Packet Drop Attack Detection Techniques in Wireless Ad hoc Networks: A Review <s> INTRODUCTION <s> Mobile ad-hoc networks are multihop wireless networks. Wireless communications and the lack of fixed infrastructure generate new research problems compared with fixed multihop networks: Dynamic topologies. Because nodes can move arbitrarily, the network topology, which is typically multihop, can change randomly and rapidly; Bandwidth-constrained, variable capacity, possibly asymmetric links. Wireless links will continue to have significantly lower capacity than wired links and hence congestion is more problematic. Energy-constrained operation. Some, or all nodes in a Mobile ad-hoc network may rely on batteries for energy. For these nodes, power conservation is a critical design criterion. Wireless vulnerabilities and limited physical security. Mobile wireless networks are generally more prone to information and physical security threats than are fixed, hardwired nets. Network technologies for single-hop wireless networks are becoming to appear on the market. The IEEE 802.11 standard is a good platform to implement a one level multi-hop architecture because of its extreme. The Hiperlan standard is the ETSI standard for wireless LANs. Bluetooth technology is an open specification (supported by several hundreds of IT companies) for wireless communication of data and voice. Soon, mobile ad-hoc networks that cover areas of several square kilometres could be built from WLAN technologies such as IEEE 802.11. Furthermore, wireless-network technologies are the building blocks to construct multi-hop mobile ad-hoc networks. In the IETF, the Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) working group was set up for developing and evolving mobile ad-hoc network routing specification(s) and introduce them to the Internet Standards track. The goal is to support networks scaling up to hundreds of routers. The step toward a large network (larger than thousand nodes) consisting of nodes with limited resources is not straightforward and presents many challenges that are still to be solved in areas such as: highcapacity wireless technologies, configuration management, addressing, routing, location management, interoperability, and security. The minitrack presents six papers related to the design, modeling and performance evaluation of architectures and <s> BIB001 </s> Packet Drop Attack Detection Techniques in Wireless Ad hoc Networks: A Review <s> INTRODUCTION <s> Wireless ad hoc networks have great potentials in a broad range of applications. Their inherent vulnerability to various network attacks however limits their wide adaptation and deployment in practice. In this paper we address one of the most dangerous attacks, packet drop attack, in wireless ad hoc networks by post-routing detection. We introduce a simple, effective detection technique Side Channel Monitoring (SCM). The idea is to use nodes adjacent to a data communication route to monitor the message forwarding behavior of the nodes en route. These monitoring nodes constitute a directional side channel toward the source, in parallel to the backward route (primary channel). On observing misbehavior, they issue alarm packets to the source node through both channels. Considering channel disconnectivity (topologically or due to malicious packet drop), we analytically study the security strength of SCM including detection rate and expected number of detected attacks. Numeric results show that it is effective in various network scenarios. <s> BIB002 </s> Packet Drop Attack Detection Techniques in Wireless Ad hoc Networks: A Review <s> INTRODUCTION <s> In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), nodes usually cooperate and forward each other's packets in order to enable out of range communication. However, in hostile environments, some nodes may deny to do so, either for saving their own resources or for intentionally disrupting regular communications. This type of misbehavior is generally referred to as packet dropping attack or black hole attack, which is considered as one of the most destructive attacks that leads to the network collapse. The special network characteristics, such as limited battery power and mobility, make the prevention techniques based on cryptographic primitives ineffective to cope with such attack. Rather, a more proactive alternative is required to ensure the safety of the forwarding function by staving off malicious nodes from being involved in routing paths. Once such scheme fails, some economic-based approaches can be adopted to alleviate the attack consequences by motivating the nodes cooperation. As a backup, detection and reaction schemes remain as the final defense line to identify the misbehaving nodes and punish them. In this paper, we make a comprehensive survey investigation on the state-of-the-art countermeasures to deal with the packet dropping attack. Furthermore, we examine the challenges that remain to be tackled by researchers for constructing an in-depth defense against such a sophisticated attack. <s> BIB003 </s> Packet Drop Attack Detection Techniques in Wireless Ad hoc Networks: A Review <s> INTRODUCTION <s> In recent years, wireless ad hoc sensor network becomes popular both in civil and military jobs. However, security is one of the significant challenges for sensor network because of their deployment in open and unprotected environment. As cryptographic mechanism is not enough to protect sensor network from external attacks, intrusion detection system needs to be introduced. Though intrusion prevention mechanism is one of the major and efficient methods against attacks, but there might be some attacks for which prevention method is not known. Besides preventing the system from some known attacks, intrusion detection system gather necessary information related to attack technique and help in the development of intrusion prevention system. In addition to reviewing the present attacks available in wireless sensor network this paper examines the current efforts to intrusion detection system against wireless sensor network. In this paper we propose a hierarchical architectural design based intrusion detection system that fits the current demands and restrictions of wireless ad hoc sensor network. In this proposed intrusion detection system architecture we followed clustering mechanism to build a four level hierarchical network which enhances network scalability to large geographical area and use both anomaly and misuse detection techniques for intrusion detection. We introduce policy based detection mechanism as well as intrusion response together with GSM cell concept for intrusion detection architecture. <s> BIB004
Wireless ad hoc networks are a group of computing devices equipped with radio transceivers and interconnected wirelessly through radio frequency without a fixed infrastructure or centralized control BIB002 . The most common examples of wireless ad hoc networks are wireless sensor networks  BIB004 and mobile ad hoc networks BIB001 . In wireless ad hoc networks, nodes communicate with each other using multi hop wireless links. Data to out of range nodes can be routed through intermediate nodes. That is nodes in wireless ad hoc networks can act as both hosts and routers. There are numerous application areas in which wireless ad hoc networks can be used ranging from military operations and emergency disaster relief to community networking and interaction among meeting attendees or students during lectures  . One basic assumption according to Djahel et al BIB003 in design of routing protocols in wireless ad hoc networks is that, every node is honest and cooperative. This introduces a vulnerability that can be exploited for launching attacks. An example of such attack is the malicious packet dropping. A number of techniques have been proposed in literature to mitigate the packet dropping problem in wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, we review some of the malicious packet dropping detection techniques proposed in literature and comparatively analyze them. The rest of the paper is organized as follows; section 2 discusses packet dropping in wireless ad hoc networks, in section 3, we discuss some of the packet drop attack detection techniques proposed, section 4 presents a malicious node identification tool, section 5 compares these techniques under different scenarios and section 6 concludes the paper.