A Survey on the Roadmap to Mandate on Board Connectivity and Enable V2V-Based Vehicular Sensor Networks <s> Related Works <s> Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have been recently attracting an increasing attention from both research and industry communities. One of the challenges posed by the study of VANETs is the definition of a vehicular mobility model providing an accurate and realistic vehicular mobility description at both macroscopic and microscopic levels. Another challenge is to be able to dynamically alter this vehicular mobility as a consequence of the vehicular communication protocols. Many mobility models have been developed by the community in order to solve these two issues. However, due to the large number of available models claiming to be adapted to vehicular traffic, and also due to their different and somehow incomparable features, understanding their true characteristics, their degree of realism with respect to vehicular mobility, and real capabilities is a hard task. In this survey, we first introduce a framework that proposes a guideline for the generation of vehicular mobility models. Then, we illustrate the different approaches chosen by the community for the development of vehicular mobility models and their interactions with network simulators. Finally, we propose an overview and taxonomy of a large range of mobility models available for vehicular ad hoc networks. The objective is to provide readers with a guideline to easily understand and objectively compare the different models, and eventually identify the one required for their needs. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on the Roadmap to Mandate on Board Connectivity and Enable V2V-Based Vehicular Sensor Networks <s> Related Works <s> The rapid increase of vehicular traffic and congestion on the highways began hampering the safe and efficient movement of traffic. Consequently, year by year, we see the ascending rate of car accidents and casualties in most of the countries. Therefore, exploiting the new technologies, e.g. wireless sensor networks, is required as a solution of reduction of these saddening and reprehensible statistics. This has motivated us to propose a novel and comprehensive system to utilize Wireless Sensor Networks for vehicular networks. We coin the vehicular network employing wireless Sensor networks as Vehicular Ad Hoc and Sensor Network, or VASNET in short. The proposed VASNET is particularly for highway traffic .VASNET is a self-organizing Ad Hoc and sensor network comprised of a large number of sensor nodes. In VASNET there are two kinds of sensor nodes, some are embedded on the vehicles-vehicular nodes- and others are deployed in predetermined distances besides the highway road, known as Road Side Sensor nodes (RSS). The vehicular nodes are used to sense the velocity of the vehicle for instance. We can have some Base Stations (BS) such as Police Traffic Station, Firefighting Group and Rescue Team. The base stations may be stationary or mobile. VASNET provides capability of wireless communication between vehicular nodes and stationary nodes, to increase safety and comfort for vehicles on the highway roads. In this paper we explain main fundamentals and challenges of VASNET. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on the Roadmap to Mandate on Board Connectivity and Enable V2V-Based Vehicular Sensor Networks <s> Related Works <s> Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are classified as an application of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) that has the potential in improving road safety and in providing travellers comfort. Recently VANETs have emerged to turn the attention of researchers in the field of wireless and mobile communications, they differ from MANET by their architecture, challenges, characteristics and applications. In this paper we present aspects related to this field to help researchers and developers to understand and distinguish the main features surrounding VANET in one solid document, without the need to go through other relevant papers and articles starting from VANET architecture and ending up with the most appropriate simulation tools to simulate VANET protocols and applications. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on the Roadmap to Mandate on Board Connectivity and Enable V2V-Based Vehicular Sensor Networks <s> Related Works <s> Abstract Simulation is a key tool for the design and evaluation of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) that take advantage of communication-capable vehicles in order to provide valuable safety, traffic management, and infotainment services. It is widely recognized that simulation results are only significant when realistic models are considered within the simulation toolchain. However, quite often research works on the subject are based on simplistic models unable to capture the unique characteristics of vehicular communication networks. If the implications of the assumptions made by the chosen models are not well understood, incorrect interpretations of simulation results will follow. In this paper, we survey the most significant simulation models for wireless signal propagation, dedicated short-range communication technologies, and vehicular mobility. The support that different simulation tools offer for such models is discussed, as well as the steps that must be undertaken to fine-tune the model parameters in order to gather realistic results. Moreover, we provide handy hints and references to help determine the most appropriate tools and models. We hope this article to help prospective collaborative ITS researchers and promote best simulation practices in order to obtain accurate results. <s> BIB004 </s> A Survey on the Roadmap to Mandate on Board Connectivity and Enable V2V-Based Vehicular Sensor Networks <s> Related Works <s> Vehicular networks can be seen as the new key enablers of the future networked society. Vehicles traveling can act as mobile sensors and collect a variety of information that can be used to enable various new services such as environment monitoring, traffic management, urban surveillance, and so on. In this paper, we present “adaptive Anycasting solution for Vehicular Environments” (AVE), which is a message delivery protocol that combines geographical and topological information to dynamically adapt its behavior to network conditions. We focus on vehicle-to-infrastructure connectivity for cloud services, where the vehicles send the sensed information as individual and independent messages to a cloud service in the Internet. This scenario requires access to any available close-by roadside unit, thus making anycasting the ideal delivery mechanism. Simulations results show that the hybrid and adaptive approach of AVE is able to improve network performance. For example, regarding delivery ratio, AVE outperforms DYMO by 10% in sparse scenarios and outperforms delay-tolerant networking techniques by 10% in dense scenarios. <s> BIB005 </s> A Survey on the Roadmap to Mandate on Board Connectivity and Enable V2V-Based Vehicular Sensor Networks <s> Related Works <s> This book focuses on emerging technologies in the field of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) namely efficient information dissemination between vehicles, infrastructures, pedestrians and public transportation systems. It covers the state-of-the-art of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), with centralized and decentralized (Peer-to-Peer) communication architectures, considering several application scenarios. With a detailed treatment of emerging communication paradigms, including cross networking and distributed algorithms. Unlike most of the existing books, this book presents a multi-layer overview of information dissemination systems, from lower layers (MAC) to high layers (applications). All those aspects are investigated considering the use of mobile devices, such as smartphones/tablets and embedded systems, i.e. technologies that during last years completely changed the current market, the user expectations, and communication networks. The presented networking paradigms are supported and validated by means of extensive simulative analysis and real field deployments in different application scenarios. This book represents a reference for professional technologist, postgraduates and researchers in the area of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs), wireless communication and distributed systems. <s> BIB006 </s> A Survey on the Roadmap to Mandate on Board Connectivity and Enable V2V-Based Vehicular Sensor Networks <s> Related Works <s> Traffic monitoring in urban transportation systems can be carried out based on vehicular sensor networks. Probe vehicles (PVs), such as taxis and buses, and floating cars (FCs), such as patrol cars for surveillance, can act as mobile sensors for sensing the urban traffic and send the reports to a traffic-monitoring center (TMC) for traffic estimation. In the TMC, sensing reports are aggregated to form a traffic matrix, which is used to extract traffic information. Since the sensing vehicles cannot cover all the roads all the time, the TMC needs to estimate the unsampled data in the traffic matrix. As this matrix can be approximated to be of low rank, matrix completion (MC) is an effective method to estimate the unsampled data. However, our previous analysis on the real traces of taxis in Shanghai reveals that MC methods do not work well due to the uneven samples of PVs, which is common in urban traffic. To exploit the intrinsic relationship between the unevenness of samples and traffic estimation error, we study the temporal and spatial entropies of samples and successfully define the important criterion, i.e., average entropy of the sampling process. A new sampling rule based on this relationship is proposed to improve the performance of estimation and monitoring. With the sampling rule, two new patrol algorithms are introduced to plan the paths of controllable FCs to proactively participate in traffic monitoring. By utilizing the patrol algorithms for real-data-set analysis, the estimation error reduces from 35% to about 10%, compared with the random patrol or interpolation method in traffic estimation. Both the validity of the exploited relationship and the effectiveness of the proposed patrol control algorithms are demonstrated. <s> BIB007 </s> A Survey on the Roadmap to Mandate on Board Connectivity and Enable V2V-Based Vehicular Sensor Networks <s> Related Works <s> Many new and promising vehicular communications applications are currently being developed. However, sufficient network resources to support these applications, in terms of equipped vehicles, base stations, and other infrastructure, are simply not yet available and are progressing slowly. In this article, we examine the strengths and uses of dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and cellular vehicular networks. We then explore strategies, beyond government mandates and subsidies, to encourage vehicular network deployment. <s> BIB008 </s> A Survey on the Roadmap to Mandate on Board Connectivity and Enable V2V-Based Vehicular Sensor Networks <s> Related Works <s> Given the escalating population across the globe, it has become paramount to construct smart cities, aiming for improving the management of urban flows relying on efficient information and communication technologies (ICT). Vehicular sensing networks (VSNs) play a critical role in maintaining the efficient operation of smart cities. Naturally, there are numerous challenges to be solved before the wide-spread introduction of VSNs, including the conception of an accurate topological analysis method and a beneficial cooperation mechanism during the process of city-wide information sharing. Hence, in this article, we construct a VSN-aided smart city model and appraise a range of intelligent applications in terms of both public services and urban flow management. Then, the information source selection algorithm of a complex network and a reinforcement learning based city information sharing mechanism are considered, complemented by a range of open challenges. <s> BIB009
We address vehicular sensing applications, where vehicles cooperate to sense and collect environmental data that can be requested, for example, by public administrations or private data centers BIB005 . A general vision on architectures and technologies for V2X can be found in BIB006 . Narrowing, indeed, the field of research to VSNs, some principles and challenges were provided in BIB002 BIB003 , describing typical topology and architecture and exploring the main requirements at the different levels of the protocol pillar. In BIB004 , a survey of the most significant approaches for wireless and mobility modeling in vehicular networks' simulation is given, listing the main channel models that have been employed in the literature for IEEE 802.11p and related standards. In  , an overview on the communication and networking aspects of vehicular ad hoc networks is presented, but the paper dates 2008 when the only standard for these kinds of networks was IEEE 802.11p. A brief report on vehicular traffic flow models and some radio channel basics required for realistic assessments of systems and protocols are also discussed. A survey on mobility models in VSNs is proposed in BIB001 , also providing methodologies for the cooperation between mobility models and network simulators. An extended survey, but related to vehicular social networks, has been provided in [14] , where social characteristics and human behavior are considered for their impact on vehicular networks and the impact of social-based protocols is taken into account to identify socially-similar nodes sharing common interests and roads. In BIB009 , VSNs operating in a smart city are discussed, followed by an overview of a range of associated technologies. The authors also highlight the importance of an accurate topological structure and propose an information source selection model to improve the attainable network capacity. In BIB008 , an analysis of the strengths and uses of dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and cellular vehicular networks is presented, exploring strategies, beyond government mandates, to encourage vehicular network deployment. Several works related to VSNs focus also on data traffic mapping and data analytics. In BIB007 , for example, VSNs are considered for traffic monitoring in urban areas: probe vehicles, such as taxis, buses and floating cars in the city of Shangai are used as mobile sensors of the urban traffic and send the reports to a traffic-monitoring center for traffic estimation. The authors of this work propose a method to fully exploit the acquired data and also estimate the traffic condition of the unsampled roads. Differently from the cited references, in this paper, we aim at the underlying motivation to VSNs also from an economic perspective; then, we focus on actual and future wireless access technologies, also presenting the roadmap for potential mandatory rules on vehicular connectivity at international level and we conclude with a performance comparison in realistic scenarios of the two main candidates technologies for short-range VSNs: IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V2V.