Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> In our paper we present the intermediate results of a project aiming at the creation of a knowledge-based infrastructure for search and navigation in audiovisual repositories. The approach is based on highly automated media processing and is therefore specifically targeted to historically grown archives (broadcasters, universities, public and corporate media archives, etc.) lacking the time and/or the financial means to manually annotate their digital media assets. In the project a conceptual architecture was developed to meet the requirements of a set of knowledge-intensive user scenarios for the utilization of rich media content in the B2B and B2C areas. Pluggable RDF knowledge components act as a link between a semantic indexing and knowledge-based navigation. <s> BIB001 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> We present A lvis peers, a full-text P2P retrieval engine designed to offer retrieval performance comparable to centralized solutions while scaling to a very large number of peers. It is the result of our research efforts within the project Alvis 1 European FP 6 STREP project ALVIS, http://www.alvis.info/ that aims at building a truly-distributed semantic search engine. To cope with problem of unscalable bandwidth consumption in the P2P network, the engine implements a novel retrieval model that indexes highly-discriminative keys (HDKs)---terms and term sets appearing in a limited number of collection documents. Our prototype is a fully-functional retrieval engine built over a structured P2P network. It includes a component for HDK based indexing and retrieval, and a distributed content-based ranking module. Such an integrated system represents a substantial contribution to the design and development of realistic P2P retrieval systems. <s> BIB002 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> This paper addresses the role of case-based reasoning in semantic search, and in particular, as it applies to Knowledge Sifter, an agent-based ontology-driven search system based on Web services. The Knowledge Sifter architecture is extended to include a case-based methodology for collaborative semantic search, including case creation, indexing and retrieval services. A collaborative filtering methodology is presented that uses stored cases as a way to improve user query specification, refinement and processing. <s> BIB003 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> This paper presents the conceptual model of a semantic search engine that can locate required information on the web. This search engine makes use of semantics, or the meaning of queries, to retrieve relevant results. This model, called SCORDRA, is divided into four layers, namely semantic web, data, application and user interface layers. The SCORDRA engine makes use of the sharable content object reference model (SCORM) to bring together relevant data stored in the form of sharable content objects (SCOs). The Data Layer consists of data stored as SCO's. These SCO's are built on the SCORM standards, and their location is resolved by the content object repository discovery and registration/resolution architecture (CORDRA). SCORM defines how information is referenced and used, by packaging data with metadata. CORDRA aims to locate and reference SCORM repositories over the web. The application layer provides the reasoning platform of the system, it makes use of SCOs discovered by CORDRA by crawling and indexing the SCO's on the Web. The user interface layer allows the user to enter queries and view these as multimedia presentations. This semantic web search engine will allow the user to enter a query, and deliver a multimedia presentation that answers the query. <s> BIB004 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> There is a need for specialized search engines focused on specific disciplines that can use domain knowledge to guide the user to find exactly the resources they are searching for. In addition, these engines should be able search multiple and heterogeneous resource catalogs simultaneously and aggregate results from these catalogs. Noesis, a customizable search engine with semantic and resource aggregation capabilities is presented in this paper. The Noesis architecture has been designed to be modular, allowing it to be adapted by projects in different disciplines. This paper describes the Noesis architecture, highlights its application in several projects, and presents a user scenario for one of the projects is presented in this paper. <s> BIB005 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> Distributed repositories, containing digital documents are usually maintained and managed independently according to organization/users own requirements. Same information (i.e. documents containing same information) in different repositories, may be represented differently, makes it hard to retrieve desired information. Keyword based information retrieval technique helps in improving recall of user query result, but having low precision. To improve precision, we adopt semantic information retrieval technique. We are proposing architecture for semantic based information retrieval, in which plain text is read semantically and the extracted metadata is stored and later used for semantic search. <s> BIB006 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> A fundamental principle for reusing software assets is providing means to access them. Information retrieval mechanisms assisted by semantic initiatives, play a very important role in finding relevant reusable assets. In this context, this paper presents a semantic search tool in order to improve the precision of search returns. Furthermore, the requirements, the decomposition of architectural module and aspects of implementation are presented. <s> BIB007 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> Finding relevant information on the Web can be a complex task for most of the users. Although Web search applications are improving, they still need to be more intelligent to adapt to the search domain targeted by users, the evolution of this domain and users' characteristics. In this paper, we present an experimental assessment of the TARGET framework for improving the relevance of the documents when users are searching the Web by using adaptive ontologies. This is done first by introducing the TARGET approach. We will briefly present the used ontologies and their ability to adapt to domain evolution. Then, We detail the TARGET tool used in our experimentations. This includes its architecture, its ability to carry out the ontology adaptation process as well as the way it searches the Web and ranks the returned results. Finally, we discuss the results obtained using the tool through the presentation of our case study devoted to the retrieval of scientific articles. <s> BIB008 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> In this paper, we discuss the architecture and implementation of the Semantic Web Search Engine (SWSE). Following traditional search engine architecture, SWSE consists of crawling, data enhancing, indexing and a user interface for search, browsing and retrieval of information; unlike traditional search engines, SWSE operates over RDF Web data - loosely also known as Linked Data - which implies unique challenges for the system design, architecture, algorithms, implementation and user interface. In particular, many challenges exist in adopting Semantic Web technologies for Web data: the unique challenges of the Web - in terms of scale, unreliability, inconsistency and noise - are largely overlooked by the current Semantic Web standards. Herein, we describe the current SWSE system, initially detailing the architecture and later elaborating upon the function, design, implementation and performance of each individual component. In so doing, we also give an insight into how current Semantic Web standards can be tailored, in a best-effort manner, for use on Web data. Throughout, we offer evaluation and complementary argumentation to support our design choices, and also offer discussion on future directions and open research questions. Later, we also provide candid discussion relating to the difficulties currently faced in bringing such a search engine into the mainstream, and lessons learnt from roughly six years working on the Semantic Web Search Engine project. <s> BIB009 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> We present an architecture aimed at semantic search and synthesis of information acquired from the document repositories. The proposed framework is expected to provide domain knowledge interfaces enabling the internally implemented algorithms to identify relationships between documents, researchers, institutions, as well as concepts extracted from various types of knowledge bases. The framework should be scalable with respect to data volumes, diversity of analytic processes, and the speed of search. In this paper, we investigate these requirements for the case of medical publications gathered in PubMed. <s> BIB010 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> Developing technology and increasing usage of computers around the world make Internet a convenient tool for Distance Education (DE) systems. Learning Management Systems-(LMSs) of DE around the world serve content-based courses to students/users via static pages on the Web. Additionally, querying for specific course content of an entire course in LMS is only possible by syntactic-based search agents which limit the search. Therefore, it is thought that querying of contents through semantic-based approaches would make LMSs more helpful for a student/user through the Semantic Web (SW) approach. Queries can be meaning based and this can enable the system to make meaningful inference in human-computer interaction. In this article, we propose a system architecture that performs semantic -- based searches through an agent in order to plan student-based schedule of course documents automatically according to student's performance in the course of a semester. OWL language of the SW technology is used during the development of the ontology of the LMS system that is used as a knowledgebase and queried to obtain required data. In this article, we concentrate on developing the system as a module for a LMS currently in use. <s> BIB011 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> The provision of accurate, comprehensive and condensed information contained in distributed environmental information systems via public search interfaces raises several technological challenges. Our approach to tackle these challenges is based on a consequent use of ontologies. Starting with an analysis of requirements resulting from semantic search scenarios, we explain the advantages of using ontologies based on standards and aim to reuse and transform terminological systems available in the environmental domain into ontologies. We develop an architecture guided by the premise of exerting a minimum of influence on existing search infrastructures. As a consequence of using a (possibly large) number of ontologies, tools for ontology management are needed. A key argument for using ontologies is that nowadays – as an outcome of the Semantic Web initiative - very powerful processing tools are available. We elaborate ontology mapping as an example and outline how a comprehensive ontology management can be achieved. <s> BIB012 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> Digital ecosystem (DE) is comprised of heterogeneous and distributed species which can play the dual role of service provider and service requester. Nowadays, DE lacks semantic search support, which means it cannot provide a reliable and trustworthy link between service providers and service requesters. To solve this issue, we design a conceptual framework of a service-ontology-based semantic service search engine. Apart from the function of service search with a novel search model, this framework also provides a quality-of-services-based service evaluation and ranking methodology. To evaluate the feasibility of our framework, we implement a prototype in the transport service domain, and compare the performance of the search model with three traditional information retrieval models. The conclusion to this evaluation and suggestions for future works are provided in the final section. <s> BIB013 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> Children with pervasive developmental disorders have special needs so they should be supported with special education programs. These programs are planned according to the type and degree of the disorder, age, characteristics, and needs of the children. Families prefer Internet to search resources about related educational methods (and associated activity/game) and materials. However, syntactic search in today's Internet is insufficient because of its static base and the search results are not sufficient enough to offer desired relevant results corresponding to a child's needs. With the help of Semantic Web-based agents an intelligent system able to identify the suitable educational methods and material, will contribute to the development of children with disorders, and support education specialists in this process. In addition it will be extremely useful for the families of these children in need of assisting and monitoring their child's development. In this article, an Educational Activity Finder (EAF) is being proposed. The architecture of EAF is structured after semantic Web technology so that it can find and propose semantically relevant suitable educational methods (i.e., activities to carry out) and material for use by children with disorders. The knowledge base of EAF keeps educational methods using the OWL language. All related concepts, attributes, and relations between these concepts and features about pervasive developmental disorders are defined through ontology. EAF is structured to recognize a pervasive developmental disorder, sort out symptoms and anomalies, suggest activities, compile performance scores, and decide on new activity based on user preferences by utilizing the semantic descriptions of available methods and activities. Strength of EAF is demonstrated through sample scenarios. EAF may be used by parents, pre-school educators, primary schools, special educational institutions and experts working for these institutions, university students studying in related fields, and individuals interested in pervasive developmental disorders. <s> BIB014 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> The amount of information on health subjects on the Web and users' interest in having efficient access to it continues to increase. This information can also be very useful for professionals, researchers and students in this field. But the usual word-based search does not allow full exploration of the information, pointing to the need for more semantic approaches. Aiming to contribute to providing a semantic search for information on Health, available using written Portuguese, the article presents enhanced search platform architecture based on the enterprise search platform (FAST), providing a processing pipeline capable of exploring annotation of entities and relations defined in a domain. A modular architecture was defined in which an ontology-based knowledge base has an essential role. As it is essential to make the user task as simple as possible, the platform also includes ontology navigation in the classes and relations of the entity to guide queries; use of the most frequent domain classes in the documents relating to a search to provide additional ways of navigation; and inclusion in the score of the ontology-guided annotations. As a first proof of concept, the architecture was instantiated in a specific domain, neurological diseases, for which an ontology was created. <s> BIB015 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> More and more sensors are getting Internet connected. Examples are cameras on cell phones, CCTV cameras for traffic control as well as dedicated security and defense sensor systems. Due to the steadily increasing data volume, human exploitation of all this sensor data is impossible for effective mission execution. Smart access to all sensor data acts as enabler for questions such as “Is there a person behind this building” or “Alert me when a vehicle approaches”. The GOOSE concept has the ambition to provide the capability to search semantically for any relevant information within “all” (including imaging) sensor streams in the entire Internet of sensors. This is similar to the capability provided by presently available Internet search engines which enable the retrieval of information on “all” web pages on the Internet. In line with current Internet search engines any indexing services shall be utilized cross-domain. The two main challenge for GOOSE is the Semantic Gap and Scalability. The GOOSE architecture consists of five elements: (1) an online extraction of primitives on each sensor stream; (2) an indexing and search mechanism for these primitives; (3) a ontology based semantic matching module; (4) a top-down hypothesis verification mechanism and (5) a controlling man-machine interface. This paper reports on the initial GOOSE demonstrator, which consists of the MES multimedia analysis platform and the CORTEX action recognition module. It also provides an outlook into future GOOSE development. <s> BIB016 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> Human musculoskeletal system resources of the human body are valuable for the learning and medical purposes. Internet-based information from conventional search engines such as Google or Yahoo cannot response to the need of useful, accurate, reliable and good-quality human musculoskeletal resources related to medical processes, pathological knowledge and practical expertise. In this present work, an advanced knowledge-based personalized search engine was developed. Our search engine was based on a client-server multi-layer multi-agent architecture and the principle of semantic web services to acquire dynamically accurate and reliable HMSR information by a semantic processing and visualization approach. A security-enhanced mechanism was applied to protect the medical information. A multi-agent crawler was implemented to develop a content-based database of HMSR information. A new semantic-based PageRank score with related mathematical formulas were also defined and implemented. As the results, semantic web service descriptions were presented in OWL, WSDL and OWL-S formats. Operational scenarios with related web-based interfaces for personal computers and mobile devices were presented and analyzed. Functional comparison between our knowledge-based search engine, a conventional search engine and a semantic search engine showed the originality and the robustness of our knowledge-based personalized search engine. In fact, our knowledge-based personalized search engine allows different users such as orthopedic patient and experts or healthcare system managers or medical students to access remotely into useful, accurate, reliable and good-quality HMSR information for their learning and medical purposes. <s> BIB017 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> Abstract The current web IR system retrieves relevant information only based on the keywords which is inadequate for that vast amount of data. It provides limited capabilities to capture the concepts of the user needs and the relation between the keywords. These limitations lead to the idea of the user conceptual search which includes concepts and meanings. This study deals with the Semantic Based Information Retrieval System for a semantic web search and presented with an improved algorithm to retrieve the information in a more efficient way. This architecture takes as input a list of plain keywords provided by the user and the query is converted into semantic query. This conversion is carried out with the help of the domain concepts of the pre-existing domain ontologies and a third party thesaurus and discover semantic relationship between them in runtime. The relevant information for the semantic query is retrieved and ranked according to the relevancy with the help of an improved algorithm. The performance analysis shows that the proposed system can improve the accuracy and effectiveness for retrieving relevant web documents compared to the existing systems. <s> BIB018 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> Due to the increased amount of available biodiversity data, many biodiversity research institutions are now making their databases openly available on the web. Researchers in the field use this databases to extract new knowledge and also share their own discoveries. However, when these researchers need to find relevant information in the data, they still rely on the traditional search approach, based on text matching, that is not appropriate to be used in these large amounts of heterogeneous biodiversity's data, leading to search results with low precision and recall. We present a new architecture that tackle this problem using a semantic search system for biodiversity data. Semantic search aims to improve search accuracy by using ontologies to understand user objectives and the contextual meaning of terms used in the search to generate more relevant results. Biodiversity data is mapped to terms from relevant ontologies, such as Darwin Core, DBpedia, Ontobio and Catalogue of Life, stored using semantic web formats and queried using semantic web tools (such as triple stores). A prototype semantic search tool was successfully implemented and evaluated by users from the National Research Institute for the Amazon (INPA). Our results show that the semantic search approach has a better precision (28% improvement) and recall (25% improvement) when compared to keyword based search, when used in a big set of representative biodiversity data (206,000 records) from INPA and the Emilio Gueldi Museum in Para (MPEG). We also show that, because the biodiversity data is now in semantic web format and mapped to ontology terms, it is easy to enhance it with information from other sources, an example using deforestation data (from the National Institute of Space Research - INPE) to enrich collection data is shown. <s> BIB019 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> In this paper we present a novel report search engine which uses a dedicated ontology, employs natural language processing and acts as a recommender system. The work on the project has been financed by QUESTOR [1], an Eureka project. The aim of the project was to create an innovative product that will be used in large companies to lower the complexities in the report management workflow. The stated purpose was to be able to query the report management system in natural language, for example entering the question ”Give the situation of the procurements in the surgery department in May 2011”. When entering the question in the graphical user interface, the user is guided by contextual suggestions. The final question is analyzed using natural language processing and transformed in a semantic query language, SPARQL, that is executed on a metadata semantic repository. There, all the reports were indexed, using a domain specific ontology. In the first step all the matching reports are retrieved, the parameters are detected from the question and completed as values for the retrieved reports. Then the list of results is passed through a ranker, which orders the results based on their similarity score with the question. The rank of the chosen result is increased to favor that result in subsequent queries. QUESTOR also introduced a new feature: ad-hoc queries. If the question contains more parameters than there are available in the results, a new report is made in real time, using data from the metadata repository and from the report database. This feature was introduced during the development, at the request of the stakeholders. The paper is organized in the following way: a state of the art of the domain, the Questor architecture and algorithms, experimental data and conclusions. <s> BIB020 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> Ever since the introduction of the service oriented model of computing (SOA), service discovery has been the major research challenge in SOA. Service consumers usually prefer to express their requirements informally. Expressing requirements in such a way leads to difficulties in the matching procedure, and hence results in poor matching results. In this paper, we present the concept of multi-level search as a solution for matching informal expression of user requirements. In the suggested approach, intermediate brokers receive service requests and suggest suitable services that match the given requests. We present a mechanism by which an intelligent broker utilizes a knowledge based system to overcome the drawbacks of syntactic and semantic discovery. The intelligent broker receives informal user requirements and performs multi-level search. The search starts with key word search, then meaning search, and finally expert search. If the keyword search fails to produce a proper matching, then, the search progresses to the following levels: semantic, and then intelligent search. In this paper we argue that multi-level search could revive the dream of automatic service discovery and present a detailed model for implementation. <s> BIB021 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> In this paper we present an architecture and approach to publishing open linked data in the cultural heritage domain. We demonstrate our approach for building a system both for data publishing and consumption and show how user benefits can be achieved with semantic technologies. For domain knowledge representation the CIDOC-CRM ontology is used. As a main source of trusted data, we use the data of the web portal of the Russian Museum. For data enrichment we selected DBpedia and the published Linked Data of the British Museum. The evaluation shows the potential of semantic applications for data publishing in contextual environment, semantic search, visualization and automated enrichment according to needs and expectations of art experts and regular museum visitors. <s> BIB022 </s> Research on proposals and trends in the architectures of semantic search engines: A systematic literature review <s> A. General facts from selected studies 1) Quality assessment checklist results: <s> Information retrieval system is taking an important role in current search engine which performs searching operation based on keywords which results in enormous amount of data available to the user, from which user cannot figure out the essential and most important information. This limitation may be overcome by a new web architecture known as semantic web which overcome the limitation of keyword based search technique called conceptual or semantic search technique. Natural language processing technique is mostly implemented in QA system for asking user's question and several steps are also followed for conversion of questions to query form for getting an exact answer. In conceptual search, search engine interprets the meaning of user's query and the relation among the concepts that documents contains with respect to a particular domain that produces specific answers instead of giving list of answers. In this paper, we proposed ontology based semantic information retrieval system and Jena semantic web framework in which, user enters an input query which is parsed by Standford Parser then triplet extraction algorithm is used. To all input query, SPARQL query is formed and then it is fired on the knowledge base (Ontology) that finds appropriate RDF triples in knowledge base and retrieve the relevant information using Jena framework. <s> BIB023
The quality assessment checklist results are presented in table VIII. These show that the main subject of each study was found to be clearly stated. The second question tries to identified if the architecture was clearly presented and explained in the study; in this case, 8 studies were found to have gaps while explaining the architecture of the semantic search engine, or whether the architecture's modules were not explained thoroughly. Third quality question checks whether the context is clearly presented and described, so that the semantic search engine can be a solution or propose a solution to resolve the problem identified. 7 studies were found that gave some light on the context for their architecture proposal, without making a deeply explanation of it. For the last quality question, it can be seen that a high number of studies presented not so well defined conclusions, mostly due to simple or obvious statements, mentioning previous concepts or lacking future works recommendations. 2) Application fields and problems to be solved: From the semantic search engines revised it was found that: • 7 studies propose general purpose engines, that is, that can be applied to any field: BIB002 , BIB009 ,  , BIB005 , BIB008 ,  , BIB003 . • 3 studies propose solutions for digital documents: BIB006 ,  , BIB018 . • 2 for medicine: BIB010 , BIB015 . • 1 study for each of the following fields: military BIB016 , distance education BIB011 , multimedia content BIB004 , biology BIB019 , biomechanics BIB017 , audiovisual content repositories BIB001 , source code control systems BIB007 , culture  , education BIB014 , web services BIB021 , reporting BIB020 , Russian museums BIB022 , environment BIB012 , transport services BIB013 , academic library BIB023 , innovation processes  , and government to government cooperation  . Regarding the problems to be solved by the proposed semantic search engines, it can be mentioned, as the application fields, they are diverse in nature and they could not be categorized without discarding important details from them. However, most of the studies try to propose a solution for a previous unresolved problem, to propose a new alternative for users, or to improve search results. 3) Architecture types: The architecture type field is intended to identify whether the proposed architecture is conceptual or concrete. The former refers to the studies that formulates an architecture without implementing the actual semantic search engine whereas the latter refers to actual search engines implemented following the proposed architecture. From the results obtained, it can be mentioned that 21 studies proposed a concrete semantic search engine. The other 8 studies proposed a conceptual semantic search engine.