Fog Computing for Detecting Vehicular Congestion, An Internet of Vehicles based Approach: A review <s> C. Vehicular Cloud Computing(VCC) <s> Vehicular networking has become a significant research area due to its specific features and applications such as standardization, efficient traffic management, road safety and infotainment. Vehicles are expected to carry relatively more communication systems, on board computing facilities, storage and increased sensing power. Hence, several technologies have been deployed to maintain and promote Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Recently, a number of solutions were proposed to address the challenges and issues of vehicular networks. Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) is one of the solutions. VCC is a new hybrid technology that has a remarkable impact on traffic management and road safety by instantly using vehicular resources, such as computing, storage and internet for decision making. This paper presents the state-of-the-art survey of vehicular cloud computing. Moreover, we present a taxonomy for vehicular cloud in which special attention has been devoted to the extensive applications, cloud formations, key management, inter cloud communication systems, and broad aspects of privacy and security issues. Through an extensive review of the literature, we design an architecture for VCC, itemize the properties required in vehicular cloud that support this model. We compare this mechanism with normal Cloud Computing (CC) and discuss open research issues and future directions. By reviewing and analyzing literature, we found that VCC is a technologically feasible and economically viable technological shifting paradigm for converging intelligent vehicular networks towards autonomous traffic, vehicle control and perception systems. <s> BIB001 </s> Fog Computing for Detecting Vehicular Congestion, An Internet of Vehicles based Approach: A review <s> C. Vehicular Cloud Computing(VCC) <s> With the emergence of ever-growing advanced vehicular applications, the challenges to meet the demands from both communication and computation are increasingly prominent. Without powerful communication and computational support, various vehicular applications and services will still stay in the concept phase and cannot be put into practice in the daily life. Thus, solving this problem is of great importance. The existing solutions, such as cellular networks, roadside units (RSUs), and mobile cloud computing, are far from perfect because they highly depend on and bear the cost of additional infrastructure deployment. Given tremendous number of vehicles in urban areas, putting these underutilized vehicular resources into use offers great opportunity and value. Therefore, we conceive the idea of utilizing vehicles as the infrastructures for communication and computation, named vehicular fog computing (VFC), which is an architecture that utilizes a collaborative multitude of end-user clients or near-user edge devices to carry out communication and computation, based on better utilization of individual communication and computational resources of each vehicle. By aggregating abundant resources of individual vehicles, the quality of services and applications can be enhanced greatly. In particular, by discussing four types of scenarios of moving and parked vehicles as the communication and computational infrastructures, we carry on a quantitative analysis of the capacities of VFC. We unveil an interesting relationship among the communication capability, connectivity, and mobility of vehicles, and we also find out the characteristics about the pattern of parking behavior, which benefits from the understanding of utilizing the vehicular resources. Finally, we discuss the challenges and open problems in implementing the proposed VFC system as the infrastructures. Our study provides insights for this novel promising paradigm, as well as research topics about vehicular information infrastructures. <s> BIB002 </s> Fog Computing for Detecting Vehicular Congestion, An Internet of Vehicles based Approach: A review <s> C. Vehicular Cloud Computing(VCC) <s> Cloud Computing in VANETs (CC-V) has been investigated into two major themes of research including Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) and Vehicle using Cloud (VuC). VCC is the realization of autonomous cloud among vehicles to share their abundant resources. VuC is the efficient usage of conventional cloud by on-road vehicles via a reliable Internet connection. Recently, number of advancements have been made to address the issues and challenges in VCC and VuC. This paper qualitatively reviews CC-V with the emphasis on layered architecture, network component, taxonomy, and future challenges. Specifically, a four-layered architecture for CC-V is proposed including perception, co-ordination, artificial intelligence and smart application layers. Three network component of CC-V namely, vehicle, connection and computation are explored with their cooperative roles. A taxonomy for CC-V is presented considering major themes of research in the area including design of architecture, data dissemination, security, and applications. Related literature on each theme are critically investigated with comparative assessment of recent advances. Finally, some open research challenges are identified as future issues. The challenges are the outcome of the critical and qualitative assessment of literature on CC-V. <s> BIB003 </s> Fog Computing for Detecting Vehicular Congestion, An Internet of Vehicles based Approach: A review <s> C. Vehicular Cloud Computing(VCC) <s> Abstract Intelligent transportation systems are designed to provide innovative applications and services relating to traffic management, as well as to facilitate the access to information for other systems and users. The compelling motivation for employing underutilized onboard resources for transportation systems and the advancements in management technology for Cloud computing resources has promoted the concept of Vehicular Clouds. This work gathers and describes the most recent approaches and solutions for Vehicular Clouds, featuring applications, services, and traffic models that can enable Vehicular Cloud in a more dynamic environment. We have considered a large number of applications and services that showed relevance in the scope of the transportation system, benefiting its management, drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. Nevertheless, the high traffic mobility imposes as a significant challenge in implementing a Vehicular Cloud on continually changing physical resources. The dynamics of the environment bring fundamental issues and increase the complexity of building this new type of Cloud. By analyzing the existing traffic models, we found that Vehicular Cloud computing is technologically feasible not just in the static environment, like a parking lot or garage where vehicles are stationary, but also the dynamic scenarios, such as highways or streets where vehicles move. <s> BIB004
Vehicular Could Computing based networks contain an autonomous group of connected vehicles that from a cloud to dynamically share their sensing, communication, storage and computation resources BIB002 , BIB003 , BIB001 . The shared resources are made available in areas with high concentration of vehicular nodes such as traffic intersections and parking lots. The flexible and dynamic resources are shared between vehicles by using peer to peer and client server connections over inter vehicle communication interfaces BIB004 . The approach aims to utilize the increasing computational and sensing capability of onboard computers in vehicles which are getting increasingly sophisticated. Autonomous and self-organized nature of the network makes it ideal for mobile environments based on traffic distribution BIB002 . This enables VCC based systems to resolve unexpected events on demand in real-time and makes it well suited for applications such as congestion detection and traffic management BIB001 . Additionally, stationary vehicles at major parking lots such as at airports and shopping malls can be utilized as data centers for processing large scale vehicular sensory data BIB001 . The storage and computation resources in VCC is independent of traffic distribution BIB004 . Additionally large number of vehicles in the networks can increase latencies and influence reliability of the system as the communication link's bandwidth is also a constraint BIB004 , BIB002 .