Context-Aware Recommender Systems for Learning: A Survey and Future Challenges <s> Location Context <s> The MOBIlearn project aims to develop a re-usable architecture for delivering mobile learning experiences. A key component of this architecture is a context-awareness subsystem that is intended to tailor the content and options made available to a learner, depending on their current situation, preferences, and learning history. The context awareness subsystem has been developed alongside a hierarchical model of context, and has been subjected to formative evaluation. With reference to our context model, preliminary user trials, and input from museum staff, we describe the planned deployment of this system in an art museum learning scenario. <s> BIB001 </s> Context-Aware Recommender Systems for Learning: A Survey and Future Challenges <s> Location Context <s> This paper describes a computer supported ubiquitous learning environment for language learning. This paper proposes two systems. The first is context-aware language-learning support system for Japanese polite expressions learning, which is called JAPELAS (Japanese polite expressions learning assisting system). This system provides learner the appropriate polite expressions deriving the learner's situation and personal information. The second system is called TANGO (Tag Added learNinG Objects) system, which detects the objects around learner using RFID tags, and provides the learner the educational information. This paper describes the preliminary evaluation of those two systems. <s> BIB002 </s> Context-Aware Recommender Systems for Learning: A Survey and Future Challenges <s> Location Context <s> Abstract Given the growing use of mobile devices, there is now increasing interest in the potential for supporting the mobile learner. However, there remains much research to be undertaken, to find effective ways of facilitating learning with mobile devices. This paper considers how to support the mobile language learner using a handheld computer. It introduces TenseITS, a language learning environment that adapts the interaction to the individual learner’s understanding, as represented in a learner model constructed during the interaction. It also adapts according to contextual features of the learner’s location that may affect their ability to study – the likelihood that they will be interrupted by others; their general ability to concentrate at that location; and the amount of time they have available for study. <s> BIB003 </s> Context-Aware Recommender Systems for Learning: A Survey and Future Challenges <s> Location Context <s> This paper presents an augmented paper-based reading system which incorporated digital materials and the reading strategy of scaffolded questioning into printed materials to enhance studentsi¦ English reading comprehension. QR codes were printed on paper prints to provide direct access to digital resources and scaffolded questions, smart phones were used to scan the QR codes and display digital learning materials. The results showed that the reading strategy of scaffolded questioning significantly improved studentsi¦ English reading comprehension, but direct access to digital materials using QR codes did not. Implications of the study shed light on the future development of the system. <s> BIB004
Location context is also often sensed implicitly through GPS or Wi-Fi location sensors, or a combination of both  . MOBIlearn BIB001 uses an ultrasound positioning system. The approach is required in contexts such as museums where an accurate description of the location is required to identify the object closest to the user. Other systems that require precise location information often rely on an explicit method that requires a user to scan an RFID tag BIB002 or QR code when entering a room BIB004 . TenseITS BIB003 relies on an explicit approach where the user is asked to manually input the location type, such as home, university or transportation. Whereas such an approach may work to evaluate first prototypes, the acquisition can easily be automated for the location types that are listed by the authors.