Vein Pattern Locating Technology for Cannulation: A Review of the Low-Cost Vein Finder Prototypes Utilizing near Infrared (NIR) Light to Improve Peripheral Subcutaneous Vein Selection for Phlebotomy <s> Types of Camera, Sensors: Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and Filters <s> The biomedical environment is one of the most recent and interesting application fields for CMOS image sensors. Low power consumption, high sensitivity and a simple interface are the main required features; nevertheless high dynamic range can be considered one of the more interesting and less investigated aspects. High Dynamic range is one of the main research fields NeuriCam has been involved in since its incipit. This work is an excursus of NeuriCam's approaches to this topic. <s> BIB001 </s> Vein Pattern Locating Technology for Cannulation: A Review of the Low-Cost Vein Finder Prototypes Utilizing near Infrared (NIR) Light to Improve Peripheral Subcutaneous Vein Selection for Phlebotomy <s> Types of Camera, Sensors: Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and Filters <s> Intrinsic optical signal (IOS) indicates activities of cerebral cortical neurons in the optical imaging method, which is one of the in vivo recording methods of activities of cerebral cortical neurons. We propose the IOS imaging method for craniotomy procedure such as diagnostic use of epilepsy surgery. We designed a prototype CMOS image sensor device using 0.35-µm CMOS standard process for in vivo IOS imaging. The sensor device enables multi-functional recording of brain activities such as IOS, EEG, area image, electrical stimulation in order to improve reliability of diagnosis and allows simple measurement setup. Preliminary experiments using the fabricated device are demonstrated to detect hemoglobin filled in a blood vessel phantom. <s> BIB002 </s> Vein Pattern Locating Technology for Cannulation: A Review of the Low-Cost Vein Finder Prototypes Utilizing near Infrared (NIR) Light to Improve Peripheral Subcutaneous Vein Selection for Phlebotomy <s> Types of Camera, Sensors: Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and Filters <s> Venipuncture is pivotal to a wide range of clinical interventions and is consequently the leading cause of medical injury in the U.S. Complications associated with venipuncture are exacerbated in difficult settings, where the rate of success depends heavily on the patient's physiology and the practitioner's experience. In this paper, we describe a device that improves the accuracy and safety of the procedure by autonomously establishing a peripheral line for blood draws and IV's. The device combines a near-infrared imaging system, computer vision software, and a robotically driven needle within a portable shell. The device operates by imaging and mapping in real-time the 3D spatial coordinates of subcutaneous veins in order to direct the needle into a designated vein. We demonstrate proof of concept by assessing imaging performance in humans and cannulation accuracy on an advanced phlebotomy training model. <s> BIB003 </s> Vein Pattern Locating Technology for Cannulation: A Review of the Low-Cost Vein Finder Prototypes Utilizing near Infrared (NIR) Light to Improve Peripheral Subcutaneous Vein Selection for Phlebotomy <s> Types of Camera, Sensors: Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and Filters <s> Multispectral imaging has shown promise in subcutaneous vein detection and localization in human subjects. While many limitations of single-wavelength methods are addressed in multispectral vein detection methods, their performance is still limited by artifacts arising from background skin reflectance and optimality of postprocessing algorithms. We propose a background removal technique that enhances the contrast and performance of multispectral vein detection. We use images acquired at visible wavelengths as reference for removing skin reflectance background from subcutaneous structures in near-infrared images. Results are validated by experiments on human subjects. <s> BIB004 </s> Vein Pattern Locating Technology for Cannulation: A Review of the Low-Cost Vein Finder Prototypes Utilizing near Infrared (NIR) Light to Improve Peripheral Subcutaneous Vein Selection for Phlebotomy <s> Types of Camera, Sensors: Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and Filters <s> The process of venous access for drawing blood or intravenous drug delivery is a crucial one, upon which the number of successful attempts and quality of specimens depend. In this paper, we present a simple and cost effective design for a vein imaging system with wireless communication capability assisting in vein finding procedure performed on patients. The vein imaging is based on the differential pattern of Infrared (IR) light absorption by blood. A serial JPEG camera module interfaced with an Xbee pair wirelessly transmits the images to a central image processing unit which suitably highlights the superficially located veins thereby reducing the error involved in puncturing the right vein by the phlebotomist. Our results indicate that this could be transferred to the clinic for real world applications. <s> BIB005 </s> Vein Pattern Locating Technology for Cannulation: A Review of the Low-Cost Vein Finder Prototypes Utilizing near Infrared (NIR) Light to Improve Peripheral Subcutaneous Vein Selection for Phlebotomy <s> Types of Camera, Sensors: Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and Filters <s> Background ::: Excessive venipunctures are a significant problem both in emergency rooms and during hospital stays. Near-infrared (NIR) illumination devices improve venipuncture success rate but their usage is limited by their availability and economic cost. The objectives of this study were to develop a low-cost NIR spectroscopy prototype from a standard mobile device, to evaluate its efficacy and acceptance as an educational tool, and in a clinical setting. <s> BIB006 </s> Vein Pattern Locating Technology for Cannulation: A Review of the Low-Cost Vein Finder Prototypes Utilizing near Infrared (NIR) Light to Improve Peripheral Subcutaneous Vein Selection for Phlebotomy <s> Types of Camera, Sensors: Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and Filters <s> This work presents a portable, affordable and reliable vein locating device to overcome the complications in vein localization irrespective of age and tissue thickness during medical procedures like Phlebotomy and intravenous infusion. A prototype has been developed using infrared (IR) detector and multispectral near infrared (NIR) (740,765,770,780 nm) source. The differential absorption of the NIR by veins due to the presence of deoxyhemoglobin, helps in enhancing the localization of the vein. The detector is integrated with the single board computer (SBC) and connected with LCD through serial programming interface (SPI) for real time display of veins. The initial observations have found to be successful. It is expected that this affordable device will help in reducing time and improving accessibility to locate antecubital and cephalic vein without multiple incision and minimal pain. <s> BIB007 </s> Vein Pattern Locating Technology for Cannulation: A Review of the Low-Cost Vein Finder Prototypes Utilizing near Infrared (NIR) Light to Improve Peripheral Subcutaneous Vein Selection for Phlebotomy <s> Types of Camera, Sensors: Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and Filters <s> This paper proposes a multisensory system for the detection and localization of peripheral subcutaneous veins, as a first step for achieving automatic robotic insertion of catheters in the near future. The multisensory system is based on the combination of a SWIR (Short-Wave Infrared) camera, a TOF (Time-Of-Flight) camera and a NIR (Near Infrared) lighting source. The associated algorithm consists of two main parts: one devoted to the features extraction from the SWIR image, and another envisaged for the registration of the range data provided by the TOF camera, with the SWIR image and the results of the peripheral veins detection. In this way, the detected subcutaneous veins are mapped onto the 3D reconstructed surface, providing a full representation of the region of interest for the automatic catheter insertion. Several experimental tests were carried out in order to evaluate the capabilities of the presented approach. Preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed design and highlight the potential benefits of the solution. <s> BIB008 </s> Vein Pattern Locating Technology for Cannulation: A Review of the Low-Cost Vein Finder Prototypes Utilizing near Infrared (NIR) Light to Improve Peripheral Subcutaneous Vein Selection for Phlebotomy <s> Types of Camera, Sensors: Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and Filters <s> The process of needle infusion is done daily endless times everywhere and even though it is simple procedure the sheer number of erroneous procedures that can be serious and fatal for the patient is attentive. To prevent or at least reduce the number of errors, this paper proposes an easy guiding method for nurse and doctors to be integrated into the procedure. A vision-based imaging technique, that gives a practitioner a new perspective for the needle infusion procedure, is introduced. The idea behind of this process is to use the IR camera to capture video sequences of the arm and then compute the effect of electromagnetic wave imprint on each pixel. Then trace the vein location by locating the NIR illumination that is absorbed by the blood in the vein and highlighting it in comparison to the surrounding tissue. Interestingly, this can lead to other applications for the developed system like locating abdominal bleeding, stroke inducing clots in veins near the skin surface and body part vein map-based individual identification biometric to name a few. <s> BIB009 </s> Vein Pattern Locating Technology for Cannulation: A Review of the Low-Cost Vein Finder Prototypes Utilizing near Infrared (NIR) Light to Improve Peripheral Subcutaneous Vein Selection for Phlebotomy <s> Types of Camera, Sensors: Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and Filters <s> Detection of intra vena is very important technique in the medical clinic applications. For intravenous detection, some nurses usually have a mistake which can cause a pain or injured to the patient. When the nurses are headed with this problem, it becomes dangerous for the patient. To solve the problem, in this paper, vein finder with multi-tuning wavelength for intra vena detection is proposed and investigated. Vein finder is tested to various skin colour and body mass. The results show that vein finder was successfully designed with controllable wavelength in the range of 600-696 nm using RGB LED. <s> BIB010 </s> Vein Pattern Locating Technology for Cannulation: A Review of the Low-Cost Vein Finder Prototypes Utilizing near Infrared (NIR) Light to Improve Peripheral Subcutaneous Vein Selection for Phlebotomy <s> Types of Camera, Sensors: Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and Filters <s> A low-power, high-speed on-chip compression and reconstruction technique is proposed in this paper. It takes the advantage of correlation between the consecutive pixels and reduces the total number of pixels to be read. The discarded pixels are interpolated on-chip using the proposed interpolation circuit. This reduces the total number of A/D conversions and hence results in power saving. The algorithm is verified for standard Lena image and about 5 dB better PSNR is observed for 20%- 90% compression, as compared to the existing techniques. Moreover, a promising performance is achieved on thermal image applications. The circuit is designed and simulated in AMS 350 nm OPTO process. For 57% compression, about 45% power saving in readout of the image sensor is observed. <s> BIB011 </s> Vein Pattern Locating Technology for Cannulation: A Review of the Low-Cost Vein Finder Prototypes Utilizing near Infrared (NIR) Light to Improve Peripheral Subcutaneous Vein Selection for Phlebotomy <s> Types of Camera, Sensors: Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and Filters <s> Poor quality of the images captured by a conventional vein viewer or finder renders it to be un-useful as a diagnostic tool. This is a result of an insufficient amount of venous blood in the superficial veins and the low resolution of the near-infrared (NIR) cameras used in the traditional vein viewers. In this paper, we propose using a high resolution NIR camera, vein warmer and image contrast enhancer (CLAHE) to improve the view of the superficial veins. This approach effectively produces a diagnostic medical superficial vein images. <s> BIB012
As to the type of camera with its sensor, 6 out of 21 (28.57%) studies presented used the CCD, and 5 (23.80%) with CMOS. To mention there were 5 (23.80%) which did not mention the type of utilized sensor, while there is a study that used both types of sensor. The use of a simple camera such as the camera phone in 3 out of 21 (14.28%) and the webcam in 1 out of 21 (4.76%) were also considered. Finally, among the studies, there were 2 (9.52%) which did not include a camera in their prototypes. See Table 2 . A sensor has the capability to detect the reflected light and capture images real time BIB003 . There are two commonly used sensors; the CCD and the CMOS. The charge-coupled device CCD sensors were used in cameras that were known to create high-quality, low-noise images with lots of pixels  As to the type of camera with its sensor, 6 out of 21 (28.57%) studies presented used the CCD, and 5 (23.80%) with CMOS. To mention there were 5 (23.80%) which did not mention the type of utilized sensor, while there is a study that used both types of sensor. The use of a simple camera such as the camera phone in 3 out of 21 (14.28%) and the webcam in 1 out of 21 (4.76%) were also considered. Finally, among the studies, there were 2 (9.52%) which did not include a camera in their prototypes. See Table 2 . A sensor has the capability to detect the reflected light and capture images real time BIB003 . There are two commonly used sensors; the CCD and the CMOS. The charge-coupled device CCD sensors were used in cameras that were known to create high-quality, low-noise images with lots of pixels and excellent light sensitivity, while CMOS were noted to be low as compared to performance, but traditionally, consume less power and are inexpensive so that, nowadays, they are being improved  . CMOS image sensors are replacing CCD in many applications, with characteristics related to the possibility to directly interface the photosensitive device with electronic read-out at the pixel level and with better on-chip functionality BIB001 . Recently, with such applications like motion detection, mobile-phones, wearable devices and especially in bio-medical applications such as in-vivo imaging sensors BIB011 , a sensor device that enables the multi-functional recording of brain activities such as intrinsic optical signals (IOS), electroencephalogram (EEG), imaging and electrical stimulation that can be utilized for diagnosis during surgical procedure BIB002 . With this, studies were noted using CMOS, Dhakshayani M. and Yacin S, 2015 BIB007 stating that CMOS based sensors as IR detector has high uniformity, low noise, low power consumption and with a highspeed performance/faster readout. Another study by Marathe M. et al., 2014 BIB005 used CMOS over the CCD, due to cost and availability. Optical filters and diffusers were incorporated in the device in order to block wavelengths outside of the near-infrared range and to spread the light evenly on the skin of the target site, respectively. Simple materials such as: A plastic sheet of the floppy disks or negative films, as an inexpensive IR filter that can block wavelengths less than 600 nm and tissue paper and frosted window films, as a diffuser of light from light emitting diodes (LEDs) can be used for the said purpose  . Other materials used such as a common filter were the following: Kodak wratten 87 IR filter BIB007 , pass-through filter (exposed and developed empty 35 mm camera film) BIB006 , butter paper  , polarizing filters and blank sheet made of polycarbonate noted with a very high absorption rate at a given wavelength  . While, the Wang F. et al., 2013 BIB004 prototype has a multi-filter, a 546 and 570 nm narrow-band filters for the de-oxy and oxy forms of hemoglobin, respectively, a 475 nm broadband filter for the strong absorption bands of pigmented substances such as melanin, beta-carotene, and hemoglobin, a 615 nm filter for a region of little absorbance by skin pigments, and 850 nm filter for the NIR band that includes absorption by lipids but excludes absorption by water. Also, it was noted that digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera gives better results for the image captured compared to poor results for images obtained with the use of web-camera that can be attributed to the low contrast quality. As to the time-of-flight (TOF) camera, it provides fast acquisition of Cartesian coordinates for enabling the localization of the target veins BIB008 . In the study by Ayoub Y et al., in 2018 BIB012 , contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) was utilized for the purpose of enhancing the image contrast. It provides a clearer vein image for visualization. CLAHE was developed in 1994, an algorithm which cut the produced histogram of the dark level of a picture then redistributed the pixels over the entire histogram, resulting into an enhanced image BIB009 . For the ordinary camera phones with Video Graphics Array (VGA) quality pictures, it has a capability to detect infrared images, but optimizing the quality of a mobile camera with higher resolutions are preferred. In addition, the system for auto white balance must be used for optimum viewing  . The role of a compact infrared-sensitive camera in a vein finder is important in giving a clearer image of the light reflected or transilluminated by hemoglobin present in the blood. This image is the result of the reaction of hemoglobin in the blood with light that makes the vein looks darker against the skin surface BIB010 . With these variations in the materials being utilized for the development of a vein finder, such as the types of camera, sensors, and filters, it shows that we are still searching for the best components of a vein finder specifically useful for medical use. Currently, this technology is commercially available but very expensive. To answer this concern, we may further study this technology, to improve the required specifications for the development of a low-cost effective vein finder. Any device prior to commercial use should be thoroughly tested and evaluated. This requires the consideration of parameters that will measure full function of the device. For the vein finder prototype, among the studies reviewed the following common parameters were used: Body mass index (BMI)-5 out of 21 (23.80%), skin color/tone 8 (38.09%), age 5 (23.80%), gender 3 (14.28%), specified site for testing 8 (38.09%), and there were 8 (38.09%) of the studies, which did not include any parameters in their testing (see Table 2 ). Statistics shows that there was a significant number, 8 out of 21 (38.09%) of studies, without inclusion of parameters as part of the assessment process, which limits the chance to measure the full capability of the prototype. On the other hand, there were some additional parameters included by other researchers in their studies such as body temperature, hemoglobin, race (Asian and Caucasian), fat padding and hairy forearm. The use of different parameters for the assessment of the vein finder prototype is very significant, since it can be considered as variables that may affect the capability of the vein finder to locate the peripheral subcutaneous vein.