A review on heat and mass integration techniques for energy and material minimization during CO2 capture <s> Advances in energy penalty reduction during CO 2 capture <s> The state-of-the-art technology to capture CO2 from coal-fired power plants is absorption/stripping with aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA). The energy consumption in stripping can be 15−30% of the power-plant output. A rigorous rate-based model for CO2−MEA−H2O was used to simulate several flowsheet alternatives that reduce the energy requirement using Aspen Plus with RateFrac. Results were calculated for vapor recompression, multipressure, and simple strippers at 5 and 10 °C approach temperatures and 70, 90, and 95% CO2 removal. The “equivalent work of steam/mole of CO2 removed” and the reboiler duty were used to compare the proposed schemes and to show the shift of energy use from work to heat. The total equivalent work for multipressure was less than that for the simple stripper by 0.03−0.12 GJ/(ton of CO2), and the reboiler duty was less by 0.15−0.41 GJ/(ton of CO2). The multipressure with vapor recompression is an attractive option because it utilizes the overhead water vapor latent heat to reduce reboil... <s> BIB001 </s> A review on heat and mass integration techniques for energy and material minimization during CO2 capture <s> Advances in energy penalty reduction during CO 2 capture <s> Abstract This paper describes the results of expert assessments about the range of likely energy penalties (EP), the energy required to capture and compress CO 2 , for coal power plants in 2025 for six capture technologies under three different policy scenarios. Expert opinions about the EP of each technology varied substantially. Measuring EP in terms of the fractional decrease in output per unit input, we found that a scenario of worldwide carbon pricing leads to a decrease in the mean energy penalty of 1–10% across the technologies, and a scenario of increased US government research and development (R&D) funding leads to a decrease in the mean energy penalty of 6–14%. EP for pre-combustion capture showed the smallest improvement from R&D and carbon pricing, while EP for post-combustion capture with membranes or “other” approaches showed the largest improvement. Although other factors will also affect costs, EP is a large component and these results suggest that capture costs are likely to fall both through investments in research and through the process of commercializing the technology in response to carbon prices. We summarize the challenges for each technology that were described by the experts, as well as the quantitative results. <s> BIB002 </s> A review on heat and mass integration techniques for energy and material minimization during CO2 capture <s> Advances in energy penalty reduction during CO 2 capture <s> In the existing coal-fired power plants, the energy penalty associated with CO2 capture process is an important challenge. For this reason, energy analysis has been widely used as a powerful tool to optimize the capture efficiency and reduce energy consumption. In our previous work, a Stirling cooler based cryogenic CO2 capture system was outlined. Process simulation and energy analysis of the system were undertaken in this research. The whole CO2 capture process is composed of three sections: pre-chilling, CO2 anti-sublimation and storage. The energy consumption of each section in the system was investigated in detail. The results show that when the flow rate of flue gas (13vol.% CO2) is set at 5L/min and the temperature of Stirling cooler-1, 2 and 3 is set at −30, −120 and −120°C, respectively, the energy consumption of the pre-chilling, CO2 anti-sublimation and storage sections are 15.58thermalJ/s, 30.48thermalJ/s and 11.40thermalJ/s, respectively. The total energy consumption of the cryogenic CO2 capture system is 57.46thermalJ/s (equal to 689.52J/L flue gas). <s> BIB003 </s> A review on heat and mass integration techniques for energy and material minimization during CO2 capture <s> Advances in energy penalty reduction during CO 2 capture <s> This paper examines thermal efficiency penalties and greenhouse gas as well as other pollutant emissions associated with pulverized coal (PC) power plants equipped with postcombustion CO2 capture for carbon sequestration. We find that, depending on the source of heat used to meet the steam requirements in the capture unit, retrofitting a PC power plant that maintains its gross power output (compared to a PC power plant without a capture unit) can cause a drop in plant thermal efficiency of 11.3-22.9%-points. This estimate for efficiency penalty is significantly higher than literature values and corresponds to an increase of about 5.3-7.7 US¢/kWh in the levelized cost of electricity (COE) over the 8.4 US¢/kWh COE value for PC plants without CO2 capture. The results follow from the inclusion of mass and energy feedbacks in PC power plants with CO2 capture into previous analyses, as well as including potential quality considerations for safe and reliable transportation and sequestration of CO2. We conclude that PC power plants with CO2 capture are likely to remain less competitive than natural gas combined cycle (without CO2 capture) and on-shore wind power plants, both from a levelized and marginal COE point of view. <s> BIB004 </s> A review on heat and mass integration techniques for energy and material minimization during CO2 capture <s> Advances in energy penalty reduction during CO 2 capture <s> Several different carbon-capture technologies have been proposed for use in the cement industry. This paper reviews their attributes, the progress that has been made toward their commercialization, and the major challenges facing their retrofitting to existing cement plants. A technology readiness level (TRL) scale for carbon capture in the cement industry is developed. For application at cement plants, partial oxy-fuel combustion, amine scrubbing, and calcium looping are the most developed (TRL 6 being the pilot system demonstrated in relevant environment), followed by direct capture (TRL 4-5 being the component and system validation at lab-scale in a relevant environment) and full oxy-fuel combustion (TRL 4 being the component and system validation at lab-scale in a lab environment). Our review suggests that advancing to TRL 7 (demonstration in plant environment) seems to be a challenge for the industry, representing a major step up from TRL 6. The important attributes that a cement plant must have to be "carbon-capture ready" for each capture technology selection is evaluated. Common requirements are space around the preheater and precalciner section, access to CO2 transport infrastructure, and a retrofittable preheater tower. Evidence from the electricity generation sector suggests that carbon capture readiness is not always cost-effective. The similar durations of cement-plant renovation and capture-plant construction suggests that synchronizing these two actions may save considerable time and money. <s> BIB005 </s> A review on heat and mass integration techniques for energy and material minimization during CO2 capture <s> Advances in energy penalty reduction during CO 2 capture <s> Despite the fact that India has taken a giant leap forward in increasing the installed capacity from a mere 1367 MW in beginning of Independence era to over 303,100 MWe in June 2016, the renewable energy sources however contribute merely 14.1% with total capacity of over 42,800 MW. But this contribution has a major social and economic impact on rural and remote area population. The growth of clean energy technologies for mega Power generation, such as the Solar Mega Power under Jawaharlal Nehru Solar Mission, both Solar Thermal and PV, clean coal technologies, CCTs, i.e., supercritical power plants, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), and fluidized bed combustion (FBC) are key to the success of Green Power Mission for India. Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is considered as the frontier Green Energy technology. CCS technology is still in the demonstration phase, and it is important that India is not left behind in this area. While there is a considerable amount of work already underway domestically, there may still be a need for research collaborations and knowledge sharing and transfer. Areas of research in CCS include development of new adsorbents, better process integration of capture equipment, and conversion of CO2 to useful products, among others. The important challenge of energy penalty in CCS being faced worldwide can be met through the use of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) for supplementing steam for regeneration in a solvent-based post-combustion CO2 capture in thermal power plants. Low Carbon Technologies (LCT) and carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) are key factors for energy security and environmental sustainability, and the same are put forward in this chapter leading to an opportunity for course-correction in our thinking in Green Power. <s> BIB006
Energy penalty can be reduced in a number of ways and this solely depends on the CO 2 capture technology used BIB002 . According to Jassim and Rochelle BIB001 , high energy penalty associated with chemical absorption systems during sorbent regeneration can be lowered by varying the solvents used. Yoro and Sekoai  suggested the use of additives such as piperazine in amine systems during CO 2 capture by chemical absorption to reduce the high energy requirement during sorbent regeneration in absorption systems. Reddy et al.  suggested the application of the Fluor Econamine Plus process for energy minimization. This technology involves a combination of improved solvent formulation with an improved process design which includes absorber intercooling, split flow arrangements, integrated steam generation and stripping with flash steam to reduce total energy consumption. The authors claimed that about 20% reduction in energy penalty associated with CO 2 capture was achieved in pilot studies with Fluor Econamine Plus process in original monoethanolamine plants. Conversely, the major drawback is that the methodology is limited to only absorption technique and does not provide a solution for minimization of extra utilities (mass) during the process. Stankewitz et al.  recommended the use of ammonia cycle to generate energy from the available waste heat in a monoethanolamine-based CO 2 capture system retrofitted to a power plant. By applying the ammonia cycle method, the authors observed that energy penalty reduced significantly from 28 to 22%. However, the major challenge associated with this method is that the ammonia condenser must be operated with continuous flow of cooling water at 15 °C. If the ammonia condenser is operated with cooling water at a warmer temperature above 15 °C, the said level of efficiency would not be achieved. A report published by the international energy agency revealed that the utilization of waste heat streams to increase the overall plant efficiency and reduce energy penalty during CO 2 capture is a suitable option for energy penalty reduction and maintaining good plant efficiency [122] . In this method, a hot water stream was used for coal pre-drying in the flue gas line before desulphurization; the stripper-condenser and the CO 2 compressor intercoolers can also be used to heat the boiler feed water thereby completely removing the need for the existing boiler feed water heaters. However, the report did not state whether the heat energy saved is better utilized within the power plant itself to improve the overall efficiency. Table 3 summarizes the selected CO 2 capture methods, their energy consumption and net plant efficiency after retrofitting CO 2 capture devices as reported by several authors in the past. It was observed in Table 3 that energy consumption increased while net plant efficiency dropped drastically in most studies after retrofitting CO 2 capture devices, hence the need for heat and mass integration. So far, several researchers have suggested the utilization of waste heat during CO 2 capture to reduce energy penalty associated with retrofitting CCS devices onto a power plant BIB005  BIB006 BIB004 . However, plant efficiency, optimum energy and material usage are usually compromised while attempting to capture CO 2 by retrofitting CO 2 capture devices on existing power plants. New methods to reduce energy penalty during CO 2 capture while maintaining stable plant efficiency BIB003 are highly sought for till date. Synthesis of a combined heat and mass exchange network for this purpose could proffer a lasting solution to the drop in plant efficiency, high energy and material consumption associated with retrofitting CCS devices in power plants. As far as could be ascertained from previous studies, no report in open literature has applied process integration vis-à-vis pinch analysis together with mathematical programming in a combined manner to systemically integrate a CCS system within a power plant for energy penalty and material usage minimization during CO 2 capture; as such, it can form a very interesting topic for future research.