A Review of Medical Image Watermarking Requirements for Teleradiology <s> Digital Watermarking in Teleradiology <s> Digital watermarking, traditionally modeled as communication with side information, is generally considered to have important potential applications in various scenarios such as digital rights managements. However, the current literature mainly focuses on robustness, capacity and imperceptibility. There lacks systematic formal approach in tackling secure issues of watermarking. One one hand, the threat models in many previous works are not sufficiently established, which result in somewhat superficial or even flawed security analysis. On the other hand, there lacks a rigorous model for watermarking in general that allows useful analysis in practice. There has been some efforts in clearing the threat models and formulate rigorous watermarking models. However, there are also many other cases where security issues are lightly or incorrectly treated. In this paper, we survey various security notions and models in previous work, and discuss possible future research directions. <s> BIB001 </s> A Review of Medical Image Watermarking Requirements for Teleradiology <s> Digital Watermarking in Teleradiology <s> The Picture Archiving and Communication System(PACS) was introduced for computerization of the medical system and telediagnosis between the hospital. It is becoming possible to create, store, and transmit medical images via PACS. There has been a growing interest in protecting medical images with an enormous amount of information. To improve transmission speed among the hospitals, the medical image should be compression JPEG 2000 by high compression ratio. This paper proposes an algorithm that utilizes both JPEG 2000 and robust watermarking for protection and compression of the medical image. With the proposed algorithm, it takes considerably less time to do JPEG 2000 and watermarking than when they are done separately. Based on the experiment results, it takes 0.72 second for the proposed algorithm and 1.11 second when they are done separately. We confirmed that the proposed algorithm was faster than when they are done separately. <s> BIB002 </s> A Review of Medical Image Watermarking Requirements for Teleradiology <s> Digital Watermarking in Teleradiology <s> Medical images such as x-rays, ultrasounds and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) plays an important role in helping the physicians to diagnose a disease or body conditions. These images can be tampered with existing image processing tools that is easily available. The usage of security measures such as watermarking can protect the integrity of the images. Numerous watermarking schemes with basic security functions and even tampered image recovery are available. But there is no research on the experimentation of watermarking in the operational environment that involves PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication Systems). This paper will focus on the experiment of selected watermarking scheme running in as imulated operation environment. The watermarked images will be tested to know its effectiveness by comparing its recovery rates. <s> BIB003 </s> A Review of Medical Image Watermarking Requirements for Teleradiology <s> Digital Watermarking in Teleradiology <s> This research paper discussed the usage of watermarking in medical images to ensure the authenticity and integrity of the image and reviewed some watermarking schemes that had been developed. A design of a reversible tamper detection and recovery watermarking scheme was then proposed. The watermarking scheme uses a 640x480x8 bits ultrasound grayscale image as a sample. The concept of ROI (Region Of Interest) and RONI (Region Of Non Interest) were applied. Watermark embedded can be used to detect tampering and recovery of the image can be done. The watermark is also reversible. <s> BIB004
Watermarking nowadays, while well established in a range of applications  , is only just beginning to be explored for healthcare and medical information systems BIB003  . Digital watermarking, basically, is a process that principally permits the adding of information as a 'watermark' into the object, a digital media (e.g., digital image, audio, etc.) such that the watermark can be detected afterward. Generally, digital watermarking consists of three major components: watermark generator, embedder, and detector BIB001 as shown in Fig. 2 . A watermark generator generates desired watermark(s) for a particular application, which are optionally dependent on some keys. Watermark(s) are embedded into the object by a watermark embedder, sometimes based on an embedding key whereas a watermark detector is responsible for detecting the existence of some predefined watermark in the object. It is sometimes desirable to extract a message as well. In a target application, digital watermarking objectives can deal with mainly two issues. One is to address security (e.g., authentication and integrity control of the cover object, confidentiality of the information used in watermark, etc.), and the other is to address system considerations (saving memory and bandwidth, avoiding detachment, etc., e.g., annotation of useful information such as electronic patient records (EPR), electronic transaction records (ETR), etc.). Furthermore, based on the processing domain, watermarking schemes can be broadly categorized as (1) spatial domain watermarking and (2) transform domain watermarking. Spatial domain schemes include LSB embedding, spread spectrum technique, etc., and transform domain schemes are based on discrete cosine transform, discrete Fourier transform, and discrete wavelet transforms. Watermarking in spatial and transform domains have different advantages and disadvantages BIB004 BIB002 , which are illustrated in Table 3 below.