Forecasting Issues of Wireless Communication Networks’ Cyber Resilience for An Intelligent Transportation System: An Overview of Cyber Attacks <s> Synergetic Approach <s> Security in the wireless access network gained increasing interest over the last years. Its implementation varies from one access network to another. The current trend in wireless access network is towards implementing mechanisms for mobility management namely handoff process and quality of service control. Consequently, security should be taken into consideration at each handoff process which may occur between different technologies (intertechnology) or within the same (intra-technology). At the same time, security provisioning impact on network performances (e.g. end-to-end delay, throughput) should be controlled. This chapter aims to give a better understanding of security measures and protocols available in two distinct wireless network families, namely the Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) and the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). WWAN family includes the wide coverage area technologies such as the Long-term Evolution (LTE), also named as Evolved Packet System (EPS). On the other hand, WLAN are characterized by having a small coverage area. It includes the WiFi (802.11) technology. Each time, the chapter highlights the mechanisms employed by access network to ensure the trade-off between secured mobility and application requirements in terms of delay and throughput. <s> BIB001 </s> Forecasting Issues of Wireless Communication Networks’ Cyber Resilience for An Intelligent Transportation System: An Overview of Cyber Attacks <s> Synergetic Approach <s> ZigBee has been recently drawing a lot of attention as a promising solution for ubiquitous computing. The ZigBee devices are normally resource-limited, making the network susceptible to a variety of security threats. This paper presents a severe attack on ZigBee networks termed as ghost, which leverages the underlying vulnerabilities of the IEEE 802.15.4 security suites to deplete the energy of the devices. We manifest that the impact of ghost is severe as it can reduce the lifetime of devices from years to days and facilitate a variety of threats including denial of service and replay attacks. We highlight that merely deploying a standard suite of advanced security techniques does not necessarily guarantee improved security, but instead might be leveraged by adversaries to cause severe disruption in the network. We propose several recommendations on how to localize and withstand the ghost and other related attacks in ZigBee networks. Extensive simulations are provided to show the impact of the ghost and the performance of the proposed recommendations. Moreover, physical experiments also have been conducted and the observations confirm the severity of the impact by the ghost attack. We believe that the presented work will aid the researchers to improve the security of ZigBee further. <s> BIB002 </s> Forecasting Issues of Wireless Communication Networks’ Cyber Resilience for An Intelligent Transportation System: An Overview of Cyber Attacks <s> Synergetic Approach <s> The main purpose of this article is to test IoT management system based on SDN core network, as well as interaction IoT traffic with SDN-switches. To conduct investigation of management system and network infrastructure behavior we carried out several IoT traffic tests, which were generated based on partnership project oneM2M specification. In this work, we considered “Smart city” model for Central district of Saint-Petersburg (Russia). During the testing of the network infrastructure were identified several parameters such as number of simultaneously supported sessions by the Mikrotik switch using different transport protocols, was proposed a recommendation for dynamically changing virtual buffers. During the testing of the IoT management system, we define reliability of IoT data management service for determined equipment in traffic conditions of the “Smart City”. Also, we estimate relationship between RTT parameter using various IoT protocols and heterogeneous traffic in conjunction with “Smart city” segment in SDN network. In order to investigate the influence of the SDN network on the RTT traffic parameter of a large number of IoT and the condition of its transmission in conjunction with heterogeneous traffic in the network, a full-scale experiment was conducted on the developed model, which in turn reflected a possible distribution scheme of a certain monitoring and control system for the Central District Saint-Petersburg. The aim of the study is also to consider the possibility of implementing the IoT data management service as a central management system for monitoring urban ecological parameters in a dense buildings environment. <s> BIB003 </s> Forecasting Issues of Wireless Communication Networks’ Cyber Resilience for An Intelligent Transportation System: An Overview of Cyber Attacks <s> Synergetic Approach <s> The authors use the definition of high-level vulnerability which they introduced in previous publications and apply it for software-defined networking (SDN) in the context of telecommunication networks model row evolution. The analysis of publications devoted to SDN vulnerabilities showed that, in general, they are a review or an enumeration of base protocol OpenFlow errors. It is established that high-level vulnerabilities are not enough researched. High-level vulnerabilities localized according to the levels and surfaces SDN model which are classified by genetic identified. It is proved that one part of vulnerability appeared by SDN paradigm (that distinguishes SDN in particular telecommunication network classes) and the other part is proved to be inherited from the previous known models (IMS, IN, TINA etc.). In conclusion, there are directions of further researches of the evolution of the life cycle of the high-level vulnerabilities for software-defined networking. <s> BIB004
It follows from Item 2 that questions of cyber security of 802.11p and LTE-V are already quite well researched, as today there are only individual publications that are devoted to their safe joint functioning  BIB001 . The complexity of researching this issue arises from a new communication mix (so called "hybrid"). As this hybrid is the result of sharing DSRC/802.11 and LTE-V, from the point of view of cyber security it represents another essence, which is different from the parts forming it, when their vulnerabilities form the effect of synergy. This synergy is formed due to the operation of the following mechanisms. Firstly, some properties of the first part of the communication mix (for example, DSRC/802.11p) can serve as neutralizing measures for cyber threats of the second part (for example, LTE-V), and vice versa. Secondly, other properties of the first part can represent sources of threats for the second part, and vice versa. Thirdly, similar vulnerabilities can reinforce each other and initiate fatal cyber threats. The resulting cyber resilience of "hybrid" of VANET/ITS does not come down to the simple sum of the cyber resilience of its components (DSRC/802.11p and LTE-V) in any cases. If the resulting cyber resilience of "hybrid" is lower than the components, then their association has to be recognized as unsafe. The cyber threats which have remained and appeared in "hybrid" have to be compared with its vulnerabilities. As a result, preventive measures can be used concerning the predicted vulnerabilities, because the latter became known before the current incidents of cyber security. The analysis of Tables 1 and 2 shows the existence of a difficult dependence of total cyber resilience of VANET on the ITS telecommunication component, from cyber threats to the applied wireless technology. In the case of the hybrid option, the situation often becomes complicated due to presence of synergetic effects. To provide harmonious and effective existence of "communication mix", a certain supervising program will be required, which is capable of exchanging the level of cyber security of critical applications for functional requirements of ITS regarding reliability of reception/transfer, the maximum delay of messages, and other probabilistic and time characteristics, situationally (depending on the road and other milieu). Employing software-defined networking (SDN) technology can be one such decision. This technology is based on the principle of division according to the planes of management and data, and this situation hypothetically allows realizing the above-stated exchange BIB003  . In this case, the conceptual VANET/ITS model can be considered as a new cyber essence, software-defined internet of vehicles (SDIoV), formed by the certain "automobile world" of the internet of things (IoT) (the so-called internet of vehicles, IoV) in the form of a set of terminal device sensors which are built into vehicles and physical infrastructure facilities and generate problem-oriented traffic, on the one hand, and the SDN technology applying for the solution of problems of its cyber-stable service, on the other. However, both SDN and IoV cannot be considered ideal from a position of cyber security, as besides the new advantages they bring they are also associated with certain cyber threats, which are a consequence of vulnerabilities of their own architectural concepts BIB004 and technical realization. The declared synergetic approach can be shown as a step-by-step algorithm in relation to a qualitative assessment task of cyber resilience of SDIoV and forecasting its vulnerabilities as follows. Step 1: To reveal a set of the cyber threats which are traditionally initiated by architectural vulnerabilities of SDN and IoV. For this purpose, it is possible to use a pool of the publications devoted to the safety of IoT (IoV) and SDN, including the report of the international open consortium OWASP [83] . Step 2: To estimate possibilities of neutralization of cyber threats of SDN, of advantages of the use of IoV, and to establish the vulnerabilities of SDN which have lost relevance for SDIoV. To make asymmetric operations: to estimate possibilities of neutralization of cyber threats of IoV by advantages of the use of SDN and to establish the lost vulnerabilities of IoV. Step 3: To estimate possibilities of transformation of architectural features of SDN into sources of cyber threats for IoV, to establish the new vulnerabilities exploited by them, and to make asymmetric operation for architectural features of IoV. Step 4: To compare cyber threats of the united parts on a similarity subject. If in the SDIoV system two similar cyber threats from SDN and IoV are defined, then this threat appears in both parts of the system and cannot be essentially neutralized by them. It is furthermore necessary to establish the architectural vulnerabilities of SDN and IoV initiating it. As a result of performing Steps 2-4 of the algorithm on a set of the cyber threats and vulnerabilities revealed in Step 1, it is possible to forecast vulnerabilities for SDIoV. We will predict vulnerabilities of SDIoV for cases of operation of all three synergetic mechanisms-neutralizations (N-effect, Neutralization), generation (G-effect, Generation), and reinforcement (I-effect, Interference). One implementation of the concept of IoV are wireless touch networks. Because of their small size and spatial distribution, the IoV devices energy supply can be carried out at the expense of non-renewable power sources with a limited charge; the latter defines a new cyber threat for IoV applications, namely attack implementation on a power system of a touch network for the purpose of 'harvesting' energy from its knots BIB002 .