Artificial Intelligence Enabled Software Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Overview <s> OPENFLOW PROTOCOL <s> This paper presents Ethane, a new network architecture for the enterprise. Ethane allows managers to define a single network-wide fine-grain policy, and then enforces it directly. Ethane couples extremely simple flow-based Ethernet switches with a centralized controller that manages the admittance and routing of flows. While radical, this design is backwards-compatible with existing hosts and switches. We have implemented Ethane in both hardware and software, supporting both wired and wireless hosts. Our operational Ethane network has supported over 300 hosts for the past four months in a large university network, and this deployment experience has significantly affected Ethane's design. <s> BIB001 </s> Artificial Intelligence Enabled Software Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Overview <s> OPENFLOW PROTOCOL <s> The idea of programmable networks has recently re-gained considerable momentum due to the emergence of the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm. SDN, often referred to as a "radical new idea in networking", promises to dramatically simplify network management and enable innovation through network programmability. This paper surveys the state-of-the-art in programmable networks with an emphasis on SDN. We provide a historic perspective of programmable networks from early ideas to recent developments. Then we present the SDN architecture and the OpenFlow standard in particular, discuss current alternatives for implementation and testing of SDN-based protocols and services, examine current and future SDN applications, and explore promising research directions based on the SDN paradigm. <s> BIB002 </s> Artificial Intelligence Enabled Software Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Overview <s> OPENFLOW PROTOCOL <s> Software-defined Networking (SDN) has emerged as a new paradigm of networking that enables network operators, owners, vendors, and even third parties to innovate and create new capabilities at a faster pace. The SDN paradigm shows potential for all domains of use, including data centers, cellular providers, service providers, enterprises, and homes. Over a three-year period, we deployed SDN technology at our campus and at several other campuses nation-wide with the help of partners. These deployments included the first-ever SDN prototype in a lab for a (small) global deployment. The four-phased deployments and demonstration of new networking capabilities enabled by SDN played an important role in maturing SDN and its ecosystem. We share our experiences and lessons learned that have to do with demonstration of SDN's potential; its influence on successive versions of OpenFlow specification; evolution of SDN architecture; performance of SDN and various components; and growing the ecosystem. <s> BIB003 </s> Artificial Intelligence Enabled Software Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Overview <s> OPENFLOW PROTOCOL <s> Software Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging networking paradigm that separates the network control plane from the data forwarding plane with the promise to dramatically improve network resource utilization, simplify network management, reduce operating cost, and promote innovation and evolution. Although traffic engineering techniques have been widely exploited in the past and current data networks, such as ATM networks and IP/MPLS networks, to optimize the performance of communication networks by dynamically analyzing, predicting, and regulating the behavior of the transmitted data, the unique features of SDN require new traffic engineering techniques that exploit the global network view, status, and flow patterns/characteristics available for better traffic control and management. This paper surveys the state-of-the-art in traffic engineering for SDNs, and mainly focuses on four thrusts including flow management, fault tolerance, topology update, and traffic analysis/characterization. In addition, some existing and representative traffic engineering tools from both industry and academia are explained. Moreover, open research issues for the realization of SDN traffic engineering solutions are discussed in detail. <s> BIB004 </s> Artificial Intelligence Enabled Software Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Overview <s> OPENFLOW PROTOCOL <s> Software-defined networking (SDN) emerged as an attempt to introduce network innovations faster, and to radically simplify and automate the management of large networks. SDN traditionally leverages OpenFlow as device-level abstraction. Since OpenFlow permits the programmer to “just” abstract a static flow-table, any stateful control and processing intelligence is necessarily delegated to the network controller. Motivated by the latency and signaling overhead that comes along with such a two-tiered SDN programming model, in the last couple of years several works have proposed innovative switch-level (data plane) programming abstractions capable to deploy some smartness directly inside the network switches, e.g., in the form of localized stateful flow processing. Furthermore, the possible inclusion of states and state maintenance primitives inside the switches is currently being debated in the OpenFlow standardization community itself. In this paper, after having provided the reader with a background on such emerging stateful SDN data plane proposals, we focus our attention on the security implications that data plane programmability brings about. Also via the identification of potential attack scenarios, we specifically highlight possible vulnerabilities specific to stateful in-switch processing (including denial of service and saturation attacks), which we believe should be carefully taken into consideration in the ongoing design of current and future proposals for stateful SDN data planes. <s> BIB005
OpenFlow (OF) is considered the most commonly used southbound API in SDN, which is being continuously developed and standardized by open networking foundation (ONF) BIB002 . OF provides an abstraction layer that enables the SDN controller to securely communicate with OF-enabled forwarding elements BIB002 . OpenFlow has become the de-facto standard for southbound APIs used in SDNs BIB002 and therefore, in this study, we mainly focus on OF-based SDNs. OF-based forwarding devices have been developed to coexist together with conventional Ethernet devices  . Hybrid switches, on the other hand, reveal new possibilities by including both OF and non-OF ports BIB002 . As we mentioned previously, a set of control messages can be sent by the controller to prepare and update a particular switch's flow tables. A typical OF-enabled switch handles new coming packets based on its flow table. Figure 2 , shows the fields of matching rules part in OF version 1.0.0. A table-miss occurs when a new packet does not match any of the flow table entries. In this case, the switch may either drop the packet or forward it to the corresponding controller using OF protocol BIB002 . It is worth mentioning that the identity-based access control of the Ethane project BIB001 became the first specification of OF switches. After the release of the first OF specification in Spring 2008, many vendors such as HP, NEC, Cisco and Juniper were able to build their first OF-enabled hardware switches, where NOX [27] was the only available controller at that period of time BIB003 . Recently, different versions of OF protocol have been introduced to add more flexible and reliable capabilities by including multiple flow tables, enhanced matching/action abilities, optical ports, group tables, meter tables and synchronized tables BIB004 BIB005 . More details concerning various versions of OF specification can be found in [30] . In addition, there are many available OF controllers, such as POX [31] , Beacon [32] , OpenDayLight [33] , Floodlight [34] , and Ryu [35] . 