A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Introduction <s> The evolving fifth generation (5G) cellular wireless networks are envisioned to overcome the fundamental challenges of existing cellular networks, for example, higher data rates, excellent end-to-end performance, and user-coverage in hot-spots and crowded areas with lower latency, energy consumption, and cost per information transfer. To address these challenges, 5G systems will adopt a multi-tier architecture consisting of macrocells, different types of licensed small cells, relays, and device-to-device (D2D) networks to serve users with different quality-of-service (QoS) requirements in a spectrum and energy-efficient manner. Starting with the visions and requirements of 5G multi-tier networks, this article outlines the challenges of interference management (e.g. power control, cell association) in these networks with shared spectrum access (i.e. when the different network tiers share the same licensed spectrum). It is argued that the existing interference management schemes will not be able to address the interference management problem in prioritized 5G multi-tier networks where users in different tiers have different priorities for channel access. In this context a survey and qualitative comparison of the existing cell association and power control schemes is provided to demonstrate their limitations for interference management in 5G networks. Open challenges are highlighted and guidelines are provided to modify the existing schemes in order to overcome these limitations and make them suitable for the emerging 5G systems. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Introduction <s> This article presents empirically-based largescale propagation path loss models for fifthgeneration cellular network planning in the millimeter-wave spectrum, based on real-world measurements at 28 GHz and 38 GHz in New York City and Austin, Texas, respectively. We consider industry-standard path loss models used for today’s microwave bands, and modify them to fit the propagation data measured in these millimeter-wave bands for cellular planning. Network simulations with the proposed models using a commercial planning tool show that roughly three times more base stations are required to accommodate 5G networks (cell radii up to 200 m) compared to existing 3G and 4G systems (cell radii of 500 m to 1 km) when performing path loss simulations based on arbitrary pointing angles of directional antennas. However, when directional antennas are pointed in the single best directions at the base station and mobile, coverage range is substantially improved with little increase in interference, thereby reducing the required number of 5G base stations. Capacity gains for random pointing angles are shown to be 20 times greater than today’s fourth-generation Long Term Evolution networks, and can be further improved when using directional antennas pointed in the strongest transmit and receive directions with the help of beam combining techniques. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Introduction <s> Cell association in cellular networks has traditionally been based on the downlink received signal power only, despite the fact that uplink and downlink transmission powers and interference levels differed significantly. This approach was adequate in homogeneous networks with macro base stations all having similar transmission power levels. However, with the growth of heterogeneous networks where there is a big disparity in the transmit power of the different base station types, this approach is highly inefficient. In this paper, we study the notion of Downlink and Uplink Decoupling (DUDe) where the downlink cell association is based on the downlink received power while the uplink is based on the pathloss. We present the motivation and assess the gains of this 5G design approach with simulations that are based on Vodafone's LTE field trial network in a dense urban area, employing a high resolution ray-tracing pathloss prediction and realistic traffic maps based on live network measurements. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Introduction <s> The wireless research community aspires to conceive full duplex operation by supporting concurrent transmission and reception in a single time/frequency channel for the sake of improving the attainable spectral efficiency by a factor of two as compared to the family of conventional half duplex wireless systems. The main challenge encountered in implementing FD wireless devices is that of finding techniques for mitigating the performance degradation imposed by self-interference. In this article, we investigate the potential FD techniques, including passive suppression, active analog cancellation, and active digital cancellation, and highlight their pros and cons. Furthermore, the troubles of FD medium access control protocol design are discussed for addressing the problems such as the resultant end-to-end delay and network congestion. Additionally, an opportunistic decode-andforward- based relay selection scheme is analyzed in underlay cognitive networks communicating over independent and identically distributed Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading channels in the context of FD relaying. We demonstrate that the outage probability of multi-relay cooperative communication links can be substantially reduced. Finally, we discuss the challenges imposed by the aforementioned techniques and a range of critical issues associated with practical FD implementations. It is shown that numerous open challenges, such as efficient SI suppression, high-performance FD MAC-layer protocol design, low power consumption, and hybrid FD/HD designs, have to be tackled before successfully implementing FD-based systems. <s> BIB004 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Introduction <s> Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) allow formation of wide range ad hoc networks. These ad hoc formations with unmanned vehicles provide coverage of vast areas of applications involving mission dependent activities. Such networks can solve various issues related to civilian and military activities. One of the main applications of these networks is continuous surveillance. Surveillance by multiple nodes in ad hoc mode is directly dependent upon the continuous data sharing, cooperative decision making and stabilized network formation. Failures in network can hinder the performance and can decrease its operability. It is difficult to aloof network from discrete failures. Therefore, stabilized model is required which can provide stability to the whole network. For this, a self-healing neural model is developed which is capable of handling uncertain failures. It also provides provision for recovery of nodes from failure to stabilized state. <s> BIB005 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Introduction <s> Recently, densified small cell deployment with overlay coverage through coexisting heterogeneous networks has emerged as a viable solution for 5G mobile networks. However, this multi-tier architecture along with stringent latency requirements in 5G brings new challenges in security provisioning due to the potential frequent handovers and authentications in 5G small cells and HetNets. In this article, we review related studies and introduce SDN into 5G as a platform to enable efficient authentication hand-over and privacy protection. Our objective is to simplify authentication handover by global management of 5G HetNets through sharing of userdependent security context information among related access points. We demonstrate that SDN-enabled security solutions are highly efficient through its centralized control capability, which is essential for delay-constrained 5G communications. <s> BIB006 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Introduction <s> In this letter, an optimal placement and distribution of cooperative unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the next generation heterogeneous networks is presented in order to optimize the overall network delays. The positioning issue is formulated as a minimax facility problem which is then resolved using the entropy nets by formation of an optimal placement algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated in terms of significant gains including increased UAV positioning accuracy and reduced delays in UAV allocation. <s> BIB007 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Introduction <s> As the latest member of the multiple access family, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been recently proposed for 3GPP LTE and is envisioned to be an essential component of 5G mobile networks. The key feature of NOMA is to serve multiple users at the same time/frequency/ code, but with different power levels, which yields a significant spectral efficiency gain over conventional orthogonal MA. The article provides a systematic treatment of this newly emerging technology, from its combination with MIMO technologies to cooperative NOMA, as well as the interplay between NOMA and cognitive radio. This article also reviews the state of the art in the standardization activities concerning the implementation of NOMA in LTE and 5G networks. <s> BIB008 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Introduction <s> Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is an attractive technology because it can supply power to IoT devices where battery replacement is difficult or the maintenance cost is high. Polarization Switching WPT antenna (PS-WPT antenna) is proposed in this paper. The polarization switching characteristic makes this design a good candidate for 5G-IoT sensors powered by using wireless power transfer. The 3GPP had standardized 5G-IoT [1]-[3] in June 2016. It provides deep indoor and wide area coverage extension of 20dB over GSM. The 5G-IoT network can support 50,000 users per cell and a battery life of more than ten years. The key problems of the 5G-IoT network protocol are the coordination and communication between large number of IoT devices and the base station. Using the PS-WPT antenna technology, the cell coverage could be separated into several partitions to wake up IoT devices within one partition of the cell to avoid the collision. The PS-WPT antenna has been designed and analyzed in this paper for the polling protocol to solve the problem of communication and collision between 50,000 IoT devices per cell within the base station. <s> BIB009 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Introduction <s> Fast handover for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIPv6) can reduce handover delay and packet loss compared with Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). However, FPMIPv6 still cannot handle heterogeneous handovers due to the lack of unified Layer 2 triggering mechanism along with the booming of emerging wireless technologies. Media Independent Handover (MIH) can provide heterogeneous handover support, and a lot of integration solutions have been proposed for it. However, most of them focus on the integration of MIH and PMIPv6, and require the additional mechanisms, which are out of the scope the MIH and difficult to standardize the operations. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an integration solution of FPMIPv6 and MIH by extending the existing MIH standards, and adopt the city section mobility model to analyze its performance under different scenarios. The analytical results show that the proposed solution is capable of reducing the handover delay and the signaling cost compared with the standard as well as the fast handover solutions. <s> BIB010
The next generation of wireless networks exponentially adopts various emerging technologies to facilitate the service with a high-speed data rate BIB001 - BIB008 . The 5G technology is adopted in various applications like Industrial-Internet of Things (IIoT), smart city, and smart grid, to fulfill the user requirements and fasten the speed with low latency and high reliability for remotely accessing the regular services BIB007 - BIB004 . The 5G setup aims at exploiting different types of nodes which ensure on-demand as well as reliable connectivity to other devices BIB002 - BIB003 . With a tremendous increase in the number of devices, the pressure of maintaining the quality as well as the quantity will increase which also puts considerable impact on the security policies of a network. Different technology enablers such as blockchain, distributed mobility management, edge computing, osmotic computing, catalytic computing or fog networks can help to sustain this pressure imposed by the security requirements. However, there is gap in the literature as there are not sufficiently evident solutions which can cover both the performance as well as the security aspects of 5G networks. Use of diversified sensor nodes, drones, and autonomous vehicles can further impose extensive challenge on using 5G services without being compromised BIB007 BIB005 [10] BIB003 . Thus, with the rapid development of technologies in the 5G era, security becomes a major concern for successful implementations. Moreover, threats 3.5.2 Attacks and Threats in 5G networks: Security holds a three-way relationship with the ease of deployment and user-friendliness. A more user-friendly setup often has poor security considerations and ease of deployment also reduces the level of security for any application. Such a tradeoff results in a large number of security attacks, which are the result of intentional or unintentional vulnerabilities. In most of the scenarios, adversaries take advantage of known vulnerabilities and launch attacks while exploiting them over a period of time. Some of the most hazardous attacks include zero-day attacks, self-exploitable attacks, or side channel attacks  BIB006 . Along with these attacks, there a certain set of known attacks, as shown in Fig.2 , which impose a huge impact on the performance of any network. Considering the reachability and number of devices active in 5G networks, the scale and the impact of these attacks becomes severe and allows zero time to respond. Efficient mutual authentication, strong key agreements should be followed while deploying applications in 5G networks, however, these should come without affecting the performance of the network  - BIB009 . Although 5G networks aim at increasing the speed as well as the quality of the transmissions, this reduces the time window for applying security mechanisms to prevent any active attacks on the networks. Thus, new mechanisms are needed for securing these fast communications or applicability approach of existing solutions needs to be changed to cope with the low-latency requirements of these networks  - BIB010 . Along with these attacks, it is desired the network should be free from insider threats as these may expose the internal functionalities which may lead to different types of attacks that are next to impossible to detect at the real time. Further, it is recommended to develop low-cost light-weight Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), which can fixate on these requirements and can help identify attacks prior to their launching.