures in each IoT asset. More particularly, it: • states a novel IoT reference model, comprising of four main layers and their corresponding building blocks. This kind of combination would play a crucial role in identifying IoT components or assets; • approaches a great enhancement to IoT Reference Models (RMs) since the IoT RMs currently published have not addressed IoT attacks and threats, nor described required building blocks for each layer as this paper did; • defines a set of IoT security goals, security attacks, and a secure object; • proposes a comprehensive IoT attack model which consists of four main phases; Mainly, it could be used to support the creation of a secure IoT-related system. Application designers willing to develop secure IoT systems could integrate mitigation techniques explained in this paper with a list of common IoT attacks targeting each asset from the early stages of IoT development; and • establishes what type of security goals has been violated for each addressed asset, such as privacy, The rest of the work has been organized as follows. The proposed IoT reference model is given in Section II. Section III shows the related work presented in the state-of-the art. The proposed IoT attack model is discussed in details in Section IV, defining all possible attacks and their corresponding countermeasures on IoT physical objects, protocols, software, and data. Final remarks and future work conclude this paper are given in Section V.