A Review On Cognitive Mismatch Between Computer and Information Technology And Physicians <s> A. Role of Health Informatics <s> PURPOSE ::: Medical device users are one of the principal medical device technology stakeholders. The involvement of users in medical device technology development and assessment is central to meet their needs. This study aims to examine this issue. ::: ::: ::: DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH ::: A structured review of the literature published from 1980 to 2005 in peer-reviewed journals was carried out from a social science perspective to investigate user involvement practice in the development and assessment of medical device technologies. This was followed by a qualitative thematic analysis. ::: ::: ::: FINDINGS ::: Medical device users include clinicians, patients, carers and others. Different kinds of medical devices are developed and assessed by user involvement. The user involvement occurs at different stages of the medical device technology lifecycle and the degree of user involvement is in the order of: design > testing and trials > deployment > concept stages. The methods most commonly used for capturing users' perspectives are usability tests, interviews and questionnaire surveys. ::: ::: ::: RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS ::: The relevant engineering, medical and nursing literature, which might have been useful, was not reviewed. However, useful findings emerge that apply to health care generally. ::: ::: ::: ORIGINALITY/VALUE ::: This study shows that medical device users are not homogeneous but heterogeneous in several aspects, such as needs, skills and working environments. This is an important consideration for incorporating users' perspectives in medical device technologies. <s> BIB001 </s> A Review On Cognitive Mismatch Between Computer and Information Technology And Physicians <s> A. Role of Health Informatics <s> CONTEXT ::: Physicians in the United States are only slowly adopting information technology (IT) tools, despite studies demonstrating their clinical benefits. More is known about IT use within institutional settings than by individual physicians. ::: ::: ::: OBJECTIVES ::: This study investigates physicians' current use of, future plans for, and perceived barriers to adopting electronic medical records (EMRs), computerized prescribing and order entry, clinical decision support systems, and electronic communication (email) with other physicians and with patients. ::: ::: ::: DESIGN ::: Self-administered mail surveys were completed between March and May 2003 among a national random sample of physicians involved in direct patient care of adults. A total of 1837 surveys were returned for a response rate of 52.8%. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: Physicians most commonly use IT for billing. For clinical management, the most common tool is computerized access to laboratory results (59%). Other tools are less prevalent: Twenty-seven percent of respondents use EMRs routinely or occasionally; 27% prescribe or order tests electronically; and 12% receive electronic alerts about potential drug-prescribing problems. Only 24% of surveyed physicians practice in a "high-tech" office setting. Physicians in groups of 50 or more are significantly more likely to use any IT tools and to practice in a high-tech office, as compared with physicians in solo practice (odds ratio = 7.7). The top 3 barriers to adoption of IT are start-up costs (56%), lack of uniform standards (44%), and lack of time (39%). ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSION ::: Most physicians do not use EMRs and related technologies. Adoption is uneven, and a technologic divide exists between physicians depending on their practice environment and mode of compensation. Cost remains the most important barrier to adoption. Attention needs to be focused on policies and business models that will make IT tools accessible and affordable to all physicians. <s> BIB002 </s> A Review On Cognitive Mismatch Between Computer and Information Technology And Physicians <s> A. Role of Health Informatics <s> Objectives: This study investigated the benefits of and barriers to user involvement in medical device technology development and evaluation. Methods: A structured review of published literature in peer-reviewed journals was conducted. Results: This literature review revealed that the main benefits of user involvement were an increased access to user needs, experiences, and ideas; improvements in medical device designs and user interfaces; and an increase in the functionality, usability, and quality of the devices. On the other hand, resource issues, particularly those of time and money were found the key impediments to involving users in the development and evaluation of medical device technologies. This study also has categorized both the benefits of and barriers to user involvement. Conclusions: The involvement of users in medical device technology development and evaluation requires resources, which are limited; however, this involvement is essential from both users and manufacturers perspectives. <s> BIB003 </s> A Review On Cognitive Mismatch Between Computer and Information Technology And Physicians <s> A. Role of Health Informatics <s> Despite the growing research on usability in the pre-development phase, we know little about post-deployment usability activities. To characterize these activities, we surveyed 333 full-time usability professionals and consultants working in large and small corporations from a wide range of industries. Our results show that, as a whole, usability professionals are currently not playing a substantial role in the post-deployment phase compared to other phases of user-centered design, but when they do, practitioners find their interactions quite valuable. We highlight opportunities in HCI research and practice to bridge this gap by working more closely with software support and maintenance teams. We also raise the need to understand what might be called 'usability maintenance,' that is, the process and procedures, by which usability is maintained after deployment. <s> BIB004
A great philosopher Immanuel Kant said: "We see things not as they are but as we are". Perception and interpretation are having the same meaning. Anxiety of present situation having past experience is the perception. Both terms processing and perception are frequently used interchangeably. The etiology of misinterpretation is lack of experience or knowledge about the information technology. Information plays a crucial role in medicine. All the time physicians are playing with the information they create, collect, search, adapt; in fact they drown in information. Medical or health informatics is all about this. The exact position of medical informatics is at the intersection of information technology, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and medicine. So this is not a simple field involving only one aspect like medical computing, telecommunications, or information engineering, rather it is a dialogue between www.ijacsa.thesai.org physicians, patients, and medical informaticians in a medical information system. Rather it explores and develops new knowledge, builds new theories, and organizes principles and solutions. Today's challenge is not to have an access of hardware rather it is the ability to use the information system. HIT technologies and information systems develop the way to positively increase the outcome of clinical care. Computers and evidence decision makings are two pillars of health informatics. To take full advantage of the HIT we have to learn the skills for framing and analyzing and integrating the healthcare information  . It is needed that end-users especially physicians should participate in healthcare IT development process  . Different models are suggested for better collaboration between users and IT experts. Parmit K Chilana suggested a model which emphasizes the persistent partnership of healthcare domain experts and IT experts throughout the development, implementation, evaluation and deployment processes. It gives emphasis on improving interdisciplinary skills on both ends of the pendulum to achieve a good balance. As a result of which an ICT system can be made which is not only be able to support the goals of the complex domain but can clearly outline the challenges of clinical ICT system BIB004 . It is essential in the research field of health informatics that a good fit and faith must persist in an ICT system and clinical practices  . Nevertheless, few numbers of studies have been done to answer the question of the cognitive aspects and need of interdisciplinary skills of the users and IT experts of different domains and the impact of the trainings given to users of HIS. Terms HIT and HIS are used in the research literature to cover a wide range of information technology applications in health care. Trend of IT applications use is increasing by the Health Professionals (physicians, nurses and allied Staff), as, some health professional also develops, deploy or research health care IT  . Consequently, Health Professionals need to educate themselves for their respective roles along with their temporal requirements in health informatics BIB003 as their cognitive skills about IT and IS are not addressed throughout their educational tenure. Some examples of IT use in healthcare sector are use of physician digital assistance (PDA's), computerized physician order entry (CPOE), electronic health record (EHR), clinical decision support system (CDSS), picture archiving and communication system (PACS), radiology information system (RIS), pharmacology information system (PIS), hospital information system (HIS), disease early warning system (DEW), Telemedicine and health management information system (HMIS)  . Shah and Robinson found some key impediments to user involvement in HIT which are lack of resources, attitudes of technical developers and healthcare personnel, and lack of understanding the appropriate interdisciplinary knowledge and skills. However, a physician's involvement is very crucial for the success of HIT BIB001 . A proactive use of information technology in the health sector empowers consumers of health services to have an easy access health information and decision making tool and by the employment of HIT. Health professionals can collaborate more easily when distance is a major factor in health care delivery  . In past HIT applications were used for administrative activities and financial activities rather assisting and delivering health care BIB002 .