A review on heat and mass integration techniques for energy and material minimization during CO2 capture <s> Energy penalty in CO 2 capture systems <s> A review of the literature has found a factor of 4 spread in the estimated values of the energy penalty for post-combustion capture and storage of CO2 from pulverized-coal (PC) fired power plants. We elucidate the cause of that spread by deriving an analytic relationship for the energy penalty from thermodynamic principles and by identifying which variables are most difficult to constrain. We define the energy penalty for CCS to be the fraction of fuel that must be dedicated to CCS for a fixed quantity of work output. That penalty can manifest itself as either the additional fuel required to maintain a power plant's output or the loss of output for a constant fuel input. Of the 17 parameters that constitute the energy penalty, only the fraction of available waste heat that is recovered for use and the 2nd-law separation efficiency are poorly constrained. We provide an absolute lower bound for the energy penalty of ∼11%, and we demonstrate to what degree increasing the fraction of available-waste-heat recovery can reduce the energy penalty from the higher values reported. It is further argued that an energy penalty of ∼40% will be easily achieved while one of ∼29% represents a decent target value. Furthermore, we analyze the distribution of PC plants in the U.S. and calculate a distribution for the additional fuel required to operate all these plants with CO2 capture and storage (CCS). <s> BIB001 </s> A review on heat and mass integration techniques for energy and material minimization during CO2 capture <s> Energy penalty in CO 2 capture systems <s> Abstract This study aims at reducing the energy penalty burdened by integration of pulverized coal-fired power plants with solvent-based post-combustion carbon capture (PCC) processes via heat exchanger network (HEN) optimization. The base case used is a 300 MWe coal-fired power plant burning pulverized black coal and emitting 256 tonnes/h of CO 2 . Integration of the base case with PCC showed that achieving 90% CO 2 capture with purity of 99% using 30 wt% monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent admits an energy penalty of 19.4% to the overall plant output. Pinch analysis showed that a reduction in the mentioned energy penalty down to 15.9% can be achieved via integration. <s> BIB002 </s> A review on heat and mass integration techniques for energy and material minimization during CO2 capture <s> Energy penalty in CO 2 capture systems <s> Abstract Oxy-combustion is one of the most promising technologies to reduce CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants. Nevertheless, as CO2 capture system there is an important energy penalty and efficiency of the overall power plant substantially decreases. It is well accepted that the application of first generation post-combustion and oxy-fuel combustion technologies reduce the power plant efficiency in 10–12 efficiency points. Air separation unit (ASU) and compression and purification unit (CPU) are the main energy consumers in the oxy-fuel process. Moreover, the oxidant flow, which is a mixture of O2 and recirculated flue gases (RFG), requires a high heating demand in order to preheat it before the boiler inlet. This paper presents a methodology for the minimization of the energy penalty in oxy-fuel power plants that also includes ASU and CPU optimized designs with lower energy consumption, a boiler working with a high oxygen concentration (up to 40%v) in oxidant and waste energy integrated with a new designed steam cycle. Results show an important increase in power plant net efficiency (36.42%, LHV basis) regarding oxy-fuel reference power plant (32.91%). As a consequence, energy penalty can be reduced from original 10.5 points to 7.3 points. <s> BIB003
One important issue that needs to be considered in most CO 2 capture methods is the high energy requirement, because energy availability is an important global issue. High energy penalty and excessive use of external utilities are another challenge confronting the capture of CO 2 from power plants  . CO 2 compression and sorbent regeneration during CO 2 capture account for about 92% of the energy penalty associated with most carbon capture and storage technologies  . For instance, a typical CO 2 capture system that is based on monoethanolamine (MEA) requires a significant amount of energy at about 3.0-4.5 GJ/t CO 2 to regenerate the solvent in the stripper reboiler as well as energy for the stripper feed which is usually provided by cooling of the lean solvent BIB003 . According to a report by Zenz-House et al. BIB001 , energy penalty associated with retrofitting CO 2 capture devices into existing power plants is estimated between 50 and 80%. A further analysis of the thermodynamic limit indicates that energy penalty during CO 2 capture can be improved by harnessing the available waste heat and improving the second-law efficiency of temperature-swing adsorption systems BIB002 . Zenz-House et al. BIB001 postulated that in real-life situation, it is difficult to attain an energy penalty reduction below 25% during post-combustion CO 2 capture. The authors also indicated that to offset the energy penalty incurred during capture and storage, about 80% CO 2 emissions will require either an additional 390-600 million tonnes of fuel, additional 69-92 gigawatts of CO 2 -free-baseload power, or a 15-20% reduction in overall electricity usage. CO 2 capture units also require power to operate the gas compressors and other auxiliary equipment. Heat energy is also rejected from the stripper and compressor during CO 2 capture and compression. Retrofitting CO 2 capture devices in existing power plants will lead to a deficit of heat in the plant which has generally been proposed to be overcome by supplying heat and extracting steam from the turbine to the stripper reboiler BIB002 . This subsequently reduces energy expenditure, but drops the net efficiency of the power plant by approximately 30-40%  . Developing a network for heat and mass exchange during CO 2 compression and regeneration using heat and mass integration approaches, as reviewed and proposed in this section, is a more reliable method that would ensure optimal energy and material usage with stable plant efficiency. Therefore, it forms the major focus of this review. A breakdown of the associated energy penalty in a typical CO 2 capture process is presented in Fig. 11 .