A Survey of Routing Techniques for Mobile Collaborative Virtual Environment Applications <s> SPLINE [27] (Scalable Platform for Large Interactive <s> This paper explores the issues involved in designing and developing network software architectures for large-scale virtual environments. We present our ideas in the context of NPSNET-IV, the first 3-D virtual environment that incorporates both the IEEE 1278 distributed interactive simulation DIS application protocol and the IP multicast network protocol for multiplayer simulation over the Internet. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey of Routing Techniques for Mobile Collaborative Virtual Environment Applications <s> SPLINE [27] (Scalable Platform for Large Interactive <s> This paper describes and analyzes SCORE, a scalable multicast-based communication protocol for large-scale virtual environments (LSVE) on the Internet. Today, many of these applications have to handle an increasing number of participants and deal with the difficult problem of scalability. We propose an approach at the transport layer, using multiple multicast groups and multiple agents. This approach involves the dynamic partitioning of the virtual environment into spatial areas and the association of these areas with multicast groups. It uses a method based on the theory of planar point processes to determine an appropriate cell size, so that the incoming traffic at the receiver side remains with a given probability below a sufficiently low threshold. We evaluate the performance of our scheme and show that it allows to significantly improve the participants' satisfaction while adding very low overhead. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey of Routing Techniques for Mobile Collaborative Virtual Environment Applications <s> SPLINE [27] (Scalable Platform for Large Interactive <s> The scalability of large-scale networked virtual environments (NVEs) such as today's massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs) faces inherent limits imposed by client-server architectures. We identify an emerging research direction that applies peer-to-peer (P2P) networks in order to realize more scalable and affordable NVEs. The central issue for P2P-based NVE (P2P-NVE) systems is to correctly and efficiently maintain the topology of all participating peers by solving the neighbor discovery problem. We also propose the Voronoi-based overlay network (VON), a simple and efficient design that maintains the P2P topology in a fully-distributed, low-latency, and message-efficient manner. Simulation results show that by bounding the per-node resource consumption, VON can be fundamentally more scalable than existing methods while achieving high topology consistency and reliability <s> BIB003
Networked Environment), was developed in order to provide a solution that facilitates interoperability between system parts. SPLINE enables a hybrid topology based on the client-server and multicast approach in order to cope with low bandwidth networks. In the proposed architecture, users do not communicate with each other, instead they only communicate with the world model. In contrast to the regular partitioning scheme used for NPSNET [26] , SPLINE [27] divides the virtual world into arbitrary shapes called LOCALES where each LOCALE has its own multicast. Users are permitted to be "present" in more than one LOCALE through the use of spObserver objects. LOCALES are considered to be the key feature for improving scalability in SPLINE scalability. There are many other works that can be stated such as SCORE BIB002 , MiMaze BIB001 , and VON BIB003 .