DOI:10.1068/b31073 A review of rural land-use planning models <s> Mathematical programming <s> In this paper are described various approaches to implementing the plans evaluation steps of the SIRO-PLAN land-use planning method, including linear and goal programming and the LUPLAN simplification of the linear programming approach. <s> BIB001 </s> DOI:10.1068/b31073 A review of rural land-use planning models <s> Mathematical programming <s> This paper is focused on the application of linear programming (LP) in combination with a geographic information system (GIS) in planning agricultural land-use strategies. One of the essential inputs for planning any agricultural land-use strategy is a knowledge of the natural resources. This is even more critical in small countries such as those in the Eastern Caribbean, where land-area limitations dictate a greater need for careful assessment and management of these resources. The first step of the proposed methodology is to obtain an assessment of the natural resources available to agriculture. The GIS is used to delineate land-use conflicts and provide reliable information on the natural-resource database. This is followed by combining the data on natural resources with other quantifiable information on available labour, market forecasts, technology, and cost information in order to estimate the economic potential of the agricultural sector. LP is used in this step. Finally, the GIS is applied again to map the crop and land-allocation patterns generated by the LP model. The results are concrete suggestions for resource allocation, farm-size mix, policy application, and implementation projects. <s> BIB002 </s> DOI:10.1068/b31073 A review of rural land-use planning models <s> Mathematical programming <s> Abstract Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are becoming basic tools for a wide variety of earth science and land-use applications. This article presents linear programming (LP) as a promising tool for spatial modelling within a GIS. Although LP is not properly a spatial technique, it may be used to optimize spatial distributions or to guide the integration of variables. An example of the use of LP in land-use planning is described, with minimizing rural unemployment as the main goal. Technical, financial and ecological constraints are established to show the influence of several limitations on achieving the optimal solution. LP makes it possible to achieve optimal land-use, where the objective is maximized and the constraints respected. LP can also be used to simulate different planning scenarios, by modifying both the objective function coefficients and the constraints. The integration of LP and GIS is presented in two phases: (i) acquisition of attribute data for the LP model, and (ii) modelling an... <s> BIB003 </s> DOI:10.1068/b31073 A review of rural land-use planning models <s> Mathematical programming <s> The paper presents a model that produces and evaluates alternative farming systems. The economic and environmental viewpoints are considered within different hypotheses of agricultural policy and farmer’s decision-making process. The model is composed of three parts: a) a multiobjective programming model for the simulation at farm level of policies and farmer’s decision-making; b) a model for the environmental impact assessment of the results of the previous simulations; c) a multi-attribute evaluation of the simulations from both the economic and environmental point of view. The model has been applied in the area of the Venice Lagoon Basin (VLB), located in northern Italy. The economic-environmental evaluation demonstrates that there is clear synergy between the tendency of the farmer to minimise the risk of the cropping systems and the necessity to reduce the environmental impact of farming techniques. This is particularly useful for promoting low-impact agricultural practices in the situations dominated by traditional production methods whose environmental implications appear very variable. <s> BIB004 </s> DOI:10.1068/b31073 A review of rural land-use planning models <s> Mathematical programming <s> The objective of this paper is to apply one of the techniques of multiobjective programming (goal programming) in a brazilian forest problem, in a case study accomplished in the Santa Candida Farm, Parana, Brazil. The areas of this farm can be managed for timber (pine and native species), harvesting of erva-mate leaves, pasture, and tourism. There is also a concern of the farm managers with increasing the diversity of flora and fauna, increasing environmental protection conditions and maintaining employees in the farm. Goal programming was used to develop a project of land allocation, in which all the goals would be reached as closest as possible of the ideal, in a way to attend all the operational restrictions considered. In goal programming, the concept of optimum solution of LP problems is substituted by a satisfactory solution (nondominated). Several solutions can be obtained, and the best solution will depend on the priority associated to each goal. <s> BIB005 </s> DOI:10.1068/b31073 A review of rural land-use planning models <s> Mathematical programming <s> Research in the area of spatial decision support (SDS) and resource allocation has recently generated increased attention for integrating optimization techniques with GIS. In this paper we address the use of spatial optimization techniques for solving multi-site land-use allocation (MLUA) problems, where MLUA refers to the optimal allocation of multiple sites of different land uses to an area. We solve an MLUA problem using four different integer programs (IP), of which three are linear integer programs. The IPs are formulated for a raster-based GIS environment and are designed to minimize development costs and to maximize compactness of the allocated land use. The preference for either minimizing costs or maximizing compactness has been made operational by including a weighting factor. The IPs are evaluated on their speed and their efficacy for handling large databases. All four IPs yielded the optimal solution within a reasonable amount of time, for an area of 8 x 8 cells. The fastest model was successfully applied to a case study involving an area of 30 x 30 cells. The case study demonstrates the practical use of linear IPs for spatial decision support issues. <s> BIB006 </s> DOI:10.1068/b31073 A review of rural land-use planning models <s> Mathematical programming <s> Soil-loss, food insecurity, population pressure and low income of the rural population are interrelated problems in the Loess Plateau of northern China, and result in a spiral of unsustainability. This paper examines Ansai County as a case study to explore strategic land use options that may meet well-defined goals of regional development, using a systems approach that integrated the fragmented and empirical information on the biophysical, agronomic and socio-economic conditions. We used production ecological principles, simulation modeling and multiple goal linear programming as integrative tools. Four scenarios were explored, representing major directions of agricultural development in the region and views of national and local stakeholders, farmers and environmentalists. The results indicate that soil conservation, food self-sufficiency and income for the rural population can be substantially improved by efficient resource use and appropriate inputs. In the long-term, terracing and use of crop rotations with alfalfa may be the best options for soil conservation. The large rural population and the lack of off-farm employment opportunities could be the most important factors affecting rural development in Ansai. This study contributes to the understanding of regional problems and agricultural development potentials, and shows' agro-technical possibilities for alleviating the unsustainability problems in this fragile and poorly endowed region. To promote actual development towards the identified options, on-farm innovation and appropriate policy measures are needed. The explored land use options enable a much more targeted innovation and development of policies. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. <s> BIB007
Mathematical programming, when applied to land-use planning, seeks the combination of land uses that optimizes one or more objective functions subject to a series of constraints. The objective of the model developed by BIB003 was the minimization of rural unemployment, formulated as the maximization of the areas with the most labor-intensive land uses. Another example is the combined application of GIS and linear programming to the strategic planning of agricultural uses, which was carried out by BIB002 . In contrast with these two models, the methods described below consider more than one objective function. BIB004 developed a model in which goal programming was used to reach a compromise between the maximization of the gross margin and the minimization of the expected risk for a land-use plan. Another goal-programming model is described in BIB005 and concerns the planning of several forest land uses. Land-use planning often requires interactive programming with an exchange of information between the decisionmaker and the system  . Interactive multiple-goal linear programming (IMGLP) has been applied to landuse planning BIB001 , to the analysis of agricultural development policies  , and has even been implemented in a software application (GOAL-QUASI) intended to explore future land-use options  .  integrated the IMGLP and the AHP into a GIS in order to establish land-use scenarios based on four objectives: the maximization of food production, employment, and income, and the minimization of soil erosion. A similar technique, known as ARBDS, was developed by  and implemented in a decision support tool called AEZWIN (AEZ for Windows)  . Another interactive process has been developed by BIB007 to evaluate different land-use strategies. The integer linear-programming models allow their results to be translated into a map of optimum land-use allocation. BIB006 used them to minimize the development cost of a land-use plan and to maximize the compactness of areas with the same use, and  used them to locate facilities. Some interesting examples of land-use planning models based on the combination of multicriteria evaluation techniques and mathematical programming can be found in  , and Ridgley and Heil (1998).