Hardware Security For and Beyond CMOS Technology: An Overview on Fundamentals, Applications, and Challenges <s> FUNDAMENTALS OF SELECTED EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES <s> This paper presents photonic devices with 3 dB/cm waveguide loss fabricated in an existing commercial electronic 45 nm SOI-CMOS foundry process. By utilizing existing front-end fabrication processes the photonic devices are monolithically integrated with electronics in the same physical device layer as transistors achieving 4 ps logic stage delay, without degradation in transistor performance. We demonstrate an 8-channel optical microring-resonator filter bank and optical modulators, both controlled by integrated digital circuits. By developing a device design methodology that requires zero process infrastructure changes, a widely available platform for high-performance photonic-electronic integrated circuits is enabled. <s> BIB001 </s> Hardware Security For and Beyond CMOS Technology: An Overview on Fundamentals, Applications, and Challenges <s> FUNDAMENTALS OF SELECTED EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES <s> Integrated photonics changes the scaling laws of information and communication systems offering architectural choices that combine photonics with electronics to optimize performance, power, footprint, and cost. Application-specific photonic integrated circuits, where particular circuits/chips are designed to optimally perform particular functionalities, require a considerable number of design and fabrication iterations leading to long development times. A different approach inspired by electronic Field Programmable Gate Arrays is the programmable photonic processor, where a common hardware implemented by a two-dimensional photonic waveguide mesh realizes different functionalities through programming. Here, we report the demonstration of such reconfigurable waveguide mesh in silicon. We demonstrate over 20 different functionalities with a simple seven hexagonal cell structure, which can be applied to different fields including communications, chemical and biomedical sensing, signal processing, multiprocessor networks, and quantum information systems. Our work is an important step toward this paradigm.Integrated optical circuits today are typically designed for a few special functionalities and require complex design and development procedures. Here, the authors demonstrate a reconfigurable but simple silicon waveguide mesh with different functionalities. <s> BIB002 </s> Hardware Security For and Beyond CMOS Technology: An Overview on Fundamentals, Applications, and Challenges <s> FUNDAMENTALS OF SELECTED EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES <s> Negative capacitance field-effect transistor (NCFET) addresses one of the key fundamental limits in technology scaling, akin to the non-scalable Boltzmann factor, by offering a sub-threshold swing below 60 mV/decade. In this paper, we investigate how the NCFET technology can open the doors not only for the continuation of Moore’s law, which is approaching its end, but also for reviving Dennard’s scaling, which stopped more than a decade ago. We study NCFET for the 7-nm FinFET technology node, from physics to processors and demonstrate that prior trends in processor design with respect to voltage and frequency can be revived with the NCFET technology. Our work focuses on answering the following three questions towards drawing the impact of NCFET technology on computing efficiency: In how far NCFET technology will enable processors: 1) to operate at higher frequencies without increasing voltage; 2) to operate at higher frequencies without increasing power density, which is substantial, because maintaining on-chip power densities under tight constraints due to limited cooling capabilities is inevitable; and 3) to operate at lower voltages, while still fulfilling performance requirements, which is substantial for the emerging Internet of Things, in which available power budgets for such devices are typically very restricted. <s> BIB003 </s> Hardware Security For and Beyond CMOS Technology: An Overview on Fundamentals, Applications, and Challenges <s> FUNDAMENTALS OF SELECTED EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES <s> The world’s appetite for analyzing massive amounts of structured and unstructured data has grown dramatically. The computational demands of these abundant-data applications, such as deep learning, far exceed the capabilities of today’s computing systems and are unlikely to be met with isolated improvements in transistor or memory technologies, or integrated circuit architectures alone. To achieve unprecedented functionality, speed, and energy efficiency, one must create transformative nanosystems whose architectures are based on the salient properties of the underlying nanotechnologies. Our Nano-Engineered Computing Systems Technology (N3XT) approach makes such nanosystems possible through new computing system architectures leveraging emerging device (logic and memory) nanotechnologies and their dense 3-D integration with fine-grained connectivity to immerse computing in memory and new logic devices (such as carbon nanotube field-effect transistors for implementing high-speed and low-energy logic circuits) as well as high-density nonvolatile memory (such as resistive memory), and amenable to ultradense (monolithic) 3-D integration of thin layers of logic and memory devices that are fabricated at low temperature. In addition, we explore the use of several device and integration technologies in the N3XT beyond the specific ones mentioned earlier that are also used in our main nanosystem prototypes. We also present an efficient resiliency technique to overcome endurance challenges in certain resistive memory technologies. N3XT hardware prototypes demonstrate the practicality of our architectures. We evaluate the benefits of the N3XT using a simulation framework calibrated using experimental measurements. System-level energy-delay product of common implementations of abundant-data workloads improves by three orders of magnitude in the N3XT compared with conventional architectures. These improvements impact a broad range of application workloads and architecture configurations, from embedded systems to the cloud. <s> BIB004
It should be understood that I can provide only an overview on selected emerging technologies; there are further interesting technologies, like negative capacitance field-effect transistors (NCFETs) BIB003 or photonics BIB002 BIB001 . Aside from 3D and 2.5D integration, note that all selected technologies are realized at the device level; therefore, these technologies can also be referred to as emerging devices. The selected technologies are all compatible with CMOS manufacturing, at least to some degree. Thus, these technologies appear promising and practical for the near future, as they can also realize some hybrid CMOS-emerging electronics. In general, emerging technologies seek to overcome fundamental limitations for CMOS regarding scalability and power consumption, among other aspects. In practice, various technologies are also applied in conjunction, e.g., the N3XT approach by Stanford University and others leverages carbon nanotubes and spintronics within 3D ICs BIB004 .