Thermal cameras and applications: a survey <s> Electromagnetic spectrum <s> The detection and neutralization of unexploded ordnance (UXO) has been of major concern for very many decades; at least since the First World War. UXO continues to be the subject of intensive research in many fields of science. While today's headlines emphasize the mayhem resulting from the placement of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), humanitarian landmine clearing continues to draw significant global attention as well. In many countries of the world, landmines threaten the population and hinder reconstruction and fast, efficient utilization of large areas of the mined land in the aftermath of military conflicts. The reports in this volume, written by world leaders from academia, Government and industry, describe how basic ideas from mathematics, radar, sonar and chemistry can be combined with ongoing improvements in hardware and computation, as well as very new advances in multisensor data fusion, to yield the promise of more sophisticated and accurate UXO detection and identification capabilities than currently exist. <s> BIB001 </s> Thermal cameras and applications: a survey <s> Electromagnetic spectrum <s> Fundamentals of Infrared Thermal Imaging Basic Properties of IR Imaging Systems Advanced Methods in IR Imaging Some Basic Concepts of Heat Transfer Basic Applications: Direct Visualization of Physics Phenomena IR Imaging of Buildings and Infrastructure Industrial Application: Detection of Gases Microsystems Selected Topics in Research and Industry (thermal reflections, metal industry, automobile industry, airplane and space craft industry, various industrial applications, electric applications) Miscellaneous: Selected Applications in Other Fields (medical and veterinary applications, sports, arts, surveillance and security, nature) <s> BIB002
Infrared radiation lies between visible light and microwaves within the wavelength spectrum of 0.7-1,000 µm as illustrated in Fig. 2 . The infrared spectrum can be divided into several spectral regions. There exist different sub-division schemes in different scientific fields, but a common scheme is shown in Table 1 BIB001 . The mid-wavelength and longwavelength infrared are often referred to as thermal infrared (TIR) since objects in the temperature range from approximately 190-1,000 K emit radiation in this spectral range. The atmosphere only transmits radiation with certain wavelengths due to the absorption of other wavelengths in the molecules of the atmosphere. CO 2 and H 2 O are responsible for most of the absorption of infrared radiation BIB002 . Figure 3 illustrates the percentage of transmitted radiation depending on the wavelength and states the molecule that is responsible for the large transmission gaps. Due to the large atmospheric transmission gap between 5 and 8 µm, there is no reason for cameras to be sensitive in this band. The same goes for radiation above 14 µm. A typical spectral range division for near-infrared and thermal cameras is shown in Table 2 .