Context-Aware Recommender Systems for Learning: A Survey and Future Challenges <s> Usefulness and Usability <s> In a cluster of many servers containing heterogeneous multimedia learning material and serving users with different backgrounds (e.g. language, interests, previous knowledge, hardware and connectivity) it may be difficult for the learners to find a piece of material which fit their needs. This is the case of the COLDEX project. Recommender systems have been used to help people sift through all the available information to find that most valuable to them. We propose a recommender system, which suggest multimedia learning material based on the learner’s background preferences as well as the available hardware and software that he/she has. <s> BIB001 </s> Context-Aware Recommender Systems for Learning: A Survey and Future Challenges <s> Usefulness and Usability <s> The MOBIlearn project aims to develop a re-usable architecture for delivering mobile learning experiences. A key component of this architecture is a context-awareness subsystem that is intended to tailor the content and options made available to a learner, depending on their current situation, preferences, and learning history. The context awareness subsystem has been developed alongside a hierarchical model of context, and has been subjected to formative evaluation. With reference to our context model, preliminary user trials, and input from museum staff, we describe the planned deployment of this system in an art museum learning scenario. <s> BIB002 </s> Context-Aware Recommender Systems for Learning: A Survey and Future Challenges <s> Usefulness and Usability <s> This paper describes a computer supported ubiquitous learning environment for language learning. This paper proposes two systems. The first is context-aware language-learning support system for Japanese polite expressions learning, which is called JAPELAS (Japanese polite expressions learning assisting system). This system provides learner the appropriate polite expressions deriving the learner's situation and personal information. The second system is called TANGO (Tag Added learNinG Objects) system, which detects the objects around learner using RFID tags, and provides the learner the educational information. This paper describes the preliminary evaluation of those two systems. <s> BIB003 </s> Context-Aware Recommender Systems for Learning: A Survey and Future Challenges <s> Usefulness and Usability <s> This paper presents an augmented paper-based reading system which incorporated digital materials and the reading strategy of scaffolded questioning into printed materials to enhance studentsi¦ English reading comprehension. QR codes were printed on paper prints to provide direct access to digital resources and scaffolded questions, smart phones were used to scan the QR codes and display digital learning materials. The results showed that the reading strategy of scaffolded questioning significantly improved studentsi¦ English reading comprehension, but direct access to digital materials using QR codes did not. Implications of the study shed light on the future development of the system. <s> BIB004
The perceived usefulness and usability have been evaluated for more systems. These evaluations were conducted with a wide range of methods and data collection approaches such as questionnaires, interviews and log data. In some cases, these evaluations consisted of elaborate trial experiments where users were asked to use the system for an extended period of time-such as evaluations of APOSDLE BIB001 , LIP  , Teng et al. BIB004 , and MOBIlearn BIB002 . In other cases, preliminary indicators were collected by asking users to perform certain tasks with the developed prototype BIB003 . Whereas the perceived usefulness was high in all cases, many usability issues have been identified. Such usability issues were identified for both context acquisition techniques as well as delivery of recommendations to end-users. Teng et al. BIB004 outline difficulties with scanning QR codes using cameras as a basis to capture activity context. Evaluation results of MOBIlearn BIB002 indicate that users were often confused because they did not understand why certain recommendations were made and why they changed. Similar issues were identified in usability evaluations of TANGO BIB003 and LIP  , where usability issues were identified as critical for the use of the system. We elaborate in the next section on future research opportunities to address these issues.