Towards searching as a learning process : A review of current perspectives and future directions <s> Developing a search system that supports sense-making and enhances learning <s> Making sense of a body of data is a common activity in any kind of analysis. Sensemaking is the process of searching for a representation and encoding data in that representation to answer task-specific questions. Different operations during sensemaking require different cognitive and external resources. Representations are chosen and changed to reduce the cost of operations in an information processing task. The power of these representational shifts is generally under-appreciated as is the relation between sensemaking and information retrieval. We analyze sensemaking tasks and develop a model of the cost structure of sensemaking. We discuss implications for the integrated design of user interfaces, representational tools, and information retrieval systems. <s> BIB001 </s> Towards searching as a learning process : A review of current perspectives and future directions <s> Developing a search system that supports sense-making and enhances learning <s> Research tools critical for exploratory search success involve the creation of new interfaces that move the process beyond predictable fact retrieval. <s> BIB002 </s> Towards searching as a learning process : A review of current perspectives and future directions <s> Developing a search system that supports sense-making and enhances learning <s> As information becomes more ubiquitous and the demands that searchers have on search systems grow, there is a need to support search behaviors beyond simple lookup. Information seeking is the process or activity of attempting to obtain information in both human and technological contexts. Exploratory search describes an information-seeking problem context that is open-ended, persistent, and multifaceted, and information-seeking processes that are opportunistic, iterative, and multitactical. Exploratory searchers aim to solve complex problems and develop enhanced mental capacities. Exploratory search systems support this through symbiotic human-machine relationships that provide guidance in exploring unfamiliar information landscapes. Exploratory search has gained prominence in recent years. There is an increased interest from the information retrieval, information science, and human-computer interaction communities in moving beyond the traditional turn-taking interaction model support d by major Web search engines, and toward support for human intelligence amplification and information use. In this lecture, we introduce exploratory search, relate it to relevant extant research, outline the features of exploratory search systems, discuss the evaluation of these systems, and suggest some future directions for supporting exploratory search. Exploratory search is a new frontier in the search domain and is becoming increasingly important in shaping our future world. Table of Contents: Introduction / Defining Exploratory Search / Related Work / Features of Exploratory Search Systems / Evaluation of Exploratory Search Systems / Future Directions and concluding Remarks <s> BIB003 </s> Towards searching as a learning process : A review of current perspectives and future directions <s> Developing a search system that supports sense-making and enhances learning <s> This review introduces a comprehensive model of the cognitive process and mechanisms of individual sensemaking to provide a theoretical basis for: ::: ::: empirical studies that improve our understanding of the cognitive process and mechanisms of sensemaking and integration of results of such studies; ::: education in critical thinking and sensemaking skills; ::: the design of sensemaking assistant tools that support and guide users. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The paper reviews and extends existing sensemaking models with ideas from learning and cognition. It reviews literature on sensemaking models in human-computer interaction (HCI), cognitive system engineering, organizational communication, and library and information sciences (LIS), learning theories, cognitive psychology, and task-based information seeking. The model resulting from this synthesis moves to a stronger basis for explaining sensemaking behaviors and conceptual changes. The model illustrates the iterative processes of sensemaking, extends existing models that focus on activities by integrating cognitive mechanisms and the creation of instantiated structure elements of knowledge, and different types of conceptual change to show a complete picture of the cognitive processes of sensemaking. The processes and cognitive mechanisms identified provide better foundations for knowledge creation, organization, and sharing practices and a stronger basis for design of sensemaking assistant systems and tools. <s> BIB004
Search systems need to be reconfigured to supporting more diverse types of learning beyond knowledge acquisition. As we discussed in the Introduction section, current search systems are optimized for look-up tasks and not well-suited for learning and investigative tasks BIB002 . Marchionini BIB002 and other researchers BIB003  have proposed exploratory search as a framework that could support search activities for the purpose of learning and investigation. We would go even further, arguing that search systems could be transformed as a learning technology that could support critical and creative learning through various kinds of search behaviour, such as evaluating the usefulness of information critically, differentiating, monitoring, tracking, prioritizing and sense-making. While engaging in the diverse behaviour that comprises comprehensive search, people accomplish those learning activities described in Bloom's taxonomy as higher-level learning, including organizing ideas, identifying and analysing patterns, comparing different ideas, integrating ideas, and eventually, creating new ideas. This research direction moves away from conceptualizing search systems as a 'tool' for learning. Instead, this direction emphasizes the learning processes, experiences and outcomes involved during and after the search process to support critical and creative learning. Another concept that could usefully inform the design of search systems is that of sense-making. The sense-making process is about creating knowledge structures and making sense of the data/information that has been acquired through the information seeking task BIB001 . Generally, such representations use textual representations and maps, diagrams and tables or other modalities to organize and structure information in order to make sense of it BIB004 . The sense-making process is about encoding information into external representations in order to answer complex, relational, interlinked, contextual and task-specific questions. A new search system could support learning by offering more interactive functions such as tagging for annotation or tracking individuals' search history so that a learner could return to a particular learning point. In addition, a system could provide new features that allow learners to reflect upon their own learning process and search outcomes, thus facilitating the development of critical thinking skills.