A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Routing in 5G: <s> 5G wireless devices are expected to be the main cause of the rapid increase in Internet traffic. One of the solutions is to develop the mobile devices that can deal with local traffic directly instead of conveying data through a base station. Then, the mobile devices act in a way that they can meet either infrastructure or ad hoc D2D mode communications requirements. This paper aims to design joint operation protocol of the routing control and group key agreement based on the idea that the dual operation of infrastructure and ad hoc D2D mode communications in the same wireless device requires the ad hoc node to rely on the network layer function as small as possible. In this paper, we propose the ad hoc D2D protocol to control the ad hoc D2D network and manage the group key in self-organized group of ad hoc nodes based on their home IP addresses wherever they move. Finally, this paper analyzes the latency time for the group key agreement process, which can show the tolerable size of the ad hoc network running with the group key agreement process. <s> BIB001 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Routing in 5G: <s> As, the address space of IPv4 is nearly exhausted, big networks are now implementing IPv6. Over the past few years IPv6 has grown significant acknowledgment globally due to exhaustion of IPv4 especially after Internet Assigned Numbers Authority gave out the last batch of remaining IPv4 address blocks in the year 2011, IPv6 thus provides a solution to these problems, nevertheless, there seems to be a general low adoption rate of IPV6. This is majorly attributed to high migration costs, there is no prove on return of IPv6 technology as well as the fact that Network address translation together with Inter-Domain routing that is classless hampering the exhaustion of IPv4. In this paper, we attempts to investigate the adoption rate and performance of IPv6 within 5 generation wireless networks in comparison with IPv4. Within the simulation exercise the study conducted simulation to find throughput within several servers on a wireless network for a period of one week to access IPv6 and IPv4 reliability. Furthermore, we investigated the data and le transfer, transfer of voice data as well as Video streaming transfer over IPv6 and IPv4. The results indicated that generally the adoption rate of IPv6 is a bit slower but then it is rising significantly over time, it also varies greatly per country and largely dictated by small amounts of huge implementations. <s> BIB002 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Routing in 5G: <s> Multi-hop Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has emerged as a key enabler for public safety applications in 5G networks. A failure of these applications would be catastrophic since they control vital human-in-the-loop services. As a result, it is of utmost importance to identify and mitigate security risks prior to commercial deployment. To this end, we devise SEMUD, the first secure multi-hop D2D solution for 5G mobile networks. It enables robust and secure communication even in the absence of supporting infrastructure. We design SEMUD to be compliant with 3GPP Proximity-based Services, the standard to implement D2D communications. We implement SEMUD in the ns-3 simulator and our testbed. Via extensive simulation, we assert its resilience against strong adversaries and attacks. Furthermore, we show the energy efficiency and achievable throughput of our proposal on real devices. <s> BIB003 </s> A Survey on the Security and the Evolution of Osmotic and Catalytic Computing for 5G Networks <s> Secure Routing in 5G: <s> Abstract The upcoming 5G era emphasizes on a dramatic increase in the transmission rate of smartphone traffic. With more users operating at high rates, the type of data shared over the network is going to be complex and a majority of it will include video traffic. Such complex structure of traffic and heavy load over the components of the network are difficult to control. Further, the mobility of users adds up to this issue and makes it difficult to manage and operate the network without any breakdown. Thus, it important to control traffic as well as manage the mobility of users to provide efficient communication, which can support video traffic at high delivery rates. This paper proposes a novel resource-based mobility management approach for 5G networks comprising video users. A novel resource sharing paradigm, termed as “Catalytic Computing”, provides efficient management of user mobility as well as network resources. The proposed approach relies on Homogeneous discrete Markov model for user mobility patterns and a novel n-step algorithm for congestion prediction and selection of optimal routes between the serving terminals. An activation energy based handover mechanism is also presented in this paper, which reduces the handover latency in comparison with the existing solutions. The evaluation presented in the paper suggests that the proposed approach provides a minimum of 5.9 ms, maximum of 9.1 ms and an average of 6.5 ms latency during handoffs. <s> BIB004
The 5G networks enhance the connectivity of various applications with the high speed, low latency, and high availability. The standard architecture considers various network management challenges. One of the major considerations in these challenges is the secure routing. With the increase in traffic, it is very difficult to manage services and data in a real-time along with their secure deployments. The standard network management mechanisms pay attention to the routing and monitoring of data flow. The data transmission and routing should be protected against various kinds of attacks like the man in the middle, downgrading attacks, location spoofing, and resource depletion attacks. For the efficient and reliable data communication in the 5G era, secure routing is an emerging research area. Over the years, an extensive research has been conducted on the secure routing in the 5G networks. Guan et al. [81] presented a GRBC-based network security functions placement scheme with applicability to the software-defined security. The authors focused on the loop-free routing schemes and independent routing decisions. Sharma et al. BIB004 discussed the routing -based mobility management, SDN-based mobility management and Cluster-based mobility management mechanisms. The routing based mobility management is used in the older concept with the benefit of the optimal path for traffic flow. The proposed approach, based on the catalytic computing, supports the user movement control and routing-based handovers. Jung et al. BIB001 presented a joint operation protocol for the group key management and routing. Routing control helps to maintain the change in state of the links. Wang and Yan  discussed various secure routing schemes like the Secure Message Delivery (SMD) protocol, Secure Optimized Link State Routing protocol (SOLSR) that have a functionality to protect the messages relayed between the source and the destination. The authors also analyzed the secure routing, access control, and Physical Layer security requirements for D2D communications. Choyi et al.  focused on the hybrid routing through network slicing. The authors also discussed the static and the dynamic mechanisms of routing. The static and the functional overview of the service negotiation framework and flexible routing with network slicing are also discussed. In their framework, routing is used by the static path defined by packets. Naqvi et al. BIB002 presented the study for the acceptance possibilities of the IPv6 within 5G wireless networks. The authors presented a study of interdomain routing and the comparison study with the IPv4. Schmittner et al. BIB003 focused the PSCs and presented a novel secure multi-hop D2D scheme. The proposed scheme is used for forwarding decision that is based on reliability metric for the routing. Zhao et al.  presented a cluster-based technique focusing security based transmission protocol for Ultra-Dense Networks (UDNs). The authors analyzed the security issues and resource management schemes for better network formations. Furthermore, a secure routing protocol is presented for the multi-hop networks. The protocol is based on the concept of Weil Paring  . The secure routing enables a better communication and service management via traffic flow and optimized use of resources. Therefore, the secure routing mechanism should be included in the 5G network for a reliable and secure communications. The details of comparison between the state-of-the-art solutions for secure routing in 5G Networks in presented in Table 4 . 