Modeling and Simulation of Systems of Systems – a Survey <s> Military perspectives of SoSE <s> System of systems engineering (SoSE) continues to evolve as a potentially promising response for analysis, design, and transformation of increasingly complex systems problems. The purpose of this paper is to establish critical foundations and offer a coherent framing for further research in SoSE. To achieve this purpose the paper is organized to: (1) introduce a contemporary perspective of SoSE, focused on identifying both convergence and divergence in the literature, (2) develop five logical levels that can help to understand divergence in SoSE and sharpen future research efforts, (3) articulate several of the critical research challenges that SoSE must address to be viable, and (4) identify a preliminary set of critical topical research areas for development of a more integrated research agenda for SoSE. The paper concludes with implications for close coupling of research and practice for the accelerated development of SoSE through an integrated research agenda. <s> BIB001 </s> Modeling and Simulation of Systems of Systems – a Survey <s> Military perspectives of SoSE <s> In this paper, we present System of Systems Engineering (SOSE) as a developing multidiscipline, spanning across and drawing from a variety of disciplines to address complex situations; situations are characterised by ambiguity, high uncertainty and emergence. This paper is organised to: (1) provide an assessment of the current state of SOSE field development, (2) suggest the nature of complex issues for which traditional approaches are falling short to include the corresponding challenges facing SOSE development, (3) describe two perspectives of the SOSE response to complex situations and (4) establish an emerging paradigm for SOSE as a multidiscipline based on current research. This paper concludes with the implications for further development of research and practice for SOSE. <s> BIB002 </s> Modeling and Simulation of Systems of Systems – a Survey <s> Military perspectives of SoSE <s> System of systems engineering (SoSE) is a field that remains in the embryonic stages of development. The work presented in this volume provides a methodological approach, grounded in foundations of systems theory, to perform SoSE. However, further development of the field must be predicated on understanding critical distinctions emerging and bring focus to the challenges and prospects for further development. The purpose of this paper is to develop a perspective of the state of the SoSE field and identify challenges for future evolution. To achieve this purpose, the paper is organised to explore four primary areas. First, the literature is reviewed to provide an account of the current state of the field. Second, an organising framework is presented to structure understanding of field development. Third, a set of challenges to forward movement of the field is offered. Fourth, the paper concludes with reflections on the SoSE methodology presented in this volume and implications for further development of th... <s> BIB003
The SoSE investigations are most closely linked to the military applications. In addition, the military perspective has evidently dictated to a large extent the former directions in SoSE progress, thus concentrating them in four main topics: (i) Adopting the technological aspects as primary. The SoS in military applications is focused on supporting the command and control activity through integrated use of SoS technologies to achieve success in the planned operations. (ii) Imposing interoperability as a central design objective. In addition to technical perfection, the military specifications require all technical (sub)systems in a SoS membership to be interoperable. (iii) Extrapolation from SE. Related to demands, traceability and architecture. (iv) Strong attention on technical devices. The military perspective of SoSE is interesting mainly for obtaining (technical) equipment, able to operate jointly. The military orientation complicates the advances on the SoSE area. In recent US DoD publications  BIB003 , the SoSE future is recognized by the next notions: (i) There is no clear difference between SE for systems and SoS; (ii) The single difference consists only in the fact, that no one controls a SoS; (iii) There is no novelty in a SoS, moreover, any system composed by subsystems, is a SoS. This tendency originates since the statement of SE. The promotion and perspective development of SoS is mainly pursued by the US military department, as declared in the Systems Engineering Guide for SoS  , where there is a suggestion for SoSE as an extension of SE. This tendency is approved by some important definitions about the military perspectives of SoS and SoSE: Definition 1. SoSE deals with planning, analyzing, organizing and integrating the potentialities of a group of existing and new systems into SoS capability, thus exceeding the sum of resources in the constituent elements. Definition 2. The general objective for developing a SoS consists in satisfying the demanded system capabilities, that can only be created with a mix of multiple, autonomous and interacting systems. Definition 3. A set of interdependent systems, that are related or connected together to provide a given capability, is a SoS. The loss of any system component will significantly degrade the overall performance or potentials. The development of a SoS is a compromise between the systems and their individual system performance. The military oriented concept of SoSE is focused only on extrapolation from SE. Influence from the military perspective to SE and SoSE also exists ( The academic researches represent a distinguished and more comprehensive approach to the SoSE area. These developments are in three main directions: (i) Investigate theoretical and conceptual differentiations. The investigations on this problem are insufficient till now, with exception of a few works BIB001 BIB003 BIB002 . (ii) Theoretical exploration of the phenomena. In contrast to the other two SoSE perspectives, the academic interests are taking more analytical orientation. In the existing theoretical works the investigations, inquiry and analysis of SoSE phenomena with their origins and explanations BIB001 BIB002 are treated. (iii) Foundations in systems theory. The principles, laws and concepts of this theory provide the background for academic development of SoSE and links to theoretical knowledge, but the SoSE practical developments are largely ignored. The academic contributions to SoSE are performed in some definitions  : "The design, installment, operation and transformation of metasystems, that operate as an integrated complex system to perform new desirable results. The metasystems are comprised of autonomous embedded complex systems, that can diversify in technology, context, operation, geography and conceptual frame."