A Survey of Self-Awareness and Its Application in Computing Systems <s> A. Meta-Cognition <s> Various disciplines have examined the many phenomena of metacognition and have produced numerous results, both positive and negative. I discuss some of these aspects of cognition about cognition and the results concerning them from the point of view of the psychologist and the computer scientist, and I attempt to place them in the context of computational theories. I examine metacognition with respect to both problem solving (e.g., planning) and to comprehension (e.g., story understanding) processes of cognition. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey of Self-Awareness and Its Application in Computing Systems <s> A. Meta-Cognition <s> Abstract : Self-Aware Computer Systems is an area of basic research, and we are only in the initial stages of our understanding of what it means: what it means to be self-aware, what a self-aware system can do that other systems cannot do, and what are some of the immediate practical applications and challenge problems. This report captures some of the salient points discussed during the DARPA workshop on Self-Aware Computer Systems held on April 27-28, 2004 in Washington D.C. <s> BIB002
The higher levels of self-awareness, such as meta-selfawareness introduced in section II-B, can also be viewed as meta-cognition, defined  as knowing about knowing. Cox argues that being aware of the self is not merely possessing information, but being able to use that information in order to generate goals, which may lead to the information being modified. Importantly, Cox BIB001 also suggests that metacognition is similar to the algorithm selection problem, wherein the task is to choose the most efficient algorithm from a set of possibilities. This has much in common with the conceptual self discussed in section II-B. Integration of intelligence into systems such that they are self-aware in the meta-cognitive form has been on DARPA's research agenda for some time  . Architectural issues in building such integrated systems which then exhibit selfawareness have also been considered and discussed during a DARPA workshop BIB002 .