Tools for Achieving Usable Ex Post Transparency: A Survey <s> 3) AWARENESS <s> A number of mobile applications have emerged that allow users to locate one another. However, people have expressed concerns about the privacy implications associated with this class of software, suggesting that broad adoption may only happen to the extent that these concerns are adequately addressed. In this article, we report on our work on PeopleFinder, an application that enables cell phone and laptop users to selectively share their locations with others (e.g. friends, family, and colleagues). The objective of our work has been to better understand people's attitudes and behaviors towards privacy as they interact with such an application, and to explore technologies that empower users to more effectively and efficiently specify their privacy preferences (or "policies"). These technologies include user interfaces for specifying rules and auditing disclosures, as well as machine learning techniques to refine user policies based on their feedback. We present evaluations of these technologies in the context of one laboratory study and three field studies. <s> BIB001 </s> Tools for Achieving Usable Ex Post Transparency: A Survey <s> 3) AWARENESS <s> Today's smartphone applications expect users to make decisions about what information they are willing to share, but fail to provide sufficient feedback about which privacy-sensitive information is leaving the phone, as well as how frequently and with which entities it is being shared. Such feedback can improve users' understanding of potential privacy leakages through apps that collect information about them in an unexpected way. Through a qualitative lab study with 19 participants, we first discuss misconceptions that smartphone users currently have with respect to two popular game applications that frequently collect the phone's current location and share it with multiple third parties. To measure the gap between users' understanding and actual privacy leakages, we use two types of interfaces that we developed: just-in-time notifications that appear the moment data is shared and a visualization that summarizes the shared data. We then report on participants' perceived benefits and concerns regarding data sharing with smartphone applications after experiencing notifications and having viewed the visualization. We conclude with a discussion on how heightened awareness of users and usable controls can mitigate some of these concerns. <s> BIB002 </s> Tools for Achieving Usable Ex Post Transparency: A Survey <s> 3) AWARENESS <s> Transparency is a basic privacy principle and social trust factor. However, in the age of cloud computing and big data, providing transparency becomes increasingly a challenge. <s> BIB003
Multiple user studies evaluate the change of awareness of users regarding their personal data being disclosed. BIB003 26 Comprehensible (adjective): ''Able to be understood; intelligible.''  27 Awareness (noun): ''Concern about and well-informed interest in a particular situation or development.''  Awareness relates to 'self-descriptiveness' and the 'conformity with the user's expectations'  , as well as the 'visibility of the system status,' and the 'match between the system and the real world'  . It is also key for the user's comprehension and consciousness  . To verify the impact on the test subjects' awareness, Hsieh et al.  deliberately introduced an irregular event during their field study. After the field study, they combined interviews with surveys and questionnaires to assess the usability of their TET. The authors state that, after becoming more familiar and comfortable with the TET, the users' awareness about which data had been disclosed to whom increased between the first and second iterations of their study. The participants of the user study conducted by Balebako et al. BIB002 state that the evaluated TET helped them develop a better understanding of the fact that apps installed on mobile devices leaked personal data. Abdullah et al.  state that visualising the search terms that users used in the past raised these users' overall awareness about the traces they left on the Internet. Sadeh et al. BIB001 conclude that an increase in the test subjects' context awareness leads to privacy settings that more accurately reflect these users' actual preferences.