Designing persuasive health materials using processing fluency: a literature review <s> Use round numbers: linguistic fluency <s> Abstract Lack of numeracy is due mainly to the way data are presented. Most tables of data can be improved by following a few simple rules, such as drastic rounding, ordering the rows of a table by size, and giving a brief verbal summary of the data. <s> BIB001 </s> Designing persuasive health materials using processing fluency: a literature review <s> Use round numbers: linguistic fluency <s> This paper describes and explains some regularities in the frequency of numbers in text. An analysis of number frequencies in text corpora in Dutch, English, German, and French confirms the expectation that frequency is highly dependent on two factors: magnitude and roundness. Roundness (defined as number frequency in an approximation context) proves to be related to three arithmetical properties: ‘10-ness’, ‘2-ness’, and ‘5-ness’. In predicting the frequency of numbers irrespective of their context ‘2½-ness’ should be added to these factors, as is suggested in the work of Sigurd (1988). The role of the four number characteristics found in this study can be explained by the preference of the language user for using base numbers, and for doubling and halving quantities. <s> BIB002 </s> Designing persuasive health materials using processing fluency: a literature review <s> Use round numbers: linguistic fluency <s> Abstract Consumers often like fluently processed stimuli. The authors find that one source of fluency for numerical stimuli is the generation of a number through common addition (e.g., 1 + 1 through 10 + 10) and common multiplication (2 × 2 through 10 × 10) problems (study 1). Common addition and multiplication problems (arithmetic), or their operands, can be used to prime a number and increase its fluency (study 3). The benefits of arithmetic and operand primes are limited to single primes (i.e., more primes are not necessarily better) (study 5). Number fluency is relevant to creating numeric brand names (study 2), enhancing the liking of numeric brand names through advertising (study 4), and executing price promotions (study 6). <s> BIB003 </s> Designing persuasive health materials using processing fluency: a literature review <s> Use round numbers: linguistic fluency <s> This research investigates how the relationships among pieces of numerical information in a price promotional offer (i.e., regular price, sale price, absolute discount, and relative discount) affect deal processing fluency. Across four studies (including a field study involving purchase data collected from an online group-buying website), the authors show that when the numbers constitute an approximation sequence or are multiples of one another, deal processing fluency is increased, which influences deal liking and ultimately has an impact on consumers' price promotion predilection. In addition, this article demonstrates that when consumers are not highly motivated to process numerical information, they may choose deals that offer less economic value but feature a combination of numbers that they can more fluently process. This research has important implications for the type of numerical information marketers should include in price promotional offers. <s> BIB004
Numerical precision is needed for analysis and reporting in a scientific research context. However, unnecessary numerical precision is undesirable and can be misleading to laypeople, such as patients. Ehrenberg BIB001 points out that recipients can deal effectively only with numbers that contain no more than two significant digits. Assessment instruments for written materials therefore recommend the deletion of unnecessary numbers and suggest that when numbers are used, they should be clear and easy to understand   . As indicated in the "Results" section, round numbers generate more positive judgment than precise numbers BIB002 BIB003 BIB004 . Lang and Secic  recommend that numbers in health materials should be rounded unless greater precision is actually necessary-and then reported with the appropriate degree of precision.