A survey on content-based retrieval for multimedia databases <s> Spatial Relation <s> Though visual access to spatial database systems has attracted much attention in recent years, only few deductive visual languages for spatial information systems have been proposed. One reason for this may be that most of the spatial visual languages stick to the classical metaphor of map manipulation. We argue that more powerful metaphors are needed to facilitate the development of pictorial languages for spatial deduction that are readily comprehensible and formally manageable at the same time. This paper introduces a fully deductive pictorial language for spatial information based on sketching. > <s> BIB001 </s> A survey on content-based retrieval for multimedia databases <s> Spatial Relation <s> This paper presents a framework for data modeling and semantic abstraction of image/video data. The framework is based on spatio-temporal information associated with salient objects in an image or in a sequence of video frames and on a set of generalized n-ary operators defined to specify spatial and temporal relationships of objects present in the data. The methodology presented in this paper can manifest itself effectively in conceptualizing events and heterogeneous views in multimedia data as perceived by individual users. The proposed paradigm induces a multilevel indexing and searching mechanism that models information at various levels of granularity and hence allows processing of content-based queries in real time. We also devise a unified object-oriented interface for users with heterogeneous views to specify quem’es on the unbiased encoded data. Currently this framework is being developed to realize a highly integrated multimedia database architecture. 1 <s> BIB002 </s> A survey on content-based retrieval for multimedia databases <s> Spatial Relation <s> We present the design of the visual query system VISCO that offers a sketch-based query language for defining approximate spatial constellations of objects. VISCO smoothly integrates geometrical and topological querying with deductive spatial reasoning. It is based on a strong physical metaphor visualizing semantics of query elements. Approximate queries rely on combined topological and geometrical constraints enhanced with relaxations and "don't cares" that are visualized through live animations. <s> BIB003 </s> A survey on content-based retrieval for multimedia databases <s> Spatial Relation <s> Abstract Spatial-Query-by-Sketch is the design of a query language for geographic information systems. It allows a user to formulate a spatial query by drawing the desired configuration with a pen on a touch-sensitive computer screen and translates this sketch into a symbolic representation that can be processed against a geographic database. Since the configurations queried usually do not match exactly the sketch, it is necessary to relax the spatial constraints drawn. This paper describes the representation of a sketch and outlines the design of the constraint relaxation methods used during query processing. <s> BIB004
QBE with spatial relation specifies one or more component objects as an example, where the evaluation of spatial relation among them are more important than color or shape. Geographical databases are the application typical of taking this type of QBE approach. Haarslev and Wessel BIB003 , Meyer BIB001 , and Egenhofer BIB004 discuss retrieval of geographical databases where geographical objects such as buildings, rivers, and so on are depicted as an example. An example which consists of spatially placed objects is regarded as a query condition on the spatial relations of objects, and topological/spatial relations among them are evaluated. The topological relations considered in BIB004 are disjoint, meet, overlap, contains, covers, inside, covered-by, and equal. They can be integrated with interval-based temporal relations as discussed in BIB002 .