A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Literature Survey <s> Lifetime optimization and security are two important design issues for multi-hop wireless sensor networks with non-replenishable energy resources. In this research, we propose a novel secure and energy aware (SEAR) routing protocol to address these two issues concurrently through balanced energy consumption and probabilistic random walking. SEAR is designed with two configurable parameters, energy balance control (EBC) and security level. EBC is used to enforce energy balance and increase the lifetime. Security level is designed to determine the probabilistic distribution of the random walking that provides routing security. The security level can be defined by the message source on a message level, or on a system level. Theoretical analysis and OPNET simulation results show that the proposed SEAR can provide excellent balance between routing efficiency and energy consumption while preventing routing traceback attacks. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Literature Survey <s> WSNs are multihop networks, which depend on the intermediate nodes to relay the data packet to the destination. These nodes are equipped with lesser memory, limited battery power, little computation capability, small range of communication and need a secured and efficient routing path to forward the incoming packet. In this paper, we propose a secure cluster based multipath routing protocol (SCMRP). Researchers have proposed clustered sensor networks to increase the efficiency (i.e. increase system throughput, save energy and decrease system delay by data aggregation) and multipath sensor networks to increase the resilience and reliability of the network. The SCMRP is the combination of these two sensor networks; therefore, it provides efficiency as well as reliability and the proper use of cryptographic algorithm provides sufficient security to the sensor network. SCMRP provides security against various attacks like altering the routing information, selective forwarding attack, sinkhole attack, wormhole attack, Sybil attack etc. Further, we have provided a brief analysis to various issues related to key management, orphan nodes, security and energy efficiency. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Literature Survey <s> A wireless sensor network consists of several sensor nodes strewn over a large geographic area and base station. Depending upon the routing model used data collected by the sensor node are routed through several hops of the network to the base station. Before a new node becomes operational the base station verifies its authenticity for security reasons. We call this phase as secure joining of a node. The process of secure joining can be as simple as allowing a new node to join by simply verifying its MAC-ID in plain text. However, this simple secure joining is prone to many attacks and therefore, not acceptable to many organizations requiring high grade of security. On the other hand stringent process of secure joining such as multi-level verification of authentication credentials in a secure channel comes with a cost in terms of energy consumption. In this paper we propose a stringent secure joining method which uses the concept of certificate less PKI and symmetric key and goes through multi-level authentication for prevention of flooding attack. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Literature Survey <s> The objective of energy efficient routing protocol is to increase the operational lifetime of the wireless sensor networks. Multipath routing protocols enhance the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks by distributing traffic among multiple paths instead of a single optimal path. Transmission of secured data is also an important research concern in the wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a secure node disjoint multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks is proposed. Here, the data packets are transmitted in a secure manner by using the digital signature crypto system. It is compared with an ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing protocol. It shows better results in terms of packet delivery fraction, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay compared to the ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing. <s> BIB004 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Literature Survey <s> It is a significant challenge to design a secure routing protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSN), because a WSN has dynamic topology, limited energy, confined computing ability and small memory size. The performance metrics usually considered when working with a WSN are power consumption, connectivity, scalability, and limited resources. Sensor nodes play the dual role of data collection and routing and therefore need energy to perform. Malfunctioning of a few nodes, due to hardware or lack of energy, in the network will cause significant topology changes, leading to greater consumption of energy and rerouting of packets. Triple Umpiring System (TUS) has already been proved its better performance on mobile ad hoc network (MANET) in which each node in the path from source to destination has dual roles to perform: Packet forwarding and umpiring. In this paper, we modified the TUS by incorporating Mine detection feature. Extensive investigation studies using Qualnet 5.0 simulator show that Mine detection significantly improves the Packet Delivery Ratio and decreases the latency in packet delivery. <s> BIB005 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Literature Survey <s> Wireless sensor networks are facing many challenges such as the limited resource in processing power, storage and energy. The limited energy resource is one of the main challenges facing the security in such networks. This paper aims to improve the current security mechanisms in wireless sensor networks as well as reducing power consumption. LEACH protocol provides an energy routing protocol. However, it doesn't cover the security problems. Alternatively, this paper aims to provide an improved secure and more energy efficient routing protocol called LS-LEACH (Lightweight Secure LEACH). Authentication algorithm is integrated to assure data integrity, authenticity and availability. Furthermore, this paper shows the improvement over LEACH protocol that makes it secure and how to make it more energy efficient to reduce the effect of the overhead energy consumption from the added security measures. <s> BIB006 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Literature Survey <s> Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been a subject of extensive research and have undergone explosive growth in the last few years. WSNs utilize collaborative measures such as data gathering, aggregation, processing, and management of sensing activities for enhanced performance. In order to communicate with the sink node, node having low power may have to traverse multi-hops. This requires neighbors' nodes to be used as relays. However, if the relay nodes are compromised or malicious, they may leak confidential information to unauthorized nodes in the WSN. Moreover, in many WSN applications, the deployment of sensor nodes is carried out in an ad-hoc fashion without careful examination. In such networks it is desirable to ensure the source to sink privacy and maximize the lifetime of the network, by finding secure energy-efficient route discovery and forwarding mechanisms. Careful management is also necessary, as processing required for secure routing is distributed over multiple nodes. An important consideration in this regard is energy-aware secure routing, which is significant in ensuring smooth operation of WSNs. As, these networks deal in sensitive data and are vulnerable to attack, it is important to make them secure against various types of threats. However, resource constraints could make the design, deployment and management of large WSNs a challenging proposition. The purpose of this paper is to highlight routing based security threats, provide a detailed assessment of existing solutions and present a Trust-based Energy Efficient Secure Routing Protocol (TEESR). The paper also highlights future research directions in of secure routing in multi-hop WSNs. <s> BIB007 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Literature Survey <s> Advances in wireless sensor network (WSN) technology have enabled small and low-cost sensors with the capability of sensing various types of physical and environmental conditions, data processing, and wireless communication. In the WSN, the sensor nodes have a limited transmission range and their processing and storage capabilities as well as their energy resources are limited. A triple umpiring system has already been proved for its better performance in WSNs. The clustering technique is effective in prolonging the lifetime of the WSN. In this study, we have modified the ad-hoc on demand distance vector routing by incorporating signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based dynamic clustering. The proposed scheme, which is an efficient and secure routing protocol for wireless sensor networks through SNR-based dynamic clustering (ESRPSDC) mechanisms, can partition the nodes into clusters and select the cluster head (CH) among the nodes based on the energy, and non CH nodes join with a specific CH based on the SNR values. Error recovery has been implemented during the inter-cluster routing in order to avoid end-to-end error recovery. Security has been achieved by isolating the malicious nodes using sink-based routing pattern analysis. Extensive investigation studies using a global mobile simulator have shown that this hybrid ESRP significantly improves the energy efficiency and packet reception rate as compared with the SNR unaware routing algorithms such as the low energy aware adaptive clustering hierarchy and power efficient gathering in sensor information systems. <s> BIB008 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Literature Survey <s> Geographical Routing Technique is a new trend in Wireless Sensor Networks in which the sensor nodes are enabled using Global Positioning Systems(GPS). This helps to easily detect the position of their neighboring nodes. The power consumption is more in the existing routing algorithms, since the nodes build the routing tables and the neighboring node IDs are determined by searching the routing table. In this paper, we have proposed Secure Geographical Routing (SGR) algorithm in which the data traffic and energy consumption is minimized using single copy data transfer. In SGR, initially one copy is transmitted to the next node using greedy approach and another copy is preserved in the sending station. If acknowledgment is not received even after timeout then the second copy is transmitted. This dynamic single copy scheme reduces the data traffic in Wireless Sensor Networks. Security algorithms are incorporated in every sensor node to prevent any malicious node attack that disturb the normal functioning of the network. Simulation result shows that the performance of the proposed algorithm is better in terms of packet delivery probability and energy consumption in comparison with existing algorithms. <s> BIB009 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Literature Survey <s> Security of wireless sensor networks (WSN) is an important feature, as they are used in critical applications such as surveillance, monitoring, tracking and controlling etc. Secure and reliable communication is highly important in delivering critical information correctly and in-time by low-powered sensor motes (SM). Many secure WSNs protocols have been proposed but they have focused primarily on denial-of-communication at the routing or medium access control levels. Although WSNs have interesting distinctiveness (i.e., minimum set-up cost, unattended network operation), and because of the wireless medium (i.e., there are no gateways or routers to observe data flow), the security of these networks is the main issue, particularly when privacy is the main theme. Secure communication in WSNs reclines in the security of their routing protocols. However, resource bound security solutions are needed for WSNs. This paper has proposed novel security mechanism by combining features of two security architectures in WSNs, i.e., TESLA from SPINE and Bloom Filters (BF) from MiniSec. We have used TOSSIM for simulation and showed that our proposed mechanism perform better than other security schemes. <s> BIB010 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Literature Survey <s> In wireless sensor networks, it is crucial to design and employ energy-efficient communication protocols, since nodes are battery-powered and thus their lifetimes are limited. Such constraints combined with a great number of applications used in these networks, pose many challenges (limited energy, low security…) to the design and management of wireless sensor networks. These challenges necessitate a great attention. In this paper, we present a new version of Directed Diffusion routing protocol which provides both security and energy efficiency together in wireless sensor networks. <s> BIB011 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Literature Survey <s> Wired network nodes have direct connection with the power source. But wireless sensor nodes depend on the on-board battery for power. Two different things can be done to increase the operational lifetime of the WSN. First one is efficient energy utilization. Second one is attachment of power generating devices. This paper proceeds with efficient energy utilization by proposing a new multipath routing protocol called tS EL(Secure Energy Efficient Load Balancing Multipath Routing Protocol with Transmission Power Adjustment). Single path routing protocols may lead to holes in the network due to improper load distribution among the nodes. Multi path routing protocols will lead to better load balancing than single path routing protocols. tSEL protocol selects node disjoint multiple paths and shares load among the paths effectively by following a new load sharing mechanism. tS EL provides security through RS A public key algorithm and MD5 hash algorithm. <s> BIB012 </s> A Survey on Secure Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks <s> Literature Survey <s> Lifetime optimization and security are two conflicting design issues for multi-hop wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with non-replenishable energy resources. In this paper, we first propose a novel secure and efficient Cost-Aware SEcure Routing (CASER) protocol to address these two conflicting issues through two adjustable parameters: energy balance control (EBC) and probabilistic-based random walking. We then discover that the energy consumption is severely disproportional to the uniform energy deployment for the given network topology, which greatly reduces the lifetime of the sensor networks. To solve this problem, we propose an efficient non-uniform energy deployment strategy to optimize the lifetime and message delivery ratio under the same energy resource and security requirement. We also provide a quantitative security analysis on the proposed routing protocol. Our theoretical analysis and OPNET simulation results demonstrate that the proposed CASER protocol can provide an excellent tradeoff between routing efficiency and energy balance, and can significantly extend the lifetime of the sensor networks in all scenarios. For the non-uniform energy deployment, our analysis shows that we can increase the lifetime and the total number of messages that can be delivered by more than four times under the same assumption. We also demonstrate that the proposed CASER protocol can achieve a high message delivery ratio while preventing routing traceback attacks. <s> BIB013
This section presents an overview of the state-of-the-art secure routing protocols BIB006 BIB009 BIB010 BIB011 BIB007 BIB004 BIB001 BIB012 BIB008 BIB005 BIB013 BIB002 BIB003 of wireless sensor networks. This overview composed of discussion about the assumptions, methodologies, and key approaches present in existing works. Based on this section, we will present taxonomy and comparison in the following sections.